Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bijjur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was generated with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the micro-wartershed. The present study covers an area of 560 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by rock lands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 21 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm), about 30 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils, 45 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and two per cent are very shallow (25-75 cm).  About 96 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 3 per cent are loamy soils at the surface.  About 6 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 56 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 25 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0) and only one per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 99 per cent area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 191 (34) 100 (18) Jackfruit - 16 (3) Maize - 40 (7) Jamun - 81 (24) Bengalgram 150 (27) 377 (67) Musambi 57 (10) 216 (39) Groundnut - 16 (3) Lime 21 (4) 252 (45) Sunflower 21 (4) 252 (45) Cashew - - Cotton 150 (27) 249 (45) Custard Apple 150 (27) 123 (22) Banana - 274 (49) Amla 21 (4) 252(45) Pomegranate - 251 (45) Tamarind - 180 (32) Mango - 139 (25) Marigold - 449 (80) Sapota - 16 (3) Chrysanthemum - 449 (80) Guava - 60 (11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bijjur-1 Micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75037' – 75040' East longitudes, covering an area of about 560 ha, bounded by Chiksavanur, Govankop, Hosur, Narayanapur and Nagarmaduvu villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bijjur-1 Microwatershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.6 to 41.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to schedules caste (SC) is around 30 per cent.  Fire wood is the major source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.7 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 9.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 59.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.30526 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.81730 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 22800 per household; about 81.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 766.3 grams (1601.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.21480 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.961. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1068 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 593586 per year for the total area of 560 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 1075 ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3920) followed by sunflower (Rs. 3519), sorghum (Rs. 1654) and horse gram (Rs. 1615), cotton (Rs. 2564) and ground nut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is Rs. 1505 ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 4940) followed by maize (Rs. 2142), sorghum (Rs. 1455) and horse gram (Rs. 494/).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.69661) fallowed by maize (Rs. 20545), horse gram (Rs.15205), ground nut (Rs. 20614), sorghum (Rs. 28693) and sunflower (Rs. 27713). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is followed by maize (61.3 %) fallowed by sorghum (17.6 %), sunflower (6.4 %), horse gram (6.3 %), cotton (4.2 %) and groundnut (4.2 %).  In Bijjur-1 Microwatershed, major soil are soils of banded ferruginous quartzite landscape of Attikatti (AKT) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 8.6 % of area; on this soil farmers are presently growing maize (92.5 %) and groundnut (7.5 %). Yelisirunj (YSJ) is also having shallow soil depth cover around 5.9 % of area, the crops are sorghum. Venkatapur (VKP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 25.6 % of areas, crops are maize. Jelligere (JLG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 16.6 % of area, crops are horse gram (41.6 %), maize (16.8 %) and sunflower (41.6 %). Varavi (VRV) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 13.8 % of area; the major crops grown are cotton (32.8 %), maize (18 %) and sorghum (49.2 %). Dhoni (DNI) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 2.9 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Kalasapur (KPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover 10.64 % of area; crops are sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 35712/ha in JLG soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 1339/ha in VKP soil (with BCR of 2.06).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 16589/ha in VRV soil (with of 1.13) and Rs.14829/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.22).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in AKT soil is Rs. 43872/ha (with BCR of 0.96).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in JLG soil Rs. 20615/ha (with BCR of 1.14).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in JLG soil is Rs.17064/ha (with BCR of 1.21) and cotton the cost of cultivation in VRV soil is Rs. 40661/ha (with BCR of 1.06).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (70.5 to 84.8%), sorghum (64.8 to 68 %), groundnut (56.6 %), horse gram (49.4 %) and sunflower (49.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 408 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 33 per cent of the soils are deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 40 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 26 per cent are very shallow (200 mm/m) in 20 per cent in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent area has gently to very gently sloping (1-5% slope) lands and 9 per cent is under moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 53 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 34 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 11 per cent soils severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 16 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 82 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Entire area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 99 per cent area and about one per cent area is high (>20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 52 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 31 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 11 per cent area and sufficient in 88 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 32 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 66 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 119 (29) 39 (9) Jackfruit - - Maize - 39 (9) Jamun - 80 (20) Bengalgram 71 (17) 130 (32) Musambi 80 (20) 39 (9) Groundnut - - Lime 80 (20) 39 (9) Sunflower 80 (20) 39 (9) Cashew - - Cotton 80 (20) 77 (19) Custard Apple 119 (29) 39 (9) Banana - 119 (29) Amla 119 (29) 39 (9) Pomegranate - 119 (29) Tamarind - 80 (20) Mango - 81 (20) Marigold - 157 (39) Sapota - - Chrysanthemum - 157 (39) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hosur-1 micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1502' – 1504' North latitudes and 77039' – 75041' East longitudes, covering an area of about 600 ha, bounded by Chikasavanur, Suganhalli, Vadi and Alginvad villages with length of growing period (LGP)150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hosur-1 Microwatershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.2 to 45.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 60 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent.  About 30.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among the all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.2 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 74.3 % and irrigated land 25.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 50.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 30.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 49259 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 120192 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having plough and weeder  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 25199 per household; about 82 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 878.4 grams (1954.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 20 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 20280 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1116. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1927 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 774753 per year for the total area of 407.98 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20159/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 53650) followed by onion (Rs. 6420), sunflower (Rs. 3594) and maize (Rs. 2941) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 4289/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 6116) and maize (Rs. 2462).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 175617) followed by groundnut (Rs. 26177), maize (Rs. 21261), onion (Rs. 16796) and sunflower (Rs. 18579). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (77.6 %) followed by sunflower (9.7 %), onion (7.2 %), banana (3.6 %) and groundnut (1.9 %).  In Hosuru-1 micro-watershed, major soils Shirol (SRL) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing sunflower, Soil of schist landscape of Soratur (SRT) are also having very shallow soil depth cover 6.9 % of area, the major crop is maize. Kabulayathkatti (KLK) soil series having very shallow soil depth cover around 6.7 % of area, crops are groundnut (50.0 %) and maize (50.0 %). Yelisirunj (YSJ) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 25.1 % of area, crops are maze (65 %) and onion (35 %). Attikatti (ATT) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 9.0 % of area; major crop is maize. Kalasapur (KPR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 8.7 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Mahalingapur (MPT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 10.9 % of areas; crops are banana (46.2 %) and maize (53.8 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.34182/ha in KLK soil (with BCR of 0.92) and Rs.15866/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.49).  In banana the cost of cultivation in MPT soil is Rs. 213110/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In onion the cost of cultivation in YSJ soil is Rs. 42980/ha (with BCR of 1.15).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KLK soil is Rs.45307/ha (with BCR of 1.09) and sunflower the cost of cultivation in SRL soil is Rs 15725/ha (with BCR of 1.23).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (73.4 to 83.9 %), sunflower (66.1 %), onion (74.7 %), groundnut (44.9 %) and banana (43.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilogal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 453 ha in Nilogal microwatershed in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm. Of which 363 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period, the north-east monsoon contributes about 165 mm and the remaining 105 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 150 cm) to deep (100-150 cm), 10 per cent moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 57 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 82 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 13 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 21 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 50 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area  The land suitability for 21 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 78 (17) 184 (40) Jackfruit 12 (3) 76 (17) Maize 12 (3) 90 (20) Jamun 12 (3) 102 (22) Bengal gram 78(17) 315 (70) Musambi 33(7) 134(29) Groundnut - 63(14) Lime 33 (7) 134 (29) Sunflower 78 (17) 258 (57) Cashew 12 (3) 89 (20) Cotton 33 (7) 269 (59) Custard apple 78 (17) 199 (44) Banana 12 (3) 160 (35) Amla 78 (17) 258(57) Pomegranate 12 (3) 160 (35) Tamarind - 122(27) Mango - 12 (3) Marigold 12 (3) 358 (79) Guava 12 (3) 197 (21) Chrysanthamum 12 (3) 358 (79) Sapota 12 (3) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nilogal micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1504' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 453 ha, bounded by Belhatti, Bikonahatti, Bodihal and Jirmahadapura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Nilogal micro-watershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58 to 42 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 70 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 40 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 20 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 8.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.33 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 84.1 % and irrigated land 15.9 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 2.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 70.59 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 131131 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 138917 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 22097 per household; about 73 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 843.2 grams (1757.06 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.2672.6 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1266. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 580 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 249237 per year for the total area of 453.21 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 3535/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 6559) followed by onion (Rs. 5013), maize (Rs. 1716) and groundnut (Rs. 852).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2088/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3562) and groundnut (Rs. 614).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 47548) followed by maize (Rs. 31572), ground nut (Rs. 23931) and onion (Rs. 16796). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (52.1 %) followed by cotton (29.6 %), groundnut (14.6 %) and onion (3.6 %).  In Nilogal micro-watershed, major soil is Revanki (RNK) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (68.9 %) and cotton (31.1 %), Kethanpura (KTP) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.89 % of area; crops growing are maize (21.2 %) and groundnut (78.8 %), Tammadahalli (TDH) series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 14.89 % of area; growing crops are maize (52.3%) and cotton (47.7 %). Kanchikere (KKR) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 5.30 % of area; growing maize. Kalasapur (KPR) series having deep soil depth cover around 4.55 % area crop is cotton. Nagavi Tanda (NGT) series having very deep soil depth cover around 19.53 % area growing crops is maize. Soils of Schist landscape of Venkatapur (VKP) series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.42 % of area growing maize. Varavi (VRV) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 4.59 % of area; crops growing maize (66.7 %) and onion (33.33 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 57880/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs. 35059/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.19).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 47593/ha in VKP soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs.31995/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.37).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 17619/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In onion the cost of cultivation in VRV soil is Rs.87612/ha (with BCR of 1.06) and groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs 28395/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 1.05).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (44.6 to 13.2 %), onion (74.7 %), maize (64.3 to 75.2 %) and ground nut (49.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Guralgunta Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 580 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 570 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 10 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 55per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 43 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 41 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 54 per cent clayey soils, 3 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 97 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 15 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 39 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4) and 14 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 83 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 16 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 98 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and less than 1 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 65 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1(0.13) 430(73) Sapota - 15(3) Maize 1(0.13) 124(21) Pomegranate - 322(64) Bajra 1(0.13) 444(77) Musambi 187(33) 135(24) Groundnut - 58(9) Lime 187(33) 135(24) Sunflower - 308(53) Amla 1(0.13) 429(74) Redgram - 322(55) Cashew - 1(0.13) Bengal gram 187(32) 245(42) Jackfruit - 1(0.13) Cotton 187(32) 244(42) Jamun - 316(54) Chilli - 381(66) Custard apple 188(32) 242(42) Tomato 1(0.13) 138(24) Tamarind - 316(54) Drumstick - 322(55) Mulberry - 1(0.13) Mango - - Marigold - 446(76) Guava - 15(3) Chrysanthemum - 446(76)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Guralgunta micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16036' – 16038' North latitudes and 770 18' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 579.68 ha, bounded by Gudalagunta, Madhawara, Sambara and Neelahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Guralgunta micro-watershed in Yadgiri taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.2 to 43.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 60.56 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 51.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 51.1 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 23.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 17.02 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 95.74 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 31.91 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 59.6 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.11 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 99.10 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 26.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 36.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.68834 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.110163 per household, about 63.8 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.22533 per household; about 83.56 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 829.2 grams (1930.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 51 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 28666 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2337. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.7421/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in castor (Rs.27044) followed by groundnut (Rs.12645), paddy (Rs.8306), cotton (Rs. 6273), red gram (Rs. 5098), sorghum (Rs. 657), maize (Rs. 158) and greengram is a negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2076/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 4355) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2470), paddy (Rs.1067) and groundnut (Rs. 412).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in castor (Rs.95000) followed by green gram (Rs.76760), redgram (Rs. 50465), cotton (Rs. 46165), paddy (Rs. 40001), groundnut (Rs. 35830), sorghum (Rs. 33879) and maize (Rs. 26734). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (55.8 %) followed by cotton (19.2 %), paddy (6.9 %), groundnut (4.2 %), maize (3.2 %), bengalgram (2.8%) and greengram (0.9 %). 3  The total cost of cultivation in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.54130/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs.42145/ha in large farmers (with BCR of 1.09).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs.75798/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs.40397/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.07).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs.46222/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.12089/ha in large farmers (with BCR of 1.63).  In castor the cost of cultivation is Rs.52756/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.51).  In greengram the cost of cultivation is Rs.45273/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.09).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.51484/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.61) and Rs.31198/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.12).  In paddy the cost of cultivation range between Rs.52937/ha in large farmers (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs.24122/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.16).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs.21573/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.14).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (22.28 to 42.2 %), groundnut (27.7 % to 54.6 %), maize (67.3 to 78.42 %), paddy (36.7 to 82.3 %), redgram (5.32 % to 63.1 %) and sorghum (60.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belhatti-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 448 ha in Belhatti-1 microwatershed in Shirahatti Taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633mm of which about 363 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97% is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture etc.  About 71 per cent of the soils are deep to moderate deep (75- 150 cm) and 27 per cent are very shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) soils.  About 73 per cent area of the soils are clayey soils at the surface and 24 per cent are loamy soils.  About 75 per cent of the area are non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 43 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 22 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 93 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1ppm).  An area of 33 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in iron and 64 per cent deficient (<4.5).  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 263 (59) 116 (26) Sapota - 82 (18) Maize 33(7) 57 (13) Jackfruit - 12 (3) Cotton 159(35) 221 (49) Jamun - 12 (3) Sunflower 159 (35) 161 (36) Musambi - 159 (35) Onion 82 (8) 9 (2) Lime - 159 (35) Groundnut 46 (10) 83 (18) Cashew - 46(10) Chilli 46 (10) 333(74) Custard apple 159 (35) 261 (58) Sugarcane 12 (3) 69 (15) Amla 159 (35) 253 (56) Pomegranate 12 (3) 358(80) Tamarind - 48 (11) Tomato 82 (18) 304 (68) Marigold 82 (18) 304 (68) Guava 12 (3) 36 (8) Chrysanthemum 82 (18) 304 (68) Mango - 12 (3) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-1 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti Taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1505' – 1506' North latitudes and 75038' – 75040' East longitudes, covering an area of about 448 ha, bounded by Rantur village on north, Belhatti village on the west, Kurubgatta village on the south with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-1 Microwatershed (Belhatti subwatershed, Shirahatti Taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 95.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.9 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 63.6 per cent.  About 63.7 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (55.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 82.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 27.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.03 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The total land cultivated on dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 88.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and private service is subsidiary occupation for 5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12023 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.100462 per household, about 77.3 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 27000 per household; about 46.1 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 779 grams (1613.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 56 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 29477 per household. About 81.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1210. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.789 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 346584 per year for the total area of 447.95 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8387 ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 24273) followed by maize (Rs. 7346), groundnut (Rs. 5887), sunflower (Rs. 4370), sorghum (Rs. 4527) and green gram (Rs. 3917).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 7662/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 20884) followed by sorghum (Rs. 5766), green gram (Rs. 2000) and groundnut (Rs. 2000).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 62545) followed by green gram (Rs. 33122), sunflower (Rs. 27713), maize (Rs. 23651), groundnut (Rs. 22905) and sorghum (Rs. 18626). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (52.9 %), followed by sorghum (20.8 %) bengal gram (10.5 %), green gram (5.3 %), groundnut (5.3 %) and sunflower (5.1 %).  In Belhatti 1 micro-watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Mahalingapur Tanda (MPT) series is having deep soil depth cover around 32.63 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram (48.7 %), groundnut (24.4 %) and maize (26.9 %). Jelligeri (JLG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 18.62 % of area crops are maize (56.5 %) and sorghum (43.5 %). Lakkur (LKR) and Attikatti (ATT) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.67 % and 13.28 % of area, respectively the major crops grown are maize, sorghum, green gram and sunflower. Shirol (SRL) soil series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 2.8 % of area, the present crops is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 35535/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 0.91) and Rs. 21271/ha in MPT soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In green gram the cost of cultivation of Rs. 15695/ha in ATT soil (with of 1.22).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.14536/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs. 8268/ha in JLG soil (with BCR of 1.89).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 25328/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.22).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation is Rs. 14866/ha in MPT soil (with BCR of 2.56) and groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs. 28367/ha in MPT soil (with BCR of 1.22).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (85.1 to 72.1 %), greengram (43.8%), sorghum (82.9 to 73.6 %), sunflower (49.4 %), bengal gram (38.1 %) and groundnut (51.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Muganahunse Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 583 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 84 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), .  About 19 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 76 per cent loamy soils.  About 79 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 16 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 9 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 20 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) and 75 per cent very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 87 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 8 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Maximum area of about 56 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 31 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 8 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 75 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 20 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in entire area.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in an area of about 91 per cent and medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 78 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 33 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 179 (31) 240 (41) Guava 155 (27) 173 (30) Fodder Sorghum 179 (31) 240 (41) Pomegranate 179 (31) 178 (31) Maize 155 (27) 235 (40) Banana 179 (31) 178 (31) Upland paddy 303 (52) 168 (29) Jackfruit 179 (31) 149 (26) Finger millet 179 (31) 216 (34) Jamun 109 (19) 125 (21) Redgram 179 (31) 240 (41) Musambi 179 (31) 178 (31) Horse gram 303 (52) 249(43) Lime 179 (31) 178 (31) Field bean 179 (31) 240 (41) Cashew 155 (27) 147 (25) Cowpea 179 (31) 240 (41) Custard apple 303 (52 ) 249(43) Groundnut 279 (48) 194 (33) Amla 303 (52 ) 249 (43) Sunflower 179 (31) 178 (31) Tamarind 152 (26) 82 (14) Onion 179 (31) 240 (41) Marigold 303 (52) 198 (34) Chilli 303 (52) 117 (20) Chrysanthemum 303 (52) 198 (34) Brinjal 303 (52) 117 (20) Jasmine 303 (52) 198 (34) Tomato 303 (52) 117 (20) Coconut 279 (48) 112 (19) Mango 109 (19) 96 (16) Arecanut 279 (48) 112 (19) Sapota 179 (31) 149 (26) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also helps in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Muganahunse micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13024' – 13026' North latitudes and 76051' – 76054' East longitudes, covering an area of about 583.03 ha, bounded by Sanabanahalli, Maranahalli, Madhenahalli and Pinnenahalli villages with length of growing period(LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Muganahunse micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 41.2 to 58.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.3 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 90 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20 per cent of households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are agriculture related activities among all households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The rainfed land account for 17.2 % and irrigated land is 82.8 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 35.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 31.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15709 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 79912 per household; about 90 per cent of sample farmers are having plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs 23333 per household; about 92 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 699.5 grams (1474 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 94332 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs 1055. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 372 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 205828 per year for the total area of 583.03 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 82661 ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in mango (Rs. 160443) followed by areca nut (Rs. 115765), coconut (Rs. 51611) and ragi (Rs. 2826).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1235/ ha/year in ragi.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 219421) followed by mango (Rs. 88920), ragi (Rs. 9055) and areca nut (Rs. 5818). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (57.4 %) followed by areca nut (24.3 %), ragi (11.7 %), mango (3.5 %), bajra (3.7 %) and red gram (3.2 %).  In Muganahunse micro watershed, major soils of Gollarahatti (GHT) series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 21.18 % of area. On this soil 3 farmers are presently growing coconut. Jedigere (JDG) soil series is also having deep soil depth cover around 14.65 % of area; the crops are areca nut (27.8 %), coconut (54.6%) and ragi (17.6). Kumchahalli (KMH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 11.99 % of areas, crops are areca nut (29.5 %) and coconut (60.7 %). mango (9.8 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs. 66564/ha in GHT soil (with BCR of 2.17) and Rs. 30138 /ha in JDG soil (with BCR of 3.5).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 55973/ha in KMH soil (with of 3.53) and Rs. 44128/ha in JDG soil (with BCR of 3.64).  In mango the cost of cultivation in KMH soil Rs. 61857/ha (with BCR of 3.59) and ragi the cost of cultivation in JDG soil Rs. 15699/ha (with BCR of 1.26).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer More applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (85.2 to 89.3 %), coconut (33.8 to 65.8 %), mango (49.4 %) and ragi (75.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belhatti-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 532 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 81 per cent is covered by soils and 19 per cent is covered by rock lands and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 19 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 45 per cent of the soils are very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 62 per cent of the area has loamy, 8 per cent sandy and 11 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 19 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 43 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel), 15 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils and 4% of the soils are extremely gravelly.  About 61 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and 32 per cent low in organic carbon.  An area of about 18 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an area of about 48 per cent and 33 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 45 per cent, low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron is deficient in about 27 per cent and sufficient in 54 per cent area.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire microwatershed area.  Available copper is sufficient in the entire microwatershed area.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 80per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 133(25) 136(26) Sapota 27(5) 119(22) Maize 107(20) 136(26) Jackfruit 12(2) 69(13) Cotton 81(15) 189(35) Jamun 12(2) 69(13) Sunflower 81(15) 128(24) Musambi 12(2) 69(13) Onion 82(15) 161(30) Lime 12(2) 69(13) Groundnut 131(24) 177(33) Cashew 12(2) 156(29) Chilli 97(18) 172(32) Custard apple 81(15) 272(51) Sugarcane 81(15) 68(13) Amla 81(15) 272(51) Pomegranate 81(15) 92(17) Tamarind 12(2) 69(13) Tomato 97(18) 199 (37) Marigold 97(18) 221(41) Guava 66(12) 80(15) Chrysanthemum 97(18) 221(41) Mango 12(2) 69(13) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops. xvii  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for the problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-5 Microwatershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1506' North latitudes and 75037' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 532 ha, bounded by Narayanpur, Chiksavanur, Rantur, Konchigeri villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-5 Microwatershed (Belhatti subwatershed) in Shirahatti taluk and Gadag district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54 to 46 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 86 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) were among all sample households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in local organisation was among all sample households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 80.6 per cent and irrigated land 19.4 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 50 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 46 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14215 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 81533 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42083 per household; about 64.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 769.5 grams (1706.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.24714 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1048. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.847 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 365940 per year for the total area of 532.06 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8551/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 23224) followed by horse gram (Rs. 6654), maize (Rs. 3454) and green gram (Rs. 874).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2762 ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 4867) followed by maize (Rs. 2808) and green gram (Rs. 612).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water maize (Rs. 37890), horse gram (Rs. 29284), green gram (Rs. 26405) and onion (Rs. 13437). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (83.1 %) followed by green gram (9.8 %), horse gram (4.0 %) and onion (3.0 %).  In Belhatti-5 Microwatershed, major soil is Kagalipura (KGP) series is having shallow soil depth covered around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing horse gram. Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) soil series also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 18.1 % of area; the crops are horse gram (7.0 %) and maize (93.0 %). Tammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.0 per cent of areas, crops is maize (87.3%) and onion (12.7 %). Kethanapura (KTP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.34 per cent of area, crops are green gram. Chikkamegheri (CKM) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.0 per cent of area; the major crops grown are maize. Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 9.13 per cent of area, the major crop grown is maize. Jelligere (JLG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover 5.0 per cent of areas; crops are maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.132251 in CKM soil (with BCR of 0.96) and Rs.10239 in KGH soil (with BCR of 2.09).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 58540 in KGP soil (with of 1.06) and Rs.37563 in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.51).  In onion cost of cultivation in TDH soil is Rs. 50876/ha (with BCR of 1.46) and green gram cost of cultivation in KTP soil is Rs. 16332/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in onion (79.8 %), maize (4.7 to 79.2 %), green gram (55.2 %) and horse gram (6.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sanganahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 513 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units), and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 99 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 5 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 93 per cent loamy soils.  About 94 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 4 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 40 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 93 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 77 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (36) 118 (23) Guava 4(1) 185 (36) Fodder Sorghum 186 (36) 118 (23) Pomegranate 186 (36) 118 (23) Maize 4(1) 182 (35) Banana 186 (36) 118 (23) Upland paddy 186 (36) 232 (45) Jackfruit 186 (36) 321 (63) Finger millet 186 (36) 114 (22) Jamun 186 (36) 118 (23) Red gram 186 (36) 118 (23) Musambi 186 (36) 118 (23) Horse gram 186 (36) 322 (63) Lime 186 (36) 118 (23) Field bean 186 (36) 118 (23) Cashew 186(36) 322 (63) Cowpea 186 (36) 118 (23) Custard apple 186(36) 322 (63) Groundnut - 207 (40) Amla 186 (36 ) 322 (63) Sunflower 186 (36) 118 (23) Tamarind 186 (36) 118 (23) Onion 186 (36) 118 (23) Marigold 186 (36) 204 (40) Chilli 186 (36) 118 (23) Chrysanthemum 186 (36) 204 (40) Brinjal 186 (36) 118 (23) Jasmine 186 (36) 204 (40) Tomato 186 (36) 118 (23) Coconut 4(1) 182 (35) Mango 186 (36) 321 (63) Arecanut 4(1) 182 (35) Sapota 186 (36) 321 (63) Mulbery - (3906) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sanganahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13026' – 13027' North latitudes and 76051'– 76053' East longitudes, covering an area of about 513.42 ha, bounded by Madhenahalli, Chelur, Harehalli and Sanganahalli villages. With an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sanganahalli Microwatershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk and Tumkur district) presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 46.6 to 53.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 55.0 per cent.  Light petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  About 27.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.2 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 61.9 % and irrigated land 38.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 64.5 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 33.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11595 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 8398 per household, about 60.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and sprayer (30.0 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 23339 per household; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 683.8 grams (1482.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 41297 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1012. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 350 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 177305 per year for the total area of 513.1 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 57854/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 58886) followed by the mango (Rs. 56822), ragi (Rs. 8191), horse gram (Rs. 4381) and red gram (Rs. 1564).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1893/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 2305) and horse gram (Rs. 1482).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 343185) followed by red gram (Rs. 67233), mango (Rs. 23323) and horse gram (Rs. 20907). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (33.2 %) followed by mango (28.2 %), coconut (19.2 %), horse gram (13.3%) and red gram (6.1 %).  In Sanganahalli Microwatershed, major soils are Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 22.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (20.1 %) and mango (79.9 %). Niduvalalu (NDL) is also having very deep soil depth cover 16.8 % of area, the crops are coconut (69.1 %) and horse gram (30.9 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 35.5 % of areas, crops are coconut (50.0 %) and mango (50.0 %) and Thondigere (TDG) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 22.9 % of area, crops are coconut (25.2 %), horse gram (18.7 %), ragi (46.7 %) and red gram (9.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.90395/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.95) and Rs.19835 /ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 4.48).  In mango the cost of cultivation range between Rs 17724/ha in BDG soil (with of 5.79) and Rs17166/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 4.32).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 27090/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.01) and Rs. 11695/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In ragi cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs. 20625/ha (with BCR of 1.61) and in red gram the cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs. 47836/ha (with BCR of 1.0.3).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kallenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false color composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for Physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 622 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent by rock out crops and 9 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and eight land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 85 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and six per cent not suitable for agriculture.  About 23 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 43 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 19 per cent moderately shallow to shallow (25-75%) soils.  About 14 per cent of the area has clayey soils, less than one per cent sandy soils and 77 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 20 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 35 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 36 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils.  About 75 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 47 per cent of the soils are low (10 ppm) in about 30 per cent area, low (0.6 ppm) in about 79 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kallenahalli Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 47 (7) 316 (12) Guava 25 (4) 313 (50) Fodder Sorghum 47 (7) 316 (12) Pomegranate 25 (4) 311 (50) Maize 47 (7) 279 (45) Banana 25 (4) 311 (50) Upland paddy 47 (7) 316 (12) Jackfruit 25 (4) 274 (44) Finger millet 47 (7) 279 (45) Jamun 15 (2) 71 (11) Redgram 47 (7) 316 (12) Musambi 25 (4) 311 (50) Horse gram 73 (12) 329 (53) Lime 25 (4) 311 (50) Field bean 47 (7) 316 (12) Cashew 25 (4) 313 (50) Cowpea 47 (7) 316 (12) Custard apple 70 (13) 366 (59) Groundnut 36 (6) 306 (49) Amla 70 (13) 366 (59) Sunflower 25 (4) 311 (50) Tamarind 15 (2) 71 (11) Onion 47 (7) 316 (12) Marigold 47 (7) 316 (12) Chilli 47 (7) 316 (12) Chrysanthemum 47 (7) 316 (12) Brinjal 47 (7) 316 (12) Jasmine 47 (7) 316 (12) Tomato 47 (7) 316 (12) Coconut 25 (4) 274 (44) Mango 15 (2) 34 (5) Arecanut 25 (4) 274 (44) Sapota 25 (4) 274 (44) Mulberry 15 (2) (3201) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder, fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kallenahalli micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13021' – 13023' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 476.20 ha, bounded by Kadenahalli, Dabbegatta, Tharabenahalli, Jayachamarajapura and Bairaganahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kallenahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.1 to 48.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 93.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among all the households.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Among all farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 17.02 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production is among all households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 72.9 % and irrigated land 27.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 12.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation for 69.22 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 8713 per household. Mobile and television are popular media. mass communication  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 104892 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 15043 per household; about 84.2 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 541 grams (1270.48 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average total income is around Rs. 52493 per household. Among all sample farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 832. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1028 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 544845 per year for the total area of 476.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 2571/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 9120) followed by ragi (Rs. 5018), green gram (Rs. 3265) and coconut crop is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2140/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is ragi (Rs. 2675).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 193554) followed by green gram (Rs. 41255), red gram (Rs. 53787) and ragi (Rs. 13638). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (41.6 %) followed by coconut (28.9 %), green gram (9.7 %), bajra (12.1 %) and redgram (7.7 %).  In Kallenahalli micro-watershed, major soil is Kaggalipura (KGP) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 2.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing greengram (86.8 %), ragi (13.2 %). Chikkasavanur (CSR) are also having shallow soil depth cover 1.37 % of area, the crops are coconut. Lakkur (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.65 % of areas, crops are ragi (50.0 %) and redgram (50.0 %). Hooradhahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 38.61 % of area, crops are coconut (41.6), green gram (8.8 %) and ragi (49.5 %). Thondigere (TDG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 5.9 % of area the major crops grown are coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area coconut ranges between Rs.147172/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.31) and Rs.43488/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In ragi cost of cultivation range between Rs 57625/ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs.21639/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In greengram cost of cultivation range between Rs. 25339/ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 17487/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.08).  In redgram the cost of cultivation in LKR soil is Rs. 32376/ha (with BCR of 1.28).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (46.5 to 71.1 %), ragi (42.2 to 75.7 %), red gram (19 %) and green gram (32.5 to 34.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kurubarahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 645 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 81 per cent is covered by soils and five per cent by rock lands and 14 per cent by habitations and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of August to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 14 per cent moderately deep and 16 per cent moderately shallow.  About 35 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 46 per cent loamy soils.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 59 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 22 per cent gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 36 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 9 per cent severely eroded (e4) soils.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 11 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 30 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 6 per cent slightly alkaline in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content.  About 17 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 18 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 50 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 37 (6) 256 (40) Guava 25 (4) 258 (40) Fodder Sorghum 37 (6) 256 (40) Pomogranate 25 (4) 240 (37) Maize 37 (6) 171 (27) Banana 25 (4) 240 (37) Upland paddy 37 (6) 356 (55) Jackfruit 25 (4) 155 (24) Finger millet 37 (6) 271 (42) Jamun 25 (4) 198 (31) Redgram 37 (6) 256 (40) Musambi 25 (4) 240 (37) Horse gram 37 (6) 385 (60) Lime 25 (4) 240 (37) Field bean 37 (6) 256 (40) Cashew 25 (4) 258 (40) Cowpea 37 (6) 256 (40) Custard apple 37 (6) 459 (71) Groundnut 37 (6) 374 (58) Amla 37 (6) 385 (60) Sunflower 25 (4) 240 (37) Tamarind 25 (4) 198 (31) Onion 37 (6) 176 (27) Marigold 37 (6) 256 (40) Chilli 37 (6) 256 (40) Chrysanthemum 37 (6) 256 (40) Brinjal 37 (6) 256 (40) Jasmine 37 (6) 176 (27) Tomato 37 (6) 256 (40) Coconut 25 (4) 155 (24) Mango 25 (4) 113 (17) Arecanut 25 (4) 155 (24) Sapota 25 (4) 155 (24) Mulberry 25 (4) (3088) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kurubarahalli Micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13023' – 13025' North latitudes and 76035' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 645.29 ha, bounded by Kedhigehalli, Marasandra, Chikkanahalli, Chikkanayakanahalli, Dugudihalli, Dabbekatta and Jogihalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kurubarahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.4 to 42.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 66.6 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.1 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 36 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.44 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 90.9 % and irrigated land 9.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 63.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 30.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14420 per household. Mobile and Mixer/grinder are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.1004 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers own plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.22810 per household; about 79 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 694.5 grams (1481.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827.7 gram. Around 90 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 25543 per household. Above 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1228. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 790 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 411588 per year for the total area of 445.72 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 28081/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 74436) followed by ragi (Rs. 6316) and green gram (Rs. 3490).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3647/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5325) followed by ragi (Rs. 1968).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 265476) followed by green gram (Rs. 43584) and ragi (Rs. 13608). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern ragi (50.2 %) followed by green gram (45.2 %) and coconut (4.6 %).  In Kurubarahalli Microwatershed, major soil is Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 50 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram (50 %) and ragi (4.56 %), soils of Bidanagere (BDG) are also having moderately deep soil depth cover 7.84 % of area, the crops are green gram (50 %) and ragi (50 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 16.05 % of areas, crops are green gram (44.5 %) and ragi (55.5 %). Lakshmanagudda (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 12.37 % of area, crops are coconut (16.7 %), green gram (33.3 %) and ragi (50 %).  The cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of ragi range between Rs.60787/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.06) and Rs 12124/ha in LDG soil (with BCR of 1.87).  In green gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.54821/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 16307/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.88).  In coconut the cost of cultivation in LGD soil is Rs 44124/ha (with BCR of 2.69).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (71.7 to 30.6 %), green gram (42.2 to 27.4 %), and coconut (45.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 868 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 90 per cent is covered by soils, 10 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4l and use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 2ndweek of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 90 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 34 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 50 per cent loamy and 5% sandy soils.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 84 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 6 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 62 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 5 per cent area slightly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) and 15 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 13 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 52 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 672 (77) 59 (7) Guava 366 (42) 365 (42) Fodder Sorghum 672 (77) 106 (12) Pomogranate 672 (77) 106 (12) Maize 283 (33) 448 (52) Banana 672 (77) 106 (12) Upland paddy 672 (77) 106 (12) Jackfruit 672 (77) 59 (7) Finger millet 672 (77) 59 (7) Jamun 672 (77) 106 (12) Redgram 672 (77) 106 (12) Musambi 672 (77) 106 (12) Horse gram 672 (77) 106 (12) Lime 672 (77) 106 (12) Field bean 672 (77) 106 (12) Cashew 366 (42) 306 (35) Cowpea 672 (77) 106 (12) Custard apple 672 (77) 106 (12) Groundnut 42 (5) 324 (37) Amla 672 (77) 106 (12) Sunflower 672 (77) 106 (12) Tamarind 672 (77) 106 (12) Onion 589 (68) 189 (22) Marigold 672 (77) 106 (12) Chilli 672 (77) 106 (12) Chrysanthemum 672 (77) 106 (12) Brinjal 672 (77) 106 (12) Jasmine 672 (77) 106 (12) Tomato 672 (77) 106 (12) Coconut 366 (42) 365 (42) Mango 672 (77) 59 (7) Arecanut 366 (42) 365 (42) Sapota 672 (77) 59 (7) Mulberry 42 (5) (5473) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nagenahalli micro-watershed (Kibbanahalli sub-watershed, Chikkanayaka- halli Taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13020' – 13021' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 867.82 ha, bounded by Bedarahalli, Baraganahalli, Aralikere, Godekere, Pankajanahalli and Halugona villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Nagenahalli Microwatershed (Kibbanahalli sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 99 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among all the sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among the all sample households.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Around 20 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities for among all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 15.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all the sample farms households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.90 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 68.7 % and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 78.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 3.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 9532 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 119861 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having tractor and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19833 per household; about 41.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 566.9 grams (1336.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.48989 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.924. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 423 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 328783 per year for the total area of 867.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 43095/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 80030) followed by coconut (Rs. 44830) and ragi (Rs. 4427).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3397/ ha/year is ragi.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 331961) followed by ragi (Rs. 16258) and areca nut (Rs. 11031). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (65.5 %) followed by ragi (29.6 %) and areca nut (4.8 %).  In Nagenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Hallikere (HLK) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 27.7 % area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi. Jedigere (JDG) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 4.86 % area; the crops are coconut (90.4 %) ragi (9.5 %). Ranatur (RTR) soils are having very deep soil depth covered around 35.2 % areas; crops are areca nut (7.4 %), coconut (69.8 %) and ragi (22.7 %). Thondigere (TDG) soils are also having very deep soil depth covered around 5.36 % of area, crops are coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.246381/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 106004/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.29).  In ragi the cost of cultivation ranges between 73391/ha in JDG soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.33907/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.14).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation Rs.147210/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthens institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthens agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (32.5 to 49.8 %), ragi (37.7 to 68.2 %) and areca nut (77.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kalagatahundi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 417 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 17 per cent is covered by soils, 83 per cent by forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 17 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 8 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 10 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 7 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 10 per cent area has loamy soils.  About 17 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 17 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 17 per cent of the soils are low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 17 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 17 per cent area.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 17 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient in 17 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent area.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Sorghum 27 (7) 45 (40) Sapota 5(1) 9(2) Maize 14 (3) 40 (10) Guava 5(1) 9(2) Redgram 14(3) 18(4) Banana 5(1) 52(12) Horsegra m 14(3) 58(14) Jackfruit 5(1) - Field bean 5(1) 67(16) Jamun 23(6) - Groundnut - 54(13) Musambi 23(6) - Sunflower - 32(8) Lime 23(6) - Cotton 18(4) 49(12) Cashew 5(1) 9(2) Onion 5(1) 67(16) Custard apple 23(6) 49(12) Potato 5(1) 49(12) Amla 23(6) 49(12) French Beans 5(1) 67(16) Tamarind 23(6) - Beetroot 5(1) 49(12) Marigold 14(3) 58(14) Turmeric 5(1) 49(12) Chrysanthemu m 5(1) 67(16) Mango 5(1) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kalagatahundi 2 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11046' – 11048' North latitudes and 76031' – 76033' East longitudes, covering an area of about 417 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Hongahalli, Maddur villages and Berimbadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kalagatahundi 2 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 39.6 to 60.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 88.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample farmers.  About 90.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 20.0 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 59.9 % and irrigated land 40.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 78.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 9.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10164 per household. Television and mobile are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 159343 per household, among the all sample farmers owned plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 25083 per household; about 85.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 544.6 grams (1236.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.73121 per household. About 60.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1257. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.721 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 51906 per year for the total area of 416.7 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 82372/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 212373) followed by turmeric (Rs. 135615), cotton (Rs. 18419), horse gram (Rs. 3089), marigold (Rs.1476) and sorghum (Rs. 2556).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2363/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services in horse gram (Rs. 2284) and sorghum (Rs. 2420).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 144748) followed by cotton (Rs. 53496), turmeric (Rs. 57299), sorghum (Rs. 40244) and horse gram (Rs. 18312). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is cotton (42.6 %) followed by banana (16.4 %), sorghum (14.7 %), marigold (6.6 %), turmeric (3.1 %) and horse gram (0.4 %).  In Kalagatahundi-2 micro-watershed, major soil of Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 1.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing banana (14.8 %), cotton (12.2 %), horse gram (36.5%), marigold (12.2%), sorghum (12.2%) and turmeric (12.2 %). Soil of Beemanabeedu (BMB) series are having shallow soil depth cover 4.4 % of area, the crops are cotton (27.6 %), horse gram (63.8 %) and sorghum (8.6 %), Beemanabeedu (BMD) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are banana (93.0 %) and cotton (7.0 %), Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 9.6 % of area, crops are marigold (50.0%) and sorghum (50.0 %) and Kannigala (KNG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area. The major crops grown are cotton (81.8 %) and sorghum (18.2 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum ranges between Rs. 46315/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.0) and Rs. 17152/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In banana the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 141590/ha in HGH soil (with of 3.43) and Rs. 74953/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 2.47).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between of Rs.78441/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 30305/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.82).  In marigold the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 63562/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 48846 in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 18834/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.72) and Rs. 5418 in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.69).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation in HGH soil is Rs. 141025/ha (with BCR of 1.96).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in banana (37.8 to 68.4 %), cotton (0 to 27.7 %), horse gram (21.2 to74.7 %) and sorghum (44 to 64.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kalagatahundi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 306 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils, sixteen per cent by forests and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 49 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 35 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 40 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 38 per cent loamy soils and 6 per cent area has sandy soils.  About 59 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 25 per cent gravelly (15-35 % gravel) soils.  About 47 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 67 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 17 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 56 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 23 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 5 per cent soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 17 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5); 12 % are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 43 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 12 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75 %) in organic carbon.  About 42 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 86 (28) 124 (40) Guava 26(8) 36(12) Maize 26 (8) 98 (32) Banana 26(8) 86(28) Red gram 26 (8) 139(46) Jackfruit 26(8) - Horse gram 26(8) 220(72) Jamun 112(37) - Field bean 26(8) 184(60) Musambi 112(37) - Groundnut - 160(52) Lime 112(37) - Sunflower - 112(73) Cashew 26(8) 36(12) Cotton 86(28) 98(32) Custard apple 112(37) 134(44) Onion 26(8) 184(60) Amla 112(37) 134(44) Potato 26(8) 98(32) Tamarind 112(37) - Beans 26(8) 184(60) Marigold 26(8) 230(72) Beetroot 26(8) 98(32) Chrysanthemum 26(8) 184(60) Mango 26(8) - Turmeric 26(8) 98(32) Sapota 26(8) 36(12) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kalagatahundi 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11046' – 11048' North latitudes and 76032' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 306 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Hongahalli, Maddur and Berambadi villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kalagatahundi 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.1 to 45.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 99.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 66.7 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 44.5 per cent.  About 66.7 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  All farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 88.9 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 92.4 % and irrigated land 7.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 2.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 48.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15347 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 104700 per household, about 66.7 per cent of sample farmers owned plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 27500 per household; about 54.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 905.7 grams (1773.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 66.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.32952 per household. About 77.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1389. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 938 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 240966 per year for the total area of 305.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 35915/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 165481) followed by cotton (Rs. 40435), ragi (Rs. 9897), sorghum (Rs. 20602), bengal gram (Rs.7404), groundnut (Rs. 3871) and sunflower is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 698/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 3116) followed by groundnut (Rs. 1475) and sorghum (Rs. 984).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 64982) followed by cotton (Rs. 56330), sorghum (Rs. 49968), sunflower (Rs. 37413), ragi (Rs. 10462), onion (Rs. 20359) and groundnut (Rs. 18461). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (24.5 %) followed by groundnut (19.2 %) sorghum (13.0 %), cotton (12.2 %), bengalgram (12.1 %), sunflower (11.5 %) and onion (7.6 %). 3  In Kalagatahundi 1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 8.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengal gram (51.2 %), Soil of Beemanabeedu (BMB) are also having shallow soil depth cover 28.3 % of area, the crops are cotton (26.8 %), onion (16.7 %), ragi (2.5 %), sorghum (28.6 %) and sunflower (25.3 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are groundnut, Kannigala (KNG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 11.9 % of area, main cultivated crop are ragi.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for ragi range between Rs. 23258/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.23) and Rs.18902/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In groundnut the cost cultivation in HPR soil is Rs.29309/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  In sunflower the cost cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.29415/ha (with BCR of 0.98).  In onion the cost cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.59065/ha (with BCR of 3.80).  In bengal gram the cost cultivation in HGH soil is Rs.39644/ha (with BCR of 1.19) and sorghum the cost cultivation in BMB soil is Rs. 16284/ha (with BCR of 2.33).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (70 to 75.7 %), onion (69.3 %), cotton (18.2 %), sunflower (31.7 %), sorghum (41.6 %), groundnut (61.2 %) and bengal gram (35.7%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bachanahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 39 ha out of total area of 639 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 600 ha is under Berambadi State Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south –west monsoon, 26 8mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 6 per cent is covered by soils, 94 per cent by forests and 150 cm) soils.  About 4 per cent area has loamy soils and 2 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 5 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 1 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) soils.  About 4 per cent area has low (51-100 mm/m) and 2 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of about 6 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 6 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  About 1 per cent area is slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5), about 5 per cent neutral (pH 6.5- 7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%).  About 6 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Major area of about 5 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about 1 per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha)  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in about 6 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 1 per cent and sufficient in 5 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 26 (4) 11 (2) Guava 12(2) 5(1) Maize 12 (2) 11 (2) Banana - 32(5) Red gram 12(2) 19(3) Jackfruit - 17(3) Horsegram 12(2) 25 (4) Jamun 14(2) 17(3) Fieldbean - 38(6) Musambi 14(2) 17(3) Groundnut - 23(4) Lime 14(2) 17(3) Sunflower - 26(4) Cashew - 17(3) Cotton 14(2) 23(4) Custard apple 32(5) 6(1) Onion - 38(6) Amla 32(5) 6(1) Potato - 24(4) Tamarind 14(2) 17(3) Beans - 38(6) Marigold 12(2) 25(4) Beetroot - 24(4) Chrysanthemum - 38(6) Mango - 17(3) Turmeric - 24(4) Sapota 12(2) 5(1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change E SUMMARY Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bachanahalli-2 Microwatershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044' – 11046' North latitudes and 76031' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 639 ha, bounded by Maddur, Berambadi villages and Berambadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bachanahalli-2 Microwatershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk and Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.4 to 43.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) were around 22.2 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.9 per cent.  About 88.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 44.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent.  Institutional participation is only 20.5 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are around 22.2 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 32.9 % and irrigated land is 67.1% of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 20.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 53.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12095 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 35270 per household, about 88.9 per cent of sample farmers are owing drip/sprinkler.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 22050 per household; about 61.1 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 736.4 grams (1778.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 66.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 77492 per household. About 66.7 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs 1184. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1856 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 68674 per year for the total area of 638.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 26259/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 101369) followed by sugarcane (Rs. 61120), banana (Rs. 44520), onion (Rs. 42386), beans (Rs. 25263), turmeric (Rs. 18906), beetroot (Rs. 1405), groundnut, ragi and maize are negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 7464/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 98198) followed by groundnut (Rs. 7348) and ragi (Rs. 4018).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs. 300723) followed by sugarcane (Rs. 129675), banana (Rs. 115311), turmeric (Rs. 63438), maize (Rs. 62834), groundnut, (Rs 41229), garlic (Rs 29097), ragi (Rs. 18915) and onion (Rs. 14509). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is banana (21.3 %) followed by maize (16.0 %), turmeric (14.0 %), ragi (13.4 %), groundnut (10.7 %), sorghum, sugarcane and beetroot of 5.7 per cent to each and beans is 2.6 per cent.  In Bachanahalli-2 micro watershed, major soils are Hullipura (HPR) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 0.9 % of area, the crops are banana (52.3 %), sugarcane and turmeric was 23.9 % each. Kallipura (KLP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 1.9 % of areas, crops are banana (18.7 %) garlic (5.2 %), groundnut (7.8 %), maize (27.7 %), onion (11.1 %), ragi (26.8 %) and turmeric (2.6 %). Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 0.8 per cent of area. The major crops grown are beans (16.7 %), cotton (37.5 %), beetroot (33.3 %), ragi (16.7%) and turmeric (33.3%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for banana ranges between Rs. 94462/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.28) and Rs. 79233/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.78).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 36905/ha in KLP soil (with of 1.19) and Rs. 34622/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.11).  In turmeric the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 599885/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 84176/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.58).  In sugarcane the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs.93255/ha (with BCR of 1.66).  In beans the cost of cultivation in MDH soil is Rs 98237/ha (with BCR of 1.26).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.60015/ha (with BCR of 1.06).  In onion the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs 69634/ha (with BCR of 1.61).  In garlic the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.219731/ha (with BCR of 1.46).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KLP soil is Rs 71926/ha (with BCR of 1.6) and beetroot the cost cultivation in MDH soil is Rs.41388/ha (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in banana (63.9 to 78.1 %), ragi (59.5 to 61.0 %), turmeric (8.9 to 38.8%), garlic (59.2%), onion (93.0 %), beans (61.3 %), sugarcane (54%) and beetroot (36.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

What are the underlying rationales for industrial policy? Does empirical evidence support the use of industrial policy for correcting market failures that plague the process of industrialization? This article addresses these questions through a critical survey of the analytical literature on industrial policy. It also reviews some recent industry successes and argues that public interventions have played only a limited role. Moreover, the recent ascendance and dominance of international production networks in the sectors in which developing countries once had considerable success implies a further limitation on the potential role of industrial policies as traditionally understood. Overall, there appears to be little empirical support for an activist government policy even though market failures exist that can, in principle, justify the use of industrial policy.