Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The global organisation Forest Stewardship Council (FSC International) regulates the FSC forest management label, which is translated into national standards according to the context in each country. The initial version of the Principles and Criteria for this label, published in 1994, was revised and, in 2015, new Principles and Criteria were published, along with a list of generic indicators. This new version should be used to update national standards. This issue of Perspective proposes recommendations for drafting these new national standards and reviewing certain audit procedures. The study's recommendations are illustrated with specific cases in Brazil, Indonesia and the countries of the Congo Basin. Indicators for the new national standards need to minimise any scope for interpretation during certification audits. Audits should no longer accept recurrence of the same non-conformities, even when these issues are minor. With Gabon announcing in September 2018 the obligation to obtain FSC certification in order to allocate or maintain forest concessions from 2020 onwards, it is important to reduce existing weaknesses in this certification.

International audience ; The global organisation Forest Stewardship Council (FSC International) regulates the FSC forest management label, which is translated into national standards according to the context in each country. The initial version of the Principles and Criteria for this label, published in 1994, was revised and, in 2015, new Principles and Criteria were published, along with a list of generic indicators. This new version should be used to update national standards. This issue of Perspective proposes recommendations for drafting these new national standards and reviewing certain audit procedures. The study's recommendations are illustrated with specific cases in Brazil, Indonesia and the countries of the Congo Basin. Indicators for the new national standards need to minimise any scope for interpretation during certification audits. Audits should no longer accept recurrence of the same non-conformities, even when these issues are minor. With Gabon announcing in September 2018 the obligation to obtain FSC certification in order to allocate or maintain forest concessions from 2020 onwards, it is important to reduce existing weaknesses in this certification.

This original and important book explores how the interaction between China and multinational enterprises (MNEs) has the potential to affect the future of the Chinese economy, the global economy, and international business. -- It examines the interaction of two of the most important forces affecting the development of the global economy in recent decades – firstly the opening and massive growth of the Chinese economy, and secondly the rise in foreign direct investment per se and the consequent strategic restructuring of major MNEs. The expert contributors begin by investigating precisely how leading MNEs, with well-honed international practices and commitments, have drawn their subsidiaries in China into their established networks. They suggest that MNEs' operations are increasingly embedded in the growth and sustainability of the Chinese economy itself, rather than merely serving as a supply base for their global markets. The second part of the book examines the emergence of new MNEs from China itself. It shows how these MNEs are seen as integral to China's development, and how their ability to expand reflects strengths from China's growth as well as revealing the growing needs required for sustainability. -- This timely study will be of great interest not just to those following one of the world's key economies, but also to researchers and students of the fast-paced changes in international business strategy.

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by shortages and potential shortages of products critical to the public health response. Many nations have responded with export restrictions on these products, restrictions that are permitted under international trade law as a temporary response to short supply conditions generally and to public health emergencies in particular. This Essay argues that such export restrictions are economically counterproductive from a global efficiency perspective, and that governments acting unilaterally will nevertheless employ them due to international externalities that propagate through the "terms of trade." This observation raises a puzzle as to why international law should facilitate rather than curtail them. The most plausible answer is that legal authority for such measures is a politically necessary "escape clause" in trade agreements, akin to safeguard measures.

This book, first published in 1982, analyses the prospects of the Cold War superpowers arms race spilling into outer space. A SIPRI-organized symposium in 1981 discussed the consequences of the militarization of outer space, as well as further arms control and disarmament measures. This book presents the findings of 20 eminent scientists, lawyers and diplomats from 12 different countries.

Intro -- Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction to The Governance of Labour Administration -- PART I Key issues in labour administration -- 2. Evolution of national systems of labour administration since the adoption of the ILO Labour Administration Convention, 1978 (No. 150) -- 3. Social dialogue at the dawn of the ILO's centenary: sorting out challenges, setting priorities for the future -- 4. Understanding ICT use in labour administration: taking stock -- PART II Labour administration in action

In the 1980s the world spent an enormous amount on preparations for war. Year by year, more and more resources went into the military sector. More and more complex weapon systems were devised. At the time, of all research scientists and engineers in the world, more than one in four was working for the military. Throughout the 40 years since the end of World War II, the technological arms race continued. Then began moving faster. The United States lead the way, followed by the Soviet Union. Between them, they possessed some 50 000 nuclear warheads--more than enough to destroy the world. They planned to increase the number, to make the weapons more accurate, and to base them on new weapon platforms closer to the borders of the other side. Some people preferred not to think about these things. Many, however, were becoming increasingly concerned--wondering about the future for themselves and for their children. Originally published in 1985, this book was for those who wanted to know what was happening. What new missiles were being built? What was happening in outer space? What are the facts about chemical weapons? What progress was being made (if any) in Geneva, Vienna and Stockholm, where the powers were negotiating on these matters?

This book focuses on the closely interlinked areas of refugee migration and health. It discusses the main challenges of the recent unprecedented, extremely diverse and mostly unregulated refugee migration wave for Germany and Europe, and offers a broader view of refugee health from a European perspective. Health issues can lead to several challenges for refugees as well as healthcare providers, and as such the book also examines the requirements for the management of migrant populations in terms of medical care and health system adaptations, and includes theoretical aspects of refugee migration and health as well as various perspectives on the latest developments. Lastly, it describes the healthcare system demands and responses for short- and long-term care of refugees