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The articles in this issue examine different aspects of faith-based assistance to contemporary immigrants, particularly how those providing assistance to immigrants—both at the level of the hierarchy and the congregation—interpret their actions. The contributions take assistance to mean instances of directly providing help to immigrants, as well as the adoption of public positions that advance the overall welfare of immigrant groups. Overall, the studies in this issue expose instances in which religion moves beyond the confines of worship, spirituality, and ritual to underscore the public role of religious faith as it is captured in responses to immigration. Some contributions focus on the United States, others move the analytical gaze beyond U.S. borders, and still others take a comparative approach. Together, these articles add to a deeper understanding of faith-based assistance and religion across different national contexts.

The changes recently introduced in both European regulations (article 4 of the Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 of the European Union trade mark, article 3 of the Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of Member State relating to trade marks), as well as in Polish national regulations (article 120 of the ustawa – prawo własności przemysłowej of 30 June 2000 Dz. U. no 49 position 508 with changes) make registering a sound trademark not only possible on the base of its graphical representation (musical score or sonogram) but also its recording. On the one hand, it will make registration easier, but on the other, it will significantly change the nature of the subject of registration. Especially, it will concern signs which could be called musical trademarks. Their recording shall be seen as a kind of process in which each step is created by another person: the creator of the work, its performer and finally producer. What is the most important, each of them has his/her own right, i.e. copyright or related right. The article will present the characteristics of musical trademarks, rights to them vested in their "creators" on the basis of Polish law and the relationships between those rights, including some specifics of musical trademark both as a trademark and musical work. ; dominika@stopczanski.pl ; PhD candidate of musicology on the Adam Mickiewicz Univeristy in Poznań, Wydział Historyczny, Instytut Muzykologii; Master of laws and a member of Okręgowa Izba Adwokacka w Poznaniu; associate in Majda Strzyżewska Kancelaria Adwokacka sp. p. in Poznań. ; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland, Faculty of Historical Studies, Musicology Institute ; Barta, J., & Markiewicz, R. (2011). Przedmiot prawa autorskiego [Subject of Copyright]. In: J. Barta, R. Markiewicz (Eds.). Ustawa o Prawie autorskim i prawach Pokrewnych. Komentarz (pp. 3-124) wyd. V. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwers. ; Breuneis R., Musical Work Copyright for the Era of Digital Sound Technology: Looking Beyond Composition and Performance. Washington DS: The Georg Washington Law Faculty Publications & Other Works. ; Campbell, M. (2001) Timbre. In: Oxford Music Online. Grove Music Online (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/). https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27973. ; Ghazal, N. (2012). Problem relacji pomiędzy majątkowymi prawami autorskimi a prawami pokrewnymi [The Issue of Relationships Between the Author's Economic Rights and Related Rights]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace z prawa własności intelektualnej, 116 (2), 5-16. ; Kępiński, J. (2015). Czy znak towarowy może być utworem [Can a trademark be copyright protected?]. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, 77, (2),177-191. https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2015.77.2.12. ; Kurosz, K. (2015). Artystyczne wykonanie jako przedmiot ochrony – uwagi na tle najnowszego orzecznictwa sądowego [Artistic Performance as the Object of Protection. Remarks Against the Background of the Latest Case Law]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace z prawa własności intelektualnej, 130 (4), 26-45. ; Mania, G. (2016). Plagiat Muzyczny [Plagiarism in Music]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Prace z prawa własności intelektualnej, 133(3), 54-69. ; Nettl, B. (2014). Music. In: Oxford Music Online. Grove Music Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476. ; Sewerynik, A. (2013). Ochrona elementów składowych utworu muzycznego [The Copyright Protection of the Components of Musical Works]. Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego, 776, (2), 21-32. ; Tagg, Ph. (1982). Analysing popular music. Popular Music, 2, 37-67. ; 3 ; 1 ; 53 ; 66

Since 1998 in the Public Administration there are statutory workers ('estatutários') and others hired by the CLT labor regime ('celetistas'). Thisfact occurs due the Constitutional Amendment number 19 , formulated that year, which has changed the article 39 of Brazilian Constitution. It allowed public entities to hire employees under CLT legislation. This situation lasted until 2007 when the Supreme Court of Brazil suspended such modification and so the original understanding of the Constitution was reestablished. This work intends to evaluate the wage differential between statutory and CLT employees by means of an econometric approach. Using a fixed effectsregression we have analyzed the impact of the labor regime upon public workers wages and using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition we quantified how much of such differential is due the labor regime and how much is due to the individual characteristics (education, tenure and others). There are evidences that CLT workers have in average wages R$ 310.00 lower than statutory. Controlling by occupation we also see a negative prize to CLT worker to all groups except by the High Skilled Workers that have a salary R$ 95.98 higher than the Statutory. Low Skilled Workers show the smallest differential (R$ 12.20) followed by Teachers and Researchers (R$ 85.27) and Technicians (R$ 97.11). The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the largest part is not explained by endowments differences. The spending with wages and benefits to public employees is one of the main debates in the current scenario of fiscal adjustment facing the relevant increase of Public Debt in the last years. The Brazilian society has a perception that the Government has an excessive amount of workers and furthermore these onesreceive higher wages without a reasonable explanation when compared to similar occupations in private companies. At the end of 2017 the Brazilian Government presented an action plan to reduce the spending with wages and benefits of public employees. Among the proposals there were ...

The tremendous growth in returns has enthused private sector interest in reverse logistics (RL) as firms attempt to meet various challenges, but the implications of this trend have garnered limited public sector attention. In today's highly competitive global economy, the ability to efficiently and effectively handle returns provides a competitive advantage so public works policy that facilitates sustainable RL through lean and green operations can support economic development. This article conducts a review of the RL literature to determine the role played by government. Next, an RL model using data from the electronics industry in the Dallas, Texas, region is utilized to examine how public works management and policy can affect RL operations. Implications for local and state government public works agencies to assist businesses with RL sustainability efforts are developed.

Address before the Royal institute of international affairs, Chatham house, London, June 23, 1949.

Banking system was born with the establishment of Sepah Bank in 1304. This bank has special role in international trade, financial and economic and monetary relations. Sepah bank by allocating the credit and providing the necessary resources for foreign investment and international trade after the Islamic Revolution in Iran and alignment with government policies has always had a special place in macroeconomic. In 1386 this Bank was sanctioned by America government, and since then it has been consistent with this conditions and when was sanctioned by United Nations as first Iranian bank because of Iran's nuclear program, how to comfort with this status and to fight was placed on the agenda. By establishing a special committee in bank based on the leader directions to resist economy, alternative ways to get out of the existing situation was carried out and Sepah bank was considered as a pattern for next sanctioned bank.

Dis/ability History Goes Public erprobt, wie ein innovatives, fächerübergreifendes Wissenschaftsfeld vermittelt werden kann. Der Band bündelt erstmals Experimente, Initiativen und Vorschläge, die zeigen, wie man Dis/ability History und Dis/ability Studies in verschiedenen Öffentlichkeiten zugänglich und für die konkrete Gestaltung gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe nutzbar machen kann. Die Beiträge aus diversen fachwissenschaftlichen und didaktischen Disziplinen bieten praxisorientierte Gebrauchsanleitungen für alle, die Forschung, Wissenschaftskommunikation und praktizierte Partizipation verbinden möchten.

Blockchains are peer-to-peer networks that record and track transactions in distributed ledgers. Cryptocurrencies were the first application of the technology. Since then, blockchains have been heralded as a novel institutional technology that can rival firms and governments in terms of certain coordination and production functions. Given initial applications in the public sector, the study of blockchains for public administration presents considerable opportunity to interested scholars for development and clarification. This special issue on "Blockchains in Public Administration" is a response to this gap. This thematic introduction to the special issue reviews the initial views of blockchains as an alternative to government. We then describe several areas where governments have begun to use blockchains. Our review of these applications emphasize opportunities for public administration scholars and practitioners to add to the ongoing conversation on the impact of blockchain on society.