Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Herausgeber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie diese Quelle zitieren möchten.
The recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling to keep in place Louisiana's most recently-enacted congressional reapportionment plan for now draws to a close the first phase of a struggle that ultimately should define jurisprudence in this area for decades to come. Four distinct winners and losers have emerged from this -- for now.
That map contains two majority-minority districts, but was declared unconstitutional by a three- judge panel last month. Despite that, the Court, citing the controversy as yet unresolved so close to the start of the elections process, halted that injunction in order to provide adequate administration of the 2024 elections. The timing was such that the trial's remedial phase could have produced a constitutional alternative, likely a plan very close to the 2022 single M/M version that was prevented from implementation but never had a trial on its merits, but the Court majority decided not to let that play out as a signal it will take up this case over the next year.
The map to be used this fall is highly unlikely to survive that scrutiny, thus to understand who wins and who loses, the short and long run must be analyzed for each, although one is pretty easy to figure out: national Democrats win in the short run. Essentially, they pick up an extra seat in the House of Representatives for 2025-26. As certainly they would lose it in 2026 elections by which time the Court most likely will have ruled a single M/M map can be drawn legally, but as the 2024 outcome could be close between the two major parties, for this cycle every seat helps.
The biggest loser, in both the short and long term, is GOP Rep. Garret Graves. He resides in the Sixth District now M/M that clips Shreveport, takes a bite out of Alexandria along the way to clipping portions of Lafayette and Baton Rouge at its southern termini, although representatives may run in any district in the state. As a white Republican, he would face little hope of reelection in that district.
That noted, even as his chances could be better running in the nearby districts of GOP Reps. Clay Higgins (Third) or Julia Letlow (Fifth), if not quite as tough as staying in the Sixth these also would be heavy lifts. Failure to win reelection in 2024 substantially reduces his chances of reentering Congress even with a 2026 single M/M map, so this could finish his elective career.
In his place arrives the biggest short run winner, black Democrat state Rep. Cleo Fields. Having served two terms in severely gerrymandered districts declared unconstitutional, he appears likely to complete the hat trick with yet another as a big favorite in the Sixth. The almost certain junking of this map won't leave him a place running in 2026, but he will be 64 by then and likely ready to call it a (checkered political) career, with a nice parting gift of two last years in Washington 28 years after his previous stay.
Finally, the short-term loser but long-term winner is Republican Gov. Jeff Landry. He loses only in the sense that he backed a map that for one election cycle harms his political party, hopefully not for him in a way that costs the GOP the House. Perhaps he believed the timing would work out where the judiciary would install a remedial single M/M map upon rejection of the obviously flawed map to be used this cycle – one with a district not much different from a map three decades ago supposed to fix Fields' unconstitutional district that itself was declared unconstitutional – but it didn't work out.
Nonetheless, with a good chance the Court eventually will declare unconstitutional giving race a preferred position among reapportionment criteria using this case based on the map Landry preferred, Landry will have a single M/M map later in his term that almost certainly will flip the seat back into the GOP column. Additionally, along the way he reduced, if not removed, an intra-party rival in the form of Graves who backed a Landry opponent in last year's governor's race, as well as aided a quasi-ally in Fields, an influential figure particularly among black political activists in the Baton Rouge area who kept his distance from the governor's race even though it featured a quality black Democrat candidate. A promotion also removes Fields from a position of influence in the state Senate.
If Democrats end up winning the House by a single seat, Landry will face heated criticism. Otherwise, given the political dynamics involved and the chance to steer reapportionment law in a historical direction to his party's liking, Landry comes off on the plus side in all of this.
Background. Currently, various algorithms of tactical classifications and treatment regimens for hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis (HVO) are proposed. However, all proposed approaches are designed for the treatment of patients in specialized multidisciplinary clinics departments, although the initial treatment often occurs in municipal polyclinics, private medical centers and district hospitals. The question is what the appropriate scope of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in institutions with different material and resource bases and how to ensure continuity according to the existing three-level system of medical care remains open. The aim of this studyis to determine the probable routing and treatment options for patients with HVO on the example of the Tyumen region, depending on the existing three-level system of providing medical care to the population.Object and Methods.The current Orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Resolutions of the Government of the Tyumen Region were studied, on which basis a three-level system of providing medical care to the population was organized and organizations providing emergency and elective medical care to patients with HVO were identified. The volume of medical and diagnostic measures in patients with HVO in institutions of various levels, as well as their routing to the regional clinical hospital No. 2 in case of impossibility or inexpediency of providing specialized medical care at the place of primary treatment, is analyzed on the example of the Tyumen region. The clinical material is presented by 267 patients with HVO who were treated in the Tyumen regional clinical hospital No. 2 from 2006 to 2019, 78.7% of whom were treated in the profile of traumatology and orthopedics, 18.7% — neurosurgery and 2.6% — surgery. Results.The list of medical institutions that provide emergency and planned care in traumatology and orthopedics, neurosurgery in the Tyumen region is defined, depending on the level of the institution and the available material and resource base. A block diagram is proposed that determines the scope of medical and diagnostic measures in institutions of I-III levels and specialized departments of multidisciplinary clinical hospitals. The principle of determining the patient profile (surgical, orthopedic, neurosurgical) depending on the type and severity of the inflammatory lesion according to the classification E. Pola (2017) is proposed.Conclusion. The need for effective use of medical and diagnostic resources starting from level I is determined by clear routing of the patient to ensure the continuity of medical care. A full-fledged diagnosis is possible in institutions not lower than the third level with the mandatory determination of the lesion type and the severity of the inflammatory process. HVO treatment is advisable in level III institutions, specialized departments of regional clinical hospitals and federal institutions. ; Актуальность: в настоящее время предложены различные варианты алгоритмирования, тактических классификаций и схем лечения гематогенного остеомиелита позвоночника. Однако, все предложенные подходы рассчитаны на лечение пациентов в специализированных отделениях многопрофильных клиник, хотя первичное обращение нередко происходит в муниципальные поликлиники, частные медицинские центры и стационары уровня центральной районной больницы. Вопрос о том, каков целесообразный объём лечебных и диагностических мероприятий в учреждениях с различной материально-ресурсной базой и как обеспечить преемственность согласно имеющейся трёхуровневой системы оказания медицинской помощи остаётся открытым.Цель: определить вероятную маршрутизацию и возможности лечения больных гематогенным остеомиелитом позвоночника на примере юга Тюменской области в зависимости от имеющейся трёхуровневой системы оказания медицинской помощи населению.Материалы и методы: проанализированы действующие Приказы Минздрава России и Постановления правительства Тюменской области, на основании которых организована трёхуровневая система оказания медицинской помощи населению и определены организации, оказывающие экстренную и плановую медицинскую помощь пациентам с гематогенным остеомиелитом позвоночника. Предложены перечень обязательных исследований и объём лечебных мероприятий у больных остеомиелитом позвоночника в учреждениях различного уровня, а также их маршрутизация при невозможности оказания специализированной медицинской помощи на примере юга Тюменской области.Результаты: определён перечень медицинских учреждений, оказывающих экстренную и плановую помощь по травматологии и ортопедии, нейрохирургии на территории юга Тюменской области в зависимости от уровня учреждения и имеющейся материально-ресурсной базы. Предложена блок-схема определяющая объём лечебно-диагностических мероприятий в учреждениях I-III уровней и специализированных отделениях многопрофильных клинических больниц. Предложен принцип определения профиля пациента (хирургический, ортопедический, нейрохирургический) в зависимости от типа и тяжести воспалительного поражения согласно русскоязычной версии классификации E. Pola 2017 г.Заключение: необходимо эффективное использование лечебно-диагностических ресурсов начиная с I (базового) уровня и предельно подробное информационное сопровождение пациента для обеспечения преемственности оказания медицинской помощи. Полноценная диагностика возможна в учреждениях не ниже третьего уровня с обязательным определением типа поражения и тяжести воспалительного процесса. Лечение ГОП целесообразно в учреждениях III уровня, специализированных отделениях областных клинических больниц, университетских клиник и федеральных учреждений. Определение профиля пациента: при поражениях типа А.1-А.5, В.1, а также В.2 с протяжённостью паравертебральных абсцессов до 2,5-3 см – лечение в хирургических отделениях многопрофильных стационаров. В.2-В.4 – лечение в профильных травматолого-ортопедических отделениях и отделениях гнойной остеологии при наличии в штате хирурга-вертебролога. С.1-С.4 – лечение в профильных нейрохирургических отделениях с участием хирурга-вертебролога.
Background. Currently, various algorithms of tactical classifications and treatment regimens for hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis (HVO) are proposed. However, all proposed approaches are designed for the treatment of patients in specialized multidisciplinary clinics departments, although the initial treatment often occurs in municipal polyclinics, private medical centers and district hospitals. The question is what the appropriate scope of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in institutions with different material and resource bases and how to ensure continuity according to the existing three-level system of medical care remains open. The aim of this studyis to determine the probable routing and treatment options for patients with HVO on the example of the Tyumen region, depending on the existing three-level system of providing medical care to the population.Object and Methods.The current Orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Resolutions of the Government of the Tyumen Region were studied, on which basis a three-level system of providing medical care to the population was organized and organizations providing emergency and elective medical care to patients with HVO were identified. The volume of medical and diagnostic measures in patients with HVO in institutions of various levels, as well as their routing to the regional clinical hospital No. 2 in case of impossibility or inexpediency of providing specialized medical care at the place of primary treatment, is analyzed on the example of the Tyumen region. The clinical material is presented by 267 patients with HVO who were treated in the Tyumen regional clinical hospital No. 2 from 2006 to 2019, 78.7% of whom were treated in the profile of traumatology and orthopedics, 18.7% — neurosurgery and 2.6% — surgery. Results.The list of medical institutions that provide emergency and planned care in traumatology and orthopedics, neurosurgery in the Tyumen region is defined, depending on the level of the institution and the available material and resource base. A block diagram is proposed that determines the scope of medical and diagnostic measures in institutions of I-III levels and specialized departments of multidisciplinary clinical hospitals. The principle of determining the patient profile (surgical, orthopedic, neurosurgical) depending on the type and severity of the inflammatory lesion according to the classification E. Pola (2017) is proposed.Conclusion. The need for effective use of medical and diagnostic resources starting from level I is determined by clear routing of the patient to ensure the continuity of medical care. A full-fledged diagnosis is possible in institutions not lower than the third level with the mandatory determination of the lesion type and the severity of the inflammatory process. HVO treatment is advisable in level III institutions, specialized departments of regional clinical hospitals and federal institutions. ; Актуальность: в настоящее время предложены различные варианты алгоритмирования, тактических классификаций и схем лечения гематогенного остеомиелита позвоночника. Однако, все предложенные подходы рассчитаны на лечение пациентов в специализированных отделениях многопрофильных клиник, хотя первичное обращение нередко происходит в муниципальные поликлиники, частные медицинские центры и стационары уровня центральной районной больницы. Вопрос о том, каков целесообразный объём лечебных и диагностических мероприятий в учреждениях с различной материально-ресурсной базой и как обеспечить преемственность согласно имеющейся трёхуровневой системы оказания медицинской помощи остаётся открытым.Цель: определить вероятную маршрутизацию и возможности лечения больных гематогенным остеомиелитом позвоночника на примере юга Тюменской области в зависимости от имеющейся трёхуровневой системы оказания медицинской помощи населению.Материалы и методы: проанализированы действующие Приказы Минздрава России и Постановления правительства Тюменской области, на основании которых организована трёхуровневая система оказания медицинской помощи населению и определены организации, оказывающие экстренную и плановую медицинскую помощь пациентам с гематогенным остеомиелитом позвоночника. Предложены перечень обязательных исследований и объём лечебных мероприятий у больных остеомиелитом позвоночника в учреждениях различного уровня, а также их маршрутизация при невозможности оказания специализированной медицинской помощи на примере юга Тюменской области.Результаты: определён перечень медицинских учреждений, оказывающих экстренную и плановую помощь по травматологии и ортопедии, нейрохирургии на территории юга Тюменской области в зависимости от уровня учреждения и имеющейся материально-ресурсной базы. Предложена блок-схема определяющая объём лечебно-диагностических мероприятий в учреждениях I-III уровней и специализированных отделениях многопрофильных клинических больниц. Предложен принцип определения профиля пациента (хирургический, ортопедический, нейрохирургический) в зависимости от типа и тяжести воспалительного поражения согласно русскоязычной версии классификации E. Pola 2017 г.Заключение: необходимо эффективное использование лечебно-диагностических ресурсов начиная с I (базового) уровня и предельно подробное информационное сопровождение пациента для обеспечения преемственности оказания медицинской помощи. Полноценная диагностика возможна в учреждениях не ниже третьего уровня с обязательным определением типа поражения и тяжести воспалительного процесса. Лечение ГОП целесообразно в учреждениях III уровня, специализированных отделениях областных клинических больниц, университетских клиник и федеральных учреждений. Определение профиля пациента: при поражениях типа А.1-А.5, В.1, а также В.2 с протяжённостью паравертебральных абсцессов до 2,5-3 см – лечение в хирургических отделениях многопрофильных стационаров. В.2-В.4 – лечение в профильных травматолого-ортопедических отделениях и отделениях гнойной остеологии при наличии в штате хирурга-вертебролога. С.1-С.4 – лечение в профильных нейрохирургических отделениях с участием хирурга-вертебролога.
INTRODUCTIONThe response to the COVID-19 pandemic is a tragic aberration gripping the world. As the disease evolves, uncertainty and fear of harm rise, which can significantly diminish community health and wellbeing. This article stresses the importance of public health preparedness in overcoming social and health risks associated with public panic.Since the COVID-19 outbreak began in late 2019, the numbers of people affected and fatalities continue to mount, causing panic and crippling vital economic and social activities. Authorities have failed to prevent inaccurate and misleading headlines that agitate the public and impinge on public communication. Fake news and rumors about magical products claiming to cure the virus abound. Additionally, people assumed emergency preparation meant stockpiling resources. Amid growing fears, consumers raided supermarkets and pharmacies for supplies, from masks to hygiene products, and people have fought over protective gear as tensions flared among anxious customers.When general panic starts driving political decision-making, public health professionals may be unable to implement strategies based on informed decisions. Researchers argue that government secrecy and non-transparency diminish people's confidence and trust, creating panic (Wilson et al., 2007). Even naming the disease possibly triggered epidemic-related trauma and the ensuing public mistrust and disbelief of authorities; the panic has also sparked a wave of racial prejudice (Titanji, 2020). Although a series of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, from Avian flu to Zika virus, may have created more public awareness, whether leaders can translate this newfound awareness into meaningful policies and action is debatable.Globally, attention is growing on responses from state leaders, as some try to downplay the epidemic's severity to maintain "business as usual". In early March 2020, the Indonesian government was still in a state of denial and was attempting to convince the general public that the country was free from COVID-19 (Lindsey & Mann, 2020) Instead, currently confirmed cases are growing rapidly, suspected cases are far above the testing capacity, and case fatality is at an alarming rate.In contrast, several countries took drastic action by declaring travel restrictions and locking down cities. As an example, New Zealand decided to implement level-4 measures, with strict movement restrictions, not long after they confirmed their first case on 28 February 2020; they have recently begun a gradual exit from coronavirus lockdown (Knight, 2020).The public expects leaders to curb the spread of COVID-19 responsibly, appropriately, effectively, and proactively. Meanwhile, leaders are urging the public to stay calm and adopt new norms during this rapidly evolving situation. This crisis is not limited to any individual and requires cooperation rather than a unilateral response. DISCUSSIONHow to do this?A critical approach to pandemics is to ensure the preparedness of both healthcare capacity and public health systems (Jain, Duse, & Bausch, 2018). To respond to emergency needs—to have the capacity to treat rapidly increasing numbers of COVID-19 patients—it is important for each country to have existing policies and action plans for healthcare facilities to temporarily expand service capacity, cancel or postpone elective procedures, and engage in rapid intervention to conserve medical supplies, including personal protective equipment (Gan, Tseng, & Lee, 2020). Measures including recalling recently retired healthcare workers and providing drive-through services for chronic disease medications have been implemented to lessen pressures on hospitals (Wang, Ng, & Brook, 2020).While healthcare capacity is the ability to care for patients with COVID-19, the public health system aims to prevent people from being infected and mitigating the health risks associated with COVID-19. The public health system is important for strengthening community vigilance by promoting effective sanitation, a healthy lifestyle, and food safety, and preventing injuries, inequality, and violence. This involves not only healthcare professionals, but also well-planned strategies that consider various stakeholders' perspectives and concerns (Glik, 2007). Despite the lockdown, we have seen healthcare workers and people in the community providing the basic essentials for those in need—from food, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), mental health support, and evidence-based research communication, to virtual musical performances and concerts. Organizations in the virtual sphere, including WhatsApp (WhatsApp Inc, 2020) and TikTok, are partnering with health agencies to increase accessibility to health information.The best outbreak response is a collective response (Gille & Brall, 2020), which could effectively contain the disease and the panic caused by the disease. People naturally experience fear when dealing with a catastrophic event. This unprecedented threat triggered panic purchasing or falling for viral hoaxes, which reflects misconceptions about the problem, most likely because people lack trust in the measures taken (Heide, 2004), When designing and implementing public health measures, we must ensure we do not just acknowledge that, but actively engage relevant stakeholders. In an age of uncertainty, community solidarity and collective action are key to maintaining community vigilance against the crisis (Aldrich et al., 2015).
Background The economic meltdown, coupled with the public-sector legitimacy crisis, forced public services to reconcile increasing demand with decreasing resources and, at the same time, unleashed a wave of criticism on traditional service delivery patterns. One remedy to this challenge that is gaining an increasing attention is co-production - defined as engaging citizens and, more generally, voluntary and non-profit organizations in the production of public services (Alford, 2009; Pestoff, Osborne, & Brandsen, 2006; Thomas, 2013; van Eijk & Steen, 2013). Social and health services are the most elective co-production practices in the public sector, but set the healthcare providers two major challenges. The first is to engage the patient, an ongoing process that calls for this latter to actively participate in their healthcare plan (Coulter, Parsons, & Askham, 2008). The second is to ensure that the patient engages with both their therapy and the hospital organizational system by managing the interdependency within and between 'organizational production and client co-production' (Alford & O'Flynn, 2012, p. 182) in order to govern the healthcare organization's interactions (Alford, 2009; Brandsen & van Hout, 2008). Aim This qualitative study analyses and discusses the relevant organizational challenges of co-production for the public healthcare system at the micro-level, that of the providers – hospitals, trust, local health communities, etc. The paper highlights the implementation gaps and the as-yet unsolved organizational puzzles through an analysis and discussion of the scientific literature on the implications of co-production practices and on how they are managed in actual practice. Theoretical framework The co-production analysis is informed by the "indirect government" conceptual framework to gain access to the set of tools that 'rely heavily on a wide assortment of "third parties" to deliver publicly financed services and pursue publicly authorized purposes' (Salamon, 2002, p. 2). Unlike traditional direct-government methods, this approach to public problem-solving sets fresh, sometimes unprecedented challenges and brings into play new capabilities and tools. It is not, therefore, something that 'self-implements'. On the whole, co-production is a form of indirect government requiring "concerted action across multiple sectors" (Kettl, 2006, p. 14) and actors and the taking on of new responsibilities. Kettl (2002) calls for a management approach that encompasses three key components: process (managing programs by structuring contracts and by tracking money); people (addressing people problems and the indirect government skill set); and performance (reinventing government and the performance puzzle). Research method The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one entailed an systematic interdisciplinary review of the public administration, management, and public policy literatures, mostly by trawling the main electronic databases to find scholarly articles on co-production in healthcare services. This first step enabled us to identify the theoretical and empirical contributions that investigate co-production from the specific viewpoint of the service providers. Phase two inventoried the themes, approaches and key findings of this subset of articles to draw a fairly clear picture of the conditions and capabilities needed by the healthcare providers to manage the organizational implications of co-production. Kettl's conceptual framework is the basis on which the results are then discussed and compared. Contribution 1) Up-to-date overview of the research on co-production in healthcare services. 2) Analysis of the co-production organizational challenges and how these are addressed in the practice. 3) Insights and policy indications for public managers on how government can play a supportive role in the delivery of co-produced healthcare services. References Alford, J. (2009). Engaging Public Sector Clients. From Service-Delivery to Co-production. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Alford, J., & O'Flynn, J. (2012). Rethinking Public Service Delivery. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Brandsen, T., & van Hout, E. (2008). Co-Management in Public Service Networks. The organizational effects. In V. Pestoff & T. Brandsen (Eds.), Co-Production. The Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services (pp. 45-58). London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Coulter, A., Parsons, S., & Askham, J. (2008). Where are the patients in decision-making about their own care? Kettl, D. F. (2002). Managing indirect government. In L. M. Salamon (Ed.), The tools of government. A Guide to the New Governance (pp. 490-510). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kettl, D. F. (2006). Managing Boundaries in American Administration: the Collaboration Imperative. Public Administration Review, 66(Special Issue), 10-19. Pestoff, V., Osborne, S. P., & Brandsen, T. (2006). Patterns of co-production in public services. Public Management Review, 8(4), 591-595. Salamon, L. M. (Ed.). (2002). The tools of government. A Guide to the New Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thomas, J. C. (2013). Citizen, Customer, Partner: Rethinking the Place of the Public in Public Management. Public Administration Review, 73(6), 786-796. van Eijk, C. J. A., & Steen, T. P. S. (2013). Why People Co-Produce: Analysing citizens' perceptions on co-planning engagement in health care services. Public Management Review, 16(3), 358-382.
Актуальность и цели. Рассматривается процесс формирования института адвокатуры в период судебной реформы Александра II, со второй половины ХIХ по начало ХХ в., на примере г. Казани и Казанской губернии, анализируются основные направления и особенности профессиональной деятельности адвокатов региона. В данном исследовании особое внимание обращено на становление института адвокатуры, для того чтобы понять ее сущность и свойственные ей особенности. В настоящее время имеется объективная необходимость в комплексном, всестороннем и полном изучении истории формирования и развития присяжной адвокатуры Казанского края как отдельного региона и их корпоративного органа – Совета присяжных поверенных. Проблема никем еще не была изучена, научных работ по теме не написано. Материалы и методы. Адвокатура как юридический институт, развивающийся во времени и пространстве, является достаточно сложным объектом изучения исторической науки. Фактором, серьезно осложнившим изучение вопроса, является ограниченная источниковая база и пробелы предшествующей историко-правовой науки. В работе использованы три группы методов научного познания. Отличительная особенность работы заключается в том, что в ней осуществлена попытка комбинирования специально-исторических, географических и правовых методов, благодаря чему исследование приобретает междисциплинарный характер, проводится на стыке правовой и исторической областей научного знания. Превалирующими стали исторические методы, что определяет руководящие принципы, характер и стиль исследовательской работы. Результаты. Работа позволит понять исторические корни института адвокатуры для его дальнейшего развития в будущем, результаты исследования могут быть учтены при проведении мероприятий по корректировке настоящей судебной системы и законодательства в области адвокатуры, применены в дальнейшем научном изучении юридических и исторических условий существования общества, правозащитной деятельности. Исследование может быть использовано в ходе преподавания общих и специальных курсов, в рамках факультативных занятий, при чтении лекций и проведении семинаров по дисциплинам «История государства и права России», «История Поволжья», «История русской адвокатуры», также может быть полезно при сравнительном изучении истории адвокатуры в различных областях России. Выводы. Реализация судебной реформы в Казанской губернии имела общероссийские тенденции, одновременно – особые отличительные черты. Перипетии сложного и длительного процесса борьбы казанских адвокатов за право создать собственный Совет присяжных поверенных отражают непростой путь отечественной адвокатуры к институционализации и обретению своей корпоративно-профессиональной самоидентификации. ; Background. In this article we anlyze the process of formation of the legal profession in the period of judicial reform of Alexander II, the second half of the XIX and early XX century in the city of Kazan and the Kazan province, as well as the main trends and characteristics of the profession in the region. In this study, we paid special attention to the formation of the legal profession in order to understand its nature and its characteristic features. It should be emphasized that at present there is an objective need for an integrated, comprehensive and complete study of the history of the formation and development of the legal profession jury of the Kazan region as a separate region and the corporate body of the Council of barristers. The problem is no one has as yet studied it, no scientific paper on the subject is written. Materials and methods. Law, as a legal institution, evolving in time and space, is a very complicated subject of study of historical science. The factor that will seriously complicate the study of the question, is the limited source base and spaces preceding historical and legal science. We used three main methods of scientific knowledge. A distinctive feature of the work lies in the fact that it was an attempt combining a specially-historical, geographical and legal methods, thereby acquire interdisciplinary research, conducted at the intersection of the legal and historical areas of scientific knowledge. The prevalent historical methods determine the guiding principles of character and style of research. Results. The present work will allow to understand the historical roots of the legal profession for its further development in the future, the results can be taken into account when carrying out activities on the adjustment of the present judicial system and legislation in the field of advocacy, applied to further scientific study of the legal and historical conditions of existence of society, human rights activities. The research can be used in teaching general and special courses in the elective classes, lectures and seminars on the subjects of «History of State and Law of Russia», «History of the Volga», «History of Russian legal profession». It may also be useful in a comparative study of the history of the legal profession in various areas of Russia. Conclusions. The implementation of the judicial reform in Kazan province had national trends, at the same time – the special distinguishing features. The ups and downs of a complex and long process of struggle in Kazan advocates for the right to create its own Board of Barristers reflect the hard way, which had to go through the domestic legal profession towards institutionalization and having its corporate and professional identity.
Determinados aspectos de la sociedad norteamericana muestran tener una atracción especial para todo el mundo, al margen de creencias políticas y sociales. A menudo esas características tan familiares son las más frívolas del 'American way', mientras que rasgos más profundos e importantes de esa compleja nación parecen pasar desapercibidos más allá de sus fronteras, aunque su influencia sea manifiesta. La tecnología, negocios, comercio, cultura, etc., actuales están todos profundamente marcados por los 'ways' –maneras– de ese país. Sin duda alguna el sistema constitucional norteamericano es uno de esos 'rasgos ocultos' que, al margen de circunstancias locales y pequeños detalles, es omnipresente en lo que llamamos 'el mundo occidental'. Las respuestas a anteriores trabajos del autor –Orígenes del constitucionalismo americano and Nosotros, el Pueblo de los Estados Unidos–hicieron entrever un posible interés por parte de los estudiantes de Derecho de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid hacia una asignatura optativa sobre el constitucionalismo norteamericano. De ahí surgió, como manual para ese curso, El constitucionalismo americano. Redactado en siete temas, cubre desde los inicios del siglo XVII y las normas fundamentales que los colonos ingleses llevaron a sus primeros asentamientos, hasta las Enmiendas y decisiones del Tribunal Supremo norteamericano sobre derechos civiles en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. De esta forma, la historia de los Estados Unidos se ha dividido en siete periodos: el periodo colonial británico, la revolución americana, el proceso federalista, las primeras Enmiendas y decisiones del Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos, la guerra civil y la Reconstrucción, la era progresista y el New Deal, y el periodo de los derechos civiles. En cada periodo se estudian algunos de los eventos constitucionales más relevantes y de carácter universal. Cada tema incluye una presentación histórica y jurídica del periodo, seguida de las fuentes primarias relacionadas directamente con los eventos descritos. Suponiendo que los estudiantes a quienes va dirigido el manual podrían no estar muy familiarizados con la historia general de los Estados Unidos, se han añadido unas breves notas biográficas sobre los personajes mencionados en la narrativa. Al ser un manual de trabajo, se han incluido algunas cuestiones sobre los temas tratados para que los estudiantes pueden desarrollar los conocimientos aprendidos. (A título anecdótico, la versión on-line del manual en inglés recibió en 2013 uno de los premios de OpenCourseWare.) Este trabajo ha sido parte de los estudios doctorales del autor. ; Certain attributes of American life hold a special attraction to people all over the world, regardless of their social or political beliefs. Often those familiar features are simple banalities of that 'American way,' while more profound and remarkable traits of that complex nation seem to have gone almost unnoticed outside its borders, although their prevalent influence is evident. Current technology, business ways, commerce, culture, etc., are all deeply marked by that country 'ways.' Unquestionably, the American constitutional system is one of these hidden traits that, regardless of the circumstances, is present all over our –so called– Western world. Nevertheless, it is, for most and to most, unknown. Responses to the previous works by this author –Orígenes del constitucionalismo americano and Nosotros, el Pueblo de los Estados Unidos– hinted of a possible interest by law students at the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid for an elective course on American constitutionalism. Thus, that was the reason behind El constitucionalismo americano, as a textbook for that course. Drafted around seven themes, they cover from the beginning of the seventeenth century and the fundamental laws that English settlers brought with them at their early landings on the American continent, to the constitutional Amendments and U.S. Supreme Court decisions of the second half of the twentieth century. Thus, the history of the United States has been divided into seven periods: the British colonial period; the American Revolution; the Federalist effort; the early Amendments and Supreme Court decisions; the Civil War and Reconstruction era; the Progressive era and the New Deal; and the Civil Rights period. For each period, some of the main relevant constitutional events get analyzed. Each theme includes a historical and legal presentation of the period, followed by the primary sources directly related to the events described. Assuming the targeted students may not be very familiar with the overall history of the United States, brief biographical notes are added for the most prominent personalities mentioned in the narrative. As a textbook, each theme includes a number of questions for the students to develop. (Incidentally, the course made it to OpenCourseWare, where its English version got a somewhat good response, receiving one of the organization's awards for 2013.) This work was part of the author's PhD effort.
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Herausgeber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie diese Quelle zitieren möchten.
Besides offering more evidence of the unsuitability of Democrat Gov. John Bel Edwards to hold that position, or any other elective officer above that of dogcatcher, recent comments by him against legislation to protect children, parents, and teachers reflect changing political circumstances that have accelerated the erosion of his rapidly-waning power, to the state's benefit.
His remarks referred in part to HB 648 by Republican state Rep. Gabe Firment, which would prohibit surgery or chemicals to alter the sex of a minor; HB 466 by GOP state Rep. Dodie Horton that would ban classroom or extracurricular expressions extraneous to educating students that focus on sexual activity and gives parents control over the names and pronouns that refer to their children; and HB 81 by Republican state Rep. Raymond Crews that basically duplicates the regulation of naming conventions in Horton's bill. All have passed the House.
That's in marked contrast to last year, when Firment offered a similar bill that never received a committee hearing and Horton had the same minus the naming regime that had to be forced out of committee in a parliamentary move rarely seen, although it advanced no further. The naming controversy in the past year has become increasingly visible over revelations that some schools intentionally keep parents in the dark about their efforts to encourage children to identify differently than their biological sex (no Louisiana schools have been reported to do this).
This year, these bills have had much more success, which in part stems from the pursuit of increasingly extremist policy on this issue by the political left in Washington and elsewhere, yet also pressured towards success from upcoming fall elections in Louisiana. Majorities across almost all demographic groups (excepting white Democrats) nationally are against surgery or drugs to alter a child's sex hormonally or physically, so unless politicians are sure about their constituencies' views and whether they can submerge this issue if need be, they must tread carefully if opposing bills like these.
Not so the term-limited Edwards, who as his political shelf life moves ever closer to expiration has felt freer than ever to express his true inner social liberalism. Recently, he condemned bills like these as harmful to the tiny, but apparently growing, proportion of youth questioning whether they identify with their physical sex, without acknowledging that the preponderance of physical and social science research revealing that practices such as medical interventions on children have harmful health outcomes for most, and repeating assertions from a small number of methodologically-questionable studies that appear to affirm his opinions.
His statements imply he would veto such measures if they cross his desk, even though he didn't do that to a similar bill last year that prevents biological males, even if taking drugs to change their sex, from competing in all-female athletic events. He chickened out there because votes to pass the bills demonstrated veto-proof majorities, meaning at least some House Democrats crossed party lines to support those bills.
That he did to preserve political capital, but that runs out within a month, so he might go for broke on these. And while on HB 466 while Republican state Reps. Mary DuBuisson, Barbara Freiberg, Stephanie Hilferty, Richard Nelson, and Joe Stagni voted against it, more than enough Democrats did to make it veto-proof. That represented a gain from the day before in terms of Democrats supporting with HB 81, with the latter a fallback for part of the former in any event. As for HB 648, only Stagni voted against it.
At least in the House, these numbers indicate particularly white Democrats running for an office this year won't dare get on the wrong side of this issue (of them, only new Democrat state Rep. Roy Daryl Adams defected on HB 81 but the next day voted for HB 466). So, even if Edwards finally feels free to reveal his true self to the world with vetoes, the House will vote to override.
The Senate at this point seems harder to predict. It has only two white Democrats, one of whom will retire from politics with his term-limitation, and one vote to spare among Republicans for a supermajority. However, on the law that secured fairness for female athletes, all GOP members voted for it and for a previous version the year before Edwards vetoed successfully when the House failed to override.
Still, that Edwards has failed to influence enough members of his own party in the House to vote against these bills demonstrates his growing political impotence, already in an advanced state following veto sessions triggered the past two years with a successful override and his punting on the fairness bill. (And, the House rejected main portions of his budget). Considering his views increasingly inimical to a positive policy agenda for Louisiana, it's a welcome development and likely harbinger of that agenda's advancement, on steroids, next year.
У статті розглянуто роль священиків у розвитку та функціонуванні аматорських театральних гуртків у селах Тернопільського повіту в кінці ХІХ – першій третині ХХ століття. Звернено увагу на їхній життєвий та душпастирський шлях, мистецькі уподобання та організаторські здібності. Показано репертуар, роботу керівників-постановників й акторський склад театральних колективів. Висвітлено також соціально-політичне становище населення у цей період та його вплив на культурно-мистецьке життя краю. ; Since ancient times, Ukrainians were enthusiastically embraced various theatrical performances, which made them a great impression not only songs and dances, but also content, inspiration, as well as a professional play of talented actors. Therefore, the leaders of the local branches of Prosvita first of all took care of the formation of theater circles in their village. Very often, the founders and long-term leaders of the branches of "Prosvita" in the villages were the priests, who were considered the most experienced people in the community and had a great authority among the population. The Enlightenment movement was best developed where there were intelligent and active priests with a sense of national dignity. Much depended on the spiritual shepherds: who was the priest – this was the community as well. In conditions of statelessness, priests in Ukraine for many centuries served not only to satisfy the religious needs of the faithful, they were often in the village with the only force that could protect the national interests of the peasants, they rallied the nation to social and political life without them not celebration of national memorable dates and events.One of the most famous and authoritative priests in the Ternopil region is the founder and head of the cell of the "Prosvita", Father Ambrosiy Krushelnytsky, who, together with his family, moved to the village of Bila near Ternopil in 1878. In 1884, he founded the "Prosvita" reading room in the village, giving away a lot of his own books to her, organizing the choir at the reading room, keeping them at the beginning at his own expense, despite the fact that his family was large children, but still had to be kept old parents. Becoming the first head of the reading room at the age of forty three, Father Ambrosiy stayed in this elective office until May 28, 1901, that is, presided over almost 17 years. Although the election of the readers of the leadership, according to its charter, took place annually, and the villagers all the time elected only his chairman.An active cultural and educational work was carried out by the rural branch of "Prosvita" Society under the chairmanship of Father Mykola Chubaty who was the pastor of the village of Petrykiv from 1888 until his death in 1928. Father Mykola Chubaty in the rural "Prosvita" paid special attention to the education of local residents: they arranged a school in their hut, free peasant education, founded a brotherhood of sobriety. He was constantly elected chairman of the Prosvita Society in Petrykiv village.The village of Ostriv reached the highest cultural and artistic level in the first half of the twentieth century, in particular when Father Vasyl Glukhovetsky became a pastor of the village – who took a great interest in the community of the village and actively attracted people to the educational work.Especially many works and efforts to revitalize the national consciousness of the village community of the village of Butsniv were made by the pastor Father Izidor Glinsky, at the end of the nineteenth century. Thanks to him the local reading-room gathered the villagers not only on weekends or holidays, but almost every evening. Father Izidor has repeatedly invited priests from Ternopil for the service of worship and lectures on various topics so that people can hear more interesting news from educated people from the county. The patriotic position of a local priest and his associates-like-minded people in the cultural and artistic sphere did a great deal of work in the village, primarily among the participants of the local "Prosvita", whose number was increasing every year.Instead of the long-lived head of the Butsniv "Prosvita" of Isidor Glinsky, Father Mykola Kulinych came in, who was also indifferent to the activity of the theater circle in the village.In 1933, the young priest Vasyll Kurilas became the head of "Prosvita" Butsniv village. In the new parish, in addition to the diligent performance of pastoral duties, he led the Brotherhoods of the most sacred mysteries, the Savior and the Ukrainian Catholic Union acting in the church, took an active part in the community life of the village. Much attention was paid to the cultural and artistic work of the reading room, giving the owners practical advice.Thus, the activity of the priests in cultural and educational institutions, in particular, "Prosvita" and "Ridna Shkola", played an important role in the development of education and the elevation of spirituality in the region. By helping rural communities create and operate amateur theater circles, priests have made an important contribution to the spread of culture and art among their parishioners. Through viewing another-genre performances, viewers were able to learn about the history, customs, traditions and the lives of their ancestors-Ukrainians, to realize their mission in difficult times for them, and to form their own national position and defend it in the future.
У статті розглянуто роль священиків у розвитку та функціонуванні аматорських театральних гуртків у селах Тернопільського повіту в кінці ХІХ – першій третині ХХ століття. Звернено увагу на їхній життєвий та душпастирський шлях, мистецькі уподобання та організаторські здібності. Показано репертуар, роботу керівників-постановників й акторський склад театральних колективів. Висвітлено також соціально-політичне становище населення у цей період та його вплив на культурно-мистецьке життя краю. ; Since ancient times, Ukrainians were enthusiastically embraced various theatrical performances, which made them a great impression not only songs and dances, but also content, inspiration, as well as a professional play of talented actors. Therefore, the leaders of the local branches of Prosvita first of all took care of the formation of theater circles in their village. Very often, the founders and long-term leaders of the branches of "Prosvita" in the villages were the priests, who were considered the most experienced people in the community and had a great authority among the population. The Enlightenment movement was best developed where there were intelligent and active priests with a sense of national dignity. Much depended on the spiritual shepherds: who was the priest – this was the community as well. In conditions of statelessness, priests in Ukraine for many centuries served not only to satisfy the religious needs of the faithful, they were often in the village with the only force that could protect the national interests of the peasants, they rallied the nation to social and political life without them not celebration of national memorable dates and events.One of the most famous and authoritative priests in the Ternopil region is the founder and head of the cell of the "Prosvita", Father Ambrosiy Krushelnytsky, who, together with his family, moved to the village of Bila near Ternopil in 1878. In 1884, he founded the "Prosvita" reading room in the village, giving away a lot of his own books to her, organizing the choir at the reading room, keeping them at the beginning at his own expense, despite the fact that his family was large children, but still had to be kept old parents. Becoming the first head of the reading room at the age of forty three, Father Ambrosiy stayed in this elective office until May 28, 1901, that is, presided over almost 17 years. Although the election of the readers of the leadership, according to its charter, took place annually, and the villagers all the time elected only his chairman.An active cultural and educational work was carried out by the rural branch of "Prosvita" Society under the chairmanship of Father Mykola Chubaty who was the pastor of the village of Petrykiv from 1888 until his death in 1928. Father Mykola Chubaty in the rural "Prosvita" paid special attention to the education of local residents: they arranged a school in their hut, free peasant education, founded a brotherhood of sobriety. He was constantly elected chairman of the Prosvita Society in Petrykiv village.The village of Ostriv reached the highest cultural and artistic level in the first half of the twentieth century, in particular when Father Vasyl Glukhovetsky became a pastor of the village – who took a great interest in the community of the village and actively attracted people to the educational work.Especially many works and efforts to revitalize the national consciousness of the village community of the village of Butsniv were made by the pastor Father Izidor Glinsky, at the end of the nineteenth century. Thanks to him the local reading-room gathered the villagers not only on weekends or holidays, but almost every evening. Father Izidor has repeatedly invited priests from Ternopil for the service of worship and lectures on various topics so that people can hear more interesting news from educated people from the county. The patriotic position of a local priest and his associates-like-minded people in the cultural and artistic sphere did a great deal of work in the village, primarily among the participants of the local "Prosvita", whose number was increasing every year.Instead of the long-lived head of the Butsniv "Prosvita" of Isidor Glinsky, Father Mykola Kulinych came in, who was also indifferent to the activity of the theater circle in the village.In 1933, the young priest Vasyll Kurilas became the head of "Prosvita" Butsniv village. In the new parish, in addition to the diligent performance of pastoral duties, he led the Brotherhoods of the most sacred mysteries, the Savior and the Ukrainian Catholic Union acting in the church, took an active part in the community life of the village. Much attention was paid to the cultural and artistic work of the reading room, giving the owners practical advice.Thus, the activity of the priests in cultural and educational institutions, in particular, "Prosvita" and "Ridna Shkola", played an important role in the development of education and the elevation of spirituality in the region. By helping rural communities create and operate amateur theater circles, priests have made an important contribution to the spread of culture and art among their parishioners. Through viewing another-genre performances, viewers were able to learn about the history, customs, traditions and the lives of their ancestors-Ukrainians, to realize their mission in difficult times for them, and to form their own national position and defend it in the future.
4.7.2016 In March 2015 our respective Departments confirmed that they would establish an All-island Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) Clinical Network from 1 April 2015. This followed the outcome of a public consultation in the North on the International Working Groupâ?Ts (IWG) recommendations published by both Departments in October 2014. The Network is comprised of an All-island Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) Clinical Network Board and a Cross-Jurisdictional Oversight Group The initial Action Plan to be implemented by the Network Board committed to a phased introduction of the Network. In this respect the Network Board has produced a Vision Statement and put forward a Full Business Case for the necessary investment, which sets out a detailed plan to deliver the implementation targets set out in the Joint Policy Statement on 14 October 2014. Having given these our full consideration, we are pleased to announce that we are fully committed to the Network Boardâ?Ts Vision for the All-island Congenital Heart Disease Network which is: â?oTo establish a world class family-centric congenital heart disease service for the island of Ireland.â? We recognise that the realisation of this vision requires a number of essential developments, such as the expansion of Intensive Care capacity in our Ladyâ?Ts Childrenâ?Ts Hospital Crumlin (OLCHC) and the associated requirement for additional medical and nursing staff; the development of a Specialist Childrenâ?Ts Cardiology Centre in the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust; further development of a number of regional childrenâ?Ts cardiology centres across the island and training in CHD for all health professionals in the network, with associated opportunities to move within the network to develop competencies. To further underpin the development of an innovative service, formal links will be established with an appropriate Academic establishment and supported by a research and innovation fund. Over the next 5 years, approximately â,¬57 million / £42 million will be invested between our two jurisdictions to support these developments. The Business Case endorsed by the CHD Network Board envisages completing the phased implementation of the transfer of all urgent surgical cases from the North (in addition to the Emergency cases currently being transferred) to OLCHC between now and the end of 2017 and all elective surgical cases by the end of 2018. In the interim the Belfast Trust will continue to operate a service level agreement with OLCHC to provide emergency surgical treatment in OLCHC for Northern patients. The immediate focus of the Network Board has been to ensure that children currently transferred from the North for treatment at specialist surgical centres in England receive their treatment in future at OLCHC as soon as possible. However, the remit of the Board is to build a world class CHD service for all of the children and young people in the island who have a congenital heart condition. We are therefore pleased to announce that the Network will, in the near future, expand the capacity for catheterisation procedures in the newly opened, state of the art Hybrid Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratory at OLCHC, as a result of the investment we have announced today. This will create an All-island Catheterisation Waiting List, to the benefit of children across the island. This will be the first All-island waiting list of its kind. Taken together, the joint investment we are announcing today to expand surgical and catheterisation capacity at OLCHC clearly demonstrates the potential of North-South collaboration on healthcare to bring tangible benefits and outcomes for patients across Ireland. The Network has also overseen good progress in terms of improving telemedicine and image exchange links between Dublin and Belfast, improving the rate of antenatal detection of congenital cardiac conditions, improving the experience of young people transitioning into adult settings for their care, upgrading equipment used to monitor babiesâ?T hearts, and expanding ambulance provision for the transfer of children between heart centres. Recognising the progress and benefits of such developments, we wish to announce that we will be tasking officials with carrying out a scoping study to identify further areas of co-operation in health and social care across the island of Ireland. We wish to thank Dr Len Oâ?THagan, Chair of the Network Board, and his colleagues on the Network Board for their dedicated efforts over the past year in carrying out the necessary detailed planning to move forward the ambitious plan for an All-island CHD Network which our predecessors confirmed in March 2015. We pay tribute to the patient representative organisations, both for their continued support of heart families across the island of Ireland, and for their significant contribution to the development of the Network. Finally, we wish to record our gratitude to the clinical, nursing and administrative staff who are dedicated to providing high quality treatment and care for CHD patients. We close by reaffirming the commitment of our respective Departments to the provision of an optimal service, with the critical mass to provide safe high quality outcomes for congenital cardiac surgery and associated cardiology services for all children and young people in Ireland, as the goal of all of the work described above. At the centre of this is our clear aim to support and meet the needs of these vulnerable children, young people and their families.
Esta obra está compuesta básicamente por los materiales de un curso que es parte de la asignatura "Historia de las Constituciones" dentro del Programa del Grado en Derecho de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. ; Certain attributes of American life hold a special attraction to people all over the world, regardless of their social or political beliefs. Often those familiar features are simple banalities of that 'American way,' while more profound and remarkable traits of that complex nation seem to have gone almost unnoticed outside its borders, although their prevalent influence is evident. Current technology, business ways, commerce, culture, etc., are all deeply marked by that country 'ways.' Unquestionably, the American constitutional system is one of these hidden traits that, regardless of the circumstances, is present all over our –so called– Western world. Nevertheless, it is, for most and to most, unknown. Responses to the previous works by this author –Orígenes del constitucionalismo americano and Nosotros, el Pueblo de los Estados Unidos– hinted of a possible interest by law students at the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid for an elective course on American constitutionalism. Thus, that was the reason behind El constitucionalismo americano, as a textbook for that course. Drafted around seven themes, they cover from the beginning of the seventeenth century and the fundamental laws that English settlers brought with them at their early landings on the American continent, to the constitutional Amendments and U.S. Supreme Court decisions of the second half of the twentieth century. Thus, the history of the United States has been divided into seven periods: the British colonial period; the American Revolution; the Federalist effort; the early Amendments and Supreme Court decisions; the Civil War and Reconstruction era; the Progressive era and the New Deal; and the Civil Rights period. For each period, some of the main relevant constitutional events get analyzed. Each theme includes a historical and legal presentation of the period, followed by the primary sources directly related to the events described. Assuming the targeted students may not be very familiar with the overall history of the United States, brief biographical notes are added for the most prominent personalities mentioned in the narrative. As a textbook, each theme includes a number of questions for the students to develop. (Incidentally, the course made it to OpenCourseWare, where its English version got a somewhat good response, receiving one of the organization's awards for 2013.) This work was part of the author's PhD effort. ; Determinados aspectos de la sociedad norteamericana muestran tener una atracción especial para todo el mundo, al margen de creencias políticas y sociales. A menudo esas características tan familiares son las más frívolas del 'American way', mientras que rasgos más profundos e importantes de esa compleja nación parecen pasar desapercibidos más allá de sus fronteras, aunque su influencia sea manifiesta. La tecnología, negocios, comercio, cultura, etc., actuales están todos profundamente marcados por los 'ways' –maneras– de ese país. Sin duda alguna el sistema constitucional norteamericano es uno de esos 'rasgos ocultos' que, al margen de circunstancias locales y pequeños detalles, es omnipresente en lo que llamamos 'el mundo occidental'. Las respuestas a anteriores trabajos del autor –Orígenes del constitucionalismo americano and Nosotros, el Pueblo de los Estados Unidos–hicieron entrever un posible interés por parte de los estudiantes de Derecho de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid hacia una asignatura optativa sobre el constitucionalismo norteamericano. De ahí surgió, como manual para ese curso, El constitucionalismo americano. Redactado en siete temas, cubre desde los inicios del siglo XVII y las normas fundamentales que los colonos ingleses llevaron a sus primeros asentamientos, hasta las Enmiendas y decisiones del Tribunal Supremo norteamericano sobre derechos civiles en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. De esta forma, la historia de los Estados Unidos se ha dividido en siete periodos: el periodo colonial británico, la revolución americana, el proceso federalista, las primeras Enmiendas y decisiones del Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos, la guerra civil y la Reconstrucción, la era progresista y el New Deal, y el periodo de los derechos civiles. En cada periodo se estudian algunos de los eventos constitucionales más relevantes y de carácter universal. Cada tema incluye una presentación histórica y jurídica del periodo, seguida de las fuentes primarias relacionadas directamente con los eventos descritos. Suponiendo que los estudiantes a quienes va dirigido el manual podrían no estar muy familiarizados con la historia general de los Estados Unidos, se han añadido unas breves notas biográficas sobre los personajes mencionados en la narrativa. Al ser un manual de trabajo, se han incluido algunas cuestiones sobre los temas tratados para que los estudiantes pueden desarrollar los conocimientos aprendidos. (A título anecdótico, la versión on-line del manual en inglés recibió en 2013 uno de los premios de OpenCourseWare.) Este trabajo ha sido parte de los estudios doctorales del autor.
This dissertation investigates Danish hearing health care and the rehabilitation of working-age people with onset hearing impairment. The focus is on the structure and function of Danish hearing health care and its impact on the hearing impaired, in terms of their experiences of the impairment and their conduct in relation to the rehabilitation service offered. The dissertation is based on a report from the Danish National Centre for Social Research (SFI) on the effect of reduced hearing on labour-market attachment and working life, which raises the ostensible issues that there is a large group who seem reluctant to acknowledge their hearing impairment, and that many hearing- impaired persons do not continue to use hearing aids after the fitting, and that those who do use them continue to report communication difficulties in everyday life. By considering audiological rehabilitation from different qualitative sociological perspectives, the dissertation brings new insights into the continuing paucity of sociological literature around hearing disability, and into the construction of hearing disability and hearing disabled identities in clinical settings. In the dissertation, I present five articles that explore the research question in different ways. The articles are based on empirical data constructed by means of text analyses, observations, and interviews at two public hearing clinics in Denmark. In the first article, co-authored with Agnete Parving, we trace the history of those forms of rationality that comprise the present situation in hearing clinics. The article briefly describes the history of Danish audiology during the last 60 years, starting from the 1950s when audiology became a public service. The formation of the field of audiology is framed according to Bourdieu's conception of fields, which means that there are medical, technological, and rehabilitative subfields with different agents, roots, and interests. In the second article, I explore the patients' reasons for attending the hearing clinic, as up to 40 % of hearing-impaired people do not use their hearing aid as prescribed. The article describes how the reason for people seeking help at the clinic is often due to significant others who assist them in defining their 'need'. The theoretical basis of the article is theories of normality and meanings of normality, and is based on interviews with patients. In the third article, drawing on Foucault's theories on power/knowledge and Goffman's theory of interaction rituals, the article analyses 41 video-recorded encounters between audiologists and first- time users of hearing aids in two public hearing clinics in Denmark. The article identifies a ritualised pattern in the interactions, which helps explain how only some of the patients' experiences are allowed to be brought to the audiological encounter. In the fourth article, I explore how governmental rationalities and techniques for mobilising the elective consumer translate into audiological practice by 'studying though' policy. The article investigates the way in which neoliberalism can claim empirical validity and concludes that, on the conceptual level, a change has occurred from having been viewed earlier as passive clients of welfare to now being mobilised as active consumers. In present-day hearing clinics a co-presence of multilevel ways of governance has transpired and few of the hearing-impaired patients feel able to embrace the new consumer ethos. In the fifth article, I explore how working-age people confront and handle the medical diagnosis of the onset of hearing impairment, and what it means for their sense of identity. Based on interviews with hearing-impaired people, the article describes how, in order to overcome potential stigmatisation, 'passing' as normal becomes predominant for the impaired. Wearing a hearing aid works against the contemporary attempt to create socially ideal bodily presentations of the self, as the hearing aid is considered to be a symbolic extension of the body's lack of functionality. ; This dissertation investigates Danish hearing health care and the rehabilitation of working-age people with onset hearing impairment. The focus is on the structure and function of Danish hearing health care and its impact on the hearing impaired, in terms of their experiences of the impairment and their conduct in relation to the rehabilitation service offered. The dissertation is based on a report from the Danish National Centre for Social Research (SFI) on the effect of reduced hearing on labour-market attachment and working life, which raises the ostensible issues that there is a large group who seem reluctant to acknowledge their hearing impairment, and that many hearing-impaired persons do not continue to use hearing aids after the fitting, and that those who do use them continue to report communication difficulties in everyday life. By considering audiological rehabilitation from different qualitative sociological perspectives, the dissertation brings new insights into the continuing paucity of sociological literature around hearing disability, and into the construction of hearing disability and hearing disabled identities in clinical settings. In the dissertation, I present five articles that explore the research question in different ways. The articles are based on empirical data constructed by means of text analyses, observations, and interviews at two public hearing clinics in Denmark.
Authors' IntroductionSimilar to race, class, and gender, the body is an important signifier that shapes identity, social processes, and life outcomes. In our article, we examine the individual and institutional rewards conferred upon physically attractive individuals and the social stigma and discrimination experienced by the less physically attractive. This body hierarchy is tied in part to the performance of beauty work, including attempts to transform and/or manipulate one's hair, make‐up, and body shape or size. We explore these beauty work practices, highlight the gendered nature of this body hierarchy, and situate these practices in debates about agency and cultural structure. Are beauty conformists 'cultural dopes' who buy into an oppressive patriarchal beauty culture that creates docile bodies? Or, are these individuals 'savvy cultural negotiators' who participate in beauty work practices to reap material and psychological rewards?Authors recommendsBordo, Susan. 2003. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture & the Body. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.A series of essays that examine Western body culture, including media images, weight loss practices, reproduction, psychology, medicine, and eating disorders. In her analysis, Bordo adopts a postmodern feminist interpretation, problematizing the female body as a cultural construct.Davis, Kathy. 1991. 'Remaking the She‐Devil: A Critical Look at Feminist Approaches to Beauty'. Hypatia, 6, 21–43.Drawing on interviews with Dutch cosmetic surgery patients, Davis examines how women account for their decisions to participate in cosmetic surgery and how they view it in light of surgery outcomes. She argues that women actively pursue cosmetic surgery for instrumental reasons including regaining control of their lives, feeling normal, and/or righting the wrong of an ongoing suffering.Dellinger, Kirsten and Christine L. Williams. 1997. 'Makeup at Work: Negotiating Appearance Rules in the Workplace'. Gender & Society, 11, 151–77.Dellinger and Williams analyze in‐depth interviews to understand the reasons why women do – or do not – wear makeup in the workplace. Women are negatively sanctioned when they do not wear makeup (e.g. they are questioned about their health or heterosexuality) and are positively rewarded when they do wear makeup (e.g. they are seen as more credible, feel more confident, etc.). The authors argue that such practices ultimately reinforce inequality between women and men, but that individual resistance strategies are unlikely to be successful given the institutional and structural constraints faced by women.Gagné, Patricia and Deanna McGaughey. 2002. 'Designing Women: Cultural Hegemony and the Exercise of Power Among Women Who have Undergone Elective Mammoplasty'. Gender & Society, 16, 814–438.The authors address two feminist perspectives on cosmetic surgery using interviews with women who have undergone elective mammoplasty. One perspective suggests that women who elect cosmetic surgery are victims of false consciousness whose bodies are disciplined by a male gaze. A second perspective centralizes women's agency; surgery enables women to achieve greater power and control over their lives. They propose a grounded theoretical synthesis, maintaining that surgery can be empowering at an individual level, but can also reinforce hegemonic ideals that oppress women as a group.Gimlin, Debra L. 2002. Body Work: Beauty and Self‐Image in American Culture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Gimlin examines four sites of body work – the beauty salon, aerobics classes, a plastic surgery clinic, and a fat acceptance organization. Relying on ethnographic and interview data, she discusses women's body transformation efforts and how they negotiate the relationship between body and self.Lovejoy, Meg. 2001. 'Disturbances in the Social Body: Differences in Body Image and Eating Problems among African American and White Women'. Gender & Society, 15, 239–61.Lovejoy reviews several perspectives on racial/ethnic differences in body image and eating disorders including: (1) a psychometric perspective that focuses on attitudinal and perceptual body image; (2) white feminist perspectives that focus on social control and changing gender roles; and (3) black feminist perspectives that claim obesity is a problem for black women, see eating as a mechanism to cope with oppression, and acknowledge black women's susceptibility to eating disorders. According to Lovejoy, black women's positive body satisfaction can be explained through an alternative beauty aesthetic and the cultural construction of femininity in black communities.Pope, Harrison G., Jr., Katharine A. Phillips and Roberto Olivardia. 2000. The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession. New York: The Free Press.In contrast to the many works that focus on women, these authors discuss appearance stereotypes and appearance work related to men and masculinity. While more journalistic than academic in tone (and quality of research design), the authors draw on surveys, interviews, and archival documents to argue that women's entrance into previously masculine arenas (e.g. male‐dominated occupations) has led to a sort of 'threatened masculinity.' As a result, men use their bodies to demonstrate masculinity (e.g. increased musculature) – often through unhealthy behaviors and practices, including steroid use and eating disorders.Weitz, Rose. 2001. 'Women and Their Hair: Seeking Power through Resistance and Accommodation'. Gender & Society, 15, 667–86.Based on in‐depth interviews with women, Weitz shows how women use their hair (style, length, color, etc.) to conform to, resist, and negotiate hegemonic beauty norms, thereby gaining – or losing – personal and professional power and other advantages. Weitz's article is particularly useful for illuminating how personal advantages can belie group advantages as well as the limitations of the agency versus docile bodies argument.West, Candace and Don H. Zimmerman. 1987. 'Doing Gender'. Gender & Society, 1, 125–51.This article introduces the idea of gender as an accomplishment or a performance. Femininity and masculinity, the authors argue, do not automatically follow from biological sex. Rather, males and females perform gender in their daily routines and interactions with others. We 'do gender,' for example, through our appearance, behaviors, speech patterns, etc.Wolf, Naomi. 1991. The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women. New York: Harper Collins.This book explores the relationship between unattainable beauty ideals and women's social advancement. Examining issues including work, culture, religion, sex, and hunger, Wolf argues that despite increased advancement in the public sphere, women's self‐esteem and equality are stymied by the beauty myth and an obsession with body perfection.Online materialsAbout Face! http://www.about‐face.org/ About Face is an organization whose mission is to equip women and girls with tools to understand and resist harmful media messages that affect their self‐esteem and body image. Website contains images of positive and negative advertisements (along with discussion questions and company contact information), further reading suggestions, and links to other organizations dealing with either body image or media literacy.Adios Barbie http://www.adiosbarbie.com/ A website devoted to creating awareness about disempowering cultural messages about bodies, encouraging positive body image, and taking an active role in creating unique versions of beauty and identity.Jean Kilbourne http://www.jeankilbourne.com/lectures.html Jean Kilbourne is an author and lecturer whose works focuses extensively on the depiction of women in advertising. Her website includes recourses for change and postings from organizations with opportunities for individuals to get involved in activities/events that challenge destructive media images. The 'Film & Video' link also includes films on advertising and western beauty culture.Lauren Greenfield http://www.laurengreenfield.com/ Lauren Greenfield is a photographer whose images capture, among other things, the toll of beauty stereotypes and beauty work on women of all ages. Particularly relevant are Greenfield's collections titled Girl Culture and Thin. The website includes photographic images, short films, links to Greenfield's books and films, and further resources, including readings for teens, activists, and educators (including an extensive discussion/exercise guide for Girl Culture).Love Your Body Day Campaign (National Organization of Women) http://loveyourbody.nowfoundation.org/ Website for NOW's annual body‐image campaign that began in 1998. Includes activism resources (primarily for college campuses), including a Powerpoint presentation with images and text about how commercial images (with a focus on advertising) affect both women and men ('Sex, Stereotypes and Beauty: The ABCs and Ds of Commercial Images of Women'). Newsweek, Lifetime Spending on Beauty http://www.newsweek.com/id/187758 Interactive graphic, 'The Beauty Breakdown', shows the average cost that women in various age groups spend on beauty products and services. Graphic also includes links on the right‐side menu to other Newsweek articles and photo essays related to beauty work.Sample SyllabusWe encourage use of this article in various Sociology, Gender and Women's Studies, and Cultural Studies courses including Introduction to Sociology, Sociology of Gender, and the Sociology of Body.Focus Questions
In what ways does your level of physical attractiveness affect how others treat you? How does your race and gender shape your response? Consider various contexts including school, work, gym, church, etc., and how social context might affect social treatment. What are some individual and institutional rewards conferred upon physically attractive individuals? How are physically unattractive individuals stigmatized and treated differently? Why do you think individuals make assumptions and treat people differently based on physical attractiveness? What are some common forms of beauty work practices? Do you engage in any of these practices? Why? Why do you think others engage in these practices? How do practices and consequences differ by gender? By race? By sexual orientation? How is beauty work a gendered double standard? That is, how do beauty work 'obligations' differ for women and men? Also, what are some contradictions women face when they perform beauty work? In other words, what are some of the costs to performing – as well as not performing – beauty work? What, if any, forms of resistance are an effective means of social change? Do 'alternative' appearances, i.e., body piercings, scarring, or tattoos, or advertising campaigns such as the Dove Real Body campaign constitute resistance to beauty ideals that promote social change? How might different strands of feminist thought envision social change?
Seminar/Project IdeasReading Assignment: Beauty AssumptionsSelect photos of both conventionally attractive and unattractive men and women from various racial and ethnic backgrounds. Select these photos in pairs, varying preferably all but the level of physical beauty, e.g. attractive white woman versus unattractive white woman, attractive black man versus unattractive black man. If possible, use 'before and after' makeover photos. Before students read the assigned article, ask them to rate the person depicted in each photo on various personality characteristics. Use semantic differential scales and pairs such as happy‐sad, beautiful‐ugly, intelligent‐unintelligent, healthy‐unhealthy, honest‐dishonest, friendly‐unfriendly, etc. After students have read the article, revisit their responses. Are there any patterns of assumed characteristics based on level of physical attractiveness? How does race and/or gender affect responses? Use this exercise to transition into a discussion of the article.Journal Assignment: Media and Our Beauty CultureAsk students to examine critically and document observations about the beauty culture that surrounds them. In a week, students should pay special attention to what they see on television. In terms of physical attractiveness, who is depicted on television? Moreover, how do depictions vary by physical attractiveness? What roles do physically attractive individuals play? How are they depicted? Conversely, what roles and portrayals are associated with less physically attractive individuals? Would they see similar depictions in other media such as film, magazines, and the internet? In their write‐up, students should also discuss the social meanings and significance of these television depictions. For example, do they think these portrayals affect their views of beauty, their assumptions about others, and how they treat others?
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Herausgeber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie diese Quelle zitieren möchten.
Us political scientists found ourselves another teaching tool courtesy of northwest Louisiana election results this past weekend that, despite this being the runoff balloting, still haven't been decided for one contest.
Caddo and Bossier Parishes mostly had these for state and local elections settled last month, if not a couple of months earlier during qualification, Still, a half-dozen relevant contests remained to be decided. Almost all of them were.
The one race confined to Bossier saw Democrat Julius Daby, for many years a fixture on the parish School Board, edge out political neophyte Democrat Mary Giles to succeed his brother on the Police Jury. Only 415 people voted, under 10 percent of the district electorate, a proportion only somewhat lower than the 17 percent parish-wide who participated. Clearly without compelling top-level races at either the state or parish levels Bossier turnout suffered, and the District 10 runoff drew even fewer because parish governance seems less important to residents in an urban district within Bossier City.
Yet this outcome proved interesting, for when any of the Darby clan run for office – four have been elected to posts on the Bossier City Council, Police Jury, and School Board starting 40 years ago – not only have they won, but also almost always without a runoff, much less battling to a close finish. This outcome might signal the beginning of the end of the Darby dynasty – almost no black elected officials in Bossier City, the parish, or school district in history has been anything but a Darby – that has dominated black electoral politics in the parish.
Bossier also had a slice of the Senate District 39 race, which proved almost anti-climactic. Despite his almost three decades in elective office, including a stint as mayor of Shreveport, the mostly-Caddo district saw the end of Democrat state Rep. Cedric Glover's career, going out with a whimper. Perhaps not surprisingly Democrat state Rep. Sam Jenkins triumphed as during the campaign, and especially in the runoff that Jenkins led into but into which Glover barely squeaked by a Republican, it had become clear that party activists were coalescing into Jenkins' corner. More unexpected was the thumping of nearly 2:1 that Jenkins delivered.
In retrospect, Glover perhaps should have stayed put, as he could have served another term before limits kicked in. Instead, his seat now will be held by Democrat Joy Walters, who in a close three-way contest in the general election first knocked out a Caddo Parish commissioner, then in the runoff narrowly bested a Caddo Paish School Board member. This victory was significant in that Walters relied less on a traditional strategy of shoe leather and making the endorsement rounds while utilizing more aggressively social and electronic media strategies.
There was no predicted or actual closeness to the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education District 4 race. Republican Stacey Melerine, aided by the campaigning nexus of GOP state Rep. (soon to take a state Senate seat) Alan Seabaugh, handily defeated her Democrat opponent.
The two topline Caddo races were a different story. Despite leading into the runoff with 46 percent of the vote and the expectation that enough of the 19 percent of the third place-finishing white Democrat would push him to victory in the runoff, Republican former Assessor employee Brett Frazier, who is white, finished 233 votes behind Democrat college professor Regina Webb, who is black, out of over 40,000 cast and turnout 10 points higher than in Bossier. Remarkably, she spent through the general election plus a couple of weeks only a few thousand dollars with little in the way of advertising other than push cards and yard signs, devoting most effort to canvassing and phone banks, while Frazier spent much more.
Voter demographics in the parish, that revealed whites with a bare plurality over blacks, but with a history that whites were twice as likely to cross over to voter for a black candidate over a white than blacks were to vote for a white candidate against a black may have helped her pull it out. Yet what probably helped her more was the high-profile sheriff's race between white Republican lawyer John Nickelson and black Democrat former Shreveport police chief and chief administrative officer Henry Whitehorn.
It generated a lot of heat, sending turnout five points better than statewide for statewide contests. Nickleson, endorsed by outgoing GOP Sheriff Steve Prator, grabbed 45 percent of the vote in the general election while other Republicans picked up 11 percent more. This suggested that he could hold off Whitehorn in the runoff, who had 35 percent, especially if the pattern of blacks disproportionately not turning out in the general election replicated in the runoff.
Which didn't appear to happen as dramatically in the runoff. For now, with the results unofficial, Nickelson appears to have lost out of 43,231 cast by one vote. More in-depth analysis can follow after results become official on Nov. 27, but a surface look shows that, even as about 3,000 fewer people voted in the runoff or a drop of 2.4 percent, among the precincts with at least 70 percent black Democrats registered, turnout increased around 1.5 percent – voters highly likely to vote for Whitehorn by the general election trend.
If things stand as is, or if Nickelson flips a couple of votes, then political scientists can be taken seriously by their students when they cover material discussing the incentives for people to vote when they say that a single person's vote could make the difference even in a large constituency.
