Suchergebnisse

The Indonesian economic quarterly reports on and synthesizes the past three month s key developments in Indonesia s economy. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses their implications for the outlook for Indonesia s economic and social welfare. Its coverage ranges from the macro economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. Indonesia s economy appears to be broadly backed on track. Economic activity has been picking up, inflation has remained moderate, financial markets have risen, and the newly reelected government, having established the strong fundamentals that supported Indonesia through the global crisis, appears to be now gearing up for new investments in Indonesia s physical infrastructure, human services and institutions of state. Indonesia seems well-positioned to get back on its pre-crisis growth trajectory, with the possibility of further acceleration and more inclusive growth. The sustainability of the global recovery is still not entirely clear and portfolio flows into emerging markets, which have surged in the last nine months, may as easily be reversed as policy makers elsewhere move to unwind the large monetary and fiscal stimulus efforts initiated over the last year.

The 6th International Week of Science, Technology and Innovation, is an event organized by Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Cúcuta and Ocaña, aimed at the academic - scientific community and the productive sectors of the region, whose purpose is the dissemination of the advances in research and extension of institutions of the National and International scope, through research groups and seedbeds, promoting the participation of the productive sectors in research, extension, technological development and innovation activities that strengthen the University - Company - State relationship and the exchange of experiences with researchers from the National and International level. ; La VI Semana Internacional de la Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, es un evento organizado por la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Cúcuta y Ocaña, dirigido a la comunidad académico - científica y los sectores productivos de la región, cuyo propósito es la difusión de los avances en investigación. y extensión de instituciones del ámbito Nacional e Internacional, a través de grupos de investigación y semillero, promoviendo la participación de los sectores productivos en actividades de investigación, extensión, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación que fortalezcan la relación Universidad - Empresa - Estado y el intercambio de experiencias con investigadores desde el nivel Nacional e Internacional. ; Programación Aplicación de la metodología de valorización del estado organizacional veo asociada al modelo de acompañamiento rural de la escuela de liderazgo, asociatividad y desarrollo comunitario eladc en norte de santander Apoyo a la internacionalización del sector cacao en norte de santander a través de establecer estrategias de posicionamiento y protección de la marca somos cacao s.a.s. con base en las certificaciones requeridas por el gobierno de colombia Costos de producción: innovaciones y prácticas estratégicas de las mipymes manufactureras Cultura y obligaciones tributarias: un análisis en el sector comercial El impacto de marketing digital en la competitividad las empresas del sector de restaurantes en la ciudad de cúcuta y su área metropolitana El manejo de personal ante la actitud hacia el compromiso organizacional en las empresas del sector hotelero de cúcuta colombia Estrategias laborales de utilización del tiempo libre para estudiantes ufps Fundamentos conceptuales de la estrategia en los negocios internacionales: caso café galavis, cúcuta, colombia Modelo de evaluación externa para la cadena de valor de cacao en norte de santander San cayetano, un destino turistico en norte de santander desde el marketing social Sucesión generacional de las empresas familiares. una mirada desde la literatura mototaxism as an occupational alternative to unemployment Lineamientos pedagógicos para la formación del contador público en la gestión ambiental, desde la accion docente Videoclip como herramienta de promoción turística, caso: municipio de arboledas, norte de santander Análisis del rol de las mujeres administrativas en la resolución de conflictos del sector cooperativo en ocaña, norte de santander Diagnóstico de capacidades emprendedoras con enfoque de economia naranja en aprendices sena cedrum Incidencia del uso de las tic en los resultados académicos La nueva competencia geopolítica por el cáucaso sur y sus complejos conflictos internos Análisis socio-económico de las comunidades indígenas y rom reconocidas por la alcaldía municipal de san josé de cúcuta Auditoria forense, técnica esencial en la prevención de contravenciones en el manejo financiero del sector bancario de ocaña Caracterización del desempeño financiero en las empresas del sector hotelero en el municipio de san josé de cúcuta-colombia para los periodos 2014-2017 Certificación halal como estrategia de internacionalización de productos agrícolas de norte de santander El perfil del emprendedor en tiempo de crisis Estandarización de procesos administrativos y operativos en la fabricación de productos textiles bajo el paradigma de los manuales de procedimientos Impacto socio-económico, político y ambiental de los asentamientos humanos en la periferia de la ciudad Inversiones sostenibles: agroecoturismo Representaciones sociales de los modelos gerenciales que poseen los empresarios de los clubes deportivos de fútbol de la ciudad de cúcuta – norte de santander Panorama actual de la educación superior a distancia en iberoamérica Realidad socioeconómica de la población migratoria venezolana en cúcuta Gestión del conocimiento como estrategia competitiva en las organizaciones entre colombia- finlandia Estudios de la inteligencia sobre la educación para la innovación El proceso de enseñanza en las ciencias contables de la ufps-cucuta La innovación como elemento competitivo de las organizaciones de china La economía sostenible como factor crucial de la localización de plantas industriales en colombia Apropiación y construcción territorial campesina en el catatumbo: zona de reserva campesina y territorios agroalimentarios campesinos Caracterización de semillas con especies nativas propias del catatumbo como eje estratégico para la conservación y manejo agroecológico de la zona Evaluación del endocarpio de coco (cocos nucifera) como sustrato en el cultivo de orellana (pleurotus ostreatus) en el municipio de villa del rosario, norte de santander Propiedades mecánicas del adobe mejorado con cal y ceniza volante, como empleo en ladrillos de construcción ambientalmente sostenible en tierra Reconstrucción de series de tiempo de precipitación mensual en clima tropical Estructura de los escarabajos coprófagos en la evaluación del estado de conservación en el bosque seco del jardín botánico jorge enrique quintero arenas de la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña Calidad del agua en la producción de las unidades piscícolas en los municipios del zulia, san cayetano y villa del rosario Comparación de sistemas de evaluación seminal en el parámetro de motilidad (sca® versus imagej®) en semen porcino Diagnóstico de sistemas de producción caprino en el área metropolitana de cúcuta (norte de santander) Efecto de diferentes niveles de inclusión de harina de chachafruto (erythrina edulis), sobre el desempeño productivo y la sobrevivencia de juveniles de cachama negra (colossoma macropomum) Elaboración y caracterización fisicoquímica de la harina de banano bocadillo (musaaa simmonds) Estandarización de diferentes concentrados de sucrosa. en la vitrificación de semen ovino Evaluación de la viabilidad de semillas de capsicum annuum usando la prueba de tetrazolio Identificación de factores que han conllevado a la disminución del rebaño caprino en el área metropolitana de cúcuta Integración de datos georreferenciados, multiescala y multidisciplinares para caracterizar espacialmente la respuesta fenotípica del caballo criollo de la orinoquía La apicultura como estrategia de conservación de la biodiversidad y alternativa productiva de la ganadería doble propósito con uso de sistemas silvopastoriles del bosque seco tropical Uso de la analítica de datos en el estudio epidemiológico de la fiebre aftosa. aplicación en el departamento del cesar Conservación del caballo criollo de la orinoquía y desarrollo de una línea de caballo de tropa para el ejército nacional de colombia Determinación de la edad óptima de pastoreo para la estrella africana (cynodon plectostachyus) en un sistema lechero tropical. Diseño de una planta de producción de células bhk-21 para la obtención de la vacuna leucemia felina vlfe usando superpro designer Efecto del concentrado autólogo de plaquetas en las velocidades espermáticas en semen ovino Evaluación de la funcionalidad del almidon de arracacha (arracacia xanthorrhiza) en galletas tipos finas Evaluación de los impactos ambientales derivados de la actividad de minería de arcilla o carbón a partir de una propuesta metodológica Evaluación ex ante de un proyecto de conservación y desarrollo a partir de "pseudognaphalium" (vira vira) en bogotá-colombia Impacto de los extremos de variabilidad climática en la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en el cauce principal del río pamplonita en el periodo (2000 – 2014) Impactos agropecuarios en el catatumbo ocacionados por la conflictividad social pre-factibilidad de la producción de bioplástico a partir de almidón extraido de cáscaras de platanos por fermentación aerobia del hongo rizophus oryzae Validación de la metodologia para la estimacion de la biomasa total de la vegetacion arborea de la comuna 9 del municipio san josé de cucuta Simulación de un bioproceso a escala industrial para la producción del hongo medicinal ganoderma lucidum mediante la herramienta computacional superpro designer Simulación mediante cfd de la hidrodinámicagenerada por una turbina rushton a diferentes velocidades de agitación en fluidos no-newtonianos Sensibilidad de plantas de tomate a salinidad por nacl y fusarium oxysporum Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y organoléptica de de cupcakes apartir de moringa stevia y cocoa. Aislamiento e identificacion de cepas nativas productoras de exopolisacaridos a partir de productos autoctonos arnr 16s como herramienta aplicada en la caracterización molecular de géneros y especies de bacterias Aspectos a tener en cuenta en el proceso de vigilancia epidemiologica relacionada con el riesgo biológico Biodegradabilidad y toxicidad de lixiviados de rellenos sanitarios tratados por fotocatálisis heterogénea, usando tio2 en un colector parabólico compuesto Concentración de cultivos microalgales empleando un electroflotador open-access . Efecto de la altitud y tamaño de explotaciones ganaderas sobre aspectos productivos y reproductivos en la region sur-occidental de norte de santander Efecto de la fuente de carbono en un proceso de fijación biológica de nitrógeno utilizando efluentes piscicolas Estimación de la huella hídrica verde y azul en la producción de caña de azúcar (saccharum officinarum) orgánica. caso de estudio: zona centro del valle del cauca Estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático y de prevención ante la ocurrencia de desastres socio-naturales a partir de la percepción de los habitantes del municipio chitagá Evaluación de dos fuentes de calcio sobre parámetros de calidad de cascara del huevo en reproductoras cobb avian 48 en condiciones comerciales Evaluación de la capacidad de biorremediación de aguas postconsumo de piscicultura mediante el uso de microalgas y cianobacterias Evaluación de la toxicidad de extractos de plantas medicinales contra spodoptera exigua Evaluación de un sistema de riego automatizado para el control de humedad en el proceso de compostaje Evaluación del bienestar animal en proyecto piscicola de la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña Evaluación del sistema de tratamiento agua potable san fernando – eficiencia y calidad Identificación del potencial agroindustrial del municipio de tibú desde indicadores del desarrollo sostenible Inducción de genes pr1 y mpk1 asociados a resistencia en papaya inoculada con prsv Medición del bienestar animal en el aprisco de la granja experimental de la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña, mediante el protocolo welfare quality® Medición del bienestar animal en el sistema de producción avícola de la granja experimental de la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña ufpso, mediante el protocolo welfare quality® Microorganismos rizosféricos asociados al ciclo del carbono en el cultivo de arroz, norte de santander Potencial biotecnológico de una cepa de oscillatoria sp termotolerante para la producción de colorantes Protocolo de cosecha y determinacion de metabolitos de interes industrial en microalgas Protocolo para el mantenimiento de cepas y escalamiento en la producción de microalgas de interés industrial Protocolo para la bioprospección eficiente de microalgas y cianobacterias termotolerantes Protocolo para la extracción de ficobiliproteínas (apc, c-pc, pe) de cianobacterias termotolerantes Sostenibilidad y responsabilidad social: factor determinante de buenas prácticas en el sector microempresarial, ocaña-colombia Tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con glifosato utilizando electrocoagulación Elaboración de yogurt funcional a partir de remolacha (beta vulgaris) y leche ultrasonificada Solución por métodos numéricos de la ecuación del calor asociada a la transferencia térmica en polímeros Caracterización mineralógica de material arcilloso de la formación guayabo a diferentes por difracción de rayos x Impacto de la interdisciplinariedad en las investigaciones científicas Análisis descriptivo de las concepciones sobre storytelling en matemáticas Historia de las vías férreas de cúcuta, en el currículo de matemática financiera Impacto del programa jóvenes en acción en la formacion inicial de educadores en matematicas Efecto de la velocidad de centrifugado sobre las propiedades anticorrosivas de los recubrimientos de bismuto-titanio obtenidos vía sol-gel en sustratos de 316l Análisis térmico, ftir-atr y frx de nidos de avispas de colombia Comportamiento térmico de las cenizas de carbón provenientes de la combustión en hornos colmena y su potencial uso como nutriente tecnológico en la elaboración de bloques cerámicos extruídos Factores actitudinales de los estudiantes que inciden en la enseñanza del calculo diferencial bajo el enfoque ontosemiótico Variables críticas que condicionan la competitividad de la cerámica artesanal en norte de santander bajo la dinámica de su cadena productiva Evaluación en laboratorio del grado de infección de burkholderia glumae en semillas de arroz Valores y servicios ambientales de los árboles urbanos desde el enfoque de la purificación del aire Análisis del recurso solar y eólico en tres zonas específicas del departamento de norte de santander Desarrollo experimental de mezclas para la obtención de materiales compuestos de suelo cemento y residuos de demolición, conformados a través de prensa manual: una alternativa para la sostenibilidad a partir del reuso de materiales de construcción La participacion y el dialogo en la construccion de paz territorial Medición de la calidad y eficacia de la participación ciudadana en el catatumbo con aplicación de la metodología siriri (alianza ufpso-fip) Aprendizaje basado en problemas (abp) para el desarrollo de competencias científicas en biología Objetivos para garantizar la efectividad del principio de oportunidad en colombia El exodo transfronterizo: y el cambio en las dinámicas sociales, economicas y politicas -municipio de cúcuta-san antonio (estado táchira) Módulo de refugio temporal madera pet + acero reciclado: ensambles mpet+ar Factores asociados a las pruebas saber 11° en las instituciones educativas del municipio de pamplona Análisis del cumplimiento del enfoque de gestión responsable desde la perspectiva de los sistemas de gestión de calidad y ambiental Estudio comparativo de la aplicación de tecnologías colaborativas en el desarrollo de ambientes de aprendizaje Evaluación del ova big toy, herramienta para la enseñanza del ingles en niños de primaria Imaginarios sobre ciudadanía de frontera: un abordaje desde las distintas miradas de los sectores sociales que convergen en la ciudad cúcuta El uso de las tic y su inclusión en las prácticas pedagógicas de los docentes del programa de enfermería ufps Caracteres multiculturales e intuicionistas del emprendimiento en la ciudad fronteriza san josé de cúcuta y los signos de enfoque diferencial para la administración local Hipótesis normativa para una eficaz protección del medio ambiente en colombia Narrativa visual de la migración de venezolanos, caso: puentes internacionales francisco de paula santander y simón bolivar Incorporación de los sistemas educativos lego y fischer technik como recursos de juego didácticos en la enseñanza de la matemática en grados séptimo del colegio isidro caballero delgado del municipio de floridablanca en santander colombia El concepto de inclusión en la educacion superior: acciones demostrativas y buenas prácticas. caso de estudio, institución francisco de paula santander Animación digital como herramienta para el aprendizaje de niños con discapacidad auditiva, caso: cuentos y fábulas infantiles Estrategias de intervención en el proceso "enseñanza de la historia" museo casa natal del general francisco de paula santander Software educativo para el apoyo del aprendizaje de la asignatura fundamentos de programación Las nuevas dinamicas de la movilidad humana en la frontera colombo-venezolana caso: venezolanos El uso de instagram como herramienta de branding en las empresas de calzado en norte de santander Percepciones de los migrantes fronterizos sobre su representación mediática en los contenidos informativos emitidos por canales de televisión nacionales La arcilla y su influencia en la arquitectura representativa del sector centro como elementos de identidad de la ciudad de san josé de cúcuta Reconstrucción de la memoria histórica en el catatumbo a partir de la producción audiovisual sobre la masacre de santa inés, vegas de motilonia y planadas el 24 y 25 de diciembre de 2004 Análisis del contexto del aula para fortalecer las habilidades integradas en inglés como lengua extranjera a través de la enseñanza basada en tareas en el grado séptimo de la institución educativa integrado juan atalaya Eficacia de la ley 1561 de 2012 para otorgar títulos de propiedad al poseedor material de bienes inmuebles urbanos y rurales y sanear la falsa tradición en el municipio de cúcuta De la práctica y la investigación a los syllabus en ingeniería. Una experiencia de actualización permanente de la cátedra. La investigación formativa como desafío en la educación superior. caso: semillero de investigación en mantenimiento – universidad francisco de paula santander Práctica pedagógica de los docentes y las competencias y procesos matemáticos de los estudiantes en educación media y superior: alineación mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales Factores que influyen en el bienestar y satifaccion en la vida de los inmigrantes en la zona de frontera Desde el enfoque socio crítico: el restablecimiento de los derechos de los estudiantes en condición de víctimas de las instituciones educativas del municipio de san josé de cúcuta, norte de santander 2018-2019 Vacíos de protección y riesgos psicosociales en el marco de la migración venezolana: un análisis desde lo documental Incidencia en la seguridad personal frente a la regulación de los delitos informáticos en la universidad de pamplona sede villa del rosario Estrategia socioeducativa para la prevención del dengue en el municipio de los patios Permanencia académica en un grupo de estudiantes de la universidad francisco de paula santander Las barreras en el acceso a la justicia para las mujeres victimas del conflicto en norte de santander. El caso de la fundación myriam castrillón Comisiones de la verdad y derecho a la verdad en la jurisprudencia de la corte interamericana de derechos humanos La incidencia de las dinámicas urbanas y territoriales en la transformación de la ciudad. el caso de la avenida 1 éste de la ciudad de san josé de cúcuta La comunicación como acción de motivación-productividad en las organizaciones Rendimiento académico en matemáticas y objetos interactivos de aprendizaje-oia Implicaciones sociales del celular en la vida cotidiana de los jóvenes universitarios Estudio de la compactación con calor aplicada sobre fardos de paja para el diseño de soluciones constructivas estructurales Consulta popular minera y competencias de las entidades territoriales (muncipios) La pérdida de oportunidad en la responsabilidad médica del estado Derechos humanos y resocialización en colombia: una cuestión de política criminal Modelo pedagógico transdisciplinario en las carreras de ciencias administrativas y económicas: un cambio de paradigma Una mirada a las concepciones sobre la formación docente: programa de licenciatura en educación infantil. Corporación universitaria minuto de dios – Colombia Análisis de la percepción que presentan los docentes, administrativos y estudiantes de la universidad de pamplona sobre la rsu en sus ejes: campus responsable, formación profesional y ciudadana, gestión social del conocimiento y participación social Transformaciones de la dinámica de familias venezolanas asistidos por la propuesta la casita solidaria Construcción de cultura y territorio en el municipio de tibú por jóvenes víctimas del conflicto Percepción de la discriminación por razones de orientación sexual en estudiantes de trabajo social en la ufps cúcuta Catálogo arquimod (ver lo que hemos sido capaces de hacer) Excepción de inconstitucionalidad frente a la conservación de la supremacía constitucional en colombia Energía renovable para la población vulnerable del barrio el paramo en el municipio villa del rosario estudio de la eficacia de la defensa ejercida por los defensores publicos en los procesos penales en el municipio de villa del rosario análisis desde el principio del enfoque diferencial de las mujeres trabajadoras sexuales migrantes en el municipio de cúcuta y zona de frontera niños y niñas migrantes en zona de frontera e inclusión en las instituciones educativas en el municipio de san jose de cùcuta análisis jurisprudencial en relación de los derechos humanos en la población migrante venezolana región del catatumbo: almas atrapadas entre las memorias del olvido y el dolor población migrante entre fronteras analisis de la transculturación y adaptación de los migrantes venezolanos en el municipio de san josé de san josé de cúcuta realidad fronteriza e impacto social de la migración de población venezolana en el municipio de san josé de cúcuta. (2016-2018) el impacto de la salud pública en las mujeres migrantes de venezuela en estado de gestación en el municipio san josé de cúcuta en el año 2016-2019 liderazgos de las mujeres gramaloteras a partir del proceso de reasentamiento al nuevo casco urbano formación de conciencia política en la niñez juguemos por la igualdad saberes de los yerbateros sobre medicina tradicional en el municipio de cúcuta durante el primer semestre del 2020 la restitución de tierras como reparación transformadora en la construcción de paz 437 estrategia educomunicativa para la prevención del acoso escolar en el colegio instituto técnico patios centro 2-sede patios centro uno uso de la guadua para viviendas de interés social frente a sistemas constructivos tradicionales en la ciudad de cúcuta heterotópia de género: reflexiones desde las mujeres trabajadores informales avances teórico-metodológicos del estudio de factores asociados a los resultados de las pruebas saber pro en los estudiantes de ingenieria civil de la ufps reconstrucción de memoria histórica de las mujeres desplazadas en el barrio ciudad rodeo, cúcuta, mediante la elaboración de un monumento representativo optimización estructural y arquitectónica desde lógicas topológicas a soluciones constructivas de arquitectura en tierra reconstrucción de memoria histórica a través de la creación del libro de relatos para narrar las experiencias de vida de las mujeres víctimas del conflicto armado residentes en el barrio ciudad rodeo, cúcuta-colombia estado del arte de instrumentos de evaluación sobre estilos de aprendizaje en publicaciones científicas internacionales protección a los derechos colectivos y del ambiente en villa del rosario y cúcuta frente a la emisión de agentes contaminantes por el transporte público responsabilidad estatal frente a la vulneración de los derechos humanos a mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual en el conflicto armado interno en colombia mineria tradiconal una mineria especial proteccion laboral a pastores y religiosos revisión de literatura sobre computación cuántica aplicada propuesta de un laboratorio steam bajo el enfoque industria 4.0 en la ufps sistema de control de un estacionamiento basado en tecnología rfid comparacion de momentos flectores producidos por carga gravitacional en losas de concreto reforzado armadas en dos direcciones obtenidos por diferentes metodos de analisis prototipo para la adquisición de señales cardiacas aplicaciones alternativas ambientalmente sustentables del carbón de norte de santander recubrimientos de dioxido de titanio mediante rf-magnetron sputtering sobre sustratos geopolimericos a base de metacaolines automatización de un sistema hidropónico nft para la optimización de la producción de hortalizas de hoja en la casa rural villa fonseca del municipio de salazar de las palmas n. de s. herramientas y algoritmo para la identificación de personas con procesamiento de señales cálculo del valor de variación del asentamiento de consolidación por efecto de modificación de cargas estructurales en zona de amenaza sísmica alta. caso de estudio: san jose de cucuta, colombia diseño e implementación de un banco para la detección de fallas en motores trifásicos mediante el uso de inteligencia artificial estudio comparativo de modelos empíricos para el cálculo de la evapotranspiración potencial en la región andina colombiana diseño y analisis de transductores fotonicos para aplicaciones de biosensado extracción de características sobre regiones de interés en mamogramas digitales adaptación de una bacteria nativa compatible con acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans y acidithiobacillus thiooxidans para desulfurar carbón a nivel de laboratorio análisis de variables ambientales para el diseño de circuitos de medición para sistemas solares fotovoltaicos análisis de un escenario de radio sobre fibra como propuesta para soportar los requerimientos de la red 5g software de reconocimiento facial para el control de acceso del personal a los laboratorios de investigación del programa de ingeniería de sistemas de la universidad francisco de paula santander prototipo de un panel modular compuesto a partir de calcín y grafeno, para la configuración arquitectónica de una envolvente pivotante captadora de energía diseño del sistema de riego auto-suficiente y sostenible para zonas verdes en la universidad francisco de paula santander, mediante el uso del software arduino y labview modelo dinámico lineal y no lineal de un dedo robótico para una prótesis de mano modelación y simulación hidráulica de las zonas de desbordamiento de la quebrada tanauca mediante hec-ras en la provincia de pamplona, norte de santander diseño, desarrollo e integración de un chatbot en organizaciones para la mejora en la atención usando inteligencia artificial como servicio en la nube diseño de protesis transfemoral mecanica graduable responsabilidad social empresarial como estrategia de impulso al emprendimiento e innovación en la ciudad de san josé de cúcuta condiciones de vulnerabilidad del contexto socioeducativo de la región del catatumbo que inciden en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas percepción social de estudiantes con discapacidad auditiva y sus docentes sobre la educación inclusiva en una universidad privada de cúcuta el deporte como una herramienta para la construcción de paz territorial en el pos-acuerdo de paz, en cúcuta zeolitas sódicas y potásicas a partir de cenizas volantes provenientes de la combustión del carbón de la termoeléctrica termotasajero s.a.s estudio para la viabilidad de una zona franca en áreas del posconflicto en el municipio de ocaña, norte de santander estudio sobre el impacto del consumo de energía en las ips de san josé de cúcuta desde el análisis del plan de uso eficiente de ahorro de energía implementado tratado de integración progresista de asociación transpacífico (cptpp) evolución e implicaciones para colombia dentro del contexto de inversión aplicación de un sistema de realidad virtual para la práctica en los procesos de importación y exportación en los estudiantes de comercio internacional de la ufps oportunidad de los supermercados y almacenes de cadena instalados en cúcuta por la crisis venezolana la efectividad de la legislación y desarrollo reglamentario en el progreso fronterizo cucuteño situación actual de la zona franca-cucuta como alternativa de productividad para la generacion de empleo las buenas prácticas para la internacionalización de la miel de abeja de asoarimaan oferta exportable del municipio de teorama del departamento de norte de santander como alternativa para el desarrollo socieconómico retos y oportunidades del sector agricola de norte de santander en el mercado asiatico plan de internacionalización para la miel producida por la asociación asoarimaan del corregimiento buena esperanza, municipio de cúcuta comercio internacional de norte de santander y santander frente a las políticas comerciales colombianas después de la salida de venezuela de la comunidad andina de naciones entre 2006-2018 caracterización del sector mipymes formal e informal de la ciudad de san josé de cúcuta evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímica del caliz de la physalis peruviana (uchuva) en la elaboración de ungüento antiinflamatorio establecimiento de un cultivo de scenedesmus sp en fotobioreactores de 2 l para la producción de carotenoides de interés comercial a partir de efluentes piscicolas análisis de la tasa de cambio en la cobertura natural presente en la ronda hídrica del río pamplonita en su paso por el casco urbano del municipio de cúcuta microencapsulación mediante secado por aspersión del aceite contenido de las hojas de mora (rubus glaucus) diseño experimental para la cuantificación de biomasa aérea a partir de ecuaciones alométricas en ecosistemas de bosque muy seco tropical, sometidos a baja intervención antrópica validacion del software open casa, sperm motility track v. 1.0 y bgm de imagej en semen de porcino evaluación del efecto de la composición del medio de cultivo sobre la propagación in vitro de híbridos de phalaenopsis determinación de la calidad fisiológica de la semillas de linum usitatissimum l. utilizando el test de tetrazolio pisum sativum un bioindicador eficaz para evaluar el efecto citotoxico del hipoclorito de sodio factores de riesgo relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con hipertensión arterial, centro de salud once de noviembre calidad de vida del cuidador informal del paciente con alzheimer de la clínica stella maris de cúcuta en el primer semestre del año 2019 percepción de la eutanasia en docentes de la universidad francisco de paula santander durante el segundo semestre del 2019 diseño y aplicación de un programa de intervención en seguridad y salud en el trabajo, basado en los factores de riesgos laborales, en salones de belleza / peluquerías de cúcuta 2019 autoconcepto en adolescentes una mirada desde la migración - ii semestre de 2018 y i semestre de 2019 construcción de un sistema automatizado para conformar equipos de trabajo definición de los parámetros para el diseño de un prototipo clasificador de tipos de mente beneficios del pensamiento triádico en los estudiantes de ingeniería mecánica de la universidad francisco de paula santander, ocaña identificación del tipo de mente de los estudiantes de primer semestre de ingeniería civil mediante el pensamiento tríadico en la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña límites a la libertad de prensa en el municipio de ocaña, norte de santander dificultades de aprendizaje alrededor del algebra elemental en estudiantes de octavo grado actitudes y creencias de estudiantes de matemáticas y su correlación con el uso de las tic análisis de optimización topológica aplicada a espacios arquitectónicos. diseño desde la teoría de grafos enseñanza del concepto de derivada: una propuesta desde la ingeniería didáctica fortalecimiento del programa de prevención de la violencia escolar e intrafamiliar a través de la ejecución del proyecto mediadores en resolución de conflictos perteneciente a la casa de justicia barrio la libertad en las instituciones educativas simón bolívar y misael pastrana borrero de san josé de cúcuta incidencia en la seguridad personal frente a la regulación de los delitos informáticos en la universidad de pamplona sede villa del rosario política de participación social en salud (ppss) desde las competencias ciudadanas como herramienta para la gestión pública de programas y servicios de la e.s.e hospital universitario erasmo meoz representaciones gráficas de una función, ¿ayuda o problema en los jóvenes universitarios? una mirada al contexto penitenciario de las fuerzas militares, estudio de caso: trigésima brigada del ejército nacional de colombia (brigada treinta) felicidad y autoestima como bases esenciales para el desarrollo personal de los estudiantes del colegio universitario san carlos factores que influyen en el bienestar y satifaccion en la vida de los inmigrantes en la zona de frontera estrés laboral en las madres cabezas de hogar vinculadas al comercio informal en cúcuta norte de santander diseño de un estetoscopio digital para el análisis de taquicardia supraventricular analisis de calidad en el ciclo combinado buscando aprovechar el calor residual y control de agentes contaminantes analisis de estructuras de disipacion de energia para mitigar el impacto producido por flujo de avalanchas análisis del desempeño mecánico y de porosidad de una matriz de concreto reforzado con diferentes porcentajes de fibras de tereftalato de polietileno (pet) reciclado caracterizacion de las curvas de un motor de ignicion por compresion a diferentes factores de operación caracterizacion de sistemas de desarrollo esp32 para adquisicion de datos caracterización termo-física y mecánica de un cemento geopolimérico a base de cenizas volantes para diferentes relaciones si/al control de conmutación de baterías para un sistema de carga y descarga elaboración de un pan funcional a partir de harina de centeno (secale cereale) con adición de cúrcuma (curcuma longa) evaluación de la eficiencia de un sistema de refrigeración que opera con distintos refrigerantes evaluación de las propiedades mecánicas, morfológicas y estructurales de tabletas cerámicas con y sin recubrimiento de magnetita usando proyección térmica oxiacetilanica prototipo de cerradura electrónica para el control de acceso mediante huella dactilar y rfid prototipo electrónico para la actualización del sistema de desarrollo "de lorenzo dl3155e24" recubrimientos de poliestireno postconsumo para modificacion de tension superficial 547 rediseño y simulación del rodete y los alabes de la turbina pelton de la universidad francisco de paula santander sistema de cultivo hidropónico semiautónomo diseño e implementación de un sistema de caracterización de un transistor fet con interfaz gráfica de usuario en matlab sistema integrado de desplazamiento entre zanjas basado en sistemas embedidos diseño e implementacion de un sistema de caracterización de dispositivos electrónicos de tres terminales para la medición de la capacitancias internas cπ y cμ caracterización de genes productores de proteasas y quitinasas de hongos entomopatógenos aislados de suelo a caracterización fisicoquimica del raquis de palma de aceite para su aplicación en el uso de nuevos productos agroindustriales efecto de la adición de concentrado autólogo de plaquetas sobre las subpoblaciones espermáticas en semen ovino remocion de coliformes totales y fecales presentes en agua mediante la aplicación de nano particulas de plata tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con glifosato utilizando electrocoagulación utilización de tierras diatomáceas recicladas de la industria cervecera como medio de transporte de macronutrientes estandarización de procesos administrativos y operativos en la fabricación de productos textiles bajo el paradigma de los manuales de procedimientos factores de apoyo social en los pacientes con trastorno bipolar, episodio depresivo sin síntomas psicóticos, en una clínica de la ciudad en el último trimestre del año 2018 selección de un nuevo material refractario determinación del efecto de los fragmentos de bosque urbano sobre el co2 producido por las fuentes móviles en el municipio de ocaña norte de santander desarrollo de una mezcla asfáltica reciclada (rap) en cúcuta analisis comparativo de los tipos de pretratamientos usados en el bagazo de la caña de azúcar diseño de un modelo de gestion de logistica inversa en el sector de muebles en la ciudad de san jose de cúcuta y el área metropolitana identificación de la avifauna, tomando como criterio taxonómico el canto influencia del uso del grano de caucho triturado (gcr) sobre la resistencia bajo carga monotónica en una mezcla drenante caracterización morfológica y térmica de cerámica plastica modelado de la gestión del conocimiento en docencia universitaria empleando dinámica de sistemas desarrollo de un sistema de supervisión de las variables de temperatura, presión y humedad en un biodigestor con el fin de visualizar el balance de energía de la ufpso diseño de la estrategia de control de una celda electrolítica para producir hho como combustible complementario desarrollo de un sistema automatizado para el banco de prueba de soldadura mig modelo numérico de detección de fugas para sistema de tuberias evaluación de un sistema de comunicaciones óptico modulado en desplazamiento de fase empleando multiplexación por división de frecuencia estrategias de producción limpia para las empresas del sector cerámico del área metropolitana de cúcuta aplicación móvil de reconocimiento óptico de caracteres (ocr) en el proceso de tabulación de registro de información de la asociación de padres de hogares comunitarios de bienestar familiar de la comuna siete de san josé de cúcuta análisis de volátiles en el proceso de fermentado de cacao, mediante el uso de una matriz multisensorial o nariz electrónica para el control de calidad del producto en norte de santander cúcuta procesamiento de datos implementado python para identificar clúster asociados a muestras de cacao seco sano e infectado con monilia en norte de santander análisis de la estructura intelectual y la evolución de la investigación en el concepto de universidad inteligente: un análisis bibliométrico modelado 3d aplicado a las plantas del vivero de la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña análisis y control de humedad del suelo a través de un sistema soportado por sensores en el jardín botánico "jorge quintero arenas" de la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña portable energy: desarrollo de un multigenerador eléctrico portátil a base de energía fotovoltaica y energía cinética efecto de la polaridad del solvente durante la electrodeposición de asfaltenos de petroleo extrapesado colombiano en presencia de un campo magnético y nanoparticulas magnéticas determinación del índice de compresión a partir de propiedades de plasticidad en los suelos cohesivos residuales de la ciudad de ocaña, norte de santander modelo dinámico lineal y no lineal de un dedo robótico para una prótesis de mano análisis y modelación del transito vehicular en las intersecciones semaforizadas de la avenida 10 del municipio de los patios, colombia gestion del alcance en proyectos de desarrollo de software desarrollo de una aplicación web para la asignación de citas, historias clínicas y facturación utilizando la metodología cmmi (capability maturity model integration) para el hospital de los patios técnicas de medición y análisis del fenómeno de envejecimiento en asfaltos y mezclas asfálticas análisis técnico y económico para evaluación de pavimento flexible entre método convencional y nueva tecnología desarrollo de un sistema embebido configurable para la adquisicíon y monitoreo de un proceso termico – neumatico utilizando una plataforma raspberry pi métodos para la recuperación de aceites lubricantes automotrices usados: revisión del estado de arte propuesta metodologica para la optimizacion de la producción en pequeñas empresas mineras de carbon en norte de santander diseño de un sistema de perfilación de férulas mediante el escaneo 3d de muñeca, brazo y tobillo para fines de impresión 3d evaluación de parámetros mecánicos y de durabilidad de una mezcla asfáltica tipo mdc-19 con inclusión de chamota como reemplazo en agregados de 3/8" simulación computacional del proceso de alivio de tensiones residuales en cilindros para glp identificación del tipo de mente de los estudiantes de primer semestre de ingeniería civil mediante el pensamiento tríadico en la universidad francisco de paula santander ocaña desarrollo e implementación con herramientas tecnológicas de la información y comunicación (tic) para dar solución a requerimiento a diferentes sectores empresariales recuperación de oro desde minerales refractarios auroargentíferos usando una bacteria nativa químicamente compatible con acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bancas paramétricas [diseño generativo de mobiliario] validación del modelo matemático de una bomba centrífuga barnes de 0.25 hp análisis de componentes principales en cromatogramas para diagnósticar cáncer de próstata análisis de las redes neuronales artificiales en función de base radial para ser empleadas en la extracción de bordes de imágenes aéreas análisis y estimación de la radiación solar en la ciudad de cúcuta usando estadística inferencial aplicación web para la administración de la infraestructura de red y telecomunicaciones del campus central de la universidad francisco de paula santander en la sede cucuta determinación del índice de compresión a través de las propiedades de plasticidad de los suelos de la ciudad de ocaña, norte de santander caracterización del docente y el estudiante de educación superior en la planificación, dinámica de la clase y evaluación caracterización física y funcional del intercambiador de calor con fines de detección y diagnostico de fallos competencias gerenciales de los gerentes de las empresas de del sector ladrillero de villa del rosario como ventaja competitiva comunicación vía bluetooth para la emulación del control de un sistema de iluminación en proteus professional 8.1 a través de una aplicación móvil desarrollo de un prototipo mecatrónico con realimentación háptica para un simulador de actividades de entrenamiento de la cirugía laparoscópica en animales caninos diagnóstico y análisis del impacto social del uso de dos tipos de infraestructura de vivienda de tipo horizontal en poblaciones vulnerables caso de estudio, cúcuta, colombia diseño de envolventes arquitectónicas paramétricas diseño de un sistema de emulación de movimiento robotizado de mano de bajo costo diseño de un sistema de medición de material particulado mediante un vehículo aéreo no tripulado diseño de un sistema de percepción del impacto de choques mecánicos y golpes en el cerebro dureza de recubrimientos de si-ti-zr fabricados por la técnica de sol-gel sobre sustratos de aluminio aa2024-t3 efecto del número de reynolds sobre la relación de coeficientes aerodinámicos de un aerogenerador sin aspas amplificador electrónico portátil con energía solar para el análisis de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en campo estimación de la radiación solar utilizando redes de neuronas artificiales autoreparación del concreto y el impacto en el futuro de las construcciones evaluation of the use of biomaterials for the manufacture of biodegradable films alternatives for critical points of vehicular accident according to statistical analysis estudio de patología para la rehabilitación del teatro juan atalaya en san josé de cúcuta, colombia estudio de seguridad vial mediante la implementación de comparendos por medios técnicos y tecnológicos en la autopista san antonio, villa del rosario, colombia evaluación estimada de derrames de crudo ocasionados por acciones subversivas al oleoducto caño limón coveñas experiencias significativas en los procesos de movilidad académica en un programa de ingeniería industrial factores de riesgo de la desercion estudiantil del programa de ingenieria industrial en una universidad publica gerencia creativa para el desarrollo del marketing social gestión del riesgo frente a movimientos telúricos en construcción de edificaciones en san josé de cúcuta impacto socioeconómico y nivel de emprendimiento en los graduados de un programa de ingeniería industrial la educación inclusiva y las tecnologías en las prácticas pedagógicas medición de parámetros en líneas de transmisión con sistemas embebidos metodología del cálculo de la exergía en la chimenea de una caldera pirotubular de 10bhp metodología para la selección de perfiles aerodinámicos de aerogeneradores a bajo número de reynolds microstructure and morphology of wc-18co coatings obtained by thermal spray by flame modelo de simulación de eventos discretos, para mejorar los tiempos de espera en los servicios de urgencias de un hospital público modelo matematico de un intercambiador de calor tipo tubo y coraza pbx ip como herramienta de integración de servicios de comunicaciones para la ufps basado en las mejores prácticas de itil percepción empresarial del impacto de los trabajos de grado desarrollados por un programa de ingeniería industrial en el área metropolitana de cúcuta plataforma web para la gestión de protección y adopción de animales en condición de calle en la ciudad de cúcuta y su área metropolitana predicción del precio del petróleo mediante redes de neuronas artificiales propuesta de mejoramiento de las zonas de estacionamiento vehicular y de motos de la ufps cúcuta empleando simulación prototipo para control de asistencia académica de manera remota con tecnología rfid resistencia a la compresion de concretos con adicion parcial de polietileno de alta densidad simulación bidimensional del flujo de aire sobre un perfil aerodinámico sg6043 a bajos números de reynolds mediante la simulación computacional simulación de un alabe de aerogenerador para bajas potencias y velocidades software de registro de asistencia usando mecanismos de hardware libre con comunicación nfc "agile sheduling" generación automática de la planificación de la entrega "release planing" asignación de historias de usuario a los desarrolladores usando algoritmos genéticos la tecnología una alternativa creativa en el proceso enseñanza- aprendizaje en los deportes sobre ruedas caracterización espectroscópica y fisicoquímica de la gulupa passiflora edulis sims de la provincia de pamplona, norte de santander asociación entre el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo y las condiciones de salud vocal en docentes universitarios ansiedad, depresión y autoconcepto en mujeres diagnósticadas con cáncer de mama autoconcepto en adolescentes una mirada desde la migración - ii semestre de 2018 y i semestre de 2019 estilos de vida en jóvenes estudiantes de fisioterapia de dos universidades de bucaramanga, colombia diseño y aplicación de un programa de intervención en seguridad y salud en el trabajo, basado en los factores de riesgos laborales, en salones de belleza / peluquerías de cúcuta 2019 impacto del programa cuidado de enfermería a las puérperas y su recién nacido egresados de una institución de salud del municipio de cúcuta decálogo de seguridad vial para la disminución de los riesgo en los usuarios viales en una empresa ubicada en la intervención pedagógica mediada por las tics en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del cuidado de personas con enfermedad crónica cuidado humanizado de enfermería desde la experiencia de los pacientes: metasíntesis en búsqueda de la humanización de la unidad de cuidados intensivos nivel de conocimiento sobre sífilis gestacional en mujeres gestantes que asisten a la unidad básica de comuneros, en el segundo trimestre del año 2019 la espiritualidad de los cuidadores en el contexto de la alta complejidad memoria histórica en los trabajadores de salud en la zona del catatumbo, un abordaje desde la bioética para la deliberación descripción del uso tradicional de plantas medicinales en el mercado del municipio de sardinata, norte de santander prevalencia de molestias osteomusculares y calidad de vida laboral en el personal de enfermería de un centro quirúrgico de la ciudad de cúcuta en el primer semestre de 2019 perfil cognitivo de los pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar activo y en remisión en el hospital mental rudesindo soto en el segundo trimestre del 2019 perspectiva del cuidador entrenado en pacientes con enfermedad renal cronica desde tres dimensiones estado serológico igg e igm frente a toxoplasma gondii y factores de riesgo relacionados, en gestantes de primer trimestre atendidas instituciones de salud de cúcuta, colombia análisis dimensional del riesgo percibido por la exposición a radiaciones ionizantes del activo intangible del sector salud ; International scientific commiteeI Prof. Ricardo Santiago Puca Molina Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Argentina Prof. William J. Ugarte Guevara Universidad de Uppsala, Suecia Prof. Antoni Bosch Pujol Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España Prof. Libardo Flórez Villamizar Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, Venezuela Prof. Jimmy Jefferson Túllume Salazar Gerente General - ICACIT / Coordinador IEEE YP Region 9, Perú Prof. Maura Olivia García Pineda Universidad Tecnológica de Querétaro, México Prof. Carlos Humberto Sierra Becerra Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México Prof. Ramona Moliné Escanilla Institute of Audit and IT-Governance Prof. Anderson Sandoval Amador Universidad Nacional del centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Prof. Ely Dannier V. Niño Basque Center on Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), Leioa, Spain; Fundation of Researchers in Science and Technology of Materials, Colombia. ; National scientific commitee Prof. Octavio Andrés González Estrada Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga Prof. Fredy Humberto Vera Rivera Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, San José de Cúcuta Prof. Oscar Javier Rodríguez Riveros IEEE Colombia / Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá D.C. Prof. Elkín Gélvez Almeida Universidad Simón Bolívar, San José de Cúcuta Prof. José José Barba Ortega Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C. Prof. Hugo Fernando Castro Silva Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja Prof. Nelson Afanador García Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander seccional Ocaña ; Organizing commitee Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander- UFPS Jhan Piero Rojas Suarez Olga Marina Vega Angarita Judith Del Pilar Rodriguez Tenjo Liliana Marcela Bastos Osorio Nydia María Rincón Villamizar Mawency Vergel Ortega Edwin Alberto Murillo Ruiz Giovanni Mauricio Baez Sandoval Gloria Esperanza Zambrano Plata Jessica Lorena Leal Pabón Marling Carolina Cordero Díaz Andrea Cacique Dixon Alirio García Carrillo Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander - Seccional Ocaña Torcoroma Velasquez Perez Ana Melissa Rodríguez Chinchilla Lady Sánchez Jácome Nelson Fernando Gaona Díaz Didier Camilo Gaona Sánchez ; 6th ed

Profundizar en el concepto de aula supone desvelar el papel que este contexto desempeña en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El aula es el punto de mira de la institución educativa, descrita como el lugar deseable en el que se produce conocimiento. Hemos de decir que de su concepto se extraen diferentes "lentes" para entender los procesos que ocurren en ella, así como las características que mejor la definen. El aula, como espado en el que se ha de reconocer, valorar y respetar a todos los escolares, supone prestar atención a lo que se enseña y al modo de enseñarlo, a la forma de "llegar" al alumnado. Al mismo tiempo, ha de atender a la estructura espacial y material, a la configuración de los tiempos y al tipo de relaciones personales mantenidas. El aula, como espacio de intercambio e interacción entre todos los agentes implicados en la educación (familia, estudiantes, profesorado, asociaciones.), ha de plantear estrategias y acciones donde todos se sientan miembros y partícipes de ese escenario, de ahí, que el aula es algo más que el espacio físico. Por tanto, al definirla en base a criterios de interacción, de relaciones sociales, nos está abriendo el camino hacia la construcción de un aula como espacio de diálogo, democrático y social. Espacio, en definitiva, abierto al mundo, a la realidad social y cultural de un determinado contexto. Por tanto, la finalidad de la tesis doctoral se centra en analizar y comprender las variables que intervienen en ¡a acción educativa en el aula, desde un enfoque interactivo y sistemático, encaminado a la formulación de propuestas que favorezcan la mejora de la cíase, mediante planteamientos innovadores, acordes y adaptados a una sociedad que evoluciona avivadamente, así como a las demandas que la infancia de hoy reclama La estructura del trabajo se presenta siguiendo el esquema clásico para las investigaciones del corpus educativo. La primera parte de la Tesis Doctora!, Marco Teórico, ha desempeñado la función de establecer las bases teórico- conceptuales sobre las que se asienta la Tesis Doctoral, y el Estudio Empírico (Capítulos 1-5). La segunda parte profundiza en el estudio empírico (Capítulos 6-12), en el que se presenta la investigación realizada en torno al análisis que intervienen en la acción educativa, desde una perspectiva integrada. En el primer capítulo, denominado, ¿Qué es eso que llamamos aula? Análisis desde el punto de vista conceptual. Tiene como finalidad abordar el campo semántico-etimológico del concepto "aula". Desde este marco referencial, seleccionamos y señalamos algunas acepciones que nos aportan diversos autores a io largo de las últimas décadas. Remarcamos las características más significativas de cada una de ellas, estableciendo, a su vez, comparaciones que nos guíen hacia una clasificación conceptual sujeta a diversas categorías: desde el aula como espacio físico, como grupo humano, como un lugar donde el estudiante aprende a ser y a vivir, entre otros. En último lugar, y en base a las diferentes aportaciones analizadas, indicaremos qué es para nosotros el "aula". El segundo capítulo, Desafíos y Encrucijadas en el contexto del aula en la sociedad actual, selecciona e identifica algunos de los desafíos y encrucijadas que, a nuestro juicio, contribuyen al debate de los nuevos enfoques a adoptar con el fin de transformar y mejorar la acción educativa en el aula, en la sociedad actual. Entre los retos que registramos destacan la revalorización del trabajo coiaborativo entre profesionales desde la perspectiva del liderazgo compartido o distribuido, las competencias clave y saberes fundamentales en la educación del siglo XXI (icurrículum integrado), el impacto de las TIC en el ámbito escolar, otorgando un carácter significativo al papel del estudiante y del docente, a las características que subyacen en los nuevos entornos comunicativos y las estrategias y herramientas que permiten formar personas cada vez más autónomas para el aprendizaje permanente en colaboración. Por otra parte, nos centramos en un nuevo concepto de infancia, en la participación de la comunidad educativa y, finalmente, la diversidad en el aula desde la filosofía de la inclusión escolar (voz de los estudiantes). El tercer capítulo hace referencia a la perspectiva del cambio educativo y su incidencia en las aulas: dónde el cambio no llega, dónde el cambio se vive y se siente. Analizamos, en este capítulo, la perspectiva del cambio educativo y su incidencia en las aulas. Desde un marco general, profundizamos en el significado de la gramática del cambio educativo, sentando las bases para esclarecer su conceptualización, así como algunas consideraciones relevantes a tener en cuenta. A tenor de las transformaciones emergentes en una sociedad compleja, se necesitan nuevas respuestas en la práctica educativa, así optamos por reflexionar y cuestionar los elementos que favorecen otra educación posible y necesaria, desde las últimas investigaciones acaecidas en el panorama educativo, presentando algunas experiencias de éxito a nivel nacional e internacional. En la otra cara de la moneda, vislumbrarnos la visión más estática del cambio y la mejora educativa, profundizando en las barreras que frenan y obstaculizan la sostenibilidad de ias experiencias innovadoras. Para, finalmente, detenernos en uno de los principales agentes del cambio para la mejora de la clase, los docentes. Estrategias como la Formación en Centros y las Comunidades Profesionales de Aprendizaje constituyen una vía y camino adecuado para el diagnóstico, análisis, reflexión, valoración de las necesidades y reorientación de las prácticas profesionales que inciden de manera directa en la posibilidad del cambio educacional desde el propio centro. En el cuarto capítulo, describiendo los elementos que conforman un paisaje llamado aula: "estructura académica". Nos detenemos en la estructura académica como elemento relevante y significativo para el análisis de la acción educativa. En él abordamos dos cuestiones clave: ¿qué enseñar? y ¿cómo enseñar? de manera interrelacionada. En primer lugar, nos planteamos la revisión/estudio del Currículum desde un enfoque o perspectiva integrada. Desechamos la ¡dea de la enseñanza de unos contenidos inconexos y alejados de las transformaciones emergentes en la sociedad, transmitidos oralmente y presentados en compartimentos estancos, apostando por la integración curricular en torno a una "perspectiva democrática". Se requiere que el currículum se plasme en un texto que contemple la complejidad de los fines de la educación y desarrollar una acción holística capaz de despertar en los escolares procesos que sean propicios para alcanzar esa finalidad. Desde esta idea presentamos algunas experiencias educativas que plantean el abordaje de los contenidos de modo innovador; entre ellos se encuentran: partir de lo que sabe el escolar, globalización curricular, fomentar el trabajo en equipo o aprendizaje cooperativo, la creación de espacios de diálogo, la inclusión de talleres, rincones y grupos interactivos. En segundo lugar, damos respuesta a la segunda cuestión, ¿cómo enseñar?, o lo que es lo mismo, profundizamos en la dinámica de enseñanza. La revisión de la literatura se concentra en estudiar las actividades de enseñanza-aprendizaje y, finalmente, en la evaluación formativa. El último capítulo que da forma al cuerpo teórico, lleva por nombre ¿Cómo nos organizamos? Configuración del espacio, del tiempo escolar y la planificación de los recursos en las aulas. En primer lugar, realizamos un balance normativo-legislativo que versará sobre la importancia adquirida a lo largo de la historia de la educación la configuración de los espacios en los centros escolares, como un elemento y eje fundamental en el aprendizaje del alumnado, posteriormente, indagaremos en su relevancia para la educación, así como el marco semántico- conceptual por el cual movernos, sin olvidarnos de algunas recomendaciones para una organización espacial integrada en los retos y desafíos de la educación del siglo XXI, en la línea de conseguir el cambio educativo. En segundo lugar, abordamos su organización, en base a un breve análisis en torno a los materiales curriculares. Partiremos de su definición, marcaremos sus fundones dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, posteriormente, justificaremos su importancia, para finalizar con algunos criterios para el empleo de los materiales en el aula. En último lugar, profundizaremos en la problemática del tiempo escolar, una variable muy presente en la vida de las personas y que de algún modo nos incita a plantear otra forma de organizar el mismo. Tras el análisis bibliográfico, fase del trabajo en la que se ha incidido en las variables que intervienen en la dinámica del aula, con una exploración de su campo semántico, así como en cuestiones que atañen al concepto de cambio educativo, con el análisis de experiencias de innovación singulares en el panorama nacional e internacional, cuya mejora de la acción educativa es una realidad, entre otros asuntos, proseguimos al planteamiento de este capítulo: Diseño General de la Investigación: Estudio Integrado. En esta investigación se ha perseguido alcanzar los propósitos mediante la puesta en práctica de un estudio combinado-integrado de las dos metodologías, cuantitativa y cualitativa. La obtención de datos y de información a través de la combinación de ambas metodologías ha permitido fomentar la riqueza de los resultados. Inicialmente, en este capítulo profundizamos en las razones y el origen de la investigación, seguidamente, detallamos los problemas, la finalidad, así como los objetivos del estudio, sintetizados y organizados en una tabla de categorías. A su vez, incidimos en la opción metodológica escogida que otorga sentido al estudio integrado, combinando los paradigmas cuantitativo y cualitativo, en los tres estudios que componen el mismo. El primero de ellos, el extensivo, analiza las concepciones que diversos docentes de la provincia de Huelva tienen sobre las diferentes categorías que forman parte del cuestionario administrado. El segundo, nos centramos y sumergimos en la cotidianeidad del aula de dos centros educativos. A través de dos estudios de caso conocemos cómo funciona el aula desde planteamientos que se pueden considerar como innovadores. Finalmente, el último estudio, denominado biográfico, nos permite observar, mediante la voz de dos docentes, cómo viven y sienten el aula, remitiéndonos a la narración de sus propias historias de vida. Estos estudios se abordan paralelamente en capítulos posteriores, desde aquí tan sólo señalamos algunas cuestiones teóricas clave que nos permiten comprender cada uno de ellos. Finalmente, deparamos en los principios (triangulación, enfoque progresivo, confidencialidad y revisión por los interesados) que acompañan al estudio y en las cuestiones éticas para ei desarrollo de ¡a investigación, desde un enfoque general y particular para cada uno de los estudios. El siguiente capítulo, se centra en la descripción del Diseño General delEstudio Extensivo. Para su diseño, en primer lugar, recogemos el marco conceptual y terminológico del cuestionario. Asimismo, una vez consideradas sus características más representativas, especificamos la población y la muestra del estudio extensivo. En tercer lugar, ahondamos en el proceso de elaboración del cuestionario, ligado a este apartado, aunque en diferentes secciones, nos encontramos los pasos esenciales para su elaboración: formato y estructura del cuestionario, elección de las preguntas del cuestionario y descripción de las preguntas del cuestionario. Ya construido el instrumento, el siguiente paso consiste en la presentación y administración del cuestionario. En este espacio, especificamos el proceso que seguimos desde su elaboración hasta la recogida de los cuestionarios en los centros educativos. Finalmente, concluimos con el análisis y tratamiento de la información; a la par que con unas consideraciones finales. El corazón de nuestra investigación palpita con la necesidad de encontrar estímulos y mecanismos que nos permitan conocerlo y describirlo para seguir su propio biorritmo. La razón de ser del estudio intensivo radica en comprender una determinada realidad social, cultural, educativa, sumergirnos y abrir los entresijos del microcosmos educativo. La acción educativa sólo es posible estudiarla si tenemos acceso a su campo y, por ello, recurrimos al estudio de casos, un método con raíces asentadas dentro del corpus de la investigación educativa. El capítulo del Diseño Genera! del Estudio Intensivo, se inicia con una revisión conceptual del estudio de casos dentro del enfoque de investigación cualitativa, conduciéndonos, de una forma exhaustiva, a la justificación metodológica de nuestro estudio. En segundo lugar, describimos el proceso seguido en el estudio de casos, con el desarrollo de cada una de sus fases. Basándonos en las aportaciones de Martínez Bonafé (1988:46), determinamos que las fases de nuestro estudio fueran: (a) fase inicia! o preactiva, en la que especificamos los criterios de elección de los casos y el papel de la investigadora, (b) fase interactiva, en la que describimos cómo se llevó a cabo el acceso al campo y el proceso de negociación, así como la estructura conceptual del estudio y ios instrumentos de recogida de información, (c) fase fina! o postactiva, en la que señalamos cómo se realizó el análisis de los datos y la redacción y elaboración del informe final. Finalmente, el capítulo concluye con un epílogo en el que se señalan los aspectos más representativos del estudio. Probablemente el interés por develar aspectos no visibles que atañen a la práctica educativa en el aula, nos suscitó la posibilidad de anexar en nuestro estudio las Historias de vida para conocer, investigar y analizar diferentes categorías de las experiencias de vida de las personas, hechos, acontecimientos, así como períodos históricos, que han asumido un importante peso en la trayectoria escolar, formativa y personal, de las docentes participantes en el estudio. En este capítulo, dedicado al Diseño Genera! del Estudio Subjetivo, tratamos de aproximarnos de manera epidérmica, en primer lugar a cuestiones que atañen a lo puramente conceptual, una aproximación a la investigación biográfico-narrativa y, como técnica insignia a la Historia de vida (campo semántico, relevancia en el campo de la educación a través de historias de maestros y de maestras, entre otras). En segundo lugar, exponemos la selección y representación de las mismas en nuestra investigación, otorgando espacio a las consideraciones teórico-metodológicas, marcando el trabajo de campo que se llevó a cabo (desde la recogida de evidencias y datos biográficos, centrándonos en la entrevista biográfica, así como en otras cuestiones de suma importancia). Rnalmente, dibujamos el rostro de la protagonista para marcar el inicio y la antesala de su propia Historia de vida como eje para entender su práctica cotidiana en el aula, incluyendo la construcción de Biogramas y la detección de incidentes críticos que ilustran un antes y un después en la forma de ser docente. Los capítulos siguientes se destinan al análisis de los resultados de los tres estudios que componen la investigación. Así, el capítulo noveno describe los resultados del Estudio Extensivo, de carácter exploratorio y enfocado a indagar en las concepciones de los docentes respecto a las variables que forman parte de la acción educativa. El capítulo décimo, describe el segundo estudio de la investigación, consistente en dos estudios de caso en la etapa de Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria de docentes que promueven una enseñanza alternativa e innovadora. Finalmente, el capítulo onceavo, muestra los resultados del tercer estudio, dedicado a la reconstrucción de la Historia de Vida de la docente del caso 1, como forma de comprender como mayor profundidad la acción educativa desde la exploración de la trayectoria personal y profesional de la docente. Cada capítulo finaliza con una serie de conclusiones parciales respecto al análisis abordado y en torno a las categorías y propósitos de ia investigación. Seguidamente, el capítulo doce, recoge las conclusiones de la investigación, además de detallar los límites y las perspectivas de investigación. ; To deepen the concept of classroom supposed to reveal the role that context plays in the teaching-learning process. The classroom is the focus of the school, described as a desirable place in which knowledge is produced. We must say that from its concept are extracted different "lenses" to understand the processes occurring in it, and the characteristics that best define it.The classroom, as a space wherescholastic must be recognized, valued and respected, presume to pay attention to what is taught and how to teach it. At the same time, it must meet the spatial structure and material, the time distribution and the type of relationships maintained. The classroom as a forum for exchange and interaction between all those involved in education (family, students, faculty, associations .), must propose strategies and actions where all feel members and participants of that scenario, hence, the classroom is more than a physical space. Therefore, when it is defined based on criteria of interaction, social relations, we are paving the way for the construction of a classroom as a space for dialogue, democratic and social. The aim of the thesis is to analyze and understand the variables involved in the educational activities in the classroom, from an interactive and systematic approach, focused in formulating proposals that promote the improvement of the class, through innovative approaches, suitable and adapted to a changing society as well as to the claims that children today claim. The structure of the work is presented following the classic pattern for the educational research corpus. The first part of the doctoral thesis, Theoretical Framework, has played the role of setting up theoretical concepts on which the doctoral thesis is based and also the empirical study (Chapters 1-5). The second part explores the empirical study (Chapters 6-12), where the research about the analysis involved in educational activities, an integrated perspective is presented. In the first chapter, entitled, What is this thing called class? Analysis from the conceptual point of view,it aims to address the semantic and etymological field of the "class" concept. From this frame of reference, we select and point out some meanings that give us many authors over the last few decades. We emphasize the most significant of each characteristics, by providing, in turn, comparisons to guide us toward a conceptual classification linked to several categories: from the classroom as a physical space , as a human group , as a place where students learn to be and to live among others. Finally, and based on the different contributions analyzed, we will indicate what is for us the "classroom". The second chapter, Challenges and Crossroads in the classroom context in today's society, selects and identifies some of the challenges and crossroads, that, in our view, contribute to the discussion of new approaches to adopt in order to transform and improve the action education in the classroom, in today's society. Among the challenges we include,stand out the reevaluation of collaborative work among professionals from the perspective of shared or distributed leadership, the key skills and fundamental knowledge in the XXI century education (curriculum integrated), the impact of ICT in schools, giving a significant character to the role of students and teachers, the characteristics underlying the new communication environments and strategies and tools thatallow to preparepeople able to self-learn in collaboration with others. Moreover, we focus on a new concept of childhood, in the participation of the educational community and, finally, in the diversity in the classroom from the philosophy of the school inclusion (voiced by students). The third chapter refers to the perspective of educational change and its impact in the classroom: where the change does not arrive, where the change is lived and felt. We analyze in this chapter the perspective of educational change and its impact in the classroom. From a general framework, we deepen in the meaning of the grammar of educational change, laying the groundwork to clarify its conceptualization, as well as some important considerations to keep in mind. Under the emerging transformations in a complex society, new answers in educational practice are needed, so we chose to reflect and question the elements favoring another possible and necessary education from the latest research occurred in the educational landscape, presenting some experiences success at national and international level. On the other side of the coin, we catch sight of the static vision of change and educational improvement, deepening the barriers that hinder and hamper the sustainability of innovative experiences. To finally stop at one of the main agents of the change to improve the class, the teachers. Strategies such as Training Centers and Professional Learning Communities are a way and proper way for diagnosis, analysis, reflection, needs assessment and reorientation of professional practices that have a direct impact on the ability of educational change from the own center. In the fourth chapter, describing the elements of a landscapecalled class: "academic structure". We stop at the academic structure as relevant and meaningful for the analysis of educational action item. In it we address two key issues: what to teach? And how to teach? in an interrelated way. First, we consider the revision / study of the curriculum from an integrated perspective. We reject the idea of a disjointed teaching content and away from emerging transformations in society, orally transmitted and presented in silos, betting on the curricular integration around a "democratic perspective". It requires that the curriculum is translated into a text that addresses the complexity of the purposes of education and to develop a holistic action capable of awakening in school processes that are conducive to achieve that purpose. From this idea we present some educational experiences that address the content in innovative ways; among them they are: Starting point should be the knowledge of the scholastic, curriculum globalization, promoting teamwork and cooperative learning, creating spaces for dialogue, including workshops, nooks and interactive groups. Secondly, we respond to the second question, how to teach? or what is the same, we delve into the dynamics of teaching. The review of the literature focuses on studying the teaching-learning activities and, finally, in the formative evaluation. The last chapter that forms the theoretical body, is called How do we organize? Layout of the space and time of the school and the resources planning in the classroom. First, we perform a regulatory-legislative balance that will focus on the importance gained over the history of education settings spaces in schools, and as a cornerstone element in student learning, then we will investigate its relevance for education and semantic- conceptual framework by which to move, not forgetting some recommendations for one special organization integrated in the challenges of education in the XXI century, in the line to get the educational change. Secondly, we address its organization, based on a brief analysis on the curricular materials. We will depart from its definition, we will mark their functions within the teaching-learning process, later we willjustify its importance, ending with some criteria for the use of materials in the classroom. Lastly, we will delve into the issue of school time, a variable present in the lives of people and that somehow encourages us to propose another way of organizing it. After the bibliographical analysis, phase of work which has stressed the variables involved in the dynamics of the classroom, with an exploration of the semantic field as well as on matters pertaining to the concept of educational change, with the analysis of experiences in singular innovation in the national and international scene, which improvement of educational action is a reality, among other issues, we continue to approach this chapter: Genera! Research Design: Integrated Study. In this research it has been pursued to achieve the purposes by the implementation of one study, integrated-combined of the two methodologies, quantitative and qualitative. Obtaining data and information through the combination of the two methodologies has helped to foster the wealth of results. Initially, in this chapter we delve into the reasons and the origin of the research, then, we detail the problems, the purpose and objectives of the study, summarized and organized in a table of categories. At the same time, we stress the methodological option chosen that gives meaning to the integrated study, combining quantitative and qualitative paradigms, in all three studies that comprise it. The first one, the extensive one analyzes the conceptions that various teachers in the province of Huelva have on the different categories that are part of the administered questionnaire. Second, we focus and dive into the everyday classroom of two schools. Through two case studies classroom we know how it works from approaches that can be considered as innovative. Finally, the last study, called biographical, allows us to see, through the voices of two teachers, how they live and feel the classroom, by referring to the narrative of their own life stories. These studies are discussed in parallel in later chapters, we note here only some key theoretical issues that help us to understand each one. Finally, we came across on the principles (triangulation, progressive approach, confidentiality and review by the envolved) accompanying the study and ethical issues for the development of research, from a general and particular for each of the studies focus. The next chapter focuses on the description of Design General of extensive study. For its design, first, we collect the conceptual framework and terminology of the questionnaire. Also, once are considered the most representative features, we specify the population and sample of the extensive study. Third, we delve into the process of developing the questionnaire, linked to this section, although in different sections, we find the essential steps for processing: format and structure of the questionnaire, choice of the questionnaire and describing questions of the questionnaire. Oncethe instrument is built, the following step is the filing and administration of the questionnaire. In this area, we specify the process we follow from development to the collection of the questionnaires in schools. Finally, we conclude with the analysis and processing of information; on par with some final considerations. Chapter General Intensive Design Studio, begins with a conceptual review of case studies within the qualitative research approach, leading, in a comprehensive way, the methodological justification of our study. Second, we describe the process followed in the case study, with the development of each of its phases. Based on input from Bonafé Martinez (1988:46), we determined that the phases of our study were: (a) initial or pre-active phase, which specify the criteria for selection of cases and the role of the researcher, (b) interactive phase in which we describe how you carried out the access to the field and the negotiation process and the conceptual structure of the study and the instruments for collecting information, (c) final stage or postactive, in which we noted how the data analysis and drafting and the final report was made. Finally, the chapter concludes with an epilogue in which the most representative aspects of the study are indicated. Probably the interest in revealing visible aspects regarding educational practice in the classroom, raised the possibility of annexing in our study life stories to know, investigate and analyze different categories of the life experiences of people, facts, events and historical periods, that have assumed an important role in the school, training and personal career of the teachers participating in the study. In this chapter, dedicated to Genera! Subjective Design Studio, we try to approach epidermal way, firstly to matters pertaining to the purely conceptual, an approach to the biographical-narrative research and technical badge as a life history (semantic field, relevant in the field of education through stories of teachers and teachers, among others). Secondly, we present the selection and representation of these in our research, giving space to the theoretical and methodological considerations, marking the fieldwork that took place (from the collection of evidence and biographical data, focusing on the biographical interview as well as other critical issues). Finally, we draw the face of the protagonist to mark the beginning and the prelude to his own life story as a hub to understand their daily practice in the classroom, including the construction of Biograms and detection of critical incidents that illustrate a before and after in the way of being a teacher. The following chapters are devoted to the analysis of the results of the three studies that make up the research. Thus, the ninth chapter describes the results of the extensive study, exploratory and focused to investigate the teachers' conceptions about the variables that are part of the educational action. The tenth chapter describes the second research study consisting of two case studies in pre-primary and primary education teachers that promote alternative and innovative teaching. Finally, the eleventh chapter shows the results of the third study, devoted to the reconstruction of the Life History of the teaching of case 1, as a way to further understand how the educational action through the exploration of personal and professional trajectory of the teacher. Each chapter ends with a series of partial conclusions regarding the analysis and addressed around categories and research purposes. Next, chapter twelve, contains the findings of the investigation, as well as detailing the limits and research perspectives.

The WSU Stewart Library Annual UC-UI Symposium took place from 2001-2007. The collection consists of memorabilia from the symposium including a yearly keepsake, posters, and presentations through panel discussions or individual lectures. ; Audio Recording ; Thomas D. Dee: Founder, Builder, Public Servant a commemorative lecture presented at the 2007 Utah Construction/ Utah International Symposium The Beginning of an Era by Professor John Sillito Thursday, October 18, 2007 1 Well I'd like to thank Gene for that generous introduction. He read it exactly the way I wrote it for him. No thank you, I do appreciate it. Can you hear me okay? I've got more wires on me than the last time I had a test at McKay Dee Hospital let me tell you and if things start going off you'll know I'm in real trouble here today. Let me repeat something I said a little bit earlier, you don't know how pleased I am to be one of this years Utah International Fellows. It's been a marvelous experience for me to be involved in the research on a most interesting individual and I won't do that individual even remotely justice today, but will just touch the surface. As part of that process I have had the pleasure of having two fellows to assist me in research. Stan said earlier that we were both spoiled by this to have someone to actually find things, and keep us on track, and catch an error occasionally. I really appreciate those two fellows. Brett Peterson is one of my fellows. Brett has graduated from Weber and gone on to law school. My other fellow Marci Farr is with us today and Marci stand up. I appreciated everything Marci did to help and again keeping on track and it's been a great experience. My paper today is entitled Thomas D. Dee: Founder, Pioneer and Public Servant. In Ogden Utah on July 12th 1905 grocers and butchers closed their shops, school children lined city streets, public officials turned away from their duties and hundreds of prominent and ordinary citizens gathered at the Ogden Tabernacle. On the diocese were Utah Governor John C. Cutler and LDS Church President Joseph F. Smith who had traveled north to speak at the funeral of a man the Ogden Standard called, " The city's foremost citizen," Thomas 2 Duncombe Dee. As the paper reported that day, no other man in Ogden was identified with so many and diverse enterprises as he. Indeed in a career spanning fifty- five years, Dee lead in business, church, education, political and governmental affairs. During his life time Dee accomplished many things. He was a devoted husband and family man, the father of eight children. He was a friend, business partner and political ally of David Eccles and the two men along with several other created, organized and expanded a wide range of commercial ventures. Simultaneously, Dee pursued a career in politics as an office holder and judge. He chaired the Ogden Board of Education, served in a variety of capacities in his local ward. And as the twentieth century began Dee became the first president of the Utah Construction Company which sprouted from humble root and flowered into international prominence. Today it is my challenge and opportunity to address the many facets in the life of this important Ogden figure. While time will not permit an in depth examination of each aspect, I purpose to survey the breath of his career and hopefully down the line will be able to explore the many strands in detail. To begin let us examine Thomas D. Dee's roots and the series of event that in 1860 brought him to Ogden. Two important facts lead our inquiry. First the history of the Dee family is deeply rooted in the soil of Wales, and second, the family was part of what William Mulder has called " a unique element in the total stream on American migration," the relocation of thousands of Mormon converts to their Zion in western America's Great Basin. Thomas Duncombe Dee was born on November 10, 1844 in Llanelly South Wales, the second son and third 3 child of Thomas Hill and Elizabeth Reese Dee. We know very little of Thomas and Elizabeth's early lives, but they seemed typical of many citizens of nineteenth century Great Britain who faced a hard scrabble existence. We do know that the young couple, both age twenty- five married in 1837. Thomas Hill Dee sought work where ever he could find it practicing the trades of potter, gardener, plate maker and likely others. The couple moved frequently, no doubt in search of economic opportunity and their first two children Annie and James were born in Staffordshire England. At some point prior to young Tom's birth in 1844 the family returned to Wales where the couple's last child, Elizabeth, was born in 1851. Six years later in July 1857 the Dees made a decision which would alter and shape their lives and those of their decedents. When they joined the American based Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints and became part of that intense conversion period sweeping the British Isles between 1837 and 1870. Not long after their baptism Thomas and Elizabeth decided to come to America. Apparently Tom's parents and siblings were baptized into their new faith earlier than he. As church records indicate he was baptized and confirmed just a few days prior to leaving England. His daughter Maud records that family lore held that " young Tom would stay at home reading and studying while the other attended church services. In the end," Maud added, " he was a better Mormon than any of them, because he understood what he believed." Many English Latter- day Saints during that time drew upon the church's Perpetual Emigrating Fund, the PEF, to provide the necessary financial 4 assistance to make the trip. From 1850 to 1887 that fund brought some 30,000 converts to America in the eighteenth century, including the family of David Eccles. The system allowed them to repay their loan over time through their labor once they had settled here in Utah. While some sources indicate that the Dees came with the help of PEF British mission records housed at the LDS Church Archives do not support this claim. It is possible that they may have received some assistance from some local church members in Wales or that the PEF aided them later in their journey. The Dee family left Liverpool on March 30th 1860 aboard the Underrider. Carrying as many provisions as possible or required by law, and paying the fare of some twenty- four English pounds. The ships manifest lists Thomas Hill Dee as a potter, Elizabeth as his wife, James as a plasterer and Tom as a joiner. Annie just barely twenty is listed as a spinster, tough crowd. A local band serenaded the departing vessel as the 600 passengers from Wales, England and Switzerland left port. The group was under the leadership of James D. Ross who was returning from his second mission to England and his counselors James Taylor, who will marry into the family, and John Croft. The Underrider arrived in New York on May 1st. During the voyage according to the Mormon publication the Millennial Star, " there were four deaths and four marriages and upon their arrival the health of the saints was generally good." Two days later the Dees set out for their destination of Florence, Nebraska not far from Omaha. From there the saints prepared for the final leg of their journey to the Great Basin. The company of 240, including both British and Swiss 5 immigrants as well as some U. S. citizens, left Florence on June 17th 1860, again under the leadership of James D. Ross. According to Church records the Dees were among those traveling on a church wagon train as opposed to a hand cart which the church was discontinuing during that period of time. The Ross Train arrived in the Salt Lake Valley three months later on September 3rd 1860. Unfortunately fifteen year old Tom kept no journal describing his trip across the plains. We do have however the reminiscence of Charles W. Nibley an eleven year old member of the same party. Nibley would immerge as an important church leader and business man and in later years a very close friend and business associate of Tom Dee's. Nibley recalled, quoting from his reminiscences, " The journey across the plains was of the usual ox team kind. There was little of special note that transpired. We traveled about ninety miles a week, which was an average of fifteen miles a day for six days a week. No traveling was done on the Sabbath. Of course there are inconveniences and more or less hardships in that mode of travel but I was a child and do not remember the hardship, on the contrary," he said, " I rather enjoyed the whole trip." In his reminiscences which were complied while Nibley was in his mid- 80' s he still vividly recalled walking barefoot across the plains sighting herds of buffalo and feasting as he says on their sweet meat. He also remembered the circling of the wagons, unrolling and rolling the bed rolls, and the Indians who were plentiful and sometimes he said " a little troublesome although we never had any conflict whatever with them." 6 No doubt Tom Dee shared similar memories of that trip, including the journeys end. The party camped near Parley's Summit and were greeted by Apostles George A. Smith, Wilford Woodruff, Lorenzo Snow and other leading brethren. The next Nibley recalled, " We came out of the canyon and on to the bench near Fort Douglas, and I could very well remember with what joy and pleasure each one of our company looked upon the growing city in the wilderness. We felt that all of our troubles and trial were practically at an end when, as a matter of fact, they had only just begun. The immigrants camped near what is presently the Salt Lake City and County Building then prepared to either stay there in Salt Lake City or move to one of the other outposts along the Mormon corridor. The Nibley family like the Dees headed north past the Great Salt Lake, which he noted " was very low that year." The wagon road from Salt Lake City lay considerably west of any green fields, right out in the alkali lake bottoms, as dry as a bone. While Nibely admitted he had no recollection of Ogden the Dees stopped to make their home. Tom Dee would spend the rest of his life here. Another aspect of the journey westward bears noting. About the time the Ross train made its final preparations for its final trip to Utah, another English convert, John Taylor, arrived at winter quarters with his wife Ann Faulkner Taylor, their two children and John's two daughters nine year old Mary and seven year old Annie, born to his first deceased wife Ann Standard. It is not clear whether Tom Dee and Annie Taylor met at this time. Annie records however that her train discovered a bleached buffalo skull which read, " Captain Ross Train passed here 7 July 15th. All is well." As we will see the paths of these two young people will definitely cross in the future. After getting settled Tom worked as a carpenter at times along with his brother in law James Taylor. He had learned carpentry skills as an apprentice in Wales and as noted he was listed on the Underrider's manifest as a joiner. Over time Dee became a successful building contractor as well, constructing both residential and commercial structures. Hard working and ingenious the young man began to make a mark in his community, but Tom Dees mind was not only on work. Tom had lived in Utah for a decade or so before he seriously considered Annie Taylor as a possible spouse. The two had met from time to time and according to some accounts at one family gathering Tom told the young Annie he was " gonna wait for you to grow up and then I'm gonna marry you." The Dee and Taylor families were close in part because as noted not long after their arrival in Utah Tom's sister Annie Dee had married James Taylor, Annie Taylor's uncle. Now gets a little confusing here, okay. Annie Dee Taylor and Annie Taylor Dee, hang with me here. In any event their courtship evidentially became serious around 1868 or so. In her charming book Memories of a Pioneer, Annie wrote that as a young girl she went to a Washington's Birthday dance in Salt Lake City where the dashing officers from Fort Douglass and their ladies added to the beautiful atmosphere. Tom Dee escorted Annie to this memorable party clad in his territorial militia uniform. Annie also recalled another Salt Lake event in January of 1870 celebrating a branch of the railroad from Ogden Tom and his mother 8 were in attendance. Annie remembered " Thanks to complimentary tickets from the railroad." At the conclusion of the celebration Annie and her sister rode the train to Ogden stayed a few days with the Dees and then returned to their Salt Lake home. The railroad she said, " Made people nearer neighbors." Reading between the lines, perhaps the railroad also facilitated a budding romance for on January 15th Thomas D. Dee wrote Annie's father John Taylor to request Annie's hand in marriage. We have this delightful letter and the reply to it in our Dee family collection here in the library and it's displayed in the back just for today. It goes back into the archives after today, in that cabinet back there. Tom wrote, " It has been known to you that for some time your daughter Annie and myself have been corresponding with each other, and that I have made occasional visits to her; well such things generally lead to something more important, and the object of this letter is to ask your consent for us to get married." Tom said that he didn't need to add more but hoped your favorable consideration. Actually I think it was the uniform. A few days later the perspective bridegroom had his answer when John Taylor replied that he could " find no reason why I should not give my consent to her to becoming your wife." Taylor told his future son in law he wished Annie to have a husband of her own choice, a man she could honor and respect. Therefore he wrote, " You have my permission and are at liberty to make your own arrangements." The marriage was performed on April 10, 1871 in a ceremony in the Endowment House in Salt Lake City when Brigham Young's counselor Neil H. Wells united twenty- six year old Thomas D. Dee and eighteen 9 year old Annie Taylor in marriage. The young couple then traveled to and settled in a two room adobe house on 22nd street, their home for the next decade. Over time as the family grew they need more space and relocated in Annie's word, " Out in the country" in a home near today's 8th street and Washington Boulevard. Even though he was working hard to support his family Tom Dee also took an interest in Ogden's civic affairs. Between 1879 and 1893 he served as assessor, alderman, Justice of the Peace, constable, and city councilman sometimes simultaneously. He became a municipal judge and thus was often referred to as Judge Dee. As his good friend Warren L. Wattis observed, " Dee served as a judged in the early days when the position had perplexities then financial rewards. He first allied with the Mormon controlled People's Party, but when politics was Americanized in the 1890' s Dee became a democrat. His daughter Maud called him, " a good democrat who discussed the Democratic Party as though it were a religion;" long time ago. During his adult life Tom Dee was an active and faithful Latter- day Saint. He spent more then thirty years serving as superintendent of the Sunday school in two different wards, but his efforts were not limited to Sunday alone. In June 1881, for example, Superintendent Dee led the saints of Ogden's third ward on a pleasant excursion to Lake Shore. The Ogden Standard reported that on the breezy shore of the Great Salt Lake ward members quote, " spent a most agreeable day sporting in the saline billows and on the grounds which have been much improved and embellished. Dancing was indulged in with vim, Watkins' band furnishing the musical accompaniment. The sports were diversified; 10 bathing, boat sailing, rifle shooting, swinging, etc," must have had a different meaning then. " And the pleasant party returned home in excellent spirits." In November of 1881 the Dee family relocated to the Mount Fort ward. Where Tom continued his service the Sunday school and later as a councilor to his brother in law Bishop James Taylor. His removal from the third ward was a sad day for ward members as a result they issued an elaborate framed scroll headed conomorea, and it too it to is displayed right here and if you have a chance I encourage you to take a look at it. It's really amazing. Dee was also active as a Weber Stake home missionary and as a high priest. As one considers Dees commitment to the Mormon faith, two questions arise. First it is interesting that he never served as a full time missionary a common occurrence for faithful men of the time. More importantly at a time when Latter- day Saint men were encouraged to take additional wives, some say as a sign of solidarity, Tom remained monogamous. This seems more than happenstance for Annie's father had three wives, including sisters he'd married after his first died. Tom's good friend David Eccles had entered into the principle as did many other local men. But it never seemed to have been on Tom's agenda. In any event Dee's commitment to the faith was never in doubt. Over time this friend David Eccles became a central figure in Tom Dee's professional life. It is not exactly clear when the two men first met. An article in the Deseret News implies that they became business partners as early as 1876, but other sources differ on that date. It is possible that the two men met around 1882 as Tom was leaving Ogden's third ward and David was moving in. Ogden 11 wasn't a huge town in those days, with a population of some 6,000 or so they may have known each other from a number of activities. They clearly known to each other by 1885 however, as both had served as Ogden alderman, Dee representing the fourth ward, Eccles representing the third. Business easily trumps civic service however as the many Dee- Eccles partnerships took shape. As Bertha Eccles later recalled, " Judge Dee occupied the closest association with David Eccles, More so that any other one." Initially their partnership evolved around lumbering, a natural for Dee as a carpenter and contractor. Overtime their business association broadened. A couple of things should be taken into account considering Dee's role in these business activities. First as vice president of Ogden's First National Bank he played a central role in the financing of many of these ventures. Second as I've examined the scope of Dee's business involvements I concur with the observation again from his good friend Warren Wattis, " No detail was too trivial, no task was too large to receive his personal attention." While it would be impossible to even list the many Eccles- Dee partnerships, not to mention others that involved Dee alone or with other partners, let me highlight just a few. One of the most important involved the Utah Canning Company. Organized by Isaac M. Pierce in 1888, the company grew steadily for several years but then went into bankruptcy in the recession of the mid- 1890' s as I think Tom mentioned earlier today was probably the second most severe depression in American history. Lots of people lost everything as a result. Toward the end of the decade in 1897, a group led by Eccles and Dee bring in a capital outlay of 12 $ 12,000 purchased the property and equipment and built a better facility and operated the company under the same name. Dee served as president of the reorganized company until his death eight years later. The company marketed its products under a number of brand names. One of the most prominent was Peirce's with red, blue and gold striped cans containing tomatoes, and catsup, and juice, and vegetables. But Utah Canning was perhaps best known for Peirce's Pork and Beans, sometimes called the daddy of them all. The company was also known for its rolly polly peas and temple brand tomatoes. At the same time Dee and Eccles also consolidated their holding in sugar, along with several other church and business leaders they created the Ogden Sugar Company on December 6th 1897 at a meeting held at the Weber County Courthouse. Upon the motion of H. H. Spencer, Dee was elected to chair this organizing meeting and later became the company's vice president. Additionally these men along with other created Logan Sugar and Lewiston Sugar Companies between 1897 and 1901. In 1902 the various companies were combined into Amalgamated Sugar. At that point the company produced 60,000 100 pound bags annually, while returning attractive dividends to investors. In 1900 Eccles and Dee formed the Ogden Rapid Transit Company, purchasing the Ogden Electric Railway Company which had gone into receivership. Under their control the company pushed ahead with a program of repair and modernization. Over the years this successful company expanded and improved the city street railways and extended service beyond the city itself. 13 For most of us here today however, it is Dee's involvement in Utah Construction that is of particular interest. He was the company's first president, a major shareholder and as the minutes demonstrate actively involved in company affairs. Moreover as Gene Sessions and Sterling Sessions write the immergence of Utah Construction brought Dee and Eccles into direct partnership with the Wattis brothers and marked the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship that would stretch across generations. Company records and other sources also reveal Dee's important relationship with all three brothers that stretch well beyond business to real friendship as well. While pursuing a successful business and political career Dee was also interested in improving the educational climate of his home town. Even though his own formal education was limited ranging from six week to two years depending on which source you consult, his daughter Maud noted that, " he was really an educated man because he was dedicated to self improvement and study. He loved literature, especially the classics and devoured good books." Not surprisingly he took an active role in developing a public library system here in Ogden. More over Tom Dee became the father of public education in this town, serving as a member of Ogden's school boards for thirty- five years. In 1890 Ogden schools were consolidated by the Utah Legislature into one district. Dee became a member of that first board and served as president of the board at the time of his death. It is also clear that Tom Dee was very popular with Ogden residence because of his efforts to further education. In fact as the Ogden Herald noted, " As Dee faced reelection to the board in November 1904 14 though a democrat, he would have gained the endorsement of Ogden republicans if the call from their convention had not distinctly specified that a republican candidate must be nominated." He won. As the Utah State Journal observed, " Dee always took a deep interest in educational matters, giving freely of his time and means to promote the welfare of public schools and his unselfish devotion to this great cause is at the root of the high standard of excellence of Ogden's schools." But Thomas D. Dee's life was not all work. Despite his many business, civic, political, and church responsibilities along with an abiding commitment to family he also really enjoyed life. His daughter Maud often describes him as " often buoyantly happy and a wonderful mixture of down right practical and idealistic. Though he could be a stern disciplinarian he delighted in his children and encouraged them in their pursuits." " He was," Maud admitted, " Not much of a dancer, but he danced just the same. Not much of a singer, but he sang just the same." And Dee played and loved to watch baseball. What more needs to be said? Despite this zest for living, Dee's life was not free of sadness and pain. Both of his parents died reasonably young, and he out lived his three siblings including his Elizabeth who died at the age of fifteen and the loss of his oldest child and his name sake Thomas Reese Dee who died in his early twenty's was devastating. Perhaps these sorrows these personal sorrows not only redoubled his efforts to uplift his family, but to improve Ogden as well. But his commitment to all of these concerns came to an abrupt end in July of 1905. While we do not 15 have any documentation to support it, one suspects that Tom, Annie and the children joined with other residence to observe that years July 4th celebrations according to the Ogden Standard, " the day broke clear and fine with scarcely a cloud in the sky and early parties could be seen working their way toward the canyon or boarding the street cars for a trip to the country," that would be the Dee- Eccles street cars you understand. Perhaps the Dees joined the largely attended celebration of Lester Park, which featured patriotic speeches and songs. If Tom picked up the Standard he would have seen and likely been offended by accounts of a meeting of radical unionist in Chicago, they had drafted a document favoring the general strike as the only means by which the working class could displace the capitalist class. He may have seen an account in the standard reporting the Western Pacific was considering dropping making Salt Lake City the eastern terminus of the railroad they projected building from Oakland to Oroville California and then east across Nevada. Perhaps in favor of Ogden, at least the paper reported the prospect of Ogden securing the road seemed brighter. Ultimately the Feather River route that we've talked about today became a major project that put the Utah Construction Company on the map as builders of western railroads. We do know that on Wednesday July 5th Dee along with H. H. Spencer and Mathew S. Browning took the latter's car to South Fork Canyon near Huntsville to look for additional sources of water for the growing city. As historians F. Ross Peterson and Bob Parson write, " As Ogden grew it suffered numerous epidemics of contagious disease and often people blamed the water 16 supply." In late 1879 the city council located a small reservoir on the bench to collect water from the springs there. A year later they constructed a reservoir on 24th street to collect more spring water. Pipes conveyed these waters to businesses along Washington Boulevard. In 1881 the Ogden Water Company controlled by the city piped water from Ogden Canyon to the city. Ogden's council bought out the water company in 1884 and then bought water rights to the streams coming from Strong and Waterfall Canyons east of the city. The fact that Dee and his colleagues were searching for additional water sources is understandable. For Dee had been interested in the question for many years. As early as 1881 he was nominated by Mayor Lester J. Herrick as a capable person to sit on the board of the Ogden Water Company and the council concurred. In 1900 the Ogden City council again called upon him to serve with a number of prominent citizens to advise them in matter of purchasing or building water works in Ogden City. Ultimately in October of that year, Dee was part of a group headed by David Eccles that purchased the financially strapped Ogden Water Works Company for an amount that would be paid in bonds of a reorganized company and ultimately the water works would be sold by Eccles to the city in 1908. Unfortunately Dee's commitment to Ogden indirectly led to his untimely death. A decade later Warren L. Wattis remembered the circumstances, " while undertaking assignment made for him, by him for the up building of Ogden," he wrote, " Dee slipped into a stream and contracted a sever cold. Initially Dee's condition did not seem grave and in fact his illness was not generally know, by 17 Friday July 7th however, when it became obvious that he was to ill to attend a regularly scheduled meeting of the board of education people were concerned. And in fact Dee's condition became the sole topic of conversation amongst the cities businessmen." In the early morning hours of July 9th surrounded by his wife and children, his physicians Edward M. Conroy, and Dr. Chester E. Coulter and two long time business associates H. H. Rolapt and C. C. Richards, Thomas D. Dee in Warren Wattis' words in the home he had builded with pride passed into the silent shadows of the dreamless sleep." Once the news of Dee's death was made public Ogden's citizens mourned as one. The funeral was held on July12th, using the words of Warren Wattis, " The mourners were of all creeds and conditions. The rich and the poor, the young and the old, the learned and the unlearned, the high and the humble, all united to do him honor." As mentioned, eulogies were given by Utah's Governor Cutler and LDS Church President Joseph F. Smith and others. The pallbearers included several of Dee's business associates, David Eccles, H. H. Spencer, C. W. Nibley, W. H. Wattis, and Neil Flygare. For Eccles Dee's death closed an important era of friendship and business success. In his taciturn way Eccles recorded the death in his day book for July 9th, simply noting, " Judge Dee died 1: 15 a. m." But the depths of his feelings were revealed in a death notice sent out by the First National Bank, " In the death of Mr. Dee this community suffers and almost irreparable loss." Dee's unexpected death also shook the leadership of companies like the Utah Construction Company and Amalgamated Sugar. 18 A special meeting of Utah Construction's board of director was held on August 7th 1905 at request of vice president W. H. Wattis to make an official announcement of Dee's death and to elect a successor. Adam Patterson was unanimously elected a member of the board and David Eccles upon the motion of James Pingree was elect president and he would direct the company until his own sudden death in 1912. At the same meeting W. H. Wattis suggested that a committee be appointed to draw resolution to respect to the memory of the late Judge Dee. Composed of Eccles, Joseph Clark and Warren L. Wattis the committee drafted a resolution to be embodied as part of the meeting and transmitted to the Dee family. It said in part that the company directors deplored the untimely death of their late president and cherishes his worthy of constant emulation. His ideals of personal and business honor, his unswerving loyalty to every trust and business obligation imposed upon him as an officer. And that they recognized the splendid ability and loyalty which he brought to the affairs of Utah Construction Company as important elements in the company's success. The resolution was signed by Warren L. Wattis and W. H. Wattis as secretary and vice president respectively. A month later a sadden board now under the direction of David Eccles met to approve the minutes and resolution of respect and to move on with company business, particularly the construction of that Feather River Route. Similar sentiments are found in the minutes of Amalgamated Sugar. This time Joseph F. Smith announced that, " On the ninth day of July A. D. it pleased providence to remove from our midst the honorable Thomas D. Dee." Smith 19 noted that, " The board had learned to appreciate and respect Judge Dee because of his many attributes and his decisive methods. He was an excellent supervisor of corporate interest because of his clear, just and impartial judgment. He was a distinctive conservative mind, building successfully where others hesitated or failed. He was a desirable associate because of his loveable and cheerful disposition. He was an esteemed citizen because of his broad mindedness and his devotion to his fellows and the interest in developing the country's resources." Smith went on to say that, " Dee's devotion to his wife and children had become proverbial among all who knew him and as a Christian his love for his neighbor was limited only by the universe." A committee consisting of H. H. Rollap, Fred Keisel, Adam Patterson, Joseph Howell and H. H. Spencer was appointed to deliver the resolution to the family. Stockholders Mathew S. Browning and W. H. Wattis were appointed to the board of directors to replace Dee as well as his long time friend Charles W. Nibley, who had resigned his post previously. H. H. Spencer who had moved to elect Dee chair at the company's original organizing meeting that I mentioned and recommended that he be his first vice president was selected to replace Dee himself as vice president. These appointments constituted the only items of business conducted at the meeting. Thomas D. Dee's tragic and untimely death did not forever end his impact on the Ogden community. In the years since his family has expanded on his commitment through a wide range of civic and philanthropic activities. Here in the Stewart Library we are particularly proud of our Thomas Dee reading room which is behind you. The Dee Events center, the site of sports, cultural and civic 20 activities, is prominent and popular. Perhaps the best known however is the hospital that bears the family name. Since its founding in 1911 this hospital has served the health needs of the local community, responded to new medical realities and provided employment to Ogden citizens. While we do not have sufficient time today to examine the many ways the decedents of Thomas D. Dee have acted in this communities best interest, it is abundantly clear that they too have been founders, builder and public servants. Thank you. © 2007 WSU Stewart Library, All rights reserved.

Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto dei contratti pubblici e privati ; La persistente inefficienza nell'utilizzo delle risorse umane nel settore del lavoro pubblico impone l'attenzione sul come la pubblica amministrazione stia tentando di rispondere alle nuove complesse problematiche poste a livello nazionale, internazionale e globale. In un mercato del lavoro in rapido sviluppo il settore del lavoro pubblico mostra una scarsa dinamicità ed una certa resistenza ad accettare soluzioni innovative. Si parla da molto tempo della necessità di innovare il rapporto di lavoro nel settore pubblico "privatizzato" e la pubblica amministrazione in generale, ma solo da ultimo il lavoro alle dipendenze delle pubbliche amministrazioni ha conosciuto uno stimolo all'uso dei fattori premiali e flessibili grazie all'introduzione della valutazione della performance. Innovare attraverso lo strumento della flessibilità contrattuale nel settore del lavoro pubblico significa raggiungere l'obiettivo dell'efficienza. Per questo bisogna indagare se il problema della mancata efficienza sia di carattere giuridico "contrattuale" o le ragioni vadano indagate anche rispetto ad una complessità progettuale che tenga conto della cultura e dei processi sociali. L'indagine, in questa sede, è finalizzata allo studio dell'adattabilità delle tipologie contrattuali di lavoro flessibile, utilizzabili per l'organizzazione e la gestione del personale nelle pubbliche amministrazioni. L'uso di tali tipologie è divenuto, combinato con la necessità di produttività ed efficienza, fondamentale per la politica di sviluppo delle pubbliche amministrazioni, ma soprattutto indispensabile per l'attuazione delle politiche di contenimento della spesa, (così dette di spending review), per il personale che, in modo particolare a partire dalla fine degli anni novanta, ha raggiunto un livello rilevante. Ciò ha generato una serie di provvedimenti limitativi tendenti a bloccare le nuove assunzioni nel tentativo di raggiungere nello stesso momento un contenimento dei costi ed una riduzione del personale ritenuto, non sempre a ragione, eccedente il fabbisogno, il tutto, ovviamente nel tentativo di incrementare l'efficienza dei servizi erogati. Per tipologie contrattuali flessibili di lavoro si intendono tutte quelle che differiscono dal contratto di lavoro subordinato a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, disciplinato dall'art. 2094 cod. civ. e definito contratto di lavoro standard. Partendo dalle linee guida tracciate dalla legge n. 15 del 4 marzo 2009, di riforma del pubblico impiego, sono state analizzate le misure che disciplinano le modalità attraverso le quali le pubbliche amministrazioni possono avvalersi delle tipologie contrattuali di lavoro flessibile. Per meglio inquadrare l'attuale riforma del lavoro nel settore pubblico privatizzato (in questo studio indicata come Terza Riforma) è necessaria la ricostruzione storica della disciplina normativa del rapporto di lavoro nelle pubbliche amministrazioni, prendendo le mosse in un'ottica efficientistica e passando attraverso l'evoluzione dei modelli contrattuali che l'hanno caratterizzata, partendo dal modello unilaterale e autoritativo fino ad arrivare al modello contrattuale pattizio e paritario. Attraverso questa ricostruzione è possibile individuare i principi fondamentali, quali l'efficienza dell'organizzazione delle pubbliche amministrazioni, l'intangibilità dell'organizzazione e del potere datoriale e la relativa responsabilità dirigenziale, la specialità dell'accesso agli uffici pubblici (anche in attuazione del principio costituzionale di uguaglianza contenuto nell'art. 3 e dell'imposizione della stessa Costituzione all'art. 97, co. 3, del concorso pubblico, salvo i casi di deroga stabiliti dalla legge, quale forma di reclutamento a garanzia dell'imparzialità della pubblica amministrazione), che sono il presupposto essenziale posto alla base del possibile utilizzo per le pubbliche amministrazioni sia dei contratti di lavoro standard sia dei contratti di lavoro flessibile. L'uso dei contratti di lavoro flessibile rappresenta uno strumento idoneo, quando inserito tra i vari strumenti ed obiettivi primari delle pubbliche amministrazioni, a garantire la migliore organizzazione degli uffici se finalizzato a perseguire il buon andamento della pubblica amministrazione, così come previsto dall'art. 97 della Costituzione. Grazie ad un opportuno utilizzo delle risorse umane diviene possibile raggiungere anche l'ulteriore obiettivo, primario per le pubbliche amministrazioni, del controllo delle risorse finanziarie. Una conoscenza approfondita della gestione delle risorse umane (dipendenti con contratto di lavoro standard e non) ed una attenta analisi del contesto di riferimento possono favorire una efficiente razionalizzazione delle risorse, non solo in merito all'organizzazione degli uffici e del lavoro, ma anche sul piano politico, economico e sociale, piani con cui fino ad oggi si è dovuto scontrare il datore di lavoro pubblico nell'uso delle tipologie contrattuali di lavoro flessibile inserite nella gestione del personale e delle risorse delle pubbliche amministrazioni. Non a caso l'art. 36 del decreto legislativo n. 165 del 2001, Testo Unico del Pubblico Impiego, ed in particolare il comma 3, così come da ultimo modificato dall'art. 17, comma 26, del decreto legge n. 78 del 2009, ha evidenziato che un sistema che preveda l'uso delle predette tipologie contrattuali come strumento di gestione per le pubbliche amministrazioni deve essere finalizzato a combattere gli abusi derivanti dal suo uso distorto. L'abuso e l'uso distorto delle tipologie contrattuali flessibili ha dato vita ad un intenso precariato, sanato ciclicamente dalle norme dette di "stabilizzazione" (norme che sono state oggetto di valutazione di legittimità costituzionale). Attraverso una attenta analisi dell'attuale contenuto dell'art. 36 del d.lgs. n. 165 del 2001 è possibile individuare, tenendo a mente la disciplina che regola il rapporto di lavoro nel settore privato, da una parte gli aspetti critici dell'impianto regolativo che consentono di verificare la distanza tracciata tra le discipline che permettono l'uso delle tipologie contrattuali di lavoro flessibile da applicarsi al datore di lavoro privato con quelle riservate al datore di lavoro pubblico, e dall'altra individuare quanto sia ancora presente nel rapporto di lavoro alle dipendenze delle pubbliche amministrazioni del modello unilaterale ed autoritativo che caratterizzava il rapporto di pubblico impiego prima della privatizzazione del rapporto di lavoro. Partendo dalla prima versione contenuta nel decreto legislativo n. 29 del 1993, dei primi due commi del citato art. 36, è possibile individuare il campo di applicazione dei rapporti giuridici derivanti dalla stipulazione dei contratti di lavoro flessibile ivi elencati. Sono così messe in risalto le diversità esistenti tra la disciplina prevista per i rapporti di lavoro alle dipendenze del privato datore di lavoro e la disciplina prevista per il pubblico impiego privatizzato. Grazie alla comparazione tra il contenuto delle norme che disciplinano ciascuna tipologia contrattuale flessibile inclusa nel contenuto dell'art. 36 d.lgs. n. 165/2001 ed il suo valore precettivo è stato possibile verificare la specialità che caratterizza il rapporto di lavoro nelle pubbliche amministrazioni e l'uso delle tipologie contrattuali flessibili. Il rinvio inserito nel secondo comma dell'art. 36 del d.lgs. n. 165/2001 al contenuto dei contratti collettivi nazionali di lavoro, che hanno il compito di disciplinare la materia dei contratti di lavoro a tempo determinato, dei contratti di formazione e lavoro, degli altri rapporti formativi e della somministrazione di lavoro, del lavoro accessorio e dei lavoratori socialmente utili, mette in luce la possibilità per l'autonomia collettiva di regolare ed integrare i singoli schemi contrattuali, realizzando, se così fosse, lo schema del modello contrattuale pattizio, ed evidenziando, in realtà, il limite costituito dall'essere circoscritta alla sola individuazione dei contingenti di personale da utilizzare. Una piccola parte dell'indagine è dedicata al lavoro a tempo parziale ed agli incarichi dirigenziali del personale inquadrato con contratto standard che, seppur inseriti nel contesto del rapporto a tempo indeterminato, sono anch'essi espressione di flessibilità del lavoro nelle pubbliche amministrazioni considerati nell'ottica efficientistica dell'organizzazione amministrativa. Gli incarichi di collaborazione coordinata e continuativa e gli incarichi dirigenziali a tempo determinato conferiti a dipendenti sia interni sia esterni all'amministrazione che pubblica il bando presentano degli aspetti critici che hanno avuto spazio per un breve sviluppo. L'analisi del comma 5, dell'art. 36 del d.lgs. n. 165/2001, ha permesso di sviluppare il tema della violazione delle disposizioni imperative; ipotesi che nel passato ha trovato scarsa applicazione ma oggi, grazie alla recente versione introdotta dalla legge n. 102 del 2009, ribadisce, con più forza, la misura disciplinare che prevede il recupero nei confronti dei responsabili dirigenti inosservanti delle somme erogate dall'Amministrazione per l'impiego di lavoratori assunti con contratti di lavoro flessibile illegittimi. Interessante, considerata l'abrogazione della conciliazione obbligatoria in materia lavoro, anche per gli esigui risultati ottenuti, risulta la possibile applicazione al settore pubblico privatizzato delle forme irrituali di deflazione del contenzioso quali l'arbitrato e la conciliazione alla luce delle recenti innovazioni introdotte con la legge n. 183 del 2010, cd. Collegato Lavoro e dalla disciplina emanata, da ultimo, in materia di mediazione con il D.Lgs. n. 28 del 2010 e il D.M. n. 180 del 2010, così come modificato ed integrato dal D.M. n. 145 del 2011. Ulteriori considerazioni giungono dalla previsione obbligatoria, per tutte le amministrazioni, di redigere ogni anno un rapporto informativo da trasmettere ai nuclei di valutazione nonché alla Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri sulle tipologie di lavoro flessibile utilizzate relativamente alla quantità numerica ed alla spesa relativa per tipologia. Tale rapporto informativo è uno strumento avente duplice finalità: la prima è quella di permettere di individuare il dirigente responsabile dell'irregolare utilizzo delle tipologie contrattuali non standard, attraverso la verifica degli atti gestionali posti in essere; la seconda si avvale della possibilità, offerta da una rapida conoscenza del fenomeno, di adottare misure mirate a migliorare sia l'aspetto normativo, sia quello organizzativo che di controllo della gestione delle risorse umane e finanziarie. Aspetti che rilevano la necessità di insediare in maniera efficace la cultura della buona amministrazione della cosa pubblica. Questa linea di condotta rappresenta la migliore politica per realizzare i principi di trasparenza ed imparzialità propri delle pubbliche amministrazioni. Principi idonei ad evitare che l'uso dei contratti di lavoro non standard degenerino in forme di precariato o realizzino una alternativa modalità di accesso ai ruoli professionali delle pubbliche amministrazioni, elusiva, grazie al collaudato ricorso a norme che introducono le procedure di stabilizzazione, dei previsti concorsi pubblici di accesso all'impiego pubblico per contratti di lavoro a tempo indeterminato. Alla luce dei recentissimi interventi normativi e giurisprudenziali, merita una trattazione il "caso" rappresentato dai rapporti di lavoro flessibili utilizzati dal Ministero della Pubblica istruzione, sia per il personale docente sia per il personale amministrativo definito ATA. Prendendo spunto dai testi normativi (legge n. 124 del 1999 e D.P.R. n. 430 del 2000), la ricerca ha evidenziato alcuni aspetti critici rispetto all'applicabilità della direttiva comunitaria in tema di contratti a termine. Nelle conclusioni vengono messi in luce i caratteri del modello contrattuale neo-autoritatio, attualmente utilizzato, nella Terza Riforma, dalle pubbliche amministrazioni. Ulteriori considerazioni finali sono orientate ad indagare gli effetti che la imminente riforma del mercato del lavoro, attualmente in discussione in Parlamento, avrà anche nel settore pubblico "privatizzato" ed in particolar modo quali novità introdurrà rispetto all'uso delle tipologie contrattuali di lavoro flessibile; e quali di queste saranno sviluppate nel tentativo di fornire una soluzione circa l'opportunità che la pubblica amministrazione utilizzi - ancora una volta - uno schema negoziale previsto nel settore privato ma "riadattato" alle esigenze di specialità, insite nel rapporto di lavoro del settore pubblico, comunque insuperabili. ; The persistent inefficiency in human resources management in the public sector draws our attention on how the public administration is currently trying to face the new, complex issues raised on a national, international and global level. In a fast-developing labour market, the public sector is showing a scarce dynamism and a certain resistance to accepting innovative solutions. The discussion about the need to innovate the "privatised" working relationship and the public administration in general has been going on for quite some time; still, only recently performance evaluation has been introduced for "privatised" jobs within public administrations. Contractual flexibility in the public sector is an innovation that typically equals to more efficiency. That is why it seems necessary to us to investigate the reasons behind the lack of efficiency: is it only due to contractual issues or are there more complex causes, linked to cultural and social processes? Our study aims to investigate the adaptability of flexible employment contracts – that could be used to handle the organisation and management of personnel in public administrations – within the neo-authoritative contract model's framework. The use of these types of contracts, together with the need for improved productivity and efficiency, has become fundamental to the development policy of public administrations. It is also essential for the implementation of cost containment policies - the so-called spending review – for the personnel who, starting from the late 1990s, reached high levels in the organization. Control measures have been previously taken: aiming at improving the efficiency of the services provided, by containing costs and reducing personnel – wrongly deemed redundant –, new employments were blocked. By flexible employment contracts we mean all those types of contracts which are different from a full-time, permanent contract of employment, disciplined by the Article 2094 of the Italian civil code and defined as standard employment contract. Starting from the guidelines outlined in law n.15 of 4th March 2009 – which reformed public employment – we analyse the measures which discipline the way public administrations can avail themselves of flexible work contracts. To better understand the third reform of labour in the privatised public sector, it is necessary to examine the historical reconstruction of the normative discipline that regulates the working relationship within the public administrations: starting from the assumption of performance improvement, through the evolution of contract types which characterised it, from the unilateral and authoritative model to the pactional and equal one. Thanks to this reconstruction it is possible to identify the fundamental principles which are the basis of a possible use, by public administrations, of both standard employment contracts and flexible ones. This principles are "the efficiency of public administrations' organizations", "the intangibility of the organization, of the employer's power and its relative managerial responsibility", "the access to public offices" (relating to the application of the constitutional principle of equality, included in art.3, and to the imposition with the art.97 co.3 of the Constitution of public competitive examinations as the hiring method, except for dispensations stated by the law, in order to guarantee the public administration's impartiality). When included among the several instruments and primary objectives of public administrations, the use of flexible employment contracts represents a suitable tool to guarantee an improved organization of the offices, especially if it is aimed at pursuing the overall public administration's good performance (according to art.97 of the Constitution). Thanks to an appropriate management of human resources, it also becomes possible to reach a further target of primary importance for public administrations: the control of financial resources. An in-depth knowledge of human resources management (be them either employed through a standard contract or a flexible one), combined with a detailed analysis of the relevant context could support an efficient rationalisation of resources, not only on an organizational level but also on a political, economical and social one. The latter ones being so far the most complicated to deal with when managers tried to use flexible types of contracts within public administrations. It is not a coincidence that art. 36 of legislative decree n.165 of 2001 (Testo Unico per il Pubblico Impiego) and especially paragraph 3, eventually modified by art. 17 paragraph 6 of legislative decree n.78 of 2009, highlights that a system which foresees the use of the above-mentioned types of contracts as a management instrument for public administrations must be aiming at fighting the abuse deriving from its own distorted use. The abuse and distorted use of flexible employment contracts generated a large number of temporary employees, who are being cyclically helped by the so-called "stabilization norms" (norms which themselves have been under scrutiny for their legal validity). Through a detailed analysis of article 36 of legislative decree n.165 of 2001, and bearing in mind the norms that regulate the working relationship within the private sector, it is possible to pinpoint all the critical aspects of the legislative apparatus, thus verifying the separation between disciplines which allow the application of flexible employment contracts by private employers and public ones. This analysis also shows that the "unilateral and authoritative model", which regulated the working relationship within public administration before its privatisation, is still very much applied in that context. Starting from the first revision of the first two paragraphs of the already mentioned article 36, included in legislative decree n.29 of 1993, we can determine the field of application of legal relationships deriving from the stipulation of flexible employment contracts here listed. All the discrepancies between the discipline that regulates the working relationship with a private employer and the one with a privatised public administration are easily highlighted. By comparing the contents of the norms which regulate every single type of flexible contract, included in article 36 of legislative decree n. 165/2001, and its perceptive value, it is possible to verify the specification that characterizes the working relationship within public administrations and how flexible contracts are there applied. The cross-reference - included in the second paragraph of article 36 of legislative decree n. 165/2001 - to the content of the National collective labour agreements, which regulate temporary contracts, "paid apprenticeships" (contratti di formazione e lavoro), other vocational training and supply contracts (altri rapporti formativi e somministrazione del lavoro), ancillary casual labour (lavoro accessorio) and socially useful workers (lavoratori socialmente utili), highlights the possibility for the "collective autonomy" to regulate and integrate single contractual schemes thus realizing the scheme of the pactional contract model and at the same time emphasizing its limit in indicating only the categories of employees to whom that can be applied. A small part of this analysis is dedicated to part-time jobs and managerial assignments for personnel employed through standard contracts which, although falling under the category of permanent jobs, are nevertheless an expression of a certain labour flexibility within public administration on the basis of improved performance and administrative organization. The analysis of article 36, paragraph 5 of the legislative degree n. 165/2001 develops the topic of violation of imperative provisions: rarely applied in the past, a new revision has been re introduced with law n. 102/2009 and now strongly reasserts the application of disciplinary measures against non compliant managers in order to recover funds used to hire employees through illegal types of flexible contracts. Further considerations come from the mandatory requirement, for all public administrations, to present every year to their relevant evaluation board and to the Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri an informative report on all the types of flexible employment contracts applied in relation to the number of personnel and the relevant expenditure per type. This informative report has a double purpose: on one side it allows the board to easily locate the manager responsible for misusing non-standard contract types, by checking the managerial decisions taken; on the other side - and on a more general level - it offers the opportunity to adopt measures aimed at improving the legislative and organizational management of human resources and finances. As if to say, it is essential to effectively promote a culture that encourages a good management of the res publica. This trend represents, in our opinion, the best strategy to fulfill the principles of transparency and impartiality peculiar to public administrations. These principles will help avoiding that the implementation of non-standard employment contracts either degenerates into new forms of temporary employment or creates a new, elusive method to access professional jobs within public administrations thanks to the proven resort to the so-called "stabilization norms" and public competitive examinations for permanent positions. In light of the recent regulatory and jurisprudential interventions, we will separately analyze the case of flexible employment contracts applied by the Ministry of Education both for teachers and administrative personnel (called ATA). Starting from law n.124/1999 and D.P.R. n.430/2000, this section highlights the relationship between school employees and the applicability of the EU directive concerning temporary contracts. In the conclusions, we will describe the main characteristics of the neo-authoritative contract model, now used in public administrations. Further final reflections consider the effects that the imminent reform of the labour market, currently being discussed in Parliament, will produce also in the privatised public sector and especially what innovations will introduce in the flexible contractual typologies, in the attempt to provide a solution about whether or not the public administration should or could once again use a contractual scheme different from the one implemented in the private sector.

Background of the research This study intends to analyses the involuntary resettlement of an indigenous Dayak community due to the implementation of the Bakun Dam Project in Sarawak, Malaysia. The significance of this research is that it raises important questions on the impact of development imposed by the state government of Sarawak on the indigenous people who have been regarded as in need of change and to be brought closer to urbanization vis-à-vis modernization through resettlement. Involuntary resettlement due to development projects or infrastructure improvements is not a singular phenomenon and in this context it is often argued that development projects provide employment to the local population and enforce development. However, a dam project also displaces local people from their homes and traditional livelihood. This research focuses on the forced displacement of the indigenous communities at Sg. Asap resettlement because of the implementation of the Bakun Hydro-electric Project (BHP). It is viewed as an involuntary resettlement as the indigenous communities who were residing within the area of the planned BHP had no choice but to move to the resettlement. Their villages and native lands were claimed by the state government for the implementation for the BHP. Thus, the whole problem is focused on the question of why is the resettlement that is promised as a development program for the people by the state government of Sarawak being regarded as forced displacement. In this research, forced displacement is observed at three different levels. First, prior to resettlement, potential settlers are faced with the critical decision of abandoning their homes and livelihoods, causing emotional distress. Secondly, after moving to the new settlement, settlers are often confronted with inadequate compensation for their loss of natural resources, social heritage and land, adding misery to their already distressed situation. Thirdly, resettling people into an area without any supportive resources, i.e. resources whose, purpose is to improve the lives of the settlers compared to their previous situation, fails to accomplish the very purpose of such resettlement. Research objectives and Questions This research utilizes Michael Cornea's analysis, the Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) Model (2000), which brings to the main objective of this research that is to examine the outcomes of involuntary resettlement of the indigenous people. This research compares the situation confronted by the settlers in Sg. Asap resettlement to that definition of "involuntary population resettlement" advanced by Michael Cernea (1998). In this definition, there are two sets of distinct but related processes: displacement of people and dismantling of their patterns of economic and social organization, and resettlement at a different location and reconstruction of their livelihood and social networks. Other than that, the objectives of this research are: to observe if involuntary resettlement planned for meeting the labor needs for the oil palm estates is a catalyst for socio-economic development for settlers. And for policy recommendations, the sub-objectives are: •To subsequently evaluate the problems of accessing resources. •To study to what extent the involuntary resettlement has affecting the social and power structures. •To show the level of changes in social and power structure influencing livelihood strategies. •To examine the most effective network that has provided the people a platform to generate their livelihood. This research details the process and impact of the forced and involuntary displacement faced by the settlers. Factors highlighted include the indigenous people's coping mechanism and strategy in dealing with various issues related to land rights and usage, disagreement and differences in the new social structure, competition over limited natural resources and changing power structure and relations. Issues such as the problems within the household because of the changing family structure and changing role of elderly, men and women in the domestic unit are also highlighted in this research. Most important, this research focuses not only at the displacement issue but also illustrates how settlers rebuild and restructure their life and livelihood. Therefore, based on important concepts, livelihood, coping strategies and power structure, research questions raised are: 1.How do settlers cope with the fact of being involuntarily resettled and what do they do to deal with unanticipated consequences of the social changes that occur? 2.How do settlers manage the new social structure, conflict over limited resources and changing power structures and relations within their own community? 3.Which strategies currently used by these settlers have the potential to build a sustainable livelihood in the new settlement? Theoretical background This research takes the approach of regarding resettlement first and foremost as a catalyst for social change. However, resettlement in the context of 'force' or 'involuntary,' certainly does not ensure positive changes. Dessalegn (1989) defined resettlement in a different context: land settlement, colonisation, or transmigration, all referring to the phenomenon of people distribution, either planned or 'spontaneous'. Accordingly, 'resettlement as in Ethiopia implies moving people or people moving to new locations; colonization as in Latin America implies opening up or reclaiming lands for utilization; and transmigration is favoured by those writing on the Indonesian experience and the word suggests cross-ocean or cross island relocation' (Dessalegn, 1989:668). Palmer refers to resettlement as 'a planned and controlled transfer of population from one area to another' (1979:149). Tadros (1979:122), in analyzing resettlement schemes in Egypt, applied the United Nations definition of human settlement as: 'development of viable communities on new or unused land through the introduction of people' and further defined resettlement in two models: spontaneous and paternalistic. The spontaneous model leaves full scope for individual initiatives, and no support is provided by national or international organisations. No attention is paid to the proper place and function of the settlement within the national context. In the paternalistic model, technical support such as education, tools, equipment and other assistance is provided to the settlers (Tadros, 1979:122). The above definitions can be used in a different fashion for this research, thus the term 'forced' or 'involuntary resettlement'. In reality, despite the good intentions for developing communities, resettlement can also 'under develop' communities in the sense that such communities face greater hardship compared to life before resettlement. To this extent, the working definition of 'resettlement' in this research is a poorly planned resettlement through a forced, involuntary relocation of communities onto unused land that is inadequate for communities to develop a productive and fully functional socio-economic system. This research has adapted the concepts proposed by Michael Cernea (1998), looking at involuntary resettlement in general. The concept of involuntary resettlement (in this research also termed as forced resettlement), which is the comprehensive concept most often used in the current social science literature, integrates 'displacement' and 'resettlement' into one single term, in which the emphasis on involuntariness directly connotes the forced displacement. The usual description of 'involuntary population resettlement' consists, as mentioned earlier, of two sets of distinct but related processes: displacement of people and the dismantling of their patterns of economic and social organization, and resettlement at a different location with reconstruction of their livelihood and social networks. Resettlement refers to the process of the physical relocation of those displaced, and to their socio-economic re-establishment as family/household micro-units and as larger communities. Displacement implies not only physical eviction from a dwelling, but also the expropriation of productive lands and other assets to make possible an alternative use of the space. This is not just an economic transaction or a simple substitution of property with monetary compensation. Involuntary displacement is a process of unravelling established human communities, existing patterns of social organization, production systems and networks of social services. Overall, forced displacement of communities causes an economic crisis for most or all of those affected, entails sudden social disarticulation, and sometimes triggers a political crisis as well (Cernea, 1998:2-3). This research investigates the implications of resettlement and the reconstruction of the livelihood of the affected settlers. Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model (IRR) provides important variables to explore these issues further. Several important variables in the IRR model are utilised to create an independent framework for this research, and is explained in the following section. As Cernea explained, the IRR is a model of impoverishment risks during displacement, and of counteractions to match the basic risks where the multifaceted process of impoverishment was deconstructed into its fundamental components. The components are: landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalisation, food insecurity, increased morbidity and mortality, loss of access to common property assets, and community disarticulation. This analytical deconstruction facilitates understanding of how these sub-processes interlink, influence, and amplify each other. Reconstruction, then, is the reversal of the impoverishment processes, and can be understood and accomplished along the same variables, considered in a holistic, integrated way (Cernea, 2000:5; 2003:40). IRR focuses on the social and economic contact of both segments of the process: the forced displacement and the re-establishment. The model captures processes that are simultaneous, but also reflects the movement in time from the destitution of displacement to recovery resettlement (Cernea, 2000:18). There are three fundamental concepts at the core of the model: risk, impoverishment and reconstruction. Each is further split into sets of specifying notions or components (as mentioned above) that reflect another dimension, or another variable of impoverishment or reconstruction (for example, landlessness, marginalisation, morbidity or social disarticulation). These variables are interlinked and influence each other; some play a primary role while others play a derivative role in either impoverishment or reconstruction (largely as a function of given circumstances). The conceptual framework captures the disparity between potential and actual risk. All forced displacements are prone to major socio-economic risks, but they are not fatally condemned to succumb to them. Cernea further explains that in this framework the concept of risk, as stated by Giddens (1990), is to indicate the possibility that a certain course of action will trigger future injurious effects – losses and destruction. Following Luhman (1993), the concept of risk is posited as a counter-concept to security: the higher the risk, the lower the security of displaced populations (Cernea, 2000:19). The model's dual emphasis – on risks to be prevented and on reconstruction strategies to be implemented – facilitates its operational use as a guide for action. Like other models, its components can be influenced and 'manipulated' through informed planning to diminish the impact of one or several components, as given conditions require or permit. That requires considering these variables as a system, in their mutual connections, and not as a set of separate elements. The model is also flexible as a conceptual template, allowing for the integration of other dimensions, when relevant, and for adapting to changing circumstances (Cernea, 2000:20). This model can be linked with other conceptual frameworks, to achieve complementary perspectives and additional knowledge (Cernea, 2000:21). There are four distinct, but interlinked, functions that the risks and reconstruction model performs: A predictive (warning and planning) function A diagnostic (explanatory and assessment) function A problem-solution function, in guiding and measuring resettlers´ reestablishment A research function, in formulating hypotheses and conducting theory-led field investigations For this research, the function falls under the third function, the problem-resolution. As Cernea explained, the problem-resolution capacity results from the model's analytical incisiveness and its explicit action orientation. The IRR model is formulated with an awareness of the social actors in resettlement, their interaction, communication, and ability to contribute to resolution. The model becomes a compass for strategies to reconstruct settlers´ livelihoods (Cernea, 2000:22). The IRR model clearly points out the results of social change and social disorganisation caused by involuntary resettlement. For the purpose of analysis, the two major variables used for the framework are: loss of access to common property assets and; social and community disarticulation, give a crucial foundation to exhibit the implications of forced displacement. Both of the major variables have been linked to understand the problems that are occurring in the community and households (shown as dependent variables - the coping mechanisms, the way settlers manage risks and the type of resources that people engage to strategise their livelihood). Each component respectively points out the results of change caused by involuntary resettlement i.e. competition over forest resources, state land and living space, and; dismantling of traditional power structure, communal structure and family structure. Although the central theme of the theoretical framework is forced displacement, the framework is expanded to the investigation of coping mechanisms, power structure and relations, and the way settlers strategize their livelihood. The research framework has aimed clearly at the impact of involuntary resettlement which is concluded in this research as causing the changes and social disorganization in the social structure of the settlers. However, the framework also extends to another level for the investigation of the strategies of rebuilding and restructuring of settlers. Main research findings With regard to the perspective to develop the indigenous people through resettlement program, as shown in this research, there are more losses than gains being achieved especially on the settlers' side. What they have left behind (history, livelihood, rights and identity) at their natural environment cannot be retrieved, and uncompensated. And it is also a fact, as proven in this research that the uncompensated losses continue to be the sole grievances of settlers and the factor of causing continuous displacement amongst settlers. This research concludes that as much as the involuntary resettlement has brought many new challenges to the Kenyah-Badeng, many of these challenges are beyond their capability to manage. The underlying problem is settlers were not actively involved in designing their future in the new settlement from the very beginning the project was proposed. The settlers were receiving diminutive information about the resettlement program, and very limited public platform for them to participate or to voice out their concerns and suggestions before its implementation. The factor that causes their continuous displacement is the non-existence of natural resources and land (other than the three acres given to them as part of the compensation) for them to generate income (remember that most of them are farmers without any skill useful to work in non-agricultural activities). Their life in the former village was hard but they were free to explore as much resources as possible, and they owned their native land. In the resettlement, they are as much strangers to the place as to the way of life they are faced with at the new settlement. In other words, settlers simply do not know how to behave appropriately in radically changed social situations because they are not equipped with necessary living tools. The study of the displacement of the Kenyah-Badengs is concluded in three important aspects as follows: Power structure and relations - In power structure and relations, kinship has always been an important aspect that became the reference for any struggle over leadership issue. Kinship is viewed on a larger scale that includes not only blood relation, but also aspects such as others who came from the same root, indicating that kinship in that term was very much related to sharing of the same history of settlement, migration and culture. It has been proposed that kinship was one crucial aspect that binds this community together, but not likely to be true at the new settlement. The power structure in the Kenyah-Badeng community at the resettlement stand as a separate system, failed to bind the people together, no orders from the leader and not accepting orders by the people. However, they carry out the norm of being as peaceful community, as they have always been. Coping through family network – Because of the failure of power structure and relations, the Kenyah-Badeng become family/household oriented in their livelihood strategies. The family network proves to be the most important coping mechanism for such challenging social environment. The family network provides a platform for its members to generate income, employment, social and moral support, education, and security in general. Livelihood strategies – With the absence of promised resources, settlers are faced with many problems with regards to economic aspects at the new settlement. Their agriculture knowledge is insufficient to success them for employment in town. They mainly work on their allocated three acres of land with other problems tagged along as the lands are located at sloppy and slumps area, as well as faced with low grade soil. For their agriculture productions, they are faced with marketing problem because of the established sellers who refused to allow them to get into the network. This research also humbly suggesting an alternative for settlers to improve their livelihood based on the available resources at the resettlement with the assistance of the state government, at least to initiate strategies for marketing. Settlers need "retooling" in many aspects of agriculture knowledge as that is what they have known best to build their livelihood. Government agencies should assist in terms of skill training related to effective methods to produce quality agriculture productions on their three acres of land. Horticulture should be encouraged on their three acres plot and this method has been carried out by the settlers in their swidden agriculture (slash and burns) at their former village areas. At the new settlement, the prospect of horticulture on pesticide free and organic food can be very encouraging. Methods The information and data for this research were obtained through formal and informal interviews, household survey, household in-depth interviews, and secondary data from available sources in prints, documents and internet. Questions for the interviews were formulated first based only on the research questions. At the field site, questions were expanded and added after numerous trial interviews with key informants to improve the questions before the real interviews were conducted. There were 55 household surveys, and from this survey, 20 households were selected randomly for the household in-depth interviews. The head of households were both male and female. Outline of the thesis This research is organized in chapters as the following summary: Chapter 1 provides the background information of the research area i.e. descriptively introduces Belaga, the region where Bakun Hydroelectric Project (BHEP) was implemented, the implementation of BHEP and the reaction of the local inhabitants. The resettlement in Sg. Asap, and the composition of the settlers are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 touches the historical perspective of the Kenyah-Badeng focuses on their livelihoods at Long Geng, their former village before they resettled at Sg. Asap. This chapter also includes a brief history of their migration and settlement to Long Geng, and also the political structure in Long Geng. Chapter 3 discusses the power structure and relations of the Kenyah-Badeng. This chapter draws on the first stage of displacement i.e. processes of losing common property and space with prominent issues such as compensation, land rights and the expected involvement of local leaders in the whole process of the resettlement as highlights of the discussion. Brief history of land legislation in Sarawak based on the interpretation of Native Customary Land and native's rights over ancestral land based on literature reviews is illustrated in this chapter. The purpose of this illustration is to understand the background and general problems of land identification within the Kenyah-Badeng community prior to payment of compensation. Chapter 4 focuses on the discussion of the coping mechanisms employed by the settlers in handling crucial issues pertaining to their livelihood at the resettlement. In fact, this chapter continues the discussion of the stages of displacement highlighting the other two stages by discussing in-depth the situation of "loss of access to common property and space" and "social and community disarticulation". The headings of objectives outlined by State Planning Unit, Sarawak in the development plan of the resettlement are utilized as the base to explain the cause of the displacement and to illustrate the reality at present life of the Kenyah-Badeng. Chapter 5 focuses on the livelihood strategy in which family network is important as the platform for pooling resources. Departing from forced displacement, this chapter illustrates the emergence of coping reaction amongst the settlers by analyzing the family network discovered within the households interviewed in this research. Chapter 6 highlights the changing livelihood of the settlers highlighting the significant of wage employment where remittance is crucial to support their family who are living at the resettlement. The current perspective of settlers towards education and their willingness to invest into their children's education is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 7 summarizes the research findings and concludes the research.

Technical Report 2018-08-ECE-138 Technical Report 2002-09-ECE-007 Enterprise Engineering - A Transdisciplinary Activity: Mapping IT to Core Competency Rajani S. Sadasivam Urcun J. Tanik Murat M. Tanik This technical report is a reissue of a technical report issued December 2002 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham August 2018 Technical Report 2002-09-ECE-007 Enterprise Engineering- A Transdisciplinary Activity: Mapping IT to Core Competency Rajani S. Sadasivam Urcun J. Tanik Murat M. Tanik TECHNICAL REPORT Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Bi1mingham December 2002 ENGINEERING OF ENTERPRISES: A TRANSDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY Mapping Information Technology to Core Competency Contributors: Murat M. Tanik, Rajani S. Sadasivam, lJrcun J. Tanik 1. ELEMENTS Qli' INTERNET ENTERPRISE ENGINEERING 1.1) Uusiness Language Structure Before any e n gin~ring takes place, the requirements of the project must be identified in as much detail as possible to satisfy the customer. Hence a customer-driven system is created, with the goal of ensuring that the end product is profitable. Business analysts should be able to accurately assess customer needs and break them down into manageable pieces for the technology analysts and engineering team, and that analysis can be effectively done on common ground with an object-oriented design language called Unified Modeling Language (UML). Introduced in November 1997, UML has quickly become the standard modeling language for software development, later adapted by business analysts to systematically design business processes [15]. UML has a business model approach that provides a pJan for engineering an orchestrated set of business functions. It provides a framework by which business is to be perf01med, allowing for changes and various improvements in the process. The model is designed to anticipate changes in business function and adapt software implementation accordingly in order for a business to maintain a competitive edge. One of the advantages of modeling in UML is that it can visually depict functions, relationships, and paradigms. UML is reconunended for business analysts to breakdown a large-scale business operation into its constituent parts for restructming and design. 1.2 Strategic Guidance One innovative approach to safely guiding an lEE venture through unce11ain waters is the Cosmos model, proposed by Yeh [10]. It is a model designed to assist a business manage change through holistic, three-dimensional modeling. One of the important aspects of this model is that it should be noted that three dimensions exist interdependently, as each dimension behaves as an enabler and an inhibitor to the other dimensions. The Cosmos model provides a conceptual tool for managers to guide their company along the best possible path by providing a structure for effective decision-making, while navigating from one point of an organizational situation to another over . time. The managerial decision made at each point in the path detetmines the future course of the company and the most optimum tradeoff's along the way. 1.3 General Business Types and Characterizations The Enterprise Maturity Model is introduced in the beginning of Chapter 2 to serve as a general reference for business and technology analysts working together to build an Intemet enterprise riO]. This model helps to accurately define the objectives for the specific type of organization they wish to build with respect to the maturity level of the organizational structure. In order to characterize a business in terms of its level of maturity, focus, activity, coordination, and infrastructure, these various faclors are covered explicitly. It is very helpful to understand the maturity level of a given organization in order to apply the most appropriate management techniques according to enterprise type. 1.4 Online Business Model Selection and Analysis An enterprise business model is one of the most important aspects in the construction of a viable business initiative. The combination of a company's policy, operations, technology, and ideology defines its business model [16]. Entrepreneurs who wish to launch e-businesses need to be aware of these models and how to implement them effectively. An array of business model types are provided that have proven profitable for actual enterprises in operation today, including the storefront model, auction model, portal model, and dynamic pricing model [11]. The case study is used as an example for online business model selection and analysis. 1.5 Online Financial Transactions In financial transactions, it is critical to have a reliable method to collect payment. Since the scope of this thesis covers lEE systems, this thesis describes those that would be relevant to Cyberspace operations. There are various methods and mechanisms that merchants online use to collect income through electronic transactions. The types of transactions covered include credit card, e­wallet, debit card, digital currency, peer-lo-peer, smartcard, micropayment and e­billing mechanisms [11]. 1.6 Online Legal Contracts In order for proper oversight of monetary operations, legal issues must be addressed for lEE projects, so the concept of the online contract is introduced. An online contract can be accomp.lished through the use of Digital Signatures [1 1]. These electronic signatures are the electronic equivalent of written signatures. The ";Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act of 2000" (E-sign Bill) was recently passed into law [ 1 I, 4]. This technology was developed for use in public-key cryptography to solve the problems of authentication and integrity. The purpose of a digital signature is for electronic authentication. The U.S. govemment's digital­authentication standard is called the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) [1 1]. The U.S. government also recently passed digital-signature legislation that makes digital signatures as legally binding as hand-written signatures. This legislation is designed to promote more activity in e-business by legitimizing online contractual agreements. 1.7 OnUne Security For centuries in human society whenever something of value was transferred, a method to protect that shipment or trade had to be established. Naturally, this subject is discussed to illustrate the measures taken by current security agencies to protect value on the Internet. For example, Netscape Communications developed the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, developed as a non-proprietary protocol commonly used to secure communication on the Internet and the Web. SSL is designed to use public key technology and digital certificates to authenticate the server in a transaction and to protect private information as it passes f1·om one party to another over the Internet. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol was developed by Visa International and Mastercard and was designed specifically to protect e-commerce payment transactions [11, 12]. SET uses digital certificates to authenticate each party in an e-commerce transaction, induding the customer, the merchant, and the merchant's bank. 1 . 8 Online Business Prototyping Technologies and Development In order for technologists to satisfy the requirements set forth by the business analysts expressed in a language such as UML, various high-level tools are needed to develop an accepta~le solution. One such tool, Macromedia . Drumbeat 2000, recently released by Elemental Software, is capable of accepting and delivering complex information and functionality through a Web-interface [20). This technology is introduced as a recommended tool for building a professional enterprise through rapid prototyping. The tool aids a visually skilled Web designer to competitively build a website without necessarily having to do any coding. It is a sophisticated tool that interacts with the back-end database by building user-friendly client-side applications with Active Server Page (ASP) Web technology. 1.9 Government Initiatives in Cyberspace An enterprise planning for the future should consider the overall development of the global Internet infrastructure. It is important to understand the territory in which an Internet enterprise is to be launched. In addition to the current Intemet environment, a new government initiative is in the works, entitled The Next Generation Internet (NGI). This multi-agency, national U.S. research and development program began on October 1, 1997 with the partidpation of the following agencies: DARPA, DOE, NASA, NJH, NIST, and NSF. These agencies are charged with the responsibility of developing advanced networking technologies, developing revolutionary applications that require advanced networking, and demonstrating these capabilities on test beds that are 100 to 1,000 times faster th

Do Spew and 2 rhyme?  I sure hope so as I begin my review of the year that was.  The last time I blogged less than I did in 2022 was ... in 2008, when I didn't blog at all.  What explains the decline?  Partly exhaustion, partly a decline in imagination, partly other social media sucking up my time (the podcasts, now tooting as well as tweeting), and partly the reality that I have written enough stuff before that when the topic comes up, it is just easier to repost.  Maybe a look at this year's posts will tell me a bit about what inspires me to write here and what does not, although survivor and recency biases may mesh nicely with my confirmation bias to prevent me from learning that much.  Hmmm.JanuaryI started by pondering whether JK Rowling has utterly destroyed her legacy--whether I can still consume Harry Potter stuff.  While I concluded that I could still enjoy the world she created, even as she betrays damn near all of it, my behavior, my choices, says otherwise as I had multiple opportunities to watch HP movies while hanging out at my mother-in-law's over the holidays and dodged all of them.  Something I had not done in the past.  Later in the month, I returned to the theme of what kinds of stuff can I read and enjoy given the complex realities of our time.  I wrote about how it has become harder to watch and read cop shows given what we know about cops these days.  I am finishing the latest John Sandford book which features multiple cops, Virgil Flowers and Lucas Davenport, solving a serial murder spree by bitcoin assholes, and have found it fairly compelling (unlike the most recent Jack Reacher book).  So, maybe I am less affected by the topics than by the behavior of the artist?The month ended with the start of the occupation of Ottawa by extremists--far right white supremacists.  The year ended with an examination of whether the government should have invoked the Emergency Act.   Um, yeah, but because the emergency was that the provincial leaders were cowards who wanted the feds to own it.FebruaryThe extremists in Ottawa became a focus for me, as it did for most of my city, for most of the month with posts on: outbidding, explaining why the Conservatives were pandering to the extremistsanger, discussing how pissed off this made me, triggered indeed.policing, as I learned that Canadians think that the cops should not be directed by the politicians as if policing is not inherently political,my take on the Emergency Act.And then the past came back to bite Ukraine and me.  My previous work on irredentism became relevant again with Russia's invasion of yet more Ukrainian territory. In this post, I explained the basics of irredentism--that it is always bad for the country doing the invading even as it may or may not be bad for its leader, that domestic dynamics are key, and so on.March The focus of March was very much on the war in Ukraine.  I argued via a bit of screenwriting why a No Fly Zone was a bad idea. I elaborated about the disease of MOAR.  And, yes, I then invoked my work on irredentism to explain why Putin was willing to kill Russia's kin in order to "save" them.  I wrote about limited war, a topic that got new energy this week as some retired generals expressed much frustration at the unwillingness of the US to send deep strike weapons to Ukraine.I also blogged about my appearance before the House of Commons Defence Committee.AprilThis month had only a few posts, with nearly all focused on CDSN events.  The outlier was a post discussing the appearance of Minister of National Defence Anita Anand in my Civil-Military Relations class. That was super-cool--a great way to finish off that course.MayI marked my 300,000th tweet before twitter's death spiral... maybe I caused it?I discussed the two events organized by the CDSN Undergraduate Excellence Scholars--a conference and a hackathon.  I also went to Germany for another conference. Woot!My last post took a first look at the Arbour report, where a retired Supreme Court Justice assessed the Canadian Armed Forces and why it has fallen short, yet again, on reforming itself when it comes to sexual misconduct.  I took a quick tour of the 48 recommendations.  June I didn't write much in June, but two of my posts continued my examination of the Arbour Report: here and here.  In the first one, I pushed on a point that will become a key question in my next project--what is the proper rule of a defence department or ministry or agency?  Arbour says DND is to support the CAF, and, no, nope, nuh uh.  This does help to explain a big problem with this and previous reports--having a very limited view of what DND's job is.  I also focus on the lack of a recommendation for an Inspector General, which is now a topic of research of this year's Visiting Defence Fellow.I also marked my 10 years in Ottawa with this post. I am so glad that the tides of the academic job market washed me ashore here.  It was not my plan, but it has worked out wonderfully.JulyJuly was a month of ups and downs.  I started the month by pondering how long might the autocratic moment in the US last if Democracy were to give way.  The most pivotal building at my old summer camp burned down, but there was much resilience that day and beyond to give me hope for its future.One of the ups was the new season of Battle Rhythm.  I am forever grateful to Stéfanie von Hlatky for helping us launch our podcast, and I was sad to see her move to admin stuff at her university.  But we got re-energized by a new crew of co-hosts.  Artur, Anessa, Erin, and Linna have provided a variety of perspectives since they joined us.  I am most grateful to Melissa Jennings for doing most of the heavy lifting in this effort and to Carelove Doreus and Racheal Wallace for their carrying the rest of the load.  It has been a big year in Canadian civil-military relations, and one of the highlights was the decision to adjust the uniform standards to make the CAF more welcoming to more people.  I addressed these changes with some accidental foreshadowing of the awful Vimy speech by one of those responsible for the culture crisis that prevented the CAF from adapting sooner.The month, which started with COVID finally hitting me and Mrs. Spew thanks to a conference trip to Berlin, ended in an upswing with both Beulahfest as my mom celebrated her 90th birthday and, yes, Stevefest, as I did a heap of stuff to celebrate another year of me. AugustNot many posts this month as I was very busy organizing and then hosting the first in-person CDSN Summer Institute.  It was one of the original ideas animating the big grant application, and it was great to see it finally come to fruition with so many sharp people speaking and participating.  Plus it was an excuse to have a reception or three.  Just a great week worth all the effort by the CDSN team.Much news about classified documents thanks to Trump hoarding documents he should have had anymore, so I shared what I had learned during the year I had a top secret clearance and worked every day in a SCIF--secure compartmented information facility.Finally, I said goodbye to a key part of my life--ultimate frisbee.  I just kept getting injured and could not stay on the field.  I could still throw well, but that whole running thing proved to be too much.  I very much miss it, it gave me friends across North America, it gave me some level of fitness, it gave me heaps of silliness, and nothing can fill the hole it left behind, alas.  SeptemberAnother light month for blogging.  I wrote a guide for those visiting Montreal for the American Political Science Association meeting.  The focus of the month and of my career these days was/is civil-military relations.  I wrote about the retired generals and SecDefs providing advice on how to manage this relationship. And then I addressed a recurring challenge up here--should the Canadian military prioritize domestic emergency operations? Whether the CAF wants to or not (not), climate change is going to make this happen.  It already has.  I am getting more and more interested in studying domestic emergency ops in part because few defence scholars have done so.  Nothing like having a wide open field to pass the disk into.  Oh wait, that was last month's post about ultimate.One reason I didn't post more in September is that I was headed west to Disneyland and to visit my daughter (not necessarily prioritized that way?).OctoberI gave thanks for all kinds of stuff as Canada celebrates Thankgiving in October when Americans debate the role of Columbus.I spent the rest of the month preparing both the CDSN Midterm Report for one of our funders and a conference to mark the midway point in our SSHRC grant.  It was great to hear from the co-directors of the various research efforts--Civ-Mil Relations, Personnel, Security, and Operations.  We were once told that the CDSN was just me and my friends dong stuff, but, to be clear, when it started, many of those who joined as co-directors were not friends and some were barely acquaintances.  Now, we are friends, but isn't that how networking works when it works well?  I am very proud of what we have put together even if it put a major dent in my blogging.November Was the theme of the month commenting on other people's mistakes?  Seems like it with a post on twitter's dramatic decline thanks to Musk and then the craptastic speech by a retired general.  That post generated more hits than any other this year and is in the top five of my 13 years of blogging.  The related tweet was also the most tweeted/impressioned tweet of the year and then some.  It led to a post addressing "woke" and being "anti-woke," which helped me think about vice-signaling, the flipside of virtue-signaling. I got to put on my old NATO hat when some errant missiles from Ukraine's war with Russia landed in Poland.  I did much media as well to explain that NATO does not work the way may folks think--that there is nothing automatic about it, even if the attack had been deliberate.One reason I blog less is that I simply have not been writing that much about pop culture here.  Why?  Mostly due to lack of time.  One exception to this was thinking about the International Politics of the second Black Panther movie.DecemberThe year ended with much CDSN and much cookies!I went to Winnipeg for the first time for a CDSN workshop on Domestic Emergency Operations.  This is the focus of one of our four MINDS (DND) funded research projects.  I learned a great deal from sharp people both in and out of the government.  There is much work to do here, and I am glad we have made this one of our foci over the next three years. Once again, we held an end of the year conference, the Year Ahead, which addresses some of the issues on the horizon.  This year, we also launched the new CDSN Podcast Network at the event!  The CDSN Podcast Network brings together four podcasts--Battle Rhythm, Conseils de Sécurité, SecurityScape and NATO Field Report.  We are open to adding others down the road.  Along the way, we fixed our Apple podcast feed.  I am most excited not just for having a new home for BattleRhythm but connecting and amplifying some student-run podcasts.I finished the year with a heap of baking--cookies for friends around Ottawa.  The basic idea is this: I want to eat a lot of different kinds of cookies.  But then making so many different kinds means finding people who are willing to take most off my hands or else I will gain a heap of weight (winterfest did that anyway).  I enjoyed my first cookiefest in 2020, which was the first time I saw many people after months and months of quarantining.  So, I keep doing it, now armed with better equipment (kitchen aid stand mixer makes it much easier than the first cookie fest) and more recipes.  It is not just the baking and the eating.  I got to chat with a bunch of great people as I delivered the cookies.  If the cookies are joy (and, yes, they are), giving joy leads to receiving much joy.One of the interesting dynamics of 2022 was the re-emergence of blogging.   That many folks started writing on substack, which, to me, seems like blogging but with the chance of income.  I have not moved over there as I am pretty happy with this perch. It does not make me money, but I doubt that people would pay that much for my half-baked (semi-spewed) writings.  One of my New Year's Resolutions is to blog more.  My guess is that I will be more successful at that than the ones focused on dietary restraint.May you and yours have a terrific 2023!

The development among young people in multicultural Norway, as well as in other European countries, is characterized by increasing pluralism. In everyday life, both at school and in their leisure time, young people with different skin color, religious orientation and ethnic and cultural backgrounds, experience various forms of meetings and mutual exposure to each other. This report attempts to explore some aspects of these mutual influences and relationships among youth that grow up in multicultural environments in the city of Oslo. Almost all pupils in the two last years of secondary school, and the first year of their further education(corresponding to the sixth form of comprehensive school)in Oslo participated in a large study in 2006 that dealt with a wide variety of research themes. The main themes of this report are the patterns of subjective identification of the self and of others, cultural orientation, friendship and social relations – including racialized relationships – ,leisure activities, use of new technology, religious, «alternative» and political values, and attitudes and expectations towards the future. Results from the present survey and a similar survey from 1996 are compared. The response level was 94 percent in 1996 among 11425 respondents, and 93 percent among 11.500 respondents in 2006. A first and relatively striking finding in the survey is the increase in the percentage of youth with immigrant background who see themselves as «Norwegian» in 2006. Among youth with immigrant background who were born in Norway, the percentage has increased from 46,3 in 1996 to 70,5 in 2006, and from 31,0 percent to 56,2 percent among those born abroad. While it is always difficult to know more precisely what such expressions mean to the respondents, such an increase may not only reflect the increase in the number of persons of immigrant background living in Oslo over the recent years, but also the number of persons with such backgrounds that to an increasing degree seem to be exposed in the media as somehow successful in Norwegian society. In such a climate – which is constantly in danger of becoming challenged by the negative stereotypes and generalizations that are also heavily expressed in the media – it may be easier to develop a positive identification with the new country where your parents have settled. As such patterns of identification are also combined with identifying with being «an immigrant», with the identity of the parents, and also, to some degrees, categories such as «international», «foreigners» and «European», the findings exemplify an increase in the identificational patterns known in research as «hybridization».At the same time, the majority of the youngsters of immigrant background emphasize the importance of living in accordance with the culture and traditions of the parents' country of origin. This is also emphasized by their parents, even if the percentage among the parents who emphasize these matters have decreased a little since 1996 according to the young people.It has also become slightly more common to use either Norwegian or Norwegian in a combination with the mother-tongue at home. In addition youth of solely Norwegian background in 2006 emphasized pride, attachment and the meaning of being Norwegian more strongly than their counterparts did in 1996. The results thus imply an overall increase in the phenomenon of ethnification, where youth in 2006, regardless of background, to a larger extent seem to become conscious about and reflect upon their own background. A large majority of the youth from a solely Norwegian background emphasized that «immigrants should adapt to Norwegian culture, but also take care of their own». Thusthe both-and attitudes of the youth of immigrant background seem to be supported by the majority of the youth ofnon-immigrant background. The attitudes of this latter group are rather composite. On the one hand they confirm that immigrants contribute important knowledge about other cultures to Norway, and that they are often clever and that they contribute to the strengthening of Norwegian working places. At the same time two out of three participants of Norwegian background in the 2006 study mean that crime and violence increase due to immigrants. Here negative focus in the media obviously must be taken into account.The number of youth with Norwegian-born parents who have «immigrant friends», has increased slightly from 79,4 per cent in 1996 to 82.8 percent in 2006. This implies that regardless of their general attitudes towards immigrants, most youth of Norwegian-born parents do have friends with immigrant background. Interestingly, youth with Norwegian-born parents who report that their parents use to shop in immigrant shops, reports considerably more positive attitudes towards immigrants, than youth with parents who do not shop in immigrant shops. This indicates the important role of parents' attitudes in these matters.There are no changes in the amount of reported negative or racist experiences from youth of immigrant background from 1996 to 2006. Boys with immigrant background have such experiences much more often than girls do. From 1996 to 2006 there has been an increase in the number of friends of solely Norwegian background youth of immigrant background have. At the same time youth of immigrant background experience a larger increase in the reported number of friends with immigrant parents from other countries than their own. Thus, there seems to be no tendency among youth of immigrant background to isolate themselves and develop patterns where they only socialize with friends of the same background as themselves. The overall picture, on the contrary, points in the direction of an increasing multiculturality regarding friendship relations. This is valid for youth with immigrant background as well as for youth with Norwegian-born parents. The close relationship to parents and family has been strengthened. Regardless of background girls seem to be the most attached to home and family. The girls also do housework more often, all in accordance with more traditional gender related expectations.There is a tendency for leisure activities that are not organized to have decreased in importance in 2006. The number of visitors in youth clubs has admittedly decreased, but this may be due to the fact that several youth clubs have recently been closed down in Oslo. Among the users of youth clubs the percentage of males of immigrant background are the highest, and the lowest percentage are represented by girls of solely Norwegian background. More girls with immigrant background visit youth clubs than both girls and boys with solely Norwegian background.Several types of organizations have increased their number of members, such as sports clubs, supporter clubs, religious organizations (both Muslim and Christian),political organizations and teetotalist organizations. More boys than girls are members in organizations.The number of girls with solely Norwegian background who report to «have been together with friends» outside the home is considerably higher than among girls with immigrant background. Can these differences be understood as expressions of more conservative gender roles among some immigrant families?There has been an overall increase in the number of youth who have visited a library from 1996 to 2006, but here are also large differences. 70 percent of the girls with immigrant background had visited a library last month, while only 31 percent of boyswith Norwegian background had done the same.There has also been an overall increase in the number of youth who have «visited the centre of Oslo last week». But differences in family background are considerable, and is the largestat weekends during nighttime: 13,6 per cent of boys with immigrant background had visited the centre of Oslo last Saturday night, compared to 4.8 percent of the girls of immigrant background. The corresponding percentages were 6.6 percent for boys with Norwegian background, and 5.2 for girls. In so far as most violence, drug use and crime happen at such a time in the centre of Oslo, these figures give grounds for worry. Here one must, nevertheless, take into account the likelihood of large variations according to the different immigrant backgrounds represented.The majority of youth has become more physically active during the last ten years. Youth with immigrant background are the most active in dancing and various combat sports, while youth with Norwegian background are especially active in ordinary sports clubs. Girls with immigrant background are the least physically active in general, but have the largest number engaged in dancing. Football is the most popular sport, regardless of gender.Around 75 percent of all youth use a PC each week or more often at school. Youth with immigrant background are the most eager users in the school context. Girls chat and use e-mail more than boys. In all other matters, boys are more active. The gender differences are especially large when it comes to computer games: 50.2 percent of the boys play such games during a week, while the corresponding percentage for girls is 10.0. Based on the findings there is, however, no particular reason to fear that new technology creates differences along ethnic dimensions.There are only small differences among boys and girls regarding ownership of mobile phones, but a little fewer youth with immigrant background own one.The number of youth with Norwegian-born parents who report being Christian has decreased from 69.8 percent to 53.6 percent since 1996, at the same time as the percentage of those who report that they do not belong to any religion or faith has increased from 27.5 to 44.3 percent. Girls of Norwegian background are more religious than boys of Norwegian background. Among youth of immigrant background the percentage who «know there is a God» has increased from 66.6 in 1996 to 73.3 percent in 2006. Youth with immigrant background visit religious meetings considerably more often than youth of solely Norwegian background. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in the percentage of youth of Norwegian background who visit religious meetings since 1996.At the same time as fewer youth report that they "believe in God» in a traditional meaning, the number who associate themselves with "alternative» world views and beliefs like believing in ghosts, astrology, fortune telling, spirits, tarot cards, crystal bowls and so forth, is increasing. But there are large differences between girls and boys. There are only small differences between youth associated with Islam and those associated with Christianity. Associates with Hinduism and to some extent Buddhists seem to be most open for «alternative» phenomena. Also among youth associated with atheism (humane ethics), such beliefs are rather common.The four themes of more political nature that youth in Oslo prioritize regardless of ethnic background are: «to ensure that nobody is poor in Norway», «to protect the environment against pollution», "to maintain law and order» and «to secure work for everyone». Girls emphasize these values the most. The least support is given to «privatize public schools», «reduce the interference of the public in thelives of the inhabitants», «transfer more care for old people to children and other relatives» and «to protect Norwegian culture against English and American influence». Girls are less concerned with national values, and are more positive towards opening up the borders for immigrants. Youth with Norwegianbackground are more concerned that "Norway should work to succeed better in sports», various environmental issues and issues of law and order.Youth with immigrant background reflect a both-and attitude: they are more skeptical to the interference of the public in the lives of the inhabitants, but combine this with an emphasis on the necessity of combating poverty, emphasizing the «securing of better personal economy», and »giving more oil-money to poor countries». They are considerably less interested in environmental issues than youth with solely Norwegian background. Youth with immigrant background emphasize more the necessity of «protecting Norwegian culture and language against English and American influence»! This may probably be seen as expressions of a tendency to anti-American sentiments, stemming from the conflicts created by American involvement in several conflicts in the Muslim world.The percentage of youth who believe «there will be problems with getting jobs after finishing education» decreased from 27.0 percent in 1996 to 17.6 in 2006, which is probably well in line with the high activity of Norwegian economy in recent times. But the differences connected with background are considerable: 28.3 percent of youth with immigrant background believed in such problems, while the percentage was 13 among youth with solely Norwegian background. Among these youth, together with youth with one Norwegian-born and one foreign-born parent, we found the largest percentage believing that «it is likely that humans in my life time will encounter a global environmental catastrophe».As we have already seen, there are considerable differences between boys and girls. These differences confirm, in many ways, traditional expectation of gender based characteristics, and that they still are valid in several ways, regardless of family background. At last we must underline that many of the categories used in the report have been very coarse-grained and that it is highly likely that there will be large variations regarding several issues, and also regarding questions concerning gender. ; Våren 2006 ble det gjennomført en større ungdomsundersøkelse kalt Ung i Oslo, 10 år etter en tilsvarende fra 1996. Alle elever i de to siste klassene på ungdomsskolen og i første klasse på videregående har deltatt. På grunnlag av disse undersøkelsene har formålet med denne rapporten vært å få fram noen aspekter ved de gjensidige påvirkningene og relasjonene mellom unge med norskfødte foreldre og ungdom med innvandrerbakgrunn i Oslo. De sentrale problemstillingene omhandler andres og egen subjektive oppfatning av identitet, de unges kulturelle orientering, vennskap og sosiale relasjoner, opplevd rasisme og diskriminering, fritidsaktiviteter, bruk av ny teknologi, religiøse og politiske verdier, samt holdninger og forventinger om framtida. Hensikten har hovedsakelig vært å presentere resultatene, og rapporten inneholder derfor bare i mindre grad utdypende fortolkninger og referanser.Et av de mest slående funna i undersøkelsen er økningen i andelene unge med innvandrerbakgrunn som i 2006 ser seg selv som norske, sammenliknet med den tilsvarende andelen i 1996. Samtidig kombineres dette med en sterk identifisering med foreldrenes orienteringer og identitet, noe som indikerer at nye former for etnisitet er i ferd med å vokse fram. Også unge med norskfødte foreldre legger i 2006 større vekt på tilknytningen til Norge og på stolthet ved å være norsk, sammenliknet med situasjonen ti år tidligere. Holdningene blant unge med norskfødte foreldre til unge med innvandrerbakgrunn, er sammensatte. Men trass i at en del har negative holdninger til "innvandrere", har likevel et stort flertall venner med innvandrerbakgrunn og vise versa. Det overordnede bildet peker i retning av flere og mer sammensatte vennskapsrelasjoner, både for unge med norskfødte foreldre og unge med foreldre født i utlandet. Vi finner er ingen forandring i andelen unge med innvandrerforeldre som rapporterer negative eller rasistiske erfaringer fra 1996 til 2006.

Sabemos que el fútbol es el deporte más practicado en todo el mundo y también el más seguido, por eso es uno de los deportes con más potencial de influencia en la sociedad y el entrenador es su figura más influyente por la acción de liderazgo que promueve junto a los demás, que lo rodean, sobre todo si hablamos de niños y jóvenes. Es el entrenador que puede mantener la práctica del fútbol del lado positivo, donde se pretende que esté y donde debe permanecer, en el fomento de los valores educativos y en el aprendizaje armonioso de la modalidad. Dada la importancia que tiene esta figura en el deporte en general y en el fútbol en particular, es determinante que su formación sea un punto fundamental de sus cualidades, ya que de ella pueden emanar muchas otras competencias, capaces de influir al joven futbolista de forma favorable en todas sus dimensiones. De esta forma, se hace preponderante el estudio sobre la formación del entrenador de fútbol, que todos los días es una pieza importante en el entrenamiento de nuestros jóvenes, no sólo en el capítulo deportivo, sino también en el capítulo social. Comenzamos nuestro trabajo buscando realizar la fundamentación teórica del tema. En una primera parte iniciamos un marco global haciendo referencia a la legislación reciente que rige la figura del entrenador y su formación, revisamos todos los documentos internacionales y nacionales sobre la formación de entrenadores y sus competencias recogiendo la información pertinente. En una segunda parte, más específica, fuimos gradualmente entrando en las características que debe tener el entrenador, en las concepciones de enseñanza y en las necesidades de formación de entre otros aspectos desarrollados. Uno de los grandes objetivos de esta investigación fue el desarrollo de una herramienta válida y fiable para el estudio de la formación de entrenadores que posibilitase su posterior aplicación en Portugal y para permitir la replicación del estudio en diferentes contextos. Para ello construimos un cuestionario que partió del estudio de Abad (2009) y sometemos esa herramienta a un proceso de validación con el objetivo de analizar la formación de los entrenadores de fútbol de base en los clubes de la Asociación de Fútbol de Beja. Hemos diseñado un cuestionario que al final del proceso de validación quedó con 121 ítems agrupados en 8 dimensiones (Características Sociodemográficas, Experiencia Deportiva, Aspectos Personales, Formación como Entrenador, Formación Continua, Concepción de Enseñanza, Planificación y Programación, Necesidades de Formación). Hemos realizado un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo que se realizó a través de la evaluación de 12 expertos. La validez del contenido fue analizada a través del coeficiente V de Aiken, estableciendo un intervalo de confianza del 99% y el coeficiente de variación. Para establecer la fiabilidad, el cuestionario fue aplicado a 20 entrenadores de cuatro clubes diferentes de la región en dos momentos diferentes, la consistencia interna fue analizada por el método Alpha de Cronbach (0.915) y la fiabilidad test-reteste usando el coeficiente de correlación intraclase resultando 0.890 (p <0.01). Los resultados muestran que el cuestionario reúne suficientes propiedades psicométricas para ser considerado una herramienta válida y fiable para estudiar y analizar las necesidades de formación de los entrenadores de fútbol (Paixão, Abad & Giménez, 2019). En un segundo momento, los cuestionarios construidos fueron aplicados a 124 entrenadores de la región de Beja que estaban trabajando con niños y jóvenes en el fútbol de formación. Esta muestra representó el 91% del total de la población de estudio y a través de un análisis descriptivo e inferencial permitió analizar el perfil del entrenador, su formación y su intervención en los diversos dominios y parámetros. Destacamos algunos resultados como, el hecho de que la mayoría de los entrenadores aún no tienen siquiera el título de entrenador y sólo una minoría tienen una formación superior en el área del deporte; por otro lado, el gusto en entrenar y enseñar es el motivo por el cual los entrenadores están en el fútbol de formación, en lo que se refiere a las estrategias de formación continua: la creación de grupos de trabajo entre entrenadores, la visualización y análisis de juegos y entrenamientos en vídeo, y la participación en talleres prácticos, son las preferenciales; destacamos también que persiste una división entre los métodos directivos y los métodos de descubrimiento, entre otros resultados interesantes. Concluimos con la concreción de los objetivos generales y específicos, la presentación de las implicaciones del estudio, añadimos algunas propuestas de mejora, exponemos las limitaciones del estudio y por último indicamos las perspectivas futuras. ; Sabemos que o futebol é o desporto mais praticado em todo o mundo e também o mais seguido, por isso é um dos desportos com mais potencial de influência na sociedade e o treinador é a sua figura mais influente pela ação de liderança que promove junto dos que o rodeiam, principalmente se estivermos a falar de crianças e jovens. É o treinador que pode manter a prática do futebol do lado positivo, onde se pretende que esteja e aonde deve permanecer, no fomento dos valores educativos e na aprendizagem harmoniosa da modalidade. Dada a importância que detém esta figura no desporto em geral e no futebol em particular, é determinante que a sua formação seja um ponto fundamental das suas qualidades, até porque dela podem emanar muitas outras competências, capazes de influenciar o jovem futebolista de forma favorável em todas as suas dimensões. Desta forma, torna-se preponderante o estudo sobre a formação do treinador de futebol, que todos os dias é uma peça importante no treino dos nossos jovens, não só no capítulo desportivo mas também no capítulo social. Começámos o nosso trabalho procurando realizar a fundamentação teórica do tema. Numa primeira parte iniciámos por um enquadramento global fazendo referencia à legislação recente que rege a figura do treinador e a sua formação, revisámos todos os documentos internacionais e nacionais sobre a formação de treinadores e as suas competências, recolhendo a informação pertinente. Numa segunda parte, mais específica, fomos gradualmente entrando nas características que deve ter o treinador, nas conceções de ensino e nas necessidades de formação de entre outros aspetos desenvolvidos. Um dos grandes objetivos desta investigação foi o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta válida e fiável para o estudo da formação de treinadores, que possibilitasse a sua posterior aplicação em Portugal e que permitisse a replicação do estudo em diversos contextos. Para esse fim, construímos um questionário que partiu do estudo de Abad (2009) e submetemos essa ferramenta a um processo de validação com o objetivo de analisar a formação dos treinadores de futebol de base nos clubes da Associação de Futebol de Beja. Desenhámos um questionário que no final do processo de validação ficou com 121 itens agrupados em 8 dimensões (Características Sociodemográficas, Experiencia Desportiva, Aspetos Pessoais, Formação como Treinador, Formação Contínua, Conceção de Ensino, Planificação e Programação, Necessidades de Formação). Efetuámos uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa que foi realizada através da avaliação de 12 especialistas. A validade do conteúdo foi analisada através do coeficiente V de Aiken, estabelecendo um intervalo de confiança de 99% e o coeficiente de variação. Para estabelecer a fiabilidade, o questionário foi aplicado a 20 treinadores de quatro clubes diferentes da região em dois momentos diferentes, a consistência interna foi analisada pelo método Alpha de Cronbach (0.915) e a fiabilidade teste-reteste usando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse resultando 0.890 (p <0.01). Os resultados mostram que o questionário reúne suficientes propriedades psicométricas para ser considerado uma ferramenta válida e fiável para estudar e analisar as necessidades de formação dos treinadores de futebol (Paixão, Abad & Giménez, 2019). Num segundo momento, os questionários construídos foram aplicados a 124 treinadores da região de Beja que estavam a trabalhar com crianças e jovens no futebol de formação. Esta amostra representou 91% do total da população de estudo e através de uma análise descritiva e inferencial permitiu analisar o perfil do treinador, a sua formação e a sua intervenção nos diversos domínios e parâmetros. Destacamos alguns resultados como, o facto da maioria dos treinadores ainda não ter sequer o título de treinador e só uma minoria detém formação superior na área do desporto; por outro lado, o gosto em treinar e ensinar é o motivo pelo qual os treinadores estão no futebol de formação; no que diz respeito à formação contínua as estratégias preferenciais são: a criação de grupos de trabalho entre treinadores, a visualização e análise de jogos e treinos em vídeo, e a participação em workshops práticos; destacamos também que persiste uma divisão entre os métodos diretivos e os métodos de descoberta, entre outros resultados interessantes. Concluímos com a concretização dos objetivos gerais e específicos, a apresentação das implicações do estudo, aduzimos algumas propostas de melhoria, expomos as limitações do estudo e por último indicamos as perspetivas futuras. ; We know that football is the most practiced sport in the whole world and it is also the most followed. So, it is one of the sports with more potential to influence society and the coach is its most influential person by the leadership action that he promotes near those surrounding him, especially if we are talking about children and young people. The coach is the one who can maintain the practice of football on the positive side, where it is intended to be and where it should remain, to foster educational values and to learn the sport in a harmonious way. Considering the importance of this figure in sports in general and in football in particular, it is essential for training to be a fundamental aspect of his qualities, namely because many other skills can emanate from this training, skills which may influence the young player in a favourable way in all its dimensions. Thus, the study on the football coach's training, which usually plays an important part on our young people's training, is not only important in the sports chapter but also in the social chapter. We have started our work by looking at the theoretical basis of the theme. In the first part, we started with a global framework concerning the recent legislation governing the coach and his training, we reviewed all the international and national documents on the training of coaches and their skills, collecting the relevant information. In a second, more specific part, we gradually approached the characteristics that a coach must have, in terms of the concepts of education and training needs among other aspects developed. One of the main objectives of this research was the development of a valid and reliable tool for the study of coach's training, which might allow its subsequent application in Portugal and that might allow for the replication of the study in different contexts. For that purpose, we have created a questionnaire that started from the study by Abad (2009) and we have submitted this tool to a validation process with the aim of analysing the training of base football coaches in the clubs of the Beja Football Association. We have designed a questionnaire that, at the end of the validation process, included 121 items grouped in 8 dimensions (Sociodemographic Characteristics, Sport Experience, Personal Aspects, Training as a Coach, Continuous Training, Teaching Conception, Planning and Programming, Training Needs). We have carried out a qualitative and quantitative analysis that was performed through the evaluation of 12 specialists. The validity of the content was analysed through the Aiken V coefficient, establishing a 99% confidence interval and the coefficient of variation. To establish reliability, the questionnaire was applied to 20 coaches from four different clubs in the region in two different times, the internal consistency was analysed by Cronbach's Alpha method (0.915) and the test-retest reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient resulting in 0.890 (p <0.01). The results show that the questionnaire gathers enough psychometric properties to be considered a valid and reliable tool to study and analyse the training needs of football coaches (Paixão, Abad & Giménez, 2019). In a second moment, the questionnaires created were applied to 124 coaches from the region of Beja, who were working with children and youth in football training. This sample represented 91% of the total study population and, through a descriptive and inferential analysis, it allowed us to analyse the profile of the coach, his training and his intervention in the different domains and parameters. We highlight some results, such as the fact that most coaches still do not even have the title of coach and that only a minority holds a higher education in the field of sports; on the other hand, the pleasure involved in training and teaching is the reason why coaches are in football training; as far as continuous training is concerned, the preferred strategies are: the creation of working groups between coaches, the visualization and analysis of games and video training, and the participation in practical workshops; we also emphasize that there is still a division between the directive methods and the discovery methods, among other interesting results. We conclude with the achievement of the general and specific aims, the presentation of the implications of the study, we present some improvement proposals, we show the limitations of the study and, finally, we indicate perspectives for the future.

Overall purpose of the study While literature highlights the growing importance of, and opportunities in, emerging markets (Joosub & Coldwell, 2016; Boateng, Wang & Wang, 2017; Oguji & Owusu, 2017), there is also significant research regarding the risks associated with these markets (Khanna & Palepu, 2010; Luiz & Ruplal, 2013). These risks arise from differences in geographies, cultures, institutions, governance, languages, performance and economic structures, making the internationalisation strategies of African multinationals into other African countries complex and challenging. Despite these difficulties, African countries still promote trade within the continent. The 2018 African Continental Free Trade Area agreement, for example, promotes intra-regional trade in order to stimulate economic activity and increase development on the continent. South Africa, being the most developed economy on the continent, seems to be leading in doing business with other African countries, having a number of its home-grown multinationals internationalising on the continent. Success stories such as MTN, Shoprite, SAB Miller and Pick' n Pay have taken their operations into other countries in Africa, however what is not clear is how they have successfully applied their internationalisation strategies. Unlike research by Boateng et al. (2017) on how Chinese multinationals are using mergers and acquisitions as their entry mode, and Buckley's (2018) findings on Indian firms targeting countries with English as their official language, little research has been conducted on how South African companies are expanding outside their national borders. This research thus sought to explore the processes by which South African companies implement their internationalisation strategies into other African countries. Research problem As firms internationalise, they choose markets that are physically and psychically close based on their internationalisation experience. Previous literature shows that larger firms are better able to absorb the initial cost of internationalisation and opt for a higher degree of control (Dunning, 1988), yet not much research have been done on the African continent to explore how companies deal with psychic distance, firm resources and strategic choice in their internationalisation strategies. Studies conducted outside the continent in psychically distant locations show that firms design boundaries to protect their internal resources and capabilities from unintended spill overs, and look for local partner organisations that wield substantial capability to fill voids (Dunning, 1988). In addition, Barney (1991) argued that firms seek to exploit their rare, valuable and inimitable resources to gain a competitive advantage. Psychic distance research has been conducted on Chinese (Boateng, et al., 2017) and Indian firms (Buckley, 2018), however in Africa, where the cultural, institutional, economic and geographic distances are huge, not much evidence is available. There is also a variety of research on firm resources and strategic choices for Chinese and Indian firms, including how they are using leadership, technical talent, cheap labour (Contractor, 2013), financial resources, government to government relationships (Cheru & Obi, 2011) and home knowledge to enter African markets (Khanna & Palepu, 2010). As some South African businesses have failed in their internationalisation strategies on the continent, it is thus important to understand how those companies that have succeeded, did so. Design of the study A multi-method sequential explanatory approach (Ivankova, Creswell & Stick, 2006), comprised of a survey followed by case studies of internationalising South African companies, was used. The survey participants and firms were purposefully selected based on their roles in the internationalisation strategies, and the results of the survey were used to identify cases for the second phase of the research. An insurer and a bank with a total market capitalisation of R442b (JSE, 2017), representing 41% of the survey population, were selected as case studies. These cases were adopted to understand the internationalisation phenomenon in specific companies, while the research questions focussed on South African multinational enterprises (MNEs) that already had operations in other African markets. Empirical evidence from both the survey results and the two case studies were used to address the research questions. Findings This study revealed that South African multinationals face intense competition from local competitors in the rest of Africa, so they have to craft and adapt specific strategies during their expansions. This research confirmed the findings of previous studies by showing that the internationalisation of banks and insurance companies follow largely similar patterns (Focarelli & Pozzolo, 2008). Further, the case studies indicate complexities such as the need for local legitimacy, the tacitness of local cultures, and protracted implementation periods that cannot be explained by traditional FDI theories. For these reasons, the companies develop non-market resources such as spending periods of time in the potential host country before setting up operations to gather information and build hands-on market intelligence based on the experiential knowledge of the host country market. The bank case study, whose first wave of internationalisation, as with other major banks, was in the late 1800, uses the ownership entry mode. While literature has shown that companies acquire local partners when there are high psychic distances, because bank services require a high degree of information, information transfer and trust (Mulder & Westerhuis, 2015, cited in Fischer & Hasselknippe, 2017), risk management is very important. Firm resources such as good governance and ethical leadership are key for success. This case study revealed that because bank values such as integrity and accountability are global, a subsidiary's aptitude to demonstrate its ability to work within a country culture while retaining the values of the bank earns respect from regulators and customers and increases market share. In addition, it extended research conducted by Contractor (2013) on expatriates and Harvey, Speier & Novicevic (1999)'s findings on diasporas from home countries, by finding that the bank builds a pool of skilled African Diaspora, who are citizens of the host market, to manage and facilitate the integration process and bridge the cultural gap, thereby shortening the transient period. While literature has shown that banks and insurance companies follow similar internationalisation patterns (Focarelli & Pozzolo, 2008), the insurer, an internationalisation latecomer, adopted the partnership entry mode using learnings from "small deals" to achieve its ambition of being the Pan African financial services company. Although literature shows latecomers using entry modes such as mergers and acquisitions (Oguji & Owusu, 2017) and leapfrogging into innovation value chains (Ray, Ray & Kumar, 2017), this particular study indicates that the insurer used the partnership mode to minimise risks caused by the latecomer effect. While the bank has had experience in internationalisation for almost two centuries and has operations in 20 countries, the insurer only actively started internationalising 15 years ago but has operations in 35 countries. Focarelli and Pozzolo (2008) found that accessibility to domestic markets by foreign investors is greater for insurance companies than banks, while this study found that the insurer has greater accessibility to African markets through the adoption of the partnership model, which mitigates the risk of high cultural distances. These findings were not found in the literature reviewed for this study, and therefore offer opportunities for further research. Regardless of whether an ownership-based or a partnership-based model is used, distance and cultural integration are important determinants for both the bank and the insurer (Focarelli & Pozzolo, 2008. Although the cases in this study revealed similar internationalisation patterns, such as starting in psychically close locations (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977), using financial resources to sponsor the protracted implementation of the strategy (Dunning, 1988) and having local management run the business in the host country (Barney, Ketchen & Wright, 2011), they differed in entry mode, timing of entry and decision-making processes. In addition, this study revealed that both companies' inflection points were characterised by a continuous commitment of resources, hoping that they would get signals to either exit or scale up with minimal reputational damage. Contributions to research Theory A major contribution of this research pertains to the new research context of Africa. Most literature have focused on how global companies expanded into emerging markets (Enderwick, 2009; Khanna & Palepu, 2010), and more recently how companies from emerging markets like China and India (Boateng, et al., 2017; Buckley, 2018) have expanded globally. However, little has been done to understand how African corporates tackle such expansions. Africa, with its 56 countries and domestic institutions of a multi ethnic, multi-language (more than 500 for Nigeria alone), multi religious, multicultural and diverse colonial histories, offers a rich setting in which to study the influences of psychic distance and firm resources on internationalisation. The findings based on the African context for South African firms therefore provide important direct and practical implications for firms from other African economies. The conceptualisation of this study provides an insightful lens into the influence of psychic distance, firm resources and strategic choice on internationalisation processes, which is unexplored territory. With scant literature on Africa as an emerging continent, this study provides some empirical and case evidence for these propositions and contributes a basis for further research. Methodologically, this research extends the findings of Luiz and Ruplal (2013) by examining a number of sectors as opposed to a focus on mining companies alone. The research further contributes to a better understanding of internationalisation strategies by incorporating literature, case studies and a survey, as opposed to simply a survey as per Joosub and Coldwell (2016). The choice of case studies presented an opportunity to compare the internationalisation processes of an ownership-based first mover to a partnership-based latecomer, using firm resources as an enabler. Previous studies (Herrmann & Dotta, 2002; Wood, et al., 2011; Williams & Grégoire, 2014) have shown that MNEs send expatriates with international experience to manage operations in host countries. Harvey et al. (1999) provided a more nuanced view by observing that MNEs send people from diasporas to host countries as network agents, given their global consciousnesses and familiarity with the home cultures. This research, however, shows that due to the relationship-rich African cultures and the tacitness of host country knowledge, the bank (ownership model) specifically targeted and upskilled a pool of citizens of the potential host countries at the parent operation, who were subsequently deployed to bridge cultural gaps during implementation, thereby increasing the MNE's internationalisation capability. Emerging market firms' internationalisation is driven by intangible resources based on learning, linking and leveraging (Ray, et al., 2017). Although this study was exploratory in nature, the two case studies have shown a consistent pattern of an adaptive management cycle when setting up operations in other African countries. Due to the huge psychic distance encountered by these companies, they make use of repetitive and protracted planning and implementation processes. This increases the transient period and costs, yet the companies are willing to pay them to protect their reputations until they find signals to either exit or scale up. This finding regarding the existence of a transient period is not apparent in other literature. Even though Zhou and Li (2010), in their study of how strategic orientations influence dynamic capabilities, found that a firm's external interactions with customers and competitors in host countries affect its internal resource assortment and reconfiguration, they did not specifically deal with the issue of a transient period. Previous research indicated that firms look for partner organisations that wield substantial capability to fill voids (Dunning, 1988), that successful partnerships are built on trust which results in greater information sharing (Dyer, 1997), and that the selection of a local partner is informed by robust market assessment (Khanna & Palepu, 2010). This research confirms these findings by showing that spending time in the host country, doing due diligence on partner Board members, and providing a joint cultural induction of both partners' executives in the parent organisation, ensures strategic alignment with partners from the onset. Practice Despite South African firms having huge resources, literature has not overtly mentioned the nonmarket capabilities that such EMNEs build when localising their businesses to suit local market conditions. Businesses utilising the ownership model combat the liability of foreignness by acquiring a local business with ethical leadership, whilst companies using the partnership model find partners with similar values. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on practical internationalisation strategies into developing markets with high psychic distance. Although it is an exploratory study, it clarifies the strategic considerations that EMNEs contemplate during planning, as well as when assessing their entry strategies, implementing and integrating their resources, and in rare cases, how they exit such markets. Limitations of the study Like most empirical studies that are exploratory in nature, there are limitations to the conclusions that can be drawn, which constrain the generalisability of this study: • The study was heavily weighted to certain industry sectors - primarily financial services - which have a presence in other African countries. The obvious question is to what extent its findings are relevant to other industries? • For the two cases, the knowledge of the participants regarding how their organisations plan and implement their strategies could have been diverse, but the information was limited to those interviewed. • The volatility of African markets is very high, so between the time of embarking on the research and consolidating the results and findings, some institutional context could have changed, such as the impact of the weakening of the resources sector on Nigeria and Angola. Suggestions for future research • The case studies were restricted to financial services, thus a study of more industry sectors using additional case studies would be valuable to extend the results of this research effort. • Hoskisson, Eden, Lau & Wright (2000) argued that the process "emerging economies" takes place over a long time and multinationals' experimentation and learning is likely to be imperfect. Further research is thus needed to generate conclusive longitudinal empirical evidence theory in this area. • The growing Chinese FDI in Africa is often driven by the Chinese government's "Going Out" policy, which was established to support firms as they internationalise. Although South Africa has a "Trade Invest Africa" policy, companies in the study were oblivious to this government support. It is not clear whether South African companies have an advantage on the continent and how competition from Chinese companies, being embraced by African governments, impact South African MNEs' internationalisation strategies into the rest of Africa.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bukti empiris terkait hubungan antara kualitas audit, manajemen laba, perusahaan multinasioanl dan corporate social responsibility terhadap tax avoidance. Dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, penelitian ini memilih perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) pada periode 2013-2017 sebagai sampel. Data perusahaan terpilih berjumlah 69, sehingga total pengamatan dalam penelitian ini adalah 345 perusahaan selama lima tahun. Metode pengujian dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi berganda. Penelitian ini hanya menggunakan beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi tax avoidance. Variabel-variabel yang diteliti pada penelitian ini hanya dapat menjelaskan sedikit mengenai tax avoidance. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas audit dan perusahaan multinasional memiliki efek positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap tax avoidance, manajemen laba memiliki efek negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap tax avoidance sementara corporate social responsibility yang memiliki efek negatif dan signifikan terhadap tax avoidance. Kata Kunci : Tax Avoidance, Kualitas Audit, Manajemen Laba, Perusahaan Multinasional dan Corporate Social Responsibility.DAFTAR PUSTAKAA Chariri dan Imam Ghozali. (2007). Teori Akuntansi. Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Asfiyati. 2012. Pengaruh Corporate Governance, Kepemilikan Keluarga, dan Karakteristik Perusahaan T erhadap Tax Avoidance. Skripsi Fakultass Ekonomi Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta Anoraga, Panji. (2009). Manajemen Bisnis. Semarang: PT. Rineka Cipta Annisa, Nuralifmida Ayu. (2011). Pengaruh Corporate Governance terhadap Tax Avoidance. Skripsi. Surakarta: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Annisa, Nuralifmida Ayu dan Lulus Kurniasih. (2012). Pengaruh Corporate Governance terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing, Vol. 8, (No. 2), Mei 2012, hal 95-189. Armstrong, C.S., J.L. Blouin, A.D. Jagolinzer, dan D.F. Larcker. (2013). Corporate Governance, incentives, and tax avoidance. Rock Center for Corporate Governance Stanford University, Working Paper Series (No. 136). Bangun, Subagyo dan Tarigan. (2012). Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Audit Report Lag Pada Perusahaan Yang Listed di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Proceeding for Call Paper Pekan Ilmiah Dosen FEB – UKSW. Becker et.at. (1998). "The Effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management". Contemporary Accounting Research, Spring. Vol. 15. pp 1 – 24. Brigham, Eugene F dan Houston. 2006. Fundamental of FinancialManagement: Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Keuangan. Edisi 10. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Brigham, Eugene F dan Houston. (2006). Fundamental of FinancialManagement: Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Keuangan. Edisi 10. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Bovi, Maurizio. (2005). Book-Tax Gap. An Income Horse Race. Working Paper (n. 61). Chen, S., Chen, X., Cheng, Q., & Shevlin, T. J. (2007). Are Family Firms More Tax Aggressive Than Non-Family Firms? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1014280.Daengs, Achmad. Et al., (2014). Pengaruh Earnings Manajemen Dan Level Of Disclosure Terhadap Cost Of Equity Capital Pada Perusahaan Publik Sektor Industri Real Estate Dan Property Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. De Angelo, L.E. (1981). Auditor Size and Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics. Dewi, Kristiana dan I Ketut Jati,. (2014). Pengaruh Karakteristik Eksekutif, Karakteristik Perusahaan dan Corporate Governance pada Tax Avoidance di Bursa Efek Indonesia. E-Jurnal Akuntansi ISSN 2302-8556 6.2: 249-260. Dharma, Nyoman Budhi Setya & Naniek Noviari. (2017). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility Dan Capital Intensity Terhadap Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayan. Vol. 18.1. Januari: 2017. Dunning, John H. (1993). Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, England: Addison-Wesley Dyreng, S. D., Hanlon, M., dan Maydew, E. L. (2008). Long-Run Corporate Tax Avoidance. The Accounting Review. Vol 83. (No. 1), hal 61-83. Dyreng, Scott D.; Hanlon, Michelle; Maydew Edward L, 2010, The Effect of Executives on Corporate Tax Avoidance, The Accounting Review, 85, 1163- 1189. Fadhilah, Rahmi. (2014). Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance terhadap Tax Avoidance. Skripsi. Universitas Negeri Padang. Fahmi, Irham. (2013) Rahasia Saham dan Obligasi. Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta. Ferdiawan, Yopi & Amrie Firmansyah., (2017). Pengaruh Political Connection, Foreign Activity, dan Real Earnings Management Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Keuangan. 5 (3). 2017. 1601-1624. Ferdinan, Augusty. (2013). Metode Penelitian Manajemen. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponogoro. Frank, M. M., et, al. (2005). Does Aggresive Finalcial Reporting Accompany Aggresive Tax Reporting. Electronic Journal: http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.647604. Fitri Damayanti & Tridahus Susanto. (2015). Pengaruh Komite Audit, Kualitas Audit, Kepemilikan Institusional, Risiko Perusahaan dan Return On Assets Terhadap Tax Avoidance. jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen, Vol 5 (No. II), hal 187-206. Geraldina, Ira. (2013). Preferensi Manajemen Laba Akrual Atau Manajemen Laba Riil Dalam Aktivitas Tax Shelter. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia. Vol. 10 (No. 2). Desember 2013. Ghozali, Imam. 2011. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS 19. Semarang: BP Universitas Diponegoro. Hanlon, M., & Heitzman, S. (2010). A review of tax research . Jurnal of Accounting and Economics. 50(2), 127 – 178. Http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.002 Hidayah, Nurul dkk. (2015). Pengaruh Perusahaan Keluarga, Multinational Company, dan Kepemilikan Institusional terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jom FEKON Vol. 2 (No. 2) Oktober 2015, 1-13. Hidayat, Widi & Argo Adhi Nugroho. (2010). Studi Empiris Theory of Planned Behavior dan Pengaruh Kewajiban Moral pada Perilaku Ketidakpatuhan Pajak Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi. Vol. 12. (No.27)Hidayati, Nurul & Fidiana. (2017). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility dan Good Corporate Governance Tergadap Penghindaran Pajak. Jurnal Ilmu dan Riset Akuntansi. Vol, 5 (No. 3) Hidayati, Widi dan Argo Adhi Nugroho (2010). Studi Empiris Theory of Planned Behavior dan Pengaruh Kewajiban Moral pada Perilaku Ketidakpatuhan Pajak Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi, Vol 12, (No. 2). Hoi, Chun-Keung (Stan), Wu, Qiang, & Zhang, Hao. (2013). Is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Associated with Tax Avoidance? Evidence from Irresponsible CSR Activities. The Accounting Review, 88(6), 2025-2059. Hundal, S. (2011). Why Tax Avoidance is among the biggest issues of our generation | Liberal Conspiracy. Retrieved March 29, 2017, from http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/03/29/ why-tax-avoidance-is-among-the- biggest-issues-of-our-generation/ Indonesia (2007). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 tahun 2007 Pasal 74 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Indonesia (2007). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor Tahun 2007 Pasal 15 huruf (b) Tantang Penanaman Modal. Indonesia (2015). Rencana Strategis Direktorat Jendral Pajak (Restra –DJP). Tahun 2015-2019. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Pajak. Indonesia (2017) . Laporan Realisasi Penerimaan Negara. Tahun 20-13-2017. Jakarta: Departemen Keuangan. : http://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1286, di akses pada tanggal 17 Mei 2017. James Kessler, (2004) Tax avoidance Purpose and Section 741 of the Taxes Act 1988, British Tax Review, 4 November 2004. Kamila, Putri Almainda & Dwi Martani. (2013). Analisis Hubungan Agresivitas Pelaporan Keuangan dan Agresivitas Pajak. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi (SNA) XVII Kamil, Ahmad dan Antonius Herusetya. ( 2012). Pengaruh Karakteristik Perusahaan Terhadap Luas Pengungkapan Kegiatan Corporate Social Responsibility. Media Riset Akuntansi Vol. 2 (No. 1). Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia diakses dari https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/, diakses pada tanggal 17 Mei 2017. Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia, 2012, Status lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012, Jakarta.Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia diakses dari https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/, diakses pada tanggal 17 Mei 2017 pada jam 12:40 WIB. Kessler, James., (2004), Tax Avoidance Purpose and Section 741 of taxes Act 1988. British Tax Review Khairunisa, Kartika, et al., (2017). Pengaruh Kualitas Audit , Corporate Social Responsibility, dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Kontemporer, Vol. 9, (No. 1), April 2017, Hal: 36-43. Kurniasih, Tommy & Maria M. Ratna Sari. (2013). Pengaruh Return On Assets, Leverage, Corporate Governance, Ukuran perusahaan dan Kompensasi Rugi Fiskal pada Tax Avoidance. Vol. 18. (No.1) Lanis, R., dan Richardson, G. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Aggresiveness: an Empirical Analysis. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy. 31, 86-108. Lee. B. B., Dobiyanski, A., & Minton, S. (2015). Theories and Empirical Proxies For Corporate Tax Avoidance. Jurnal of Applied Business and Economics, 17 (3), 21-34. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506200710779521. Maesarah, Siti Atikah, Wahidatul Husnaini. 2013. Pengaruh Karakteristik Perusahaan dan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak. Universitas Mataram Maharani, I Gusti Ayu Cahya dan Ketut Alit Suardana. (2014). Pengaruh Corporate Governance, Profitabilitas, dan Karakteristik Eksekutif Tax Avoidance Perusahaan Manufaktur. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana ISSN: 2302-8556. Mardiasmo. (2013). Perpajakan. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi. Mustika, C. (2012). Pajak Penghasilan di Indonesia (Peraturan, Perhitungan, dan Upaya Peningkatan Potensi Penerimaan) dan Kaitannya Dengan Investasi di Indonesia, Vol. 1, (No, 227-238). Mustikasari, Elia. (2007). Kajian Empiris tentang Kepatuhan Wajin Pajak Badan di Perusahaan Industri Pengolahan di Surabaya. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi X: 1-42. Owhoso, V.E., Messier,jr. W.F., & Lynch, jr J.G. (2002). Error Detection by Industry Specialized Teams during Sequential Auditor review. Journal of Accounting Research. Vol. 40. No.3, June 2002: 883-900. Peraturan Departemen Keuangan Republik Indonesia Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal No. Kep-41/BL/2008 Tentang Pendaftaran Akuntan Yang Melakukan Kegiatan Di Pasar Modal. Diakses pada tanggal 3 Januari 2019, Pukul 08:22. Prayidno, Bangun Dwi. (2016). Pengaruh Corporate Governance, Profitabilitas, Kepemilikan Keluarga Dan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak. Priyatno, Duwi. 2014. SPSS 22 Pengolahan Data Terpraktis.Yogyakarta: CV Andi Offset. Pradipta dan Supriyadi. (2015). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Profitabilitas, Leverage, dan Komisaris Independen Terhadap Praktik Penghindaran Pajak. Jurnal. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Purwanggono, Erlang Anugrahendra. (2015). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility dan Kepemilikan Mayoritas terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Semarang : Universitas Diponegoro. Rahayu, Siti Kurnia. (2010). Perpajakan Indonesia: Konsep dan Aspek Formal. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Rego, Sonja Olhoft. 2003. Tax-Avoidance Activities of U.S. Multinational Corporations. Contemporary Accounting Research, 20 (4), 805-833. Resmi, Siti. (2014). Perpajakan Teori dan Kasus, Buku 1 edisi 8. Salemba Empat. Jakarta.Rustiarini, N. W. (2011). Pengaruh Struktur Kepemilikan Saham pada Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Bisnis Vol. 6 (No. 1). Sandy, Syeldila & Niki Lukviarman. (2015). Pengaruh Corporate Governance Terhadap Tax Avoidance: Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur. Sanjaya, I Putu Sugiartha. (2016). Pengaruh Kualitas Auditor terhadap Manipulasi Aktivitas Riil. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, Vol, 18 (No. 2). Sari, Nadya Winda et.al. (2016). Pengaruh Manajemen Laba terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Telkom. Scott, William R. (2003). Financial Accounting Theory. New Jersey : Prentice Hall. Sembiring, Eddy Rismanda. (2005). Karakteristik Perusahaan Dan Penggungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial: Study Empiris Pada Perusahaan Yang Tercatat Di Bursa Efek Jakarta. SNA8. Septiadi, Imron, et al,. (2017). Pengaruh Manajemen Laba, Corporate Governance, Dan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Journal of Applied Managerial Accouting. Vol. 1 (No. 10). Shackelford, D. A., & Shevlin, T. (2001). Empirical Tax Research in accounting. Journal of accounting and aconomic. 31(1). 321-397. Silberztein, Caroline. 2011. Transfer pricing aspects of intangibles: the OECD project. Transfer Pricing International. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., ISSN 2042-8154. Silvia, Yeanualita Selly. (2017). Pengaruh Manajemen Laba, Umur Perusahaan, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Equity, Vol. 3 Issue 4. Solihin, Ismail, (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility : From Charity to Sustainability, Penerbit Salemba Empat, Jakarta. Soemahamidjaja, Soeparman. Pajak Berdasarkan Aspek Gotong Royong. Universitas Padjajaran. Bandung. Sulistyanto, H.S (2008), Manajemen Laba: Teori dan Model Empiris. PT Grasindo, Jakarta. Suandy, Erly, (2014). Perencanaan Pajak Edisi 5. Jakarta : Selemba Empat. Surbakti, Theresa Adelina Victoria. (2012). Pengaruh Karakteristik Perusahaan dan Reformasi Perpajakan Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak di Perusahaan Industri Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2008-2010. Skripsi Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta. Susmita, P dan N.L Supadmi. (2016). Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Perpajakan, Biaya Kepatuhan Pajak, dan Penerapan E-Filling Pada Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. E-Jurnal Akuntansi. Universitas Udayana Denpasar. Hal: 2-27 Sugiyono. 2014. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitataif dan Kombinasi (Mixed Methods). Bandung: Alfabeta.Sunyoto, Dadang. 2011. Analisis Regresi dan Uji Hipotesis. Yogyakarta: CAPS. Tarigan & Susanti. (2013). Pengaruh Kompetensi, Etika dan Fee Audit Terhadap Kualitas Audit. Jurnal Akuntansi. Vol. 13 No.1. April.2013. 803-832. Tiara, Irvan & Henryanto Wijaya. (2017). Pengaruh Likuiditas, Leverage, Manajemen Laba, Komisaris Independen dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Umar, Husein, (2007). Metode Penelitian untuk Skripsi dan Tesis. Jakarta: Raja. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 Pasal 74 tentang Perseroan Terbatas, diakses pata tanggal 23 Januari 2019, pukul 06:34. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 Pasal 15 huruf (b) tentang Penanaman Modal, diakses pata tanggal 23 Januari 2019, pukul 06:34. Vidiyanti, Evi. (2017). Pengaruh Komite Audit, Kualitas Audit, Kepemilikan Institusional, Retuen on Assets, dan Leverage Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Wahyudi, Dudi (2014) Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance Dan Pemeriksaan Pajak Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Waluyo. (2012). Perpajakan Indonesia. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Watson, Luke. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility, Tax Avoidance, and Earnings Performance. The Journal of the American Taxation Association: Fall 2015, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 1-21.Wibisono. (2007). Memebedah Konsep dan Aplikasi Corporate Social Responsibility. Surabaya: Media Grapka. Wibowo, Agung Edy. (2012). Aplikasi Praktis SPSS Dalam Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Gava Media. Widarjono, Agus. (2009). Ekonomitrika Pengantar dan Aplikasinya. Edisi Ketida. Yogyakarta: Ekonesia Wulandari, Noviola. et al., (2017). Pengaruh Kualitas Audit, Leverage, Dan Manajemen Laba Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Diperusahaan Pertambangan dan Pertanian Yang Terdaftar Di BEI. Vol. 11 (No.1) Yin, Jennifer, and Agnes Cheng. (2004). Earnings Management of Profit Firms and Loss Firms in Response to Tax Rate Reductions‖. Review of Accounting and Finance volume Yoehana, Maretta. (2013). Analisis Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting.

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Educação, na especialidade de Formação de Professores, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra ; Num contexto em que uma das principais preocupações na educação é a garantia de qualidade e perante uma situação nacional que apresenta baixos níveis de desempenho dos alunos da educação básica, nomeadamente nas zonas rurais, surge o Programa Todos a Aprender (PTA) como parte integrante de uma política educativa do governo colombiano. O programa tem uma estrutura com cinco componentes básicas (pedagógico, formação situada, condições básicas, gestão educativa e comunicação) e um proceso de formação em cascata, como estratégia para chegar até as instituções educativas, de modo a contribuir para melhoria das práticas docentes e, em consequência, para o fortalecimento das aprendizagens dos alunos. Tendo em conta a importancia deste compromisso nacional, esta investigação visa avaliar o PTA no contexto colombiano, o que implica avaliar a coerência interna (planificação e implementação) e a coerência externa (pertinência no contexto e resultados conseguidos). Portanto, tem por base os seguintes objetivos específicos: identificar a pertinência e relevância do PTA, de acordo com as necessidades do contexto colombiano; determinar a consistencia e coerência interna relativamente à planificação e estruturação; avaliar os processos desenvolvidos na implementação, segundo a sua eficiência; identificar as opiniões dos encarregados da gestão, coordinação e implementação do programa e, por fim, avaliar os resultados previstos e não previstos. O enquadramento teórico da investigaçao integrou dois conceitos chave: a qualidade educativa e a avaliação de programas. Estos referentes foram o ponto de partida para a construção do plano da avaliação multifatorial com base nos presupostos dos métodos mistos de investigação, assumidos como opção metodológica. Nesta linha, a partir de um design de triangulação da informação, na sua variante de modelo multinível, foram aplicadas diferentes técnicas, como a análise documental e instrumentos nas vertientes qualitativa (entrevistas) e quantitativa (questionários), para recolher a perceção dos atores quer relativamente à planificação e estruturação do programa (com uma amostra de 7 pessoas da equipa de gestão e coordenação), quer à sua implementação (com uma amostra de 274 participantes integrada por formadores, tutores e professores). Os resultados da investigação indicaram que o programa é pertinente dado que se adequa às necessidades identificadas no contexto nacional e internacional, embora sejam necessários alguns ajustamentos relativamente às necessidades regionais; no que diz respeito à planificação e estruturação, a triangulação da informação permite concluir que o programa é consistente e apresenta articulação entre as componentes, embora seja importante rever a abrangência do programa e os tempos estabelecidos para o desenvolvimento. A avaliação do processo, na qual se prestou especial atenção à perceção dos atores, apresentou os valores mais positivos, nomeadamane no que diz da eficiência do processo de formação. Consderando a sua ligação com a qualidade e as reformas educativas, destaca-se a perceção positiva sobre as culturas colaborativas desenvolvidas e a satisfação com a profissão e com o papel no PTA. Numa perspetiva metodológica, os resultados desta fase permitiram verificar a qualidade dos intrumentos usados na recolha dos dados além da correlação entre estas diferentes variaveis que fornecem um contributo para explicar a avaliação feita pelos atores do programa. Por fim, uma análise dos produtos do programa, segundo os resultados previstos e não previstos, indicou que embora não se tenha cumprido na totalidade com o objetivo específico do programa fixado en termos quantitativos, foram evidentes as melhorias em aspetos, como a transformação das práticas docentes, conseguida pela disponibilidade para a reflexão e o trabalho em equipa. A comprovar isto mesmo estão os comentarios dos diferentes actores sobre as experiências significativas que têm surgido nas diferentes regiões do país e que são inspiradoras de novas dinámicas de trabalho. Perante os resultados apresentados, conclui-se que o programa tem contribuido para a transformação da qualidade relativamente aos processos de mudança nos docentes e o fortalecimento da sua formação. Contudo ainda não é evidente o compromisso e a capacidade instalada para garantir a sua sustentabilidade no âmbito local e institucional. Por outro lado, confirma-se a validade e, de facto, a necessidade de combinar diferentes propostas teóricas e metologógicas para fazer uma avaliação adequada ao nível da complexidade de um programa como o PTA. Constata-se, também, a necessidade de avaliar os programas através de um sistema multifatorial que integre, para além de aspetos ligados à eficacia, outros fatores que possam explicar a sua eficiência, pertinência e sustentabilidade e fornecer um contributo para um uso prático da avaliação de natureza mais educativa do que política. ; "Programa Todos a Aprender" (PTA) was born as an educational policy of the Colombian government in a context where one of the main concerns about education is quality guarantee and there is a low quality of education; elementary school students have low rates of performance, especially in rural areas. The program has five basic components (pedagogical component, training, basic conditions, educational managment and comunication); it also has a training cascade process, as a estrategy to help the schools, in order to improve the teachers' practice and to enhance the students' learning. Taking into account the significance of this governmental challenge, the current investigation has the purpose of evaluating the program in the Colombian context. To that end, the internal (design and implementation) and external consistency (relevance and coherence with the context and the results achieved) were assessed. The investigation aims to identify the relevance of the program according to the needs of the Colombian context; to identify the consistency and internal coherence of its design and implementation; to evaluate the efficiency of the developed process in the implementation phase; to identify the opinions of the stakeholders; and to evaluate the results, the expected and the unexpected outcomes. The theoretical framework included two key concepts: educational quality and program evaluation. These references were the support for the multifactorial evaluation design based on the Mixed Methods research principles, adopted as the methodological option. Through a triangulation design, multilevel variant, several data collection methods, as documental analysis, and instruments were applied, in the qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (surveys) perspectives in order to know the perception of the stakeholders; the design team (with seven people) and the implementation team (with 274 participants: trainers, tutors and teachers). The results of the investigation indicate that the program is relevant to meet the main needs identified in both the national and the Latin American contexts. However, it is necessary to make some adjustments to meet the regional needs. In relation to the design, the triangulation of the information made it possible to conclude that the program has consistency and there is an articulation between the components. Nevertheless, it is important to verify its broad scope and the time determined for its development. The evaluation process, focused on the stakeholders' perception, shows the most positive values, particularly in regards to the efficiency of the training process. In consideration to its asociation with the quality and educational reforms, the collaborative cultures developed and the satisfaction with the profession and the rol into de PTA had special recognition. From a metodological perspective, the results of this phase demostrated the quality of the methods and instruments applied to the data collection. They also revealed the correlation between these different variables which aim to explain the evaluation of the stakeholders about the program. Finally, the analisys of the program products, in regards to the expected an unexpected results, indicate that it was not possible to achieve the quantitative goal of the program. However, some progress was made in the transformation of the teaching practices and it was achieved by their unwilling to reflect and their teamwork, as evidenced by the feedback of stakeholders about the significative experiences arised in several regions of the country and were inspiration for new work dinamics. On the basis of the above considerations, it can be concluded that the program has also made an important contribution to the transformation of the quality associated with the change process of the teachers and the enhance of their training. However, the commitment and the installed capacity to guarantee the sustainability of the program, both the local and institutional levels, has not been evidenced yet. On the other hand, the validity of making a combination of several theoretical and methodological approaches in order to design an evaluation according to a complex program, like the PTA, was confirmed. It has also been demonstrated the need to evaluate the programs through multifactorial systems which include the effectiveness and other elements able to make an explanation about its efficiency, relevance and sustainability. On this way, it is possible to provide a contribution to make a practical use of evaluation, more educational and less political. ; En un contexto en el que una de las principales preocupaciones en la educación es la garantía de calidad y ante una situación nacional que reporta bajos índices de desempeño de los estudiantes de educación básica, especialmente en zonas rurales, surgió el Programa Todos a Aprender (PTA) como parte de la política educativa gubernamental colombiana. Este programa se estructura en cinco componentes básicos (pedagógico, formación situada, condiciones básicas, gestión educativa y comunicación) y tiene un proceso de formación en cascada, como estrategia de llegada a las instituciones educativas, para contribuir para al mejoramiento de las prácticas de los docentes y en consecuencia, al fortalecimiento de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes. Dadas las implicaciones de esta apuesta nacional, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar este programa en el contexto colombiano identificando su coherencia interna (diseño e implementación) y su coherencia externa (pertinencia en el contexto y resultados logrados). Específicamente, se pretendía identificar la pertinencia y relevancia del PTA según las necesidades del contexto colombiano; determinar su consistencia y coherencia interna en relación con su diseño; evaluar los procesos desarrollados durante la implementación, en función de su eficiencia; identificar las opiniones de los actores responsables de la gerencia, coordinación e implementación del programa y finalmente, evaluar sus resultados, tanto previstos como no previstos. El marco teórico de la investigación integró dos conceptos clave: la calidad educativa y la evaluación de programas. Estos referentes fueron el punto de partida para la construcción del plan de evaluación multifactorial desde los presupuestos de los métodos mixtos de investigación, asumidos como opción metodológica. En esta línea, mediante un diseño de triangulación, en su variante de modelo multinivel, fueron aplicadas diferentes técnicas como el análisis documental y variados instrumentos, desde las vertientes cualitativa (entrevistas) y cuantitativa (cuestionarios), para recuperar la percepción de los actores tanto del diseño (con una muestra de 7 personas del equipo de gerencia y coordinación), como de la implementación (con una muestra de 274 participantes, entre formadores, tutores y profesores). Los resultados de la investigación sugieren que el programa es pertinente dado que se adecua a las necesidades identificadas en el contexto nacional e incluso internacional, aunque requiere un mayor ajuste en función de las necesidades regionales. En relación con el diseño, la triangulación de la información permitió concluir que el programa es consistente y presenta articulación entre los componentes; sin embargo, es importante revisar su alcance y los tiempos establecidos para su desarrollo. La evaluación del proceso, para lo cual se prestó especial atención a la percepción de los actores, presentó los valores más positivos, especialmente en lo que corresponde a la eficiencia de la cadena de formación. Considerando su asociación con la calidad y las reformas educativas, se destaca la valoración, también positiva, de las culturas colaborativas desarrolladas y la satisfacción con la profesión y con el rol en el PTA. En una perspectiva metodológica, los resultados en esta fase permitieron constatar la calidad de los instrumentos usados para la recolección de los datos, además de la correlación establecida entre estas diferentes variables que contribuyeron a explicar la evaluación que los actores hacen del programa. Un análisis de los productos del programa, de acuerdo con los resultados esperados y no esperados, nos indicó que si bien no se logró cumplir, en su totalidad, con el objetivo específico del programa propuesto en términos cuantitativos, se evidenciaron mejoras en aspectos como la transformación de la práctica docente gracias a la disposición para la reflexión y el trabajo en equipo. Así lo evidenciaron los comentarios de los actores sobre las experiencias significativas que surgieron en las diferentes regiones del país y que inspiraron nuevas dinámicas de trabajo. De todo lo anterior, se concluye que el programa ha contribuido a la transformación de la calidad en relación con los procesos de cambio de los docentes y el fortalecimiento de su formación, aunque aún no se evidencia el suficiente compromiso y la capacidad instalada para garantizar su sustentabilidad tanto en el ámbito local como institucional. De otra parte, se confirmó la validez de conjugar diferentes apuestas teóricas y metodológicas para diseñar una evaluación ajustada a la complejidad de un programa como el PTA. Se constató también la necesidad de evaluar los programas desde sistemas multifactoriales que integren no solo aspectos asociados a la eficacia, sino también otros factores que puedan explicar su eficiencia, pertinencia y sostenibilidad y ofrecer una contribución para un uso práctico de la evaluación de cariz más educativo que político. ; Programme of Exchange & Cooperation For International Studies between Europe and South América

Jurnal Ruang-Space mendedikasikan publikasinya untuk memperoleh pemahaman terhadap ruang dan lingkungan binaan. Jurnal ini ditujukan untuk menjembatani kesenjangan dalam publikasi ilmiah, khususnya yang menempatkan lingkungan binaan sebagai bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari ilmu-ilmu sosial maupun politik. Dalam konteks ini, Jurnal Ruang mempublikasikan artikel-artikel yang mendorong kemunculan pemikiran-pemikiran kritis, sebagai salah satu karakteristik dari era pasca-modern dan globalisasi. Pemahaman terhadap lingkungan binaan secara menyeluruh dilaksanakan dengan memproposisikan pendekatan lintas disiplin, dan cara berpikir yang tidak semata dibatasi bidang keprofesian tertentu. Adapun fokus pembidangan Jurnal ini adalah pada isu-isu yang muncul sebagai akibat pembangunan keruangan untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan bermukim umat manusia di era milenium ketiga. Fokus ini mencakup disiplin arsitektur, perencanaan, arsitektur landskap, perancangan kota, termasuk juga pandangan serta interprestasi terhadap lingkungan binaan dari kacamata urban geografi, sosiologi dan ilmu politik. Dalam mendukung visi global ini, kami mengundang partisipasi dari penulis, baik yang berasal dari dalam maupun luar Indonesia.Secara detil, Jurnal Ruang-Space menerima artikel yang membahas isu-isu berkenaan sustainabilitas, wujud kota (urban form), urban landskap (urban landscape), desain kontrol, wujud serta organisasi spasial kemasyarakatan, etnik arsitektur, perumahan untuk masyarakat berpendapatan rendah, kebijakan serta urban politik, and desain perkotaan. Jurnal ini menyambut baik kajian terhadap beragam teori dalam wujud aplikasi maupun temuan, baik yang berupa fakta maupun analisis baru. Dalam konteks ini, pendekatan serta pemikiran berbasis multidisiplin menjadi sebuah keharusan, dan bukan perkecualian. Pendekatan berpikir 'outside the box' akan menjadi karakter penting dalam pencapaian tujuan ini. Melalui publikasi Jurnal Ruang -Space kami berharap bisa membangun visi yang dinamik dan menarik, yang berbeda dengan wujud publikasi yang hanya dilandasi oleh pandangan bahwa perencanaan dan perancangan arsitektur sebagai satu-satunya elemen penentu kualitas fisik maupun sosial dari lingkungan binaan, dimana kita berada.Selain bertujuan menyediakan ruang untuk publikasi terkait topik-topik di atas, Jurnal Ruang-Space juga mempublikasikan artikel berdasarkan tema spesifik, yang secara khusus dan mendalam membahas isu-isu tertentu. Tema ini dibangun dalam batas lingkup topik publikasi, misalnya: pembangunan keruangan desa, ruang pada sistem kemasyarakatan tradisional, pengaruh globalisasi terhadap budaya keruangan lokal, dan mekanisme penggendalian pembangunan keruangan di daerah. Disamping itu, sebagai sebuah produk publikasi dari Program Studi Magister Arsitektur, Universitas Udayana, Bali, kami memiliki misi menjadikan Jurnal ini sebagai media untuk mendiskusikan isu-isu penting yang sedang dihadapi masyarakat di Pulau Dewata. Ini khususnya mencakup permasalahan pembangunan dan budaya secara keseluruhan. Di permukaan, debat berkenaan topik ini bertautan erat dengan industri kepariwisataan, yang dampaknya sudah sangat jelas bisa diidentifikasi, dan telah diinterprestasikan secara beragam. Di satu sisi, industri ini seringkali dipandang memiliki peran destruktif terhadap lingkungan dan budaya lokal, namun pada saat yang sama telah berkontribusi secara besar-besaran terhadap pembangunan ekonomi. Sirkumsatansi ini bukanlah hal langka yang hanya dialami Bali, namun pulau ini memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan sebagai laboratorium, dimana permasalahan yang muncul sebagai akibat pembangunan pariwisata bisa dipelajari secara mendalam. Selain mempublikasikan artikel dengan format dan substansi tersebut di atas, ke depannya, Jurnal Ruang-Space juga mengundang tiga tipe publikasi. Pertama, book review (maksimum 1000 kata). Kedua, viewpoints yang memamaparkan pandangan-pandangan kekinian atau kritik terhadap sebuah teori, metode, topik-topik tertentu, dan lain-lain yang dipandang oleh penulis telah terlalaikan atau dimisinterprestasikan (1000-2000 kata). Ketiga, review terhadap artikel yang tidak hanya mereview buku tertentu, tetapi melingkup juga sejarah, dampak, buku-buku yang memiliki kemiripan, kritik terhadap teori (2000-3000 kata). Melalui kesempatan ini, kami ucapkan selamat bergabung kepada anggota Dewan Editor Jurnal Ruang-Space. Terima kasih yang sedalam-dalamnya kami sampaikan kepada Ibu dan Bapak Anggota Dewan Editor atas kesediaannya untuk berpartisipasi dalam publikasi ini. Kami berharap, melalui dukungan Ibu dan Bapak, Jurnal Ruang-Space akan mencapai misinya untuk berperan sebagai media komunikasi bagi pemikiran-pemikiran baru serta hasil-hasil studi di bidang lingkungan terbangun. Anggota Dewan Editor Jurnal Ruang-Space memiliki latar belakang kepakaran yang beragam dan telah memiliki pengakuan di bidangnya masing-masing. Ini melingkup kepakaran di bidang rancang bangun, pembangunan dan perencanaan, perancangan kota, politikal ekonomi, sosiologi, sejarah dan antrofologi. Edisi perdana Jurnal Ruang-Space diawali dengan artikel yang dikontribuskan oleh Profesor Alexander Cuthbert (UNSW, Australia), salah satu guru besar tamu di Universitas Udayana. Artikel pertama ini mempersonifikasikan beberapa aspek dari permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam perancangan kota, dengan menawarkan sebuah pendekatan teoritis baru. Tulisan ini memandang bahwa estetika dan interprestasi terhadap budaya di bidang arsitektur bisa dilihat melalui kacamata teori-teori sosial. Artikel kedua ditulis Ni Made Dhina Avianthi Irawan, salah seorang staf Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum Bali di bidang Penataan Bangunan dan Lingkungan. Dhina membahas tentang pembangunan citra Kota Blahkiuh berdasarkan pengalaman serta pandangan masyarakat pengamat perkembangan kota. Blahkiuh merupakan salah satu contoh kota golongan IV di Bali. Tulisan ketiga disajikan oleh Ni Made Emmi Nutrisia Dewi, salah satu staf pengajar dari Sekolah Tinggi Desain, Bali. Tulisan Emmi mengkaji tentang pemanfaatan ruang-ruang komunal di Desa Pedungan (Denpasar), wujud perubahan fungsi yang ada dan faktor-faktor penyebab perubahan ini. Artikel keempat ditulis oleh I Made Wirata (arsitek profesional) dan Ngakan Putu Sueca (profesor Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas Udayana). Tulisan ini membahas tentang konsep rumah adat Suku Sasak di Dusun Segenter, Lombok Utara. Keunikan permukiman ini adalah pada penempatan ruang-ruang yang sangat tergantung dari penempatan pintu dan bale sakanem (bangunan dengan 6 tiang struktur). Artikel kelima ditulis oleh Dinar Sukma Pramesti, seorang arsitek profesional. Tulisan Dinar mendiskusikan tentang tipe rumah panggung di Kampung Loloan, Kabupaten Jembrana, Bali. Dinar menggarisbawahi jika bentuk arsitektur rumah panggung kampung ini telah berkembang, menyesuaikan kondisi sosial-budaya, ekonomi, umur bangunan, ketersediaan lahan, dan preferensi dari penghuni. Artikel keenam disusun oleh I Nengah Riana, Widiastuti, dan Ida Bagus Gde Primayatna, staf akademik dari Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Universitas Pendidikan Nasional, (Bali) dan Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas Udayana. Paper ini menstudi salah satu permasalahan serius yang semakin dihadapi Kota Denpasar, yaitu perubahan pemanfaatan ruang terbuka hijau. Perubahan ini dilihat dari wujud perubahannya serta faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya alih fungsi ini. Artikel ketujuh mengkaji tentang relevansi dari perumahan berlantai banyak dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan perumahan untuk masyarakat berpendapatan rendah di daerah perkotaan di Indonesia, yang ditulis oleh Gusti Ayu Made Suartika, seorang akademik dari Program Studi Magister Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Spasial Desa/Kota, Universitas Udayana. Akhirnya terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya disampaikan kepada para penulis, wakil editor, anggota dewan editor, staf editor, dan team produksi, yang telah berkontribusi dan bekerja keras sehingga publikasi Jurnal RUANG-SPACE terealisasikan. ??? Ruang-Space is a new journal dedicated to the understanding of space and the built environment. It has been created to fill a major gap in academic publishing in Indonesia, where the physical built environment remains somewhat detached from its counterparts in social science and urban politics. To this extent Ruang-Space focuses on development in general, encouraging lateral thinking as a dominant characteristic of post-modern thought and the politics of globalisation. The intention is to address the built environment as a whole, and to dispense with the barriers and silos that define professional thinking. So the subject matter of the journal will focus on major issues emerging from the development of human settlements in the third millennium. These will of necessity include the disciplines of architecture, planning, landscape architecture and urban design, as well as interpretations of the built environment emerging from urban geography, sociology and political science. In order to support our global vision, we encourage articles and reviews from around the world. In greater detail, we welcome submissions dealing with sustainability, urban form, the urban landscape, design control, community organisation, ethnic architecture, housing for the poor, urban politics and policy, and the design of cities. But in addition to our overall intention to broaden the analysis of settlement form and structure in Indonesia and abroad, we wish to push forward the barriers on significant theory, either in its application or in the discovery of new facts and forms of analysis. In so doing we accept that in the increasingly globalising world of postmodernity, cross disciplinarity is becoming the rule rather than the exception, and that thinking 'outside the box' is now a necessary characteristic of this process. Hence submissions which further these ideas will be encouraged in the peer-refereeing process that we will pursue. Under the umbrella of Ruang-Space, we hope to generate a dynamic and interesting vision of the built environment that stands in contrast to journals whose subject matter is contained within a narrow vision of architecture and planning as constraining determinants of social space. While it is our intention to make space available on a continuing basis to a diversity of submissions, as is now the norm we intend to publish occasional 'themed' issues that cover particular subjects in significant depth, for example in kampung development, space in traditional societies, the impact of globalisation on local cultures and development control. Additionally, since this journal is being produced by the Masters Program in Architecture at Udayana University in Bali, it is also our intention to use it as a forum for the diversity of problems that now inundate Balinese society, specifically those that affect development and culture as a whole. In the forefront of this debate lies the nemesis of tourism. Its impacts are ubiquitous and variously interpreted on the one hand as destructive of environment and culture yet on the other as a making a massive contribution to the local economy. While Bali's problems are not original, the island paradise offers a singular laboratory where the conflicts brought by tourism can be studied in significant depth. It is also our intention to generalise our content, not only in subject matter but also in the form in which it is presented. In future issues we will also welcome three other types of submission. First, book reviews (up to 1000 words). Second, viewpoints which provide a new insight or critique of a theory, method, subject matter etc that the author feels is being ignored or is otherwise misinterpreted (1000-2000 words). Third, review articles which not only review a particular book, but cover its history, influences, similar texts and a theoretical critique of content (approx 2-3000 words). We also take this opportunity to welcome our editorial board members, whom we gratefully thank for their participation. We hope that with your support, this journal will achieve its mission to be a medium for communication for new thoughts and study findings in the area of the built environment. Our editorial board includes experts in a variety of fields dealing with the built environment, individuals who have attained great respect in their diverse disciplines, including architecture, urban planning, urban design, political economy, sociology, sustainability, anthropology and history. This first Volume and first issue is opened by Professor Cuthbert who is a distinguished Visiting Professor at our University (Guru Besar Tamu), whose work has had international acclaim in the area of urban design. His article personifies many of the above qualities by offering a new theoretical framework for urban design from within the realm of social theory that he suggests can replace aesthetic and 'cultural' interpretations of architecture. This is followed by the second article written by Ni Made Dhina Avianthi Irawan, a civil servant of Ministry of Public Works, Department of Building and Environment in Bali. Dhina discusses the development of Blahkiuh image based on observers experiences and perception. Blahkiuh is classified as a city of class IV status in Bali. The third paper is authored by Ni Made Emmi Nutrisia Dewi, an academic of the Design Institute of Bali. Emmi's article studies the use of communal spaces of Pedungan Village (Denpasar), and the changes and factors behind them. The fourth article is written by I Made Wirata, a professional architect, and Ngakan Putu Sueca (Professor in the Department of Architecture, Udayana University). It discusses concepts behind the Sasak houses of Segenter Village, North of Lombok. The uniqueness of these settlements is the layout of spaces that relies heavily on the placement of doors and the bale sakanem (building with six structural columns). The fifth article is authored by Dinar Sukma Pramesti, a professional architect. Dinar studies the stilt houses of Loloan community, Jembrana, Bali. She underlines that the form of stilt houses has changed over time in line with various elements including socio-cultural aspects, economic factors, building age, land availability, and occupants' preferences. The sixth article is written by I Nengah Riana, Widiastuti, and Ida Bagus Gde Primayatna, academic staff from the Department of Civil Engineering, National University (Bali) and the Department of Architecture, Udayana University. It examines the conversion of green open spaces, a major problem in Denpasar. The seventh paper is authored by Gusti Ayu Made Suartika. It examines the relevance of multi storey housing in fulfilling the need for affordable houses by low income urban dwellers in Indonesia. Finally, a big thank you to all our contributors, editorial board, production team and publishing staff who have worked faithfully to bring the journal RUANG- SPACE into being.

El caso de la mortalidad infantil ha sido resultado de un complejo proceso que está inscrito en la estructura social y que se encuentra influenciado, según Behb (1982), Wagstaff (2001) y Cleason et al (2001), por determinantes en las que las acciones y las políticas públicas son los inputs del proceso, mientras que la mortalidad infantil es el output. Los Inputs funcionan a través de los determinantes, obteniendo como resultado, la tasa de mortalidad infantil (Diaz, 2003). El interés de este documento es ubicar las variables políticas como las causas de la mortalidad infantil, lo cual implica un sesgo por tratar de demostrar la importancia de la influencia de las variables políticas, por encima de la influencia que puedan tener las económicas o las relacionadas con el conflicto armado. ¿Cómo hacerlo?, ¿Cómo demostrar esta hipótesis? Con base en una extensa búsqueda; se realiza un análisis de fuentes documentales; (estudios, documentos que den cuenta de la relación de las variables políticas y la mortalidad infantil). No fue nutrida la literatura encontrada al respecto; por ello se hizo necesaria la ampliación del espectro más allá del sector salud. Este enfoque era coherente con la propuesta misma, pues entender las causas de las causas de la mortalidad infantil implica abordar otros campos de estudio que se encuentran mediados por un enfoque desde los determinantes sociales. Se analiza en primera medida, el proceso de descentralización en Colombia para explorar su influencia sobre el manejo del sector público y su influencia en la tasa de mortalidad infantil en Colombia. Inicialmente, se describen los principales datos de los efectos económicos de la descentralización. Se destaca cómo los municipios colombianos aumentaron sus inversiones considerablemente en la medida en que la descentralización se profundizaba. De manera adicional, se realiza análisis cualitativo con la aplicación de herramientas como la entrevista a un grupo de actores clave, diálogos con expertos, tomadores de decisión y sociedad civil del ámbito nacional e internacional; para identificar conjuntamente con el análisis documental, las posibles determinantes sociales que estarían influyendo en el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil. Este ejercicio implicó acotar las perspectivas pues, de acuerdo con la experiencia o la tendencia de la fuente consultada, las causas de mortalidad infantil aparecen, unas con más fuerza que otras. A partir de allí se hace evidente que más allá de los discursos y de las investigaciones revisadas, se requiere la construcción de un modelo de determinantes sociales para la mortalidad infantil en Colombia, que logre explicar la influencia de cada una de las variables en el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil, teniendo como referencia los marcos teóricos y conceptuales de la epidemiología crítica, haciendo especial énfasis en los determinantes políticos. Por último, se construye un modelo que permita mostrar la influencia de las variables políticas en la tasa de mortalidad infantil, a su vez, se analiza la influencia de las variables políticas en la asignación del gasto a salud por recursos propios, como también la influencia de variables de conflicto en la asignación de recursos propios a salud. Los resultados del estudio en cuanto a revisión documental y aplicación de herramienta cualitativa para análisis de discurso (Nvivo 10) evidencian que la tasa de mortalidad infantil en Colombia en el período analizado, presenta en general un comportamiento hacia el descenso; pero al interior del país existen regiones donde la tasa ha decrecido fuertemente y, en otros, ha aumentado en 102%. Estas variaciones pueden estar explicadas desde un análisis cualitativo; a la manera como se entienden, analizan y se operativizan los determinantes sociales, desde los diferentes actores. La forma de entender las causas de las causas, a través de las entrevistas, difiere entre cada uno de los grupos entrevistados de la forma de abordar las problemáticas priorizadas por las comunidades. En donde queda evidenciado cómo los determinantes sociales, políticos, económicos y de la salud están mediando en los resultados del comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil en Colombia. Los resultados del modelo econométrico ratifican la influencia de estas variables en el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil; por ejemplo, los incrementos en la cantidad de afiliados al régimen subsidiado repercuten directamente en la disminución municipal de la tasa de mortalidad para menores de un año. De otro lado, ante incrementos del gasto propio destinado a salud, la tasa de mortalidad en menores de un año, disminuye. Los resultados confirman la hipótesis de que en las poblaciones con más necesidades básicas insatisfechas, se genera un incremento en la tasa de mortalidad en menores de un año. A su vez, las derivaciones obtenidas del estudio, muestran que los recursos destinados a salud, aumentan cuando el número de concejales del partido del alcalde aumentan, y sucede lo contrario en el caso inverso. Se evidencia la influencia de variables políticas, las diferentes leyes que afectaron la descentralización, algunos factores políticos como la participación en elecciones de alcaldes, el porcentaje de partidos políticos en el Concejo, el partido de los alcaldes y el número efectivo de partidos; pueden estar mediando en el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil en Colombia. El estudio ratifica la influencia de otros determinantes de manera directa e indirecta mencionados por los entrevistados y analizados en el modelo econométrico; se trata de determinantes económicos como las NBI, la cobertura al régimen subsidiado, el gasto en salud, el conflicto armado, la prestación de servicios públicos, la participación social y la rendición de cuentas. A pesar de la aproximación de los modelos econométricos presentados con las limitaciones, no es posible por esta vía afirmar que existe una influencia total y certera de las variables políticas en el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil en Colombia entre 1994-2009. Sin embargo, es evidente en los discursos de las personas entrevistadas y de los elementos analizados y presentados anteriormente que las variables políticas se mencionan como relevantes en el comportamiento de la tasa de mortalidad infantil. Se reafirman en este estudio, las recomendaciones de garantizar el financiamiento de los servicios de salud, el aumento en la cobertura con calidad e integralidad a la población infantil, la disminución del conflicto armado, la garantía de protección total de las poblaciones vulnerables por parte del Estado, la elaboración de planes de salud de largo alcance que disminuyan los efectos del clientelismo, parece contribuir también a la salud y al bienestar de la infancia. Para finalizar se hace la recomendación desde la econometría de seguir realizando aproximaciones para explicar la mortalidad infantil buscando estimar el efecto del gasto propio en salud sobre las tasas de mortalidad infantil en menores de un año, utilizando el método de estimación econométrico básico que es el de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO). Es posible que el modelo presente un problema de endogeneidad común en el análisis econométrico. Dado lo anterior, se recomienda utilizar un modelo de variables instrumentales y allí está el reto final de encontrar la variable instrumental adecuada que permita realizar estimaciones insesgadas y consistentes. ; Abstract. The case of infant mortality was the result of a complex process that is registered in the social structure and is influenced according Behb (1982 ) , Wagstaff (2001) and Cleason et al (2001) , for determining when the actions and public policies are the inputs of the process, while infant mortality is the output. The inputs operate through determinants, resulting , and the infant mortality rate . The interest of this paper is to place political variables as the causes of infant mortality, which implies a bias to try to demonstrate the importance of the influence of political variables , above the influence they may have economic or related to the armed conflict . How to do it , how do I prove this hypothesis ? Based on an extensive search; an analysis of documentary sources is performed; (studies, documents that account for the relationship of political variables and infant mortality ) . No literature was found nourished thereon; thereby widening the spectrum beyond the health sector was necessary. This approach was consistent with the proposal itself, for understanding the causes of the causes of child mortality involves addressing other fields of study that are mediated by an approach from the social determinants. Is analyzed in a first step, the process of decentralization in Colombia to explore their influence on public sector management and its influence on the rate of infant mortality in Colombia. Initially, the main elements of the economic effects of decentralization are described. It highlights how the Colombian municipalities significantly increased their investments to the extent that decentralization deepened. Additionally, qualitative analysis is performed with the application of tools such as the interview with a group of key stakeholders, discussions with experts, decision makers and civil society in the national and international level; to identify together with the documentary analysis , the potential social determinants that would influence the behavior of infant mortality. This exercise involved narrow perspectives because, according to the experience or the tendency of the source consulted, the causes of infant mortality appear , some harder than others. From there it becomes clear that beyond speeches and revised research, building a model of social determinants for infant mortality in Colombia , which achieves explain the influence of each of the variables in behavior required infant mortality , taking as reference the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of critical epidemiology , with special emphasis on the political determinants . Finally , a model to show the influence of political variables in the infant mortality rate , in turn , the influence of political variables discussed in the allocation of expenditure to health equity , as well as the influence is built variable conflict in the allocation of health resources to themselves . Study results regarding document review and implementation of qualitative tool for discourse analysis ( Nvivo 10) show that the infant mortality rate in Colombia in the period analyzed , presents general behavior towards the descent; within the country but there are regions where the rate has declined sharply and, in others, has increased by 102%. These variations can be explained from a qualitative analysis ; to the way they understand , analyze and operationalize social determinants from different actors. The way to understand the causes of causes , through interviews , differs between each of the groups interviewed shape the issues prioritized by the communities addressed. Where is evident how the social, political, economic and health are mediating behavioral outcomes in infant mortality in Colombia . The results of the econometric model confirm the influence of these variables on the behavior of infant mortality; for example, increases in the number of affiliates to the subsidized regime directly affect municipal decreased mortality rate for children under one year. On the other hand, in increments of own health spending, the death rate for children under one year decreases. The results confirm the hypothesis that in populations with unmet basic needs, generates an increase in the mortality rate for children under one year. In turn, the study leads obtained show that the resources devoted to health, increase when the numbers of councilors increase the mayor's party, and the opposite happens in the reverse case. The influence of political variables is evident, the different laws affecting decentralization, some political factors such as participation in mayoral elections, the percentage of political parties on the council , the party of the mayors and the effective number of parties ; may be mediating the behavior of infant mortality in Colombia . The study confirms the influence of other determinants of direct and indirect mentioned by respondents and analyzed in the econometric model way ; is economic determinants such as NBI , the subsidized coverage , health expenditures , armed conflict , the provision of public services, social participation and accountability . Although the approximation of the econometric models presented with the limitations, it is not possible in this way say that there is a complete and accurate influence of political variables on the behavior of infant mortality in Colombia between 1994-2009. However, it is evident in the discourse of the interviewees and the elements analyzed and presented above that political variables are mentioned as relevant to the behavior of the infant mortality rate. Reaffirmed in this study, the recommendations to ensure the financing of health services, increased coverage and quality and comprehensiveness of the child population, the decline of armed conflict , ensuring total protection of vulnerable populations by the State, development of health plans that reduce the long-range effects of patronage , it also seems to contribute to the health and welfare of children. To end the recommendation is made from econometrics to continue making approaches to explain infant mortality looking estimate the effect of own health expenditure on infant mortality rates in children under one year, using the method of basic econometric estimation is to ordinary least squares (OLS ) . You may present the model problem common endogeneity in the econometric analysis. Given the above, we recommend using a model of instrumental variables and there is the final challenge of finding adequate instrumental variable that allows for unbiased and consistent estimates. ; Doctorado