Suchergebnisse

Šī darba saturs ir veltīts būvniecības nozares integrēto mārketinga komunikāciju tendenču izpētei Latvijā, par pamatu ņemot konkrēta šīs nozares pārstāvja, SIA "Moduls Rīga", darbības izpēti. Gan SIA "Moduls Rīga", gan arī daudzu citu šīs nozares uzņēmumu darbība īpaši aktīva kļuva 20. gadsimta beigās. Šajā laika periodā daudzi būvniecības nozares uzņēmumi "vecajās" Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstīs sāka meklēt alternatīvas un jaunus tehnoloģiskos risinājumus nestabilajam Krievijas tirgum, kurā bija iestājusies ekonomiskā krīze. Lai padarītu savu uzņēmumu konkurētspējīgu tirgū, uzņēmumi sāka izmantot dažādus integrēto mārketinga komunikāciju elementus, kurus autore apskatīta šajā darbā. 1994. gadā Latvijas tirgū savu darbību aktīvi pieteica SIA "Moduls Rīga", kas, izmantojot savus uzņēmējdarbības sakarus ar citiem Eiropas valstu uzņēmējiem, prata piesaistīt uzņēmuma attīstībai nepieciešamās investīcijas un, pielietojot dažādus integrēto mārketinga komunikāciju elementus, iekarot vietu būvniecības tirgū. Pētījuma pirmajā daļā autore analizē gan būvniecības nozari kopumā, gan SIA "Moduls Rīga" darbību raksturojošo informāciju. Otrajā daļā autore pēta SIA "Moduls Rīga" sniegtos pakalpojumus, to cenu veidošanu, pakalpojumu kvalitātes un vides uzraudzības nozīmi, kā arī šo faktoru ietekmi uz uzņēmuma darbību. Savukārt trešajā daļā autore analizē SIA "Moduls Rīga" darbībā izmantotos integrēto mārketinga komunikāciju elementus, to efektivitāti un potenciālās pilnveidošanas iespējas. Ņemot vērā uzņēmuma straujo attīstību kopš 20. gadsimta beigām, autorei šķita nozīmīgi izpētīt un analizēt šādu panākumu cēloņus. Pamatojoties uz iepriekšminētajiem apsvērumiem, tika izvirzīta hipotēze, definēts pētījuma mērķis un formulēti uzdevumi šī mērķa sasniegšanai. No pētījuma rezultātiem autore ir izdarījusi virkni secinājumu par to, kādiem faktoriem ir vislielākā nozīme uzņēmuma konkurētspējas nodrošināšanai būvniecības nozarē, kā tiek veidots integrēto mārketinga komunikāciju komplekss un kā tas ietekmē paša uzņēmuma attīstības iespējas. Pamatojoties uz šiem secinājumiem, nobeigumā autore ir izstrādājusi priekšlikumus, kas spētu uzlabot uzņēmuma darbību un konkurētspēju tirgū, kā arī optimizēt integrēto mārketinga komunikāciju pielietojumu. Pētījuma atziņas var tikt izmantotas gan SIA "Moduls Rīga", gan citu līdzīga profila uzņēmumu konkurētspējas uzlabošanā. Darba izstrādes gaitā autore izmantoja likumdošanas un citus normatīvos aktus, specializēto literatūru, informāciju no masu mēdijiem un uzņēmuma nepublicēto informāciju. Maģistra darbs apjoms ir 99 lpp., tajā apkopoti 18 attēli un 11 tabulas. Darbam pievienoti arī divpadsmit pielikumi, kuros atspoguļoti dažādi vizuāli piemēri un plaši uzskaitījumi. Pielikumu kopējais apjoms sastāda 18 lpp. ; From the start of the civilization there has always been topical the issue of satisfaction of human needs. According to the theory of needs of Abraham Maslow, one of the basic human needs has been a dwelling. Nevertheless, there are large differences between the dwelling which made a primitive human being happy and the one appreciated by a modern person. Nowadays industry of construction is one of the most important industries in economy of every nation. Huge meaning of this industry is determined by its specific weight in gross domestic product. Building is time-consuming process and it is connected with every other industry because it produces foundations to other industries in the form of infrastructure. That is why it is so important to develop tenacious industry of construction in every country. Activity of many companies in the industry of construction increased in the end of 20th century after economic breakdown in Russia. In this period many traders of wiring and lighting equipment from "old" European Union countries started to seek for alternatives to loss-making markets of Russia. Many industrialists of engineering communications and up-to-dated constructions joined this quest. Since Latvia joined European Union there is a chance to involve big amount of capital investments and to implement big projects. Thanks to economical situation of Latvia and its growth of national economy Latvia can be described as well - disposed to capital investments. With foreign investors also comes experience in organizing international competitions and financing that helps our country to develop economics. Since biggest part of construction market of Latvia is divided between old and well known companies author as an object of her research decided to choose one company that is not so old yet whose development is fast-moving. Considering many aspects author decided that "Moduls Riga" Ltd. matches up with these parameters. As target of this research author determines analysis of whole industry of construction and particular "Moduls Riga" Ltd., structure and quality of services that company offers in market, topic of environmental control and its urgency in particular industry as well as analysis of integrated marketing communications and their efficacy and development of conclusions and suggestions that could improve company's competitiveness in market. Author gives an information about the industry of construction, activity of "Moduls Riga" Ltd. and its external environment in the first part of the research. In the second part of this research author gives an analysis of services offered by "Moduls Riga" Ltd. their prices and quality as well as company's activities to improve environmental control. Elements of promotion which are used in the activity of "Moduls Riga" Ltd. as well as their efficiency are analyzed in the third part of this research. There are 99 pages in research, 18 pictures and 11 tables. Work also has 11 appendixes.

António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz wurde im Jahre 1874 in Avanca,im Norden Portugals geboren. Hier verbrachte er den größten Teil seiner Kindheit, bevor er im Gymnasium von Viseu zur Schule ging, die er schließlich mit dem Abitur abschloß.1891 schrieb er sich an der Universität Coimbra ein. Hier absolvierte er das Studium der Medizin, das er 1899 mit Auszeichnung beenden konnte. 1901 heiratete Egas Moniz die ursprünglich aus Brasilien stammende Elvira de Macedo Dias. Im Jahre 1902 begann Moniz seine universitäre Laufbahn als Dozent in Coimbra. Nach mehreren Frankreichaufenthalten an Kliniken in Bordeaux und Paris wurde er 1911 an den Lehrstuhl für Neurologie nach Lissabon berufen. Durch seine wissenschaftlichen Werke - die zerebrale Angiographie und die Leukotomie - wurde er jedoch weit über die Grenzen Portugals hinaus bekannt. Moniz' politische Laufbahn fand ihren Höhepunkt zunächst in seiner Tätigkeit als Botschafter in Spanien und schließlich in der Funktion des Außenministers (1918). In den 20er Jahren widmete sich Moniz wieder verstärkt seiner wissenschaftlichen Karriere. 1927 gelang ihm die erste zerebrale Arteriographie am Lebenden. Seine Ergebnisse stellte er kurze Zeit nach der ersten gelungenen Aufnahme in Paris vor. Die Leukotomie - ein Aufsehen erregendes psychochirurgisches Verfahren - entwickelte Moniz dagegen erst Mitte der 30er Jahre. Moniz leitete seinen langjährigen Mitarbeiter Almeida Lima an, das Verfahren an einer ersten heterogenen Gruppe von 20 psychisch auffälligen Patienten zu erproben. Technisch wurde zunächst eine Durchtrennung der weißen Hirnsubstanz mittels Alkoholinjektionen angestrebt, die letztlich durch eine Läsion mit der Hilfe eines eigens entwickelten Schlingenwerkzeugs, des Leukotoms, abgelöst wurde. Auch diesmal stellte Moniz seine Ergebnisse einem Pariser Fachpublikum vor, schrieb darüber hinaus die Monographie "Tentatives operatoires de certaines psychoses", in welcher er nicht nur die Operationsmethode erklärte und die Ergebnisse zusammenfaßte, sondern auch Fallbeschreibungen der einzelnen Patienten dokumentierte. Die gespaltenen Reaktionen der Fachwelt reichten von enthusiastischer Anerkennung bis hin zu totaler Ablehnung. Auch die Verleihung des Nobelpreises im Jahre 1949 ließ Moniz Kritiker nicht verstummen. Bis heute dauert die Diskussion um die Leukotomie und um ähnliche psychochirurgische Eingriffe an, ohne daß es bis dato zu einer einheitlichen Bewertung von Moniz' Operationsversuchen gekommen wäre. Anhand der uneinheitlichen Bewertungen von Moniz' angeleiteten und dokumentierten Behandlungsversuchen läßt sich ablesen, wie stark die ethische Sichtweise dem jeweils vorherrschenden Zeitgeist unterworfen war. So fällt auch aus heutiger Sicht eine Bewertung unter Zugrundelegung historischer Rahmenbedingungen anders aus, als unter ausschließlicher Berücksichtigung aktueller ethischer Kriterien und Leitlinien: Aus heutiger Perspektive lassen sich überzeugende Argumente finden, die Moniz' Eingriffe in ethischer Hinsicht eindeutig desavouieren. Es läßt sich - schon angesichts der heterogenen Zusammensetzung, der geringen Gesamtzahl der Leukotomierten und der in keiner Weise standardisierten Ergebnisinterpretation - zweifelsfrei nachweisen, daß zu keinem Zeitpunkt ein Wirksamkeitsnachweis erbracht werden konnte. Ferner widerspricht Moniz' Auswahl der Patienten auf der Grundlage ihrer Verfügbarkeit zumindest aus heutiger Sicht dem Prinzip des Informed Consent. Ein Blick auf den historischen Kontext läßt eine Bewertung vergleichsweise milder ausfallen. Die Konzepte von Gesundheit und Krankheit sind - ebenso wie ihre ethische Bewertung - dem jeweiligen Zeitgeist unterworfen. Auch das Informed Consent-Prinzip läßt sich nicht ohne weiteres in jene Zeit übertragen ohne nach dem in der damaligen Gesellschaft vorherrschenden Bild des Psychiatriepatienten zu fragen. Ebenso gilt es, die zur fraglichen Zeit verfügbaren Behandlungsoptionen zu berücksichtigen. Im Laufe der Zeit hat sich nicht nur die Grundeinstellung zur Leukotomie sondern auch die Haltung zu den verantwortlichen Personen gewandelt. Angesichts der sich in jüngerer Zeit mehrenden positiven Stimmen, die ein Wiederaufleben psychochirurgischer Eingriffe für gerechtfertig halten, erscheint es keinesfalls abwegig, daß unsere Gesellschaft schon bald herausgefordert sein wird, die Diskussion erneut aufzunehmen. ; António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz was born in 1874 in Avanca, a small country village in the north of Portugal. There he spent most of his childhood. He went to school in Sao Fiel and Viseu where he passed his final examinations. In 1891 he started his university education and accomplished his medical degree examinations in 1899 with distinction. In 1901 he married the brazilian Elvira de Macedo Dias. In 1902 Moniz started his university career in Coimbra. After some time in Bordeaux and Paris (France) he was appointed to professorship in neurology (Lisbon)where he stayed until the end of his academic career. He was well known in Portugal and abroad because of his principal cientific work - the cerebral angiography and the leucotomy. The climax of his political career was in 1918 as Portugal´s ambassador in Spain and foreign minister. In the 20th Moniz concentrated on his cientific career and developed the cerebral angiography in 1927 which results he already published after a short time in Paris (France). Moniz developed the leucotomy - a psychosurgical method - in the 30th. He advised Almeida Lima to operate on a heterogenous group of 20 patient with psychiatric disorders. Tecnically in a first step Moniz intended to cut the white brain substance with alcohol injections which later on was replaced by a special instrument - the so called leucotom. Moniz presented his results in Paris again and published his first book "Tentatives operatoires de certaines psychoses" in which he not only explainded the tecnical procedure and summarized the results but also documented detailed case reports of each patient.The perception on a national and international level were devided between entusiastic appreciation and complete disaproval. The discussion about Moniz work and further psychosurgical methods was not stopped when Moniz received the Nobel Prize in 1949 and until today there is no homogenous judgement regarding Moniz´ psychosurgical operations. Regarding the different judgements of Moniz´psychosurgical interventions it becomes obvious that the ethical viewpoint depended on the prevailing spirit of the age. A today´s jugement considering the historical circumstances differs from a judgement considering only actual ethical guidelines. From a today´s point of view arguments against Moniz interventions can easily be found: The heterogenous group of patients, the low number of cases and no standardized interpretation of results show that effectiveness could not be proven. As well the fact that Moniz has chosen his patients on a base of availability contradicts the principle of informed consent. Considering the historical circumstances the jugement becomes milder. The understanding of health and illness as well as the ethical judgement depend on the spirit of the age. As well the principal of informed consent can not be transfered back in those time without asking about the perception of psychatric patients in the society. As well the availability of treatment options in those days need to be considered. The judgement of leucotomy has changed as well as the appreciation of the responsibile persons. Regarding recent statements that psychosurgery may become a justifed option of treatment again in the future we might be challenged to restart the discussion again.

El proyecto se relaciona con el mercado de capitales y su reciente evolución en Colombia, estableciendo las características y aplicabilidad a través del mercado no intermediado en cuanto a productos derivados, pero únicamente en subyacentes financieros como instrumentos de cobertura de riesgo, que se negocian o pueden negociar a través de Bolsa de valores o del mercado mostrador. Para tal efecto, se analiza el entorno legal e institucional en el que se desenvuelve el mercado de capitales en Colombia, se identifican las diversas formas en que operan los instrumentos derivados financieros de cobertura de riesgo, su evolución a nivel internacional, en contraste con el desarrollo en Colombia. De igual forma se reseña la legislación existente en Colombia, estableciendo las condiciones en que opera actualmente el mercado de derivados financieros en Colombia y los parámetros básicos que podrían ayudar a desarrollar dicho mercado a nivel nacional. Como procedimiento utilizado, se realizó el debido análisis de las respectivas cifras estadísticas, así como la evolución, características y comportamiento del mercado de derivados. Se presenta un análisis de los diversos factores que pueden incidir en una real implementación del mercado de futuros en el país, incluyendo aspectos de mercadeo, regulación e intervención estatal, requisitos y normas de supervisión y participación del mercado OTC entre otros. Finalmente, se hace referencia a modelos de Bolsa de futuros y derivados en México, Brasil y España; así como la propuesta para Colombia. ; Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) ; INTRODUCCIÓN 24 1. IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL MERCADO DE CAPITALES Y LOS INSTRUMENTOS DERIVADOS DE COBERTURA DE RIESGO 27 1.1 EL SISTEMA FINANCIERO Y EL MERCADO DE CAPITALES 27 1.2 INSTRUMENTOS DERIVADOS 29 1.2.1 Futuros 32 1.2.2 Opciones 33 1.2.3 Operaciones forward 35 1.2.4 Operaciones en el mercado swap 37 1.2.5 Operaciones a plazo de cumplimiento financiero 42 1.2.6 Operaciones carrusel 43 1.3 APLICACIONES PRACTICAS DE LAS OPERACIONES DE COBERTURA, ESPECULACIÓN Y ARBITRAJE 46 1.3.1 Cobertura 46 1.3.2 Especulación 46 1.3.3 Arbitraje 47 1.4 PRACTICA DE COBERTURA COMO ESTRATEGIA EMPRESARIAL 48 2. LEGISLACIÓN EXISTENTE PARA LA OPERACIÓN DEL MERCADO DE DERIVADOS FINANCIEROS EN COLOMBIA 51 2.1 NORMATIVIDAD EXISTENTE EN COLOMBIA, SOBRE OPERACIONES DEL MERCADO DE DERIVADOS FINANCIEROS 52 2.2 LA CAMARA DE COMPENSACIÓN 54 2.3 LA ESTANDARIZACION DE LOS CONTRATOS 58 3. APLICACIÓN Y EVOLUCION INTERNACIONAL DEL MERCADO DE DERIVADOS FINANCIEROS 61 3.1 ORIGEN DE LOS FUTUROS FINANCIEROS 61 3.2 EVOLUCION DEL MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DE DERIVADOS 63 3.2.1 Mercado Internacional de derivados OTC 66 3.2.2 Mercado internacional de futuros en interés abierto 69 3.2.3 Mercado internacional de opciones – Interés abierto 74 3.2.4 Mercado internacional de futuros – facturación 78 3.2.5 Mercado internacional de opciones – facturación 82 3.2.6 Mercado internacional de futuros y opciones en número de contratos 87 4. APLICACIÓN EN COLOMBIA DEL MERCADO DE DERIVADOS EN SUBYACENTES FINANCIEROS 89 4.1 EVOLUCION DE LOS INSTRUMENTOS DE COBERTURA DE RIESGO EN COLOMBIA 89 4.2 REFLEJOS DE LAS OPERACIONES DE BOLSA DE FUTUROS / OPCIONES PARA SU APLICACION EN COLOMBIA 100 4.2.1 Conclusiones generales de las operaciones de bolsa de futuros / Opciones 100 4.2.2 Parámetros y características básicas a considerar sobre las bolsas de futuros / opciones en el mundo 102 4.2.3 Aspectos de mercadeo 104 4.2.4 Regulación e intervención estatal 105 4.2.5 Impedimentos potenciales 108 4.2.6 Mercado OTC como origen del mercado de derivados organizado 111 4.3 EVOLUCION DE LAS ACTIVIDADES REALIZADAS Y MODELO DE BOLSAS DE FUTUROS & OPCIONES PROPUESTA PARA COLOMBIA 113 4.3.1 Recuento histórico para el fortalecimiento del mercado de capitales 113 4.3.2 Modelos de Bolsas de futuros y derivados a nivel internacional 116 5. CONCLUSIONES 122 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 126 ANEXOS 128 ; Maestría ; The project is related to the capital market and its recent evolution in Colombia, establishing the characteristics and applicability through the non-brokered market in terms of derivative products, but only in financial underlying instruments such as risk hedging instruments, which are traded or may negotiate through the Stock Exchange or the counter market. For this purpose, the legal and institutional environment in which the capital market operates in Colombia is analyzed, the different ways in which financial derivative instruments for risk coverage operate, their evolution at an international level, in contrast to the development in Colombia. Likewise, the existing legislation in Colombia is reviewed, establishing the conditions in which the financial derivatives market currently operates in Colombia and the basic parameters that could help develop said market at the national level. As the procedure used, the due analysis of the respective statistical figures was carried out, as well as the evolution, characteristics and behavior of the derivatives market. An analysis is presented of the various factors that may affect a real implementation of the futures market in the country, including aspects of marketing, regulation and state intervention, requirements and standards of supervision and participation of the OTC market, among others. Finally, reference is made to futures and derivatives Stock Exchange models in Mexico, Brazil and Spain; as well as the proposal for Colombia.

VTT Symposium 191 ; Energian ja ympäristön leikkauskohdassa on viime vuosina tapahtunut suuria mullistuksia. Energiamarkkinat ovat vapautuneet ja osana kestävään kehitykseen pyrkimystä ekologinen ajattelu on saanut jalansijaa myös perinteisessä markkinataloudessa, tyyppiesimerkkinä vihreän sähkön käsite ja kierrätys. Ympäristöproblematiikassa on siirrytty megasarjaan, esimerkiksi ilmastokysymyksessä eletään suurten päätösten aikaa. Energia- ja ympäristöteknologian myynnissä myyjältä vaaditaan yhä enemmän osaamista. Tuotteiden käytön pitkäaikaiset ympäristöominaisuudet vaikuttavat ratkaisevasti kaupan syntyyn. Perinteisen kovan teknologian rinnalle tarvitaan uutta innovatiivista pehmoteknologiaa. SIHTI-ohjelma on paneutunut näihin kysymyksiin niin sanotuilla strategisilla selvityksillään. Ympäristönsuojelun ohjaukseen tarvittavaa tietoutta on luotu lukuisissa ympäristövaikutusten arvottamiseen liittyvissä hankkeissa sekä talouden ja ympäristönsuojelun optimia hakevissa selvityksissä. Yritystasolla tehtävää ympäristölaskentaa varten on luotu uusia työkaluja ja menetelmiä ja päästöpörssien monulotteisia vaiktuksia on analysoitu. Poliittisen päätöksenteon tueksi on kehitetty kasvihuonekaasujen kehitystä kuvaavia indikaattoreita ja analysoitu vaihtoehtoisten päästörajoitustekniikoiden kustannuksia ja tehokkuutta. SIHTI-ohjelmassa savukaasujen puhdistustekniikka-alueelle on syntynyt oma vahva tutkimuskokonaisuutensa, jonka ympärille on kehittynyt kansainvälisestikin arvostettuja tutkimusryhmiä. Pienhiukkasten tärkeimpiä päästölähteitä on kartoitettu, koostumuksia ja kokojakaumia mitattu ja erilaisia keinoja vaikuttaa pesureitten ja sähkösuodattimien erotustehokkuuteen tutkittu. Tutkimusryppääseen on kuulunut sekä teoreettisia mallinnuslaskelmia, laboratoriomitan laiteteknistä kehitystyötä että täyden mitan koetoimintaa. Osoituksena onnistuneesta panostuksesta on, että tutkimustuloksia on jo voitu hyödyntää kaupallisesti ja täyden mittakaavan laitetoimituksia ulkomaille on jo toteutettu. Uusia innovatiivisia teknisiä ratkaisuja ympäristöpäästöjen mittaamisella on myös kehitetty. Metsäteollisuuden ympäristövaikutusten hallinnan parantamiseksi on ohjelman puitteissa perusteellisesti mitattu ja mallinnettu haitallisten aineiden kulkeutumista eri virroissa ja prosessiyksiköissä sekä tutkittu ja kehitetty uusia säästävän teknologian ratkaisuja mm. sellutehtaan vesikiertojen sulkemiselle, viherlipeäsakan ja tuhkan hyödyntämiselle sekä siistauslietteen ja jätepaperin poltosta syntyvän tuhkan kierrättämiselle. Turvetuotannon valumavesien sekä pöly- ja melupäästöjen paremmalle hallinnalle on kehitetty uusia menetelmiä ja ohjeita, joita on jo otettu käyttöön. Vaihtoehtoisia ratkaisuja käytettyjen turvetuotantoalueiden jälkikäytölle on niin ikään tutkittu. Poikkitieteellisen lähestymistavan takia SIHTI-ohjelma on pyrkinyt tiedottamaan tutkimustuloksistaan mahdollisimman laajasti. Ohjelman vuosiseminaari ja sen yhteydessä pidettävät istunnot energiantuotannon päästöjen ympäristövaikutuksista, pienhiukkasten erottamisesta ja kiinteiden jätteiden hyötykäytöstä suovat oivallisen tilaisuuden niin esitelmänpitäjille kuin kuulijoillekin antaa oman panoksensa meitä kaikkia hyvin läheisesti askarruttavaan kysymykseen, mikä on oikea tie ja etenemistapa kestävään energiantuotantoon. ; Great revolutions have taken place in the intersection of energy and environment in recent years. The energy market has been liberated, and in part of sustainable development, an ecological pattern of thought has gained a footing in traditional market economy, typical examples being green electricity and recycling. As regards environmental problems, we have moved towards a mega-league; for example, we are living an era of great resolutions on environmental issues. More diversified knowhow is required from the sellers of energy and environmental technology. Long-term environmental impacts of the use of products are of decisive significance in business transactions. New innovative soft-line technology is required in addition to conventional hard technology. The Finnish National SIHTI Programme has attended to these issues via so-called strategic surveys. Knowledge required for the control of environmental protection was created in a number of projects on evaluation of environmental impacts and in assessments searching an optimum for economy and environmental protection. New tools and methods were developed for environmental accounting in enterprises, and diversified impacts of emission exchange were analysed. Indicators describing the development of greenhouse gases were developed and costs and efficiency of alternative technologies for limiting emissions were analysed to support political decision-making. In the SIHTI Programme, a strong research integrity was formed in the field of flue gas cleaning technology, and research groups with a high international esteem were also formed. Most significant emission sources of particulates were surveyed, their composition and particle size distributions were measured, and different tools of improving the separation capacity of scrubbers and electrical precipitators were studied. This research integrity included both theoretical modelling calculations, laboratory-scale equipment-technical development and full-scale testing. An indicator of successful focusing is that research results have already been utilised commercially, and industrial-scale equipment commissions have been executed. New innovative technical solutions for measuring emissions to the environment have also been developed. To improve the control of environmental impacts of the pulp and paper industry, the transportation of detrimental substances in different flows and process units were measured and modelled, and new solutions of non-waste technology were developed for closed water cycles in pulp mills, for the use of green liquor sludge and ash and for the recovery of ash from the combustion of deinking sludge and waste paper. In peat production, new methods and instructions were developed and introduced for the control of drainage waters and for dust emissions and noise problems. After-use alternatives for exhausted peat production fields were also studied. Due to the interdisciplinary approach, the SIHTI Programme has disseminated information about research results as widely as possible. The Annual Seminars of the Programme, and sessions on environmental impacts of emissions from energy production, separation of particulates, and utilisation of solid wastes have offered excellent opportunities to the lecturers and to the audience to bring their own contribution to the issue occupying our mind: what would be the right way of approaching sustainable energy production.

-Leslie G. Desmangles, Joan Dayan, Haiti, history, and the Gods. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. xxiii + 339 pp.-Barry Chevannes, James T. Houk, Spirits, blood, and drums: The Orisha religion in Trinidad. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. xvi + 238 pp.-Barry Chevannes, Walter F. Pitts, Jr., Old ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist ritual in the African Diaspora. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. xvi + 199 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Lewin L. Williams, Caribbean theology. New York: Peter Lang, 1994. xiii + 231 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Barry Chevannes, Rastafari and other African-Caribbean worldviews. London: Macmillan, 1995. xxv + 282 pp.-Michael Aceto, Maureen Warner-Lewis, Yoruba songs of Trinidad. London: Karnak House, 1994. 158 pp.''Trinidad Yoruba: From mother tongue to memory. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996. xviii + 279 pp.-Erika Bourguignon, Nicola H. Götz, Obeah - Hexerei in der Karibik - zwischen Macht und Ohnmacht. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995. 256 pp.-John Murphy, Hernando Calvo Ospina, Salsa! Havana heat: Bronx Beat. London: Latin America Bureau, 1995. viii + 151 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Stephen Stuempfle, The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. xx + 289 pp.-Hilary McD. Beckles, Jay R. Mandle ,Caribbean Hoops: The development of West Indian basketball. Langhorne PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994. ix + 121 pp., Joan D. Mandle (eds)-Edmund Burke, III, Lewis R. Gordon ,Fanon: A critical reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. xxi + 344 pp., T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Renée T. White (eds)-Keith Alan Sprouse, Ikenna Dieke, The primordial image: African, Afro-American, and Caribbean Mythopoetic text. New York: Peter Lang, 1993. xiv + 434 pp.-Keith Alan Sprouse, Wimal Dissanayake ,Self and colonial desire: Travel writings of V.S. Naipaul. New York : Peter Lang, 1993. vii + 160 pp., Carmen Wickramagamage (eds)-Yannick Tarrieu, Moira Ferguson, Jamaica Kincaid: Where the land meets the body: Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994. xiii + 205 pp.-Neil L. Whitehead, Vera Lawrence Hyatt ,Race, discourse, and the origin of the Americas: A new world view. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. xiii + 302 pp., Rex Nettleford (eds)-Neil L. Whitehead, Patricia Seed, Ceremonies of possession in Europe's conquest of the new world, 1492-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. viii + 199 pp.-Livio Sansone, Michiel Baud ,Etnicidad como estrategia en America Latina y en el Caribe. Arij Ouweneel & Patricio Silva. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1996. 214 pp., Kees Koonings, Gert Oostindie (eds)-D.C. Griffith, Linda Basch ,Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Langhorne PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994. vii + 344 pp., Nina Glick Schiller, Cristina Szanton Blanc (eds)-John Stiles, Richard D.E. Burton ,French and West Indian: Martinique, Guadeloupe and French Guiana today. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia; London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1995. xii + 202 pp., Fred Réno (eds)-Frank F. Taylor, Dennis J. Gayle ,Tourism marketing and management in the Caribbean. New York: Routledge, 1993. xxvi + 270 pp., Jonathan N. Goodrich (eds)-Ivelaw L. Griffith, John La Guerre, Structural adjustment: Public policy and administration in the Caribbean. St. Augustine: School of continuing studies, University of the West Indies, 1994. vii + 258 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Kelvin A. Santiago-Valles, 'Subject People' and colonial discourses: Economic transformation and social disorder in Puerto Rico, 1898-1947. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. xiii + 304 pp.-Alicia Pousada, Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing prejudice: Puerto Rican experiences of language, race, and class. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996. xiv + 222 pp.-David A.B. Murray, Ian Lumsden, Machos, Maricones, and Gays: Cuba and homosexuality. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996. xxvii + 263 pp.-Robert Fatton, Jr., Georges A. Fauriol, Haitian frustrations: Dilemmas for U.S. policy. Washington DC: Center for strategic & international studies, 1995. xii + 236 pp.-Leni Ashmore Sorensen, David Barry Gaspar ,More than Chattel: Black women and slavery in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. xi + 341 pp., Darlene Clark Hine (eds)-A. Lynn Bolles, Verene Shepherd ,Engendering history: Caribbean women in historical perspective. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1995. xxii + 406 pp., Bridget Brereton, Barbara Bailey (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Mary Turner, From chattel slaves to wage slaves: The dynamics of labour bargaining in the Americas. Kingston: Ian Randle; Bloomington: Indiana University Press; London: James Currey, 1995. x + 310 pp.-Carl E. Swanson, Duncan Crewe, Yellow Jack and the worm: British Naval administration in the West Indies, 1739-1748. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993. x + 321 pp.-Jerome Egger, Wim Hoogbergen, Het Kamp van Broos en Kaliko: De geschiedenis van een Afro-Surinaamse familie. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 1996. 213 pp.-Ellen Klinkers, Lila Gobardhan-Rambocus ,De erfenis van de slavernij. Paramaribo: Anton de Kom Universiteit, 1995. 297 pp., Maurits S. Hassankhan, Jerry L. Egger (eds)-Kevin K. Birth, Sylvia Moodie-Kublalsingh, The Cocoa Panyols of Trinidad: An oral record. London & New York: British Academic Press, 1994. xiii + 242 pp.-David R. Watters, C.N. Dubelaar, The Petroglyphs of the Lesser Antilles, the Virgin Islands and Trinidad. Amsterdam: Foundation for scientific research in the Caribbean region, 1995. vii + 492 pp.-Suzannah England, Mitchell W. Marken, Pottery from Spanish shipwrecks, 1500-1800. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994. xvi + 264 pp.

1991 Abuja OAU summit: ;A Commemorative Handbook · ; It has been said many times that Africa is the centrepiece of Nigeria's foreignpolicy objectives-in fact, it has been said too many times that the impact and significance of that solemn declaration tends to slide into banality and thecommon place. Yet, nothing can ever replace the resolve of Nigeria, her people and her leaders to ensure that Africa does not only escape from her multifaceted sad problems, but also to rise above the other continents of the world. The radiant smile of the people of any nation or region of Africa has never ceased to gladden the hearts of Nigeria. Every celebration of victory, independence or freedom in any comer of Africa is also celebrated by Nigeria. Nigeria's joy at the independence of Namibia, the continent's newest independent nation is still radiant Our prayers over the eventual and total freedom for all the races in South Africa and the enthronement of majority rule, has notebbedin frequency or intensity. It is our conviction that no Nigerian can consider him or herself happy and contented until every child in Sudan be assured of a secure present and a hopeful future. And since one out of every five Africans is a Nigerian, how can he not regard every comer of the continent as home? How can she not worlc for the prosperity, peace and stability of every part of the continent?. Thus, if Nigeria has decided to show leadership role in the resolution of conflicts everywhere on the continent, even at the expense of the blood and tears of her people (as is the case in Liberia), it is in the belief that Africa should be kept peaceful and stable to ensure development and progress. There is no doubt, therefore, that 1991 was a special year both for Nigeria and Africa. The significance of the Summit of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU)thattookplaceinAbuja,Nigeria'snewcapital,takesalongwithitachain of symbols. First,justlikeAbujais,asymbol ofunityforthe90million Nigerians, the OAU Summit there represented another occasion for the reaffirmation of Africa's unity, especially in these trying times. That reaffinnation was underlined by the.many epoch-making resolutions that were unanimously adopted at the summit The most prominent and outstanding being the African Economic. Community Treaty, the ratification and implementation of which will ensure Africa's recovery and advancement · The Ahuja Summit, also took place at the time of great political changes both in Africa and almost everywhere else within the world, especially with the wind of democracy blowing across the globe. Nigeria is proud to be on the threshold . ofthesedevelopmentsandequallyproudtohavchostedanOAUSummitwhere 17 Africans unanimously resolved to be a part of this global wind of change. More importantly, the 1991 OAU summit at Abuja was a fitting tribute to our beloved President Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida whose record of assistance to the needy African states is unparalled, just as his roles in conflict resolution on . the continent is unprecendented. The Abuja Summit was, therefore, Nigerias', and by extension President Babangida's fmest hour. Further, the Summit was a great tribute to his foresight and determination to work together with other African leaders and patriots, ih a noble attempt to leave a better future for our children. It is also significant that Abuja played host to Africa before the movement of the seat of government of Nigeria to this resplendent capital. This symbolises President Babangida Administration's commitment to the centrality of African interests in our national affairs - interests which Nigeria is always willing to promote at the expense of her own interest and comfert. There is therefore no greater way to ensure that the epoch-making 1991 OA U Summit at Abuja and all that it means in concrete and symbolic terms, are passed on from generation to generation, than through a careful and systematic documentation of the words and deeds of the actors at the summit- a document that gives a historical glance on the OAU itself,dwellson the 1991 SummitatAbuja, and projects into the future of Africa and her people. Our children and those yet unborn have an inalienable right to know how far their parents struggled in the fight to win the body and soul of Africa for Africans. The Commemorative Handbook on the 1991 Abuja OAU Summit attempts to do all th.ese and more . . More importantly, it is a glowing recognition of the achievements of the Ibrahim Babangida' s Administration in the arena of international relations. The Handbook pays tribute to the towering performance of President Babangida, when he took Africa's case to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York in 1991 and received a standing ovation for his brilliant presentation of Africa's case. · It is my hope that this Commemorative Handbook on the events at the Abuja Summit will aid in the greater understanding and appreciation of the great lengths to which the Ibrahim Babangida Administration has gone to ensure self-respect for Africa. 18 Alhaji Aliyu Mohammed (Wazi

The aim of this report is to provide a broad overview of the current state of gender equality in Tajikistan. While the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region traditionally surpassed many other regions in terms of gender equality, this advantage has been eroding in recent decades. Particularly in Tajikistan, concerns have been raised that men and women have unequally born the consequences of economic, political, and social transitions after independence in 1991. The report examines several dimensions of gender equality both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tajikistan has set up a legal framework that enshrines principles of equality and non-discrimination, but better implementation results require continued efforts. Prevailing social norms and patriarchal systems of decision-making limit women s ability to make effective choices be it at home or at work. The paper is structured along the following lines. The first section introduces the idea of agency that will remain an important issue throughout the report. This is followed by an analysis of disparities in human capital endowment, including health and education. Gender gaps in the Tajik labor market and entrepreneurial activities of men and women are discussed in the fourth and fifth section. The final section concludes with some policy recommendations that might be beneficial for discussions among policy-makers, civil society actors, and development partners.

Swiss Confederation ; Ukraine has extensive public infrastructure inherited from the Soviet times but much of it has fallen into disrepair over the past decades and needs major rehabilitation or replacement so that growth may continue. Creating fiscal space for investing more is one of the critical tasks that facing the country, but a constrained fiscal space together with the use of investments as a stimulus for growth call for more efficiency in public investment management practices. There are a number of fundamental issues that need to be addressed if Ukraine is to make progress in its reform ambitions for public investment management (PIM). The most significant are: (1) most projects avoid scrutiny due to loopholes in classification (lack of definition of a public investment project); (2) there is no effective economic appraisal and appraisal review procedures in place due to limited human resource (HR) capacity, and no common technical standards; (3) the PIM system does not seem to block new projects from entering the budget but allows ministries to delay ongoing ones and squeeze in new ones; and (4) lack of strategic guidance with which to prioritize complicates project selection. One of the fundamental building blocks of a sound PIM system is a clear, legal definition of what counts as a public investment project and what does not. It should be pointed out that this already high discrepancy is only a comparative measure of input values. Developing projects that are output and performance driven should yield even greater efficiencies. Between 2000 and 2008, Ukraine was an average growth performer in a fast growing region, with gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 7 percent. As the global financial crisis hit the Ukrainian economy it contracted by 15 percent in 2009, exposing its underlying macroeconomic and structural vulnerabilities. As a result of the insufficient structural transformation and impact of the economic crisis, Ukraine now faces substantial fiscal pressures that threaten economic stability and growth. The Government of Ukraine recognized the need for a modern public financial management (PFM) system and put considerable emphasis on several aspects of PFM reforms. Training for the development of capacity in the PIM system is tricky in Ukraine. It is becoming clear that due to the dynamic nature of the Ukrainian civil service, officials are rapidly moving from one area of the Administration to another.

In this paper, authors first review the literature on the relation between finance and growth. Theory provides ambiguous predictions concerning the question of whether financial development exerts a positive, causative impact on long-run economic growth. The second part of this paper reviews the literature on the historical and policy determinants of financial development. Governments play a central role in shaping the operation of financial systems and the degree to which large segments of the financial system have access to financial services. The authors discuss the relationship between financial sector policies and economic development. The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows. Sections one and two review theory and evidence on the relation between finance and growth. Section three turns to an examination of financial sector policies, and section four concludes.

The COVID-19, or coronavirus global pandemic has required huge responses from governments all over the world; and Timor-Leste has its own unique requirements when addressing an evolving event of this magnitude. This report synthesizes the findings of six survey rounds undertaken by The Asia Foundation (the Foundation) in Timor-Leste, from May 2020 to May 2021.1 This work was supported by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), through the Governance for Development (Gadd) program. In partnership with local partner MDI (Mata Dilan Institute), six phone surveys were conducted at bi-monthly intervals. With support from ORIMA Research, the findings of each survey round were made available through reports and fact sheets in both English and Tetum. The data from these survey rounds was shared with key stakeholders in government and other development partners; and enabled the Foundation to better understand the concerns of the people of Timor-Leste; how well they are adopting prevention measures and taking care of their health; the level of trust in Government; the use of, and satisfaction with, government programs; the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated control measures; the resilience of individuals and communities; and the sources of news and information the people of Timor-Leste are relying on to stay informed about the pandemic. By synthesizing the information available across the survey rounds in this report, we are able to see how people's perceptions, understandings and practices changed over time. This in turn will hopefully, inform a more strategic and responsive policy response from government.

This paper studies the impact of COVID-19 on different demographic groups in the Thai labour market using the Labour Force Survey in 2018 and 2019. We construct a new set of COVID-19 impact indicators capturing both the degree of risk in industries and degree of occupational flexibility in the Thai context. Our results show that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly unequal across demographic groups and it may further worsen the pre-existing inequality in the Thai labour market as a result of the composition of industrial sectors and occupations. The results suggest that education attainments and income levels play a significant role in protecting individuals from the current crisis, indicating the important contribution of human capital. In addition, marriage affects men and women differently in the COVID-19 crisis, with married women suffering more. Finally, our study highlights the need for government supports that target vulnerable groups, including workers with low education, informal workers, private employees, older women, and the young, who are more likely to be affected by COVID-19.

The impact of COVID-19 on the Russian economy was undoubtedly enormous, clearly, negatively. The GDP of the Russian economy shrank 3% in 2020, the sharpest contraction after the previous economic disaster in 2008. The two economic downturns resemble each other. They show that resource dependent economies are susceptible to sudden declines in raw material prices, where they resort to too much. It is not anew that fossil fuel exports, including oil and natural gas, serve as a linchpin for the Russian economic system. Exports of the energy resources constitute a whopping 60% of all goods exports while accounting for more than a major bulk of government revenues. Excessive economic dependence on the resource sector has been a perennial concern, and the ominous premonition was correct again. The Russian economy contracted 8.5% in the second quarter of 2020 when the Ural oil price plummeted to $18 per barrel, reminiscent of the 2008 economic recession sparked by the sudden collapse of the oil price by more than 70% of its peak value.

This independent evaluation aims to investigate the implementation of the 2020 State Budget of Azerbaijan. The pandemic, which has lasted since 2020, has brought significant changes in the world. The changes in terms of both quality and quantity were reflected in the economic environment and individual's livelihood. Because of the requirement for long-term quarantine conditions to battle the pandemic, both developed and developing countries have experienced economic downturns. The research comprises forecast indicators defined by the appropriate executive authority during the year, as well as the draft legislation on 2020 state budget implementation, in addition to the forecast indicators represented in the material provided with the original and updated draft state budget for 2020. The basic order is as follows; introduction, revenues, expenditures, fiscal sustainability, sequestration of costs, cost reduction, receipt of subsidies from the budget, optimization of receivables, distribution of expenditures, and debts. The results included graphical and tabular descriptions.

Thailand is one of the fastest-ageing countries in the world, with a low fertility rate, long life expectancy, and large baby boomer population. This study focuses on the ageing population in Thailand in 2010–2040. The proportion of the population aged 60 and over will increase from 13% in 2010 to 33% in 2040 (UNDESA, 2019). The Ageing Business & Care Development Centre (ABCD Centre) of Thammasat University was established in 2019 to recommend policies and guidelines on population ageing to the government and private sector.

The coronavirus pandemic of 2019-20 confronted fiscally dominant regimes around the world with the question of whether the large deficits caused by the health crisis should be monetized or financed by issuing debt. The unpleasant monetarist arithmetic of Sargent and Wallace (1981) states that in a fiscally dominant regime tighter money now can cause higher inflation in the future. In spite of the qualifier 'unpleasant,' this result is positive in nature, and, therefore, void of normative content. I analyze conditions under which it is optimal in a welfare sense for the central bank to delay inflation by issuing debt to finance part of the fiscal deficit. The analysis is conducted in the context of a model in which the aforementioned monetarist arithmetic holds, in the sense that if the government finds it optimal to delay inflation, it does so knowing that it would result in higher inflation in the future. The central result of the paper is that delaying inflation is optimal when the fiscal deficit is expected to decline over time.