Suchergebnisse

Le nombre de terres disponibles pour l'agriculture diminue, alors que la population à nourrir ne cesse de croître. La FAO a déclaré que l'année 2015 serait l'année internationale des sols en vue de sensibiliser les décideurs politiques à cette problématique et d'encourager les projets de gestion durable des terres. La situation des producteurs burkinabés de coton dont nous avons analysé l'ensemble de la filière de production et de transformation apparaît particulièrement fragile en raison de l'épuisement des sols. Nous avons mené une mission exploratoire sur place et rencontré les parties prenantes de l'ensemble de la filière du producteur au transformateur ainsi que des autorités publiques et associations encadrant la filière. Nous avons également eu des contacts avec des acteurs du financement par microcrédit sur place et en Belgique pour étayer nos hypothèses de collaboration. Le biochar en tant que solution agroécologique a été testé avec succès en serre à l'UCL. En proposant la création d'une entreprise à finalité sociale, notre équipe pluridisciplinaire de mémoire propose une alternative valorisant le coton bio en s'appuyant sur une gestion agroécologique adaptée. Dans ce cadre, trois services sont proposés à des groupements de producteurs de coton biologique (ou en cours de conversion bio) : des formations aux notions de base en gestion ainsi qu'un accompagnement technique visant à l'implémentation de pratiques agroécologiques innovantes et un accès facilité aux services de microfinance. Koobo dispensera des formations en gestion et en agroécologie permettant de professionnaliser les producteurs. Ces formations proposeront notamment des solutions agroécologiques sur mesure et seront données à une fréquence régulière qui sera déterminée de commun accord entre l'agronome et son groupement. Un accompagnement technique par des agronomes expérimentés sera assuré permettant d'apporter des solutions techniques adaptées aux situations spéciques rencontrées. Le financement des investissements nécessaires pour que les producteurs puissent exploiter leurs terres (p. ex. production et l'épandage de biochar) sera facilité grâce à un partenariat entre Koobo et une société spécialisée dans le microcrédit. Le plan financier qui résulte du business modèle est établi sur base de plusieurs scénarios basés sur différents paramètres et hypothèses, dont l'évolution du rendement à la tonne, le nombre de producteurs intéressés, le nombre de microcrédits alloués et le taux de crédits irrécouvrables. Les recettes opérationnelles seront assurées par une cotisation forfaitaire modeste payée par chaque producteur formé et assisté, une commission négociée avec les sociétés textiles et de confection, une commission d'intermédiation payée par l'organisme financier rémunérant notamment la prise de risque de Koboo. Les besoins de financement privés et publics complémentaires à mobiliser avant d'atteindre le seuil de rentabilité opérationnel ont été chiffrés sur base du scénario neutre. Sur cette base le break-even point serait atteint dans la onzième année de fonctionnement de l'entreprise. Les risques principaux ont été identifés dont notamment les incertitudes pesant sur le prix du coton sur les marchés internationaux, les risques sanitaires et/ou politiques. Une équipe de huit personnes sera progressivement mise en place pour laquelle les coûts salariaux et de fonctionnement ont été estimés sur base des standards actuels. La mise en oeuvre du projet requiert toutefois des analyses complémentaires permettant de valider les hypothèses de coûts, les améliorations de rendement estimées reposant sur la solution agroécologique d'une part, mais également sur l'amélioration des connaissances de gestion apportées par les formations et l'accompagnement technique. L'apport de solutions financières permettant aux agriculteurs d'investir dans leur équipement devrait également contribuer à améliorer le rendement. L'intérêt apporté par les sociétés textiles pour le coton bio reste à confirmer et sera lié à l'évolution des comportements du consommateur occidental, demandeur de produits durables et équitables. Enfin en complément du plan financier, nous avons souhaité pointer la création de valeur sociale en proposant un cadre d'analyse qu'il conviendra également d'affiner et de compléter avant de lancer le projet. Après calcul du Social Return On Investment (SROI), il est conclu que 1 euro investi entraîne 9 euros d'impact social. Ceci nous permet de poser des jalons pour le lancement futur du projet et passer au terme d'une phase de développement pilote à une phase de déploiement avec la création de la SCRL Koobo. Le présent mémoire constitue donc la première étude exploratoire de faisabilité du projet. Avant la création de la SCRL Koobo prévue dans 3 ans, notre projet pilote aura pour objet de tester le biochar en conditions réelles afin de collecter plus de données. Cette période permettra également d'initier en douceur les premiers contacts avec les producteurs et les autres parties prenantes dans le but d'instaurer une relation basée sur la confiance et capable de perdurer pendant plusieurs dizaines d'années. Une nouvelle étude de faisabilité avec une adaptation du business modèle actuel devra être réalisée au terme du projet pilote. Aujourd'hui, Koobo a besoin de fonds disponibles sur une durée de 3 ans pour financer la recherche et le développement du projet pilote au Burkina Faso. Grâce à l'implication de l'Université Catholique de Louvain et de l'Université Polytechnique de Bobo, ces frais pourront être couverts au moyen d'une bourse destinée aux projets de coopération. ; Master [120] en sciences de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2015

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the implementation of the rehabilitation of mangrove forests is based on Government Regulation No. 76 of 2008 on forest rehabilitation and reclamation (Studies in Middle Village Sepuk Betingah Island Sea Snapper Sungai Kubu Raya). From the results of research using normative legal research methods and sociological conclusion, that: That the rehabilitation of mangrove forests is based on Government Regulation No. 76 of 2008 on the island Betingah Middle Village sepuk marine districts snapper district stronghold highway does not work effectively due to the utilization of protected forests for businesses aquaculture does not have the legal aspect, because aquaculture is conducted in protected forest areas without first performed determination of land conversion.The responsibility of local governments on the implementation of Kubu Raya rehabilitation of mangrove forests on the island of Middle Village Sepuk Betingah Sea Snapper District of Kubu Raya is by doing Mapping Location Investment, doing counseling to the community, and doing Activity Monitoring, Control and Evaluation. Efforts should be done by the local government district highway in addressing the problems of rehabilitation of mangrove forests on the island Betingah Middle Village sepuk marine districts snapper districts camps highway among others by making various efforts to collect various data and facts, doing different cases related to the utilization of protected forest for aquaculture activities in the village of Desa Sepuk Sea snapper District of Kubu Raya, and held meetings with various agencies to resolve this problem by referring to the legislation in force, especially the rules in the field of forestry. Recommendation: in the resolution of cases the use of protected areas for aquaculture in the village Sepuk Marine District of snapper Kubu Raya, local government and law enforcement officials should not only pay attention to the normative provisions that regulate the field of forestry, but also have to see the real conditions in the field based on data and facts, and seeks to provide protection, fairness, expediency and legal certainty for local communities. The local government Kubu Raya also have to proactively seek the best solution with not ignore the rules of law which is a negative impact on preservation of the environment protected forest in the village of Sepuk Sea, by promoting various interests, including the interests of the public / fish farmers who carry out farming activities appear to be traditional .As efforts to Preserve the ecosystem of mangrove forests that have beenrehabilitated, it is suggested should be formed of local regulations regarding efforts to conserve mangrove forests binding between the people residing around the area of mangrove forest in the village of the District Sea Snapper Sepuk Kubu Raya, and prevent the destruction of mangroves from outsiders ,ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas pelaksanaan kegiatan rehabilitasi hutan mangrove berdasarkan peraturan pemerintah nomor 76 tahun 2008 tentang rehabilitasi dan reklamasi hutan ( Studi di Pulau Betingah Tengah Desa Sepuk Laut Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya). Dari hasil penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dan sosiologis diperoleh kesimpulan, bahwa : Bahwa pelaksanaan rehabilitasi hutan mangrove berdasarkan peraturan pemerintah nomor 76 tahun 2008 di pulau Betingah Tengah Desa sepuk laut kecamatan kakap kabupaten kubu raya tidak berjalan dengan efektif dikarenakan adanya pemanfaatan hutan lindung untuk usaha budidaya tambak tidak memiliki aspek legalitas, karena usaha budidaya tambak tersebut dilakukan di kawasan hutan lindung tanpa terlebih dahulu dilakukan penetapan alih fungsi lahan.Tanggungjawab pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya terhadap pelaksanaan rehabilitasi hutan mangrove di pulau Betingah Tengah Desa Sepuk Laut Kecamatan Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya yaitu dengan melakukan Pemetaan Lokasi Penanaman, melakukan Penyuluhan kepada masyarakat, dan melakukan Kegiatan Monitoring, kontrol dan Evaluation. Upaya-upaya yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah kabupaten raya dalam mengatasi permasalah rehabilitasi hutan mangrove di pulau Betingah Tengah Desa sepuk laut kecamatan kakap kabupaten kubu raya antara lain dengan melakukan berbagai upaya dalam mengumpulkan berbagai data dan fakta, melakukan beda kasus terkait dengan pemanfaatan hutan lindung untuk kegiatan usaha budidaya tambak di desa Desa Sepuk Laut Kecamatan Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya, dan mengadakan berbagai pertemuan dengan berbagai instansi terkait untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini dengan mengacu pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku khususnya aturan di bidang kehutanan. Rekomendasi : dalam penyelesaian kasus pemanfaatan hutan lindung untuk usaha budidaya tambak di Desa Sepuk Laut Kecamatan Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya ,pemerintah daerah dan aparat penegak hukum sebaiknya tidak hanya memperhatikan ketentuan normatif yang mengatur bidang kehutanan, tetapi juga harus melihat kondisi riil di lapangan berdasarkan data dan fakta yang ada, serta berupaya untuk memberikan perlindungan, keadilan, kemanfaatan, dan kepastian hukum bagi masyarakat setempat. Pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya juga harus proaktif mencari solusi terbaik dengan tidak mengabaikan kaidah-kaidah hukum yang berdampak negatif bagi kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup hutan lindung di Desa Sepuk Laut , dengan mengedepankan berbagai kepentingan termasuk kepentingan masyarakat/petani tambak yang melakukan kegiatan budidaya tampak secara tradisional.Sebagai upaya terjaganya kelestarian ekosistem hutan mangrove yang telah direhabilitasi, disarankan perlu dibentuk peraturan daerah mengenai upaya pelestarian hutan mangrove yang mengikat antar masyarakat yang berada di sekitar kawasan hutan mangrove di Desa Sepuk Laut Kecamatan Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya ,dan mencegah pengrusakan mangrove dari pihak luar.Kata Kunci: pelaksanaan, kegiatan, rehabilitasi hutan mangrove .

The authors' attention is drawn to the phenomenon of marketing and economization, and the expansion of the education market. It is noted that universities and research institutes, hospitals and schools, the military and the church, newspapers and television stations, museums and opera houses – all of them are completely different types of organizations, but as well as several others over the past decades were subjects of economization. It is considered the concept of commodification (converting the product into a commodity) in relation to subsistence production, quasi­goods, fake goods, real goods and fictitious capital. Overall, it is analyzed the understanding of the market economy of K. Polanyi, the role of information, knowledge and intellect in the post­industrial economy. It is alleged that in such circumstances, knowledge takes the form of the product. As knowledge is collectively produced and hasn't got any deficiency (from an economic point of view, it is not competitive), it obtains the commodity form, being artificially scarce. The article is observed that the market mindset has a profound impact on the education system: from elementary to high school education goal is to collect as much information as possible for the purposes of the market. Not a new phenomenon of the late XX century was the private sector of education, because in the information society had to create a cheap and effective way to mass higher education. This is due to the fact that private higher education is the fastest and most responsive to the innovations that bring with it ever more advanced information technologies. However, marketing and economization are topics of a number of research and development perspectives in sociology and other social sciences. At the moment, these prospects are barely related to each other, and each of them is still under development. The largest number of studies on market expansion and economization have been made in social spheres and organizations. Thus, universities and research institutes, hospitals and schools, armed forces and churches, newspapers and television stations, museums and opera houses - all these very different types of organizations, as well as others, have been influenced by economization over the past decades. Obviously, the study of certain social spheres provides most of the specific empirical knowledge of available marketing and economics; while three other approaches - the theory of social development, economic sociology and sociology of management reach a more generalized theoretical level of analysis. In particular, both theoretical and empirical studies of economics and marketing deal with the following questions: 1. How was economization conceptualized? What are the determining properties and forms of this phenomenon? 2. What is the dynamics of economization and market expansion? What is their origin, conditions and mechanisms and what determines their strength? What are the typical conflicts over the introduction and establishment of eco-management measures? 3. What are the consequences of economization and marketing? What functional and dysfunctional results of economization can be distinguished? So this set of questions needs a sociological explanation and study. ; В статті звертається увага на явище економізації та маркетизації, а разом з тим експансії ринку освітніх послуг. Зазначається, що університети та науково­дослідні інститути, лікарні і школи, збройні сили і церкви, газети і телевізійні станції, музеї та оперні театри – всі ці зовсім різні види організацій, а також ряд інших протягом останніх десятиліть були піддані економізації. Увагу авторів привертають поняття комодифікації (перетворення продукту в товар) по відношенню до нетоварного виробництва, квазі­товарів, фіктивних товарів, реальних товарів і фіктивного капіталу. В цілому, аналізується розуміння ринкової економіки К. Поланьї, роль інформації, знань та інтелекту в постіндустріальній економіці. Стверд­жується, що в таких умовах знання набуває форму товару. Оскільки знання в сукупності виробляється і по суті не є дефіцитним (з економічної точки зору, це не є конкурентним), воно набуває товарну форму, будучи штучно дефіцитним. В статті зауважується, що ринковий тип мислення має глибокий вплив на систему освіти: тут від початкової до вищої школи мета навчання полягає в тому, щоб накопичити якомога більше інформації, головним чином, корисної для цілей ринку. ; В статті звертається увага на явище економізації та маркетизації, а разом з тим експансії ринку освітніх послуг. Зазначається, що університети та науково­дослідні інститути, лікарні і школи, збройні сили і церкви, газети і телевізійні станції, музеї та оперні театри – всі ці зовсім різні види організацій, а також ряд інших протягом останніх десятиліть були піддані економізації. Увагу авторів привертають поняття комодифікації (перетворення продукту в товар) по відношенню до нетоварного виробництва, квазі­товарів, фіктивних товарів, реальних товарів і фіктивного капіталу. В цілому, аналізується розуміння ринкової економіки К. Поланьї, роль інформації, знань та інтелекту в постіндустріальній економіці. Стверд­жується, що в таких умовах знання набуває форму товару. Оскільки знання в сукупності виробляється і по суті не є дефіцитним (з економічної точки зору, це не є конкурентним), воно набуває товарну форму, будучи штучно дефіцитним. В статті зауважується, що ринковий тип мислення має глибокий вплив на систему освіти: тут від початкової до вищої школи мета навчання полягає в тому, щоб накопичити якомога більше інформації, головним чином, корисної для цілей ринку.

Consumer demand is revolutionizing the way products are being produced, distributed and marketed. In relation to the dairy sector in developing countries, aspects of milk quality are receiving more attention from both society and the government. However, milk quality management needs to be better addressed in dairy production systems to guarantee the access of stakeholders, mainly small-holders, into dairy markets. The present study is focused on an analysis of the interaction of the upstream part of the dairy supply chain (farmers and dairies) in the Mantaro Valley (Peruvian central Andes), in order to understand possible constraints both stakeholders face implementing milk quality controls and practices; and evaluate "ex-ante" how different strategies suggested to improve milk quality could affect farmers and processors' profits. The analysis is based on three complementary field studies conducted between 2012 and 2013. Our work has shown that the presence of a dual supply chain combining both formal and informal markets has a direct impact on dairy production at the technical and organizational levels, affecting small formal dairy processors' possibilities to implement contracts, including agreements on milk quality standards. The analysis of milk quality management from farms to dairy plants highlighted the poor hygiene in the study area, even when average values of milk composition were usually high. Some husbandry practices evaluated at farm level demonstrated cost effectiveness and a big impact on hygienic quality; however, regular application of these practices was limited, since small-scale farmers do not receive a bonus for producing hygienic milk. On the basis of these two results, we co-designed with formal small-scale dairy processors a simulation tool to show prospective scenarios, in which they could select their best product portfolio but also design milk payment systems to reward farmers' with high milk quality performances. This type of approach allowed dairy processors to realize the importance of including milk quality management in their collection and manufacturing processes, especially in a context of high competition for milk supply. We concluded that the improvement of milk quality in a smallholder farming context requires a more coordinated effort among stakeholders. Successful implementation of strategies will depend on the willingness of small-scale dairy processors to reward farmers producing high milk quality; but also on the support from the State to provide incentives to the stakeholders in the formal sector. ; Les demandes des consommateurs sont en train de révolutionner la manière dont les produits sont produits, distribués et commercialisés. En ce qui concerne le secteur laitier dans les pays en développement, les composantes de la qualité du lait reçoivent plus d'attention à la fois de la société et du gouvernement. Toutefois, la gestion de cette qualité doit-être mieux prise en compte dans les systèmes de production laitière, pour garantir l'accès des acteurs, principalement les petits exploitants, aux marchés laitiers. La présente étude se concentre sur l'analyse de l'interaction de la partie amont de la filière laitière (agriculteurs et laiteries) dans la vallée du Mantaro (Andes centrales du Pérou), afin de comprendre les contraintes possibles auxquelles ces deux acteurs sont confrontés pour la mise en oeuvre des contrôles et des pratiques de qualité du lait , et d'évaluer "ex-ante" comment les différentes stratégies pour améliorer la qualité du lait pourraient affecter les revenus des agriculteurs et des transformateurs. L'analyse est basée sur trois études complémentaires menées ur le terrain entre 2012 et 2013. Notre travail a montré que la présence d'une double filière, combinant les marchés formels et informels, a un impact direct sur la production laitière aux niveaux technique et organisationnel, affectant les possibilités pour les petites laiteries formelles de mettre en place des contrats écrits impliquant des engagements sur la qualité du lait. L'analyse de la gestion de la qualité du lait, des fermes aux transformateurs laitiers, a montré sa mauvaise qualité hygiénique dans la zone d'étude, même quand les valeurs moyennes de la composition du lait sont élevées. Certaines pratiques d'élevage évaluées au niveau de l'exploitation ont démontré leur efficacité économique et leur impact sur la qualité hygiénique. Toutefois, l'application régulière de ces pratiques était limitée, puisque les petits agriculteurs ne reçoivent pas de prime pour un lait de meilleure qualité. Sur la base de ces deux résultats, nous avons co-construit avec des petits transformateurs laitiers formels un outil de simulation pour montrer des scénarios prospectifs, où ils pouvaient choisir leur meilleur produit, mais également concevoir des systèmes de paiement du lait pour récompenser les agriculteurs pour la qualité de leur lait. Ce type d'approche a permis aux transformateurs laitiers de comprendre l'importance d'inclure cette gestion de qualité dans leur processus de collecte et de fabrication, en particulier dans un contexte de forte concurrence pour l'approvisionnement en lait. Nous concluons que l'amélioration de la qualité de petits agriculteurs exige un travail plus coordonné entre les différentes parties prenantes. Une telle mise en place de stratégies dépendra de la volonté des petits transformateurs laitiers de récompenser les agriculteurs qui produisent un lait de haute qualité, mais aussi du soutien de l'Etat aux parties prenantes du secteur formel.

Fight against terrorism is an important public interest. Data on natural persons that belongs to the area of their private life could help the state in the aforementioned fight. Therefore, the state may be interested in collecting the data on all the natural persons within its jurisdiction in order to prevent terrorist attacks. This raises the question if the state could collect that information without any legal restrictions. In this work, the relevant provisions of universal international law, the law of the Council of Europe, the European Union and Lithuania will be examined and the answer to the question will be provided. In the universal international law, 17 "sectorial" treaties describe certain types of behaviour that can be called terrorism. Therefore, the present concept of terrorism is very fragmented, i. e. different treaties directly or indirectly provide the definition of terrorism applied just for that certain treaty. It is important to mention that the inclusion of certain features in the concept of terrorism endangers the human rights protected by the international law and may unreasonably restrict the possibilities of freedom fighters to defend themselves from illegal foreign occupation or to seek to realise the right to self-determination. For example, the inclusion of substantial harm to the environment in the definition of terrorism as an alternative feature of this crime may unreasonably restrict the possibilities of freedom fighters, as they may have no viable alternatives to resist illegal violence used against them. The serious harm to property, as an alternative feature of terrorism, may lead to the infringement of the rights of legal protesters. It is also important to mention that some features of the crime of terrorism are not comprehensively defined concepts, e. g. serious harm to property, serious injury or substantial harm to the environment. Therefore, there is the risk that even not considerably dangerous behaviour may be mistakenly called terrorism. As a result, various human rights may be infringed. On the other hand, many of these problems could be avoided by the appropriate interpretation of the provisions of the treaties, as all of them directly or indirectly emphasize the necessity to respect human rights, provides for the possibility to reject a request for extradition if it is reasonably believed that the person will be prosecuted for his nationality, ethnic origin, race, religion or political opinion and as states have other international obligations. The Council of Europe defines the concept of terrorism by making references to universal "sectorial" treaties, but it also define some aspects of the crime of terrorism directly. The European Union has chosen a different way, as it provides the general definition of the crime of terrorism. It is important to mention that both the law of the Council of Europe and the law of the European Union recognize the need to respect human rights during the fight against terrorism. Concerning the definition of terrorism, Lithuania has obliged itself by some universal international treaties and certain treaties of the Council of Europe. Moreover, Lithuania is a member of the European Union therefore the law of the latter is also applied in this country. Thus the provisions of the aforementioned types of law have affected the national criminal law of Lithuania. The criminal code of Lithuania defines two groups of crimes related to terrorism, i. e. the crimes of terrorism and the crimes related to terrorist activities. It is important to mention that the two groups of crimes are not necessarily especially dangerous. All the aforementioned levels of law emphasize the necessity to respect human rights in the fight against terrorism. And the right to private life is one of them. According to the universal international law, the law of the Council of Europe, the European Union and Lithuania, the private life of an individual is a concept that cannot be defined comprehensively. This concept is a very broad one and the essence of it is explained by giving examples of different aspects of the private life of natural persons. All the aforementioned levels of law recognise that the right to private life can be limited. However, this may be done only if certain legal requirements, including the principles of necessity and proportionality, are met. It must be noted that the sensitive areas of the private life of individuals have greater protection, therefore it is harder to justify the interference into them. Automatic measures may also cause problems as, in certain cases, they may be inconsistent with the obligation of the state to take into account the circumstances of the situation and to follow the principles of necessity and proportionality (Lithuanian law does not allow such measures, as, according to the Constitution, the information about the private life of an individual can be collected only if a court has authorized it by a reasoned decision). According to the universal international law, the law of the Council of Europe and Lithuanian law, it may be derogated from the right to private life in an extraordinary situation, but certain legal requirements, including the principles of necessity and proportionality, must also be fulfilled. In conclusion, the state may limit the right to private life of individuals during the fight against terrorism. However, there are legal restrictions for such interference.

The present study is a work that penetrates into the basics of educational philosophies and psychology, while focusing on the didactic model 'Learning through Teaching' in an empirical investigation of acquisition and retention of vocabulary from the Academic Word List, facilitated by CALL tools and ICT artefacts. The study aimed at revealing whether the traditional 'doing exercises' (LtDE) or the unconventional 'preparing exercises' (LtPE) mode helped participants learn and retain more vocabulary knowledge. Additional observations were made related to enjoyment and flow experiences of the learners during the activities, which were technology enhanced and organised in task-based approach that necessitated formative rather than summative evaluation that depends usually on exams. In addition it was aimed to generate new models of education, class(room), and FL vocabulary learning that would be in line with the postmodern philosophies and changing trends and innovations. The study adopts mixed research methodology by conducting both quantitative and qualitative data throughout the study. A quasi-experimental design with selective and eliminative pre-tests, and comparative post-tests and delayed post-tests was administered to collect the quantitative data whereas questionnaires, interviews, and the diaries of the researcher served as sources of the qualitative information, which enabled triangulation. The tests were prepared and applied by the help of MOODLE software, while the questionnaires were prepared by Google Documents and applied online either through the official website of the study (www.e-learnlanguage.com) or the weblog (www.leventuzun.wordpress.com) that were used to announce and implement the tasks in the Educational Technologies and Materials Development course in the Faculty of Education, ELT Department at Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey in the 2012-2013 educational year. The participants were forty second-year university students (12 male and 28 female) whose age ranged between 20 and 23. In addition, four ELT professionals who were also consulted throughout the treatment processes participated in the piloting of the instruments. The results indicated clear advantages of learning by teaching model that was activated through preparing exercises setting. It has been detected that although there was no significant difference in the vocabulary acquisition rate between the control (LtDE) and experiment (LtPE) groups, the experiment group significantly surpassed the control group regarding the vocabulary retention rates. In addition, positive observations were recorded concerning the learners' enjoyment of and attitudes towards digital environments and applications when these also matched their beliefs and expectations. It has been concluded that non-conventional or postmodern philosophies of education, and learner-centred educational approaches hold serious advantages especially when blended with technology artefacts that need to be exploited more extensively and deeply not only by educators but also by the policy makers in order to meet and satisfy the needs, interests, expectations, and tendencies of the new generation 'digital natives' learners. ; Bu çalışma, Akademik Sözcük Listesinden kelimelerin bilgisayar destekli dil öğrenme araçları ve bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri aracılığıyla öğrenilip akılda tutulmasını deneysel bir çalışmayla inceleyerek; öğretici bir model olan 'Öğreterek Öğrenme' yöntemine odaklanan, eğitim felsefeleri ve psikolojisi alanlarını derinlemesine inceleyen bir araştırmadır. Çalışma, geleneksel 'alıştırma yapma/çözme' (AYÖ) ile alışılmamış 'alıştırma hazırlama/tasarlama' (AHÖ) usullerinden hangisinin sözcük öğrenimi ve akılda tutulması bakımlarından öğrencilere daha fazla katkı sağladığını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamıştır. Buna ilave olarak, teknolojiyle pekiştirilmiş fakat sınavlara dayanan sonuca odaklı yaklaşım yerine görev odaklı ve süreci değerlendiren yaklaşım etrafında organize edilmiş aktiviteler süresince öğrencilerin hoşlanma-eğlenme ve kendilerini iyi hissetme (psikolojideki 'flow' tecrübesi- yüksek seviyede ve uzun süreli motivasyon ile katılım) durumlarına odaklı gözlemler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, postmodern felsefelerle ve değişen eğilim ile yeniliklerle uyumlu olabilecek yeni eğitim, sınıf ve yabancı dil öğrenme modelleri ortaya koymak da amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, çalışma süresince hem nicel hem de nitel veri toplanması bakımından birleşik araştırma yöntemini kullanmıştır. Nicel verilerin toplanmasında eleyici ön testler ve karşılaştırıcı son testler ile ertelemeli son testler yarı deneysel bir tasarım içerisinde kullanılırken; çapraz denetleme (karşılıklı ilişki izleme ve üçgenleme) sağlayan nitel bilgilerin toplanmasında anketler, röportajlar ve araştırmacının günlükleri kaynaklık etmiştir. Testler MOODLE yazılımı yardımıyla yapılıp uygulanırken; anketler Google Dokümanlar yardımıyla hazırlanarak çevrimiçi olarak ya çalışmanın resmi web sitesi (www.e-learnlanguage.com) üzerinden veya 2012-2013 öğretim yılında araştırmacı tarafından Uludağ Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bölümünde Eğitim Teknolojileri ve Materyal Tasarımı dersinin görevlerinin duyurulduğu ve yürütüldüğü web bloğu (www.leventuzun.wordpress.com) aracılığı ile uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılar, yaşları 20 ile 23 arasında olan kırk (12 bay 28 bayan) üniversite ikinci sınıf öğrencisidir. Ayrıca, çalışmanın uygulama safhalarında kendileriyle istişare edilen ve veri toplama araçları yapımının pilot çalışmasında yer alan dört İngiliz Dili Öğretimi uzmanıdır. Sonuçlar, alıştırma hazırlama ortamı ile yürütülen öğreterek öğrenme modeli lehine net avantajlar ortaya koymuştur. Kontrol grubu (AYÖ) ile deney grubu (AHÖ) arasında sözcük edinimi oranları bakımından önemli bir fark tespit edilmemekle birlikte, deney grubunun kontrol grubunu sözcük bilgisinin akılda tutulma oranı bakımından önemli bir oranda geride bıraktığı görülmüştür. İlave olarak, dijital ortam ve uygulamalar konusunda kendilerini iyi hissetmeleri ve eğlenmeleri bakımından, inanç ve beklentileriyle örtüştüğü zaman öğrencilerde olumlu gözlemler kayıt edilmiştir. Alışılagelmemiş veya postmodern eğitim felsefelerinin ve öğrenci merkezli eğitim yaklaşımlarının, özellikle teknoloji araçları ile harmanlandığında, ciddi avantajlar barındırıp sundukları ve 'dijital yerliler' olarak tabir edilen yeni nesil öğrenenlerin ihtiyaç, ilgi, beklenti ve eğilimlerini karşılamak ve onları tatmin etmek için bunların sadece eğitmenler tarafından değil, aynı zamanda eğitim politikalarına yön verenler tarafından daha yoğun ve derinlemesine istifade edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Tengah I mempunyai tugas pokok yaitu menghimpun penerimaan pajak. Sebagaimana telah diketahui, peran penerimaan pajak dalam mengisi kas Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) dalam rangka pembangunan nasional amat penting dan sangat strategis. Berkaitan hal tersebut maka di Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Tengah I melaksanakan reformasi birokrasi baik dari lingkungan internal maupun ekternal dalam rangka meningkatkan penerimaan pajak. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu (1). Untuk mengetahui alasan diperlukannya reformasi birokrasi di Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Tengah I. (2). Untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi dalam rangka meningkatkan penerimaan pajak di Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Tengah I. (3). Untuk mengetahui hambatan-hambatan yang timbul dan upaya mengatasi hambatan tersebut dalam pelaksanaan pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi dalam rangka meningkatkan penerimaan pajak di Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Tengah I. Adapun dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris yang lebih difokuskan penelitian terhadap pelaksanaan efektifitas hukum yaitu membahas bagaimana peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku tentang reformasi birokrasi dan bagaimana realita pelaksanaan peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut dalam pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi di Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Tengah I dalam rangka meningkatkan penerimaan pajak. Hasil penelitian dalam penulisan artikel ini, bahwa alasan diperlukan reformasi birokrasi di Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Tengah I yaitu adanya pelaksanaan prinsip dasar Good Corporate Governance, adanya kelemahan dalam administrasi penerimaan pajak, mencegah adanya insiden korupsi, reformasi birokrasi dilaksanakan pada struktur organisasi, Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM), proses bisnis, teknologi komunikasi dan informasi, sarana dan prasarana, pelayanan kepada Wajib Pajak, sehingga mampu meningkatkan penerimaan pajak secara signifikan. Hambatan yang dialami yaitu terkait kedisplinan kerja pegawai dan penguasaan pengoperasian teknologi informasi yang kurang optimal, serta terkait kepatuhan Wajib Pajak dalam membayar dan pelaporan pajak. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan yaitu menyelenggarakan internalisasi kode etik dan nilai-nilai organisasi pada diri pegawai dan meningkatkan kemampuan pegawai dalam bidang perpajakan, teknologi informasi melalui pelatihan dan pengembangan pegawai dengan menyelenggarakan diklat, serta untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan Wajib Pajak dengan memberikan himbauan dan konseling, serta penegakan hukum. Saran yang diberikan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah perlunya pelatihan di luar ruangan (out bound) mengenai nilai-nilai organisasi dan kedisiplinan pegawai, meningkatkan perangkat dan sistem pelaporan SPT Tahunan melalui e-Filling, serta penyelenggaran sosialisasi, workshop dan asistensi atau konseling harus dilakukan secara rutin dalam bidang perpajakan.Regional Office of Directorate General of Taxation, Central Java I has the main task is to collect tax revenue. As is well known, the role of tax revenue in cash to fill state budget (state budget) in the framework of national development is very important and very strategic. Relating these conditions, the Regional Office of Directorate General of Taxation, Central Java I implement bureaucratic reform from both internal and external environment in order to increase tax revenues. The purpose of this study, namely (1). To find out why we need to reform the bureaucracy at the Regional Office of Directorate General of Taxation, Central Java I. (2). To determine the implementation of bureaucratic reforms in order to increase tax revenue at the Regional Office of Directorate General of Taxation, Central Java I. (3). To know the obstacles that arise and an attempt to overcome these obstacles in the implementation of bureaucratic reforms in order to increase tax revenue at the Regional Office of Directorate General of Taxation, Central Java I. But in this study uses empirical juridical method more focused research on the effectiveness of the implementation of the law which discusses how the applicable legislation on the reform of the bureaucracy and how the legislation's implementation of reality in the implementation of the reform of the bureaucracy in the Office of The Directorate General of Taxation, Central Java I in order to increase tax revenues. The results of research in the writing of this article, that the reason needed reform of the bureaucracy at the Regional Office of Directorate General of Taxation , Central Java I is a basic principle of good corporate governance , weaknesses in the administration of tax revenue , prevent incidents of corruption , bureaucratic reforms implemented in the organizational structure , human resources ( HR ) , business processes , and information communication technology , infrastructure , services to taxpayers , so as to increase tax revenues significantly. Barriers experienced are related to employee discipline and mastery of information technology operations that are less than optimal , and related tax compliance and reporting in paying taxes . Efforts to do is hold the internalization of the code of ethics and values in the self- organization of employees and increase the capabilities of staff in the areas of taxation , information technology through employee training and development by organizing training , as well as to improve tax compliance by providing appeal and counseling , as well as enforcement law . The advice given in this paper is the need for training outdoors (out-bound) on the values of the organization and discipline of employees, improving reporting systems perangakat and annual tax returns via e - Filling , and organizing dissemination , workshops and assistance or counseling should be done routine in the field of taxation .

Dental amalgam is one of the most widely used, but also the most controversial of dental restorative materials. Since its introduction during the first half of the 19 th century, concerns have been raised about health hazards related to the toxicity of a major component of amalgam, mercury. This has been a particularly contentious issue in Swed en, where amalgam use was discontinued in 2009, on environmental grounds. Two aspects of particular concern are the release of mercury vapour from dental amalgam fillings in patients and occupational exposure to mercury in clinical dental personnel handl ing amalgam. The aims of this thesis were twofold: to follow the progress of patients with health problems which they attribute to dental amalgam fillings and secondly, to investigate whether the offspring of female dental personnel handling amalgam were a t increased risk of adverse effects from potential exposure to mercury vapour in utero . In Study I we examined symptoms, perceived health changes over time and health - related quality of life (HRQoL) among applicants for subsidized replacement of amalgam f illings . We used a questionnaire to collect data. The results showed that the applicants had a wide range of symptoms and that their HRQoL was much poorer than in the general population in Sweden. Study II documented the use of social security benefits b y applicants for replacement of amalgam fillings . The data were retrieved from Swedish registers for the years 1994 to 2006. The cohort of dental filling replacement patients had a significantly higher number of days on sick leave and disability pension t han the general population. These differences increased during follow - up. In the replacement cohort, the highest number of sick - leave days was recorded in the year they applied for subsidi z ed replacement of fillings. While sick leave decreased following the year of application, the number of days on disability pension increased and peaked at the end of follow - up. Study III compared cognitive function among the sons of female dentists and dental nurses with that of sons of female physicians and assistant nurses. The aim was to determine whether the sons of female dentists and dental nurses had been harmed by the mothers' potential occupational exposure to mercury while handling amalgam. The cognitive test scores were for a test undergone by all young men in Sweden when they were conscripted for military service. Data were retrieved from national registers. Sons of dental workers had cognitive function test results similar to, or higher than their comparison cohorts. Study IV investigated the risk of earl y mortality among the sons of female dental personnel. Using data from the national registers, neonatal, infant and childhood mortality rates were compared for the sons of dental and of non - dental health care personnel. The sons of female dentists were com pared with those of female physicians and the sons of female dental nurses with those of female assistant nurses. Analysis of data from the 1960's disclosed a statistically significantly higher risk of neonatal mortality among the sons of dental nurses tha n the sons of assistant nurses. In the subsequent two decades, this difference no longer reached statistical significance and a trend test demonstrated a consistent decrease in risk over the three decades (1960's, 1970's and 1980's). The following conclusions may be drawn from the results of the studies: A) In patients who attribute their poor health to their amalgam fillings, replacement of the fillings does not seem to lead to marked improvement in quality of life; HRQoL is well below the national averag e. Nor does filling replacement facilitate a return to workforce participation: in the years following filling replacement, these patients remain largely reliant on sick - leave or disability benefits. While the decreasing use of amalgam in recent years and its discontinuation from 2009 should lead to fewer and fewer people claiming amalgam - related ill - health, failure of current measures to improve the HRQoL in these patients and facilitate their return to the workforce is not only un satisfactory for the indi vidual patients, but also unacceptable to society. Further research is warranted to find ways of improving the status of these patients. B) There is no evidence that exposure to mercury vapour in utero has an adverse effect on the cognitive function of the of fspring of female dental professionals who handled amalgam during pregnancy. For the decade of highest use of amalgam, higher rates of neonatal mortality, but not of infant or childhood mortality, were disclosed among the offspring of female dental profess ionals. C) In Sweden, amalgam use decreased during the 1970's and 1980's and was finally discontinued in 2009. Thus the potential hazards of mercury exposure from amalgam fillings in patients and occupational exposure in dental personnel handling amalgam, n o longer apply in Sweden. Nevertheless, these findings on the health implications of dental amalgam, reliably supported by the Swedish national registers, provide an important frame of reference for countries with high caries activity, where amalgam use re mains high.

Ziel dieser Studie ist, neue Vorschläge zu machen, wie man Konflikte in Afrika verhindert oder diese löst. Der Fokus ist auf Grenzkonflikte und mehr spezifisch auf den Grenzkonflikt zwischen Kamerun und Nigeria über die Bakassi-Halbinseln gerichtet. Konfliktprävention und Konfliktmanagement sind von großer Bedeutung für moderne Staaten sowie für anderen Organisationen. Es gibt verschiedene Versuche, Konflikte zu lösen oder zu verhindern, aber die meisten von ihnen, zum Beispiel in Afrika, waren nicht erfolgreich. Es wird für gewöhnlich angenommen, dass die Misserfolge durch Maßnahmen des Auslandes entstanden sind, die den afrikanischen Ländern auferlegt werden. Gemäß einigen Sozialwissenschaftlern sollten afrikanische Staaten eine größere Rolle in der Konfliktprävention in ihrem Kontinent spielen. Internationale Unterstützung, welche größtenteils aus Europa und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (USA) kommen, sind meistens Entwicklungshilfe, Friedenskräfte und humanitäre Hilfe. Diese Hilfen haben in vielen Fällen nicht geholfen, Konflikte in Afrika und anderswo zu lösen oder zu verhindern. Einige Kritiker meinen sogar, dass diese Hilfen Konflikte eher fördern, als sie zu verhindern. Manche von diesen Hilfen (aus dem Ausland) werden größtenteils missbraucht oder erreichen diejenigen, die sie nicht brauchen. Um einige der Mängel der Konfliktprävention und des Konfliktmanagements zu zügeln, haben einige europäische Länder wie Schweden viel darüber geforscht, wie man Konflikte in der Welt verhindert und löst. Die Idee von der Zusammenarbeit aller Konfliktakteure in Konfliktprävention und Konfliktmanagement ist sehr notwendig und wichtig. Die staatliche Ausbildung lokaler Kräfte und die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Regierungs- und Nichtregierungsorganisationen in Konfliktprävention sollen gefördert werden. Staaten sollen nationalen Koodinatoren, die soziale Rechte und Antikorruption im Auslandsgeschäft fördern, ausbilden. Es sollte auch eine Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Staaten und den internationalen Organisationen, die Wiederaufbau, Sicherheit, Staatsbürgerschaft fördern sowie Eigentumsprobleme lösen, stattfinden. An die multinationalen Gesellschaften wird stark appelliert, sich am Konfliktpräventionsprozess in ihren Tätigkeitsregionen anzuschließen. Die Analyse der Wurzeln des Konflikts und diese von der Basis zu bekämpfen, ist ein wichtigen Faktor in Konfliktprävention und Konfliktmanagement. Für das Interesse des Weltfriedens und der Sicherheit sollte Konfliktprävention und -management ein wichtiger Aspekt der Außenpolitik moderner demokratischer Staaten sein.Die Ursachen vieler Konflikte in Afrika stammed noch aus der Kolonialzeit. Die Verteilung Afrikas durch die Kolonialmächte war ein großer Fehler. Die natürlichen Grenzen wurden nicht beachtet, und neue Grenzen wurden gezogen, um den Interessen der Kolonialherren zu dienen. Das Interesse und die soziale Situation der Einheimischen wurden vernachlässigt, und nach der Unabhängigkeit wurden diese Fehler nicht korrigiert, sondern vererbt. Das wirtschaftliche Interesse der Konfliktparteien steht nach wie vor im Vordergrund. Für die Europäer sollten die Grenzen besseren Handel sichern, aber die Einheimischen wollten ihre Fischgründe und Ackerböden behalten, während die Ortsbehörden Steuern und Lizenzgebühren einnehmen mussten, für die kamerunische und nigerianische Regierung ist es die Ausbeutung von Öl und anderen im Gebiet entdeckten Ressourcen. Versuche, diese Krise auf der staatlichen Ebene und durch Regionalorganisationen wie der O.A.U. zu lösen, sind gescheitert. Der Internationale Gerichtshof (ICJ), als ein Agent der Vereinten Nationen, erhält eine bessere Chance, diesen Konflikt aufzulösen. Aber seine Resolution über diesen Konflikt muss von beiden Konfliktparteien akzeptiert werden, um eine friedliche Lösung zu erreichen. Außerdem müssen beide Parteien, um eine anhaltende Lösung des Konfliktes zu erreichen, bilaterale Zusammenarbeit mit Hilfe der internationalen Gemeinschaft führen. ; The aim is this study is to come up with new proposals as to how to solve or prevent conflicts in Africa. The focus is on border conflicts and more specifically on the Cameroon-Nigeria border conflict over the Bakassi Peninsular. Conflict prevention and Management has been of great concern to modern states as well as other organizations. This is because of the increasing number of conflicts in the world and in Africa in particular. There are many ways used to prevent and/or solve conflicts but most of them have not succeeded in their missions especially those in Africa. It is usually presumed that the failures are due to foreign measures which are imposed on the African countries. According to some social scientists, African nations should play a greater role in conflict prevention in their continent. International supports which mostly come from Europe and the US (United States) have included aid, peace keeping forces and others. These aids in many cases have not helped to solve or prevent conflict in Africa and elsewhere. Some critics even hold that these aid help to promote conflict than prevent them. Some of these aid or help from outside are mostly misused and or do not reach those who need them. In oder to curb some of the shortcomings faced in conflict prevention and management, some European countries like Sweden have made much research on how to prevent and manage conflict in the world. The idea of cooperation amongst all the actors involve in conflict prevention and management is necessary and important. The training of the local forces by states and the cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations in conflict prevention should be strengthened. States should create national co-coordinators who are to promote social rights and anti-corruption in foreign business. There should also be cooperation between states and international organizations covering reconstruction, security, nationality and property issues. A strong appeal is made to multinational companies to involve in conflict prevention processes in their area of operation. The analysis of the roots of conflict and to fight them from the base is an important factor in conflict prevention and management. For the interest of world peace and security, conflict prevention and management should be an important aspect of the foreign policies of modern democratic states.Like in most African countries, the Cameroon-Nigerian border Conflict over the Bakassi peninsula stemmed from the mistakes the colonial masters (British and the Germans) made when making the boundary. The local boundaries were not considered and the new boundaries were made to serve their interests. The interest and social situation of the local people were neglected and after independence, the mistakes were not corrected but inherited. As was the case with the colonial masters, economic factor of the border crisis is more felt. For the Europeans, it was to secure better trade but the local people wanted to keep their fishing grounds and farmlands, while the local authorities had to collect taxes and royalties. For the Cameroon and Nigerian government, it is the exploitation of more oil and other resources discovered in the region. Attempts to solve this crisis at state level and by regional organizations like the OA.U have failed. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a UN agent stands a better chance to resolve this conflict. But its resolutions on this conflict must be accepted by both conflicting parties in order to attain a peaceful solution. Also, both parties have to carry out bilateral cooperation with the help of the international community in order to achieve a lasting solution to the conflict.

[spa] Manuel Vázquez Montalbán (1939-2003) dedicó parte de su obra a reflexionar sobre el deporte, uno de los grandes fenómenos de masas del siglo XX. El objetivo de esta tesis es identificar, recopilar, ordenar y sistematizar las referencias al deporte presentes en ensayos, novelas, poemas y, sobre todo, artículos periodísticos de este autor para analizar su pensamiento deportivo. La elaboración de su biografía deportiva permite determinar la importancia del deporte en su vida y las circunstancias personales que concurren en la formación de su pensamiento deportivo. Su perfil deportivo responde más al del aficionado que al del practicante de una modalidad determinada. Las experiencias de su infancia y juventud en el barrio del Raval, el compromiso en la lucha antifranquista, la síntesis entre la cultura popular y académica realizada en la prisión de Lérida y la coincidencia con un grupo de intelectuales de izquierda barcelonistas configuraron una visión del deporte lúcida y original. Su extensa producción periodística y literaria incluye 700 textos deportivos. Su preocupación por las cuestiones deportivas responde, más que a su afición, a un interés personal por reflexionar, desde una perspectiva crítica y subcultural, sobre un fenómeno escasamente estudiado por los intelectuales. En un primer momento, sus comentarios pretenden evidenciar los lazos del deporte con el franquismo y reflexionar sobre el sentido del deporte en la sociedad de masas. Con la transición democrática, sus escritos deportivos se centran en los medios de comunicación, la política o la sociedad en general. Posteriormente, al convertirse en un autor de prestigio, fue reclamado por diversos medios de comunicación nacionales e internacionales para explicar algunas cuestiones específicas relacionadas con el "Barça", los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona (1992) o los partidos "Barça"-Real Madrid. Después de analizar cuantitativamente el contenido de los textos deportivos montalbanianos y sistematizar sus ideas alrededor de seis ámbitos temáticos —el deporte en general, el fútbol en general, el olimpismo, el fútbol español, el F. C. Barcelona y el deporte español- podemos concluir que el pensamiento deportivo de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán está configurado en torno a tres ejes temáticos: la crítica marxista, el barcelonismo y el análisis de las tensiones políticas y sociales del Estado español a través del fútbol. La influencia del análisis marxista en la obra deportiva montalbaniana va desde una crítica a la manipulación política del deporte durante el franquismo y la Guerra Fría a la denuncia de su mercantilización en el mundo globalizado. Respecto al barcelonismo, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán no se limita a explicitar la simple afinidad con un club de fútbol sino que se adentra en su representatividad política y social fraguada durante el franquismo. Del fútbol español analiza la atribución de un simbolismo a los clubes como una vía para canalizar los conflictos políticos y sociales latentes durante el franquismo y un instrumento que evite enfrentamientos en un Estado democrático configurado por diferentes identidades. Esta mirada propia articulada a través de estos tres ejes le permite interpretar los procesos sociales partiendo de los datos obtenidos en la observación de la práctica deportiva y, a su vez, comprender el deporte como un reflejo de la realidad política, económica y social. En esta vinculación tan estrecha entre deporte y sociedad probablemente se halle la clave para entender su pensamiento deportivo. ; [eng] Manuel Vazquez Montalban (1939-2003) devoted much of his work to reflect on sport, one of the great mass phenomenon of twentieth-century. The aim of this thesis is to identify, collect, organize and systematize sport references found in essays, novels, poems, and, especially, this author newspaper articles in order to examine his sport thinking. The development of his sportive biography allows to set the importance of sport in his live and personal circumstances which contribute to develop his sportive mind. The experiences of his childhood and youthood in the neighborhood of Raval, the commitment in the fight against Franco, the synthesis between popular and academic culture done at Lleida's prison and the coincidence with an intellectual leftist Barça-friendly group shaped a lucid and original vision of sport. His huge journalistic and literary production includes 700 sportive texts. His concern for sporting affairs responds initially a personal interest, from a critical and subcultural perspective onto a phenomenon that intellectuals seldom study. Later he was claimed by various national and international media in order to comment some aspects of the F. C. Barcelona, 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games or matches "Barça" vs. Real Madrid. Montalbanian sportive thought is set around three themes: the marxist critique, barcelonism and the analysis of political and social tensions at Spanish State seen through football. The marxist analysis influence in the montalbanian sportive work is ranging from a critique of the political manipulation of the sport during Franco's regime and the Cold War to the claim of its commercialization in the globalized world. Regarding with barcelonism not only explains his affinity with the football club but delves into social and political representativeness forged under Franco. Spanish football attribution analyzes the symbolism to clubs as a way to channel the latent social and political conflicts during Franco's regime and an instrument to avoid clashes in a democratic set by different identities.

2008/2009 ; Privacy and data protection concern everyone and are issue of profound importance around the World. Privacy has been hailed as "an integral part of our humanity" the "hart of our liberty" and "the beginning of all freedoms" (Solove, 2008). Given its importance, privacy is recognized as a fundamental human right according to many International Instruments such as: the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (Article 12), International Covenant on the Civil and Political Rights (Article 17) The European Convention of Human Rights of 1950 (Article 8), the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2007 (Article 8) and the Treaty of Lisbon of 2008 (Article 16 of the TFEU). However, beyond this worldwide consensus about the importance of privacy and the need for its protection, there is difficulty to conceptualize the privacy. Privacy is a contested legal concept, with several understandings and more misunderstandings. Privacy is actually shorthand for a complex bundle of issues, ranging from dignity to discrimination, and rooted in our need to control what we tell others about ourselves. The main difficulty to reach a satisfying conceptualization of the privacy is that there are some eternal privacy tensions, namely, the interests protected by privacy and data protection laws are inherently in conflict with other legitimate interests such as the freedom of speech, public security and the free flow of information. While, it is impossible to belong to a community and withhold all data, the collection and the processing of our data carry with it many risks and dangers. One such risk is that the data will be abused by those who access it, either by authorization or not. Data which was consensually provided for one purpose might be used against us in a different context. Other privacy tensions are driven by technology which gave rise to the emergence of the data protection law: the falling cost of data storage and communication makes it easier for merchants and governments to collect more data on people and thus to become more efficient to violate the privacy. The development of the Computer technology in the 1960's and 1970's and the enormous potential of the digital revolution made the civil libertarians worry. The nightmare of all-seeing, all-knowing "Big Brother" of George Orwell's "1984" did not belong anymore to the realm of the fiction, but was a reality. And as the enormous potential of the digital revolution became more apparent and together with it the dangers posed to privacy, so the calls for the specific measures to protect individuals became louder. The data protection rules originally developed, at national level in the 1970s, as a response to the threats posed to the privacy by the technological developments of the 1960s and 1970s. It emerged as a new legal field, separate from the privacy law but dependent upon it. The task of the personal data law is to provide a legal framework which is capable of reconciling the needs and interests of those who make use of personal data (data controllers or data processors) with those of persons to whom these data relate (data subjects). Europe has proven to be the leader in protecting privacy and personal data of the individuals in the digital age. At the EU level, the first legal instrument in this field was Data Protection Directive, which was passed in 1995 to harmonize national data protection laws within the European Community, with the aim of protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals including their privacy and personal data. After 15 years the question is whether the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC fit the objectives for which it was adopted in 1995. The European Commission considers that the Directive 95/46/EC fulfils its original objectives and therefore does not need to be amended. This thesis questions this static approach of the European Commission to the data protection regime and argues that the increasing pressure on privacy due to the development of privacy destroying technologies and the growing use of and demand for personal information by public and private sectors, requires quick legal answer and constant change of the data protection legislation. The research carried out for this thesis shows that, over time the social and regulatory environment surrounding the creation, management and the use of personal data has evolved significantly since the adoption of the Directive 95/46/EC. The Directive is showing its age and is failing to meet the new challenges posed to privacy by factors such as the huge growth of personal information on line and the growing availability and ability of the new technologies to process, use and abuse personal information in many ways. These factors have challenged the means and the methods used by Directive to protect personal data and have altered the environment for the implementation of the Directive. Thus, it is clear that the context in which the data protection Directive was created has been changed fundamentally and certain basic assumptions of the Directive have already been challenged in approach, in law and in practice. All these factors show that the Directive is out of touch to meet the technological, social and legal challenges of 21st century and therefore need to be reviewed and amended. ; XXI Ciclo ; 1975

270 Jahre lang gab es jüdisches Leben in der brandenburgischen Stadt Schwedt an der Oder. Der Leser dieses Bandes nimmt teil an der wechselvollen Geschichte der jüdischen Menschen und ihrer Gemeinde. Der erste Jude, der sich im 17. Jahrhundert in Schwedt niederließ, war Bendix Levi. Nachdem sein Haus in Oderberg abgebrannt war, erhielt er von Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm die Genehmigung zum Aufenthalt in Schwedt. Die preußischen Könige wünschten jedoch, daß in den kleinen brandenburgischen Städten nur wenige Juden leben sollten. Deshalb bestand während des 18. Jahrhunderts die jüdische Gemeinschaft in Schwedt nur aus Angehörigen von drei Familien, nämlich von Bendix Levi, Simon Salomon und Wulff Salomon. Ihr Leben war geprägt vom Kampf um Aufenthaltsrecht und Handelserlaubnis. Solidarität untereinander war dabei nicht immer selbstverständlich, da oft das Aufenthaltsrecht des einen, wirklich oder vermeintlich, dem Recht des anderen entgegenstand. Das umfangreiche Quellenmaterial aus Berliner, brandenburgischen und Jerusalemer Archiven führt uns die Auswirkungen der restriktiven preußischen Judenpolitik auf das Leben der Schwedter Juden lebendig vor Augen und gibt uns außerdem Einblicke in jüdische Traditionen und Gebräuche. So werden wir Zeugen einer jüdischen Eidesleistung im Schwedter Rathaus und nehmen teil an der feierlichen Unterzeichnung eines Heiratsvertrages. Das Emanzipationsedikt von 1812 machte Juden endlich zu preußischen Staatsbürgern und erleichterte das Leben durch Niederlassungs- und Gewerbefreiheit. Dies führte bald zu einer beträchtlichen Vergrößerung der Schwedter jüdischen Gemeinde, der sich auch die jüdischen Einwohner des nahe gelegenen Städtchens Vierraden anschlossen. Als erster ließ sich Israel David Loewenheim aus Tütz / Westpreußen in Schwedt nieder. Ihm folgten aus seiner Heimatstadt nicht weniger als sieben weitere Familien. Zuzüge gab es auch aus anderen Städten, sodass bis zum späten 19. Jahrhundert die Zahl der jüdischen Einwohner Schwedts bis auf ca. 200 Personen zunahm. Ab ca. 1880 führten dann jedoch zahlreiche Wegzüge – besonders nach Berlin – wieder zu einer Verkleinerung der Gemeinde. Seit 1840 war Schwedt Amtssitz eines Rabbiners. Nathan Hirsch Kuttner blieb bis zu seiner Pensionierung im Jahr 1895 in Schwedt. Dieses lange Zusammenleben lässt ein harmonisches Verhältnis zwischen ihm und der Gemeinde vermuten. Dies war aber in den ersten Jahren durchaus nicht der Fall. Kuttner musste einige Jahre um Anerkennung in der Gemeinde kämpfen und sogar die Zahlung seines Gehalts gerichtlich durchsetzen. Der Bau einer neuen Synagoge im Jahr 1862 gab der Gemeinde neues Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl und brachte Ruhe in die Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Rabbiner. Unter dem Eindruck des zunehmenden Antisemitismus im ausgehenden 19. und im 20. Jahrhundert schloss sich die Gemeinde Vereinen und Organisationen an, die sich den antisemitischen Angriffen entgegenzustellen versuchten, so 1894 dem "Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeindebund" und 1901 dem "Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus". Im Jahr 1922 gründete man die "Reuchlin Loge" im Verband "Unabhängiger Orden Bne-Beriss". Bald folgte das schnelle und vollständige Ende der jüdischen Gemeinde in Schwedt durch den nationalsozialistischen Massenmord. In der Datenbank der Gedenkstätte Yad Vashem in Jerusalem wird die Erinnerung an 60 namentlich bekannte ermordete Schwedter Juden aufbewahrt. Nachfahren von Überlebenden hat es in alle Erdteile verschlagen. Intensive genealogische Forschungen in Zusammenarbeit mit Peter Lowe aus Hertford (UK), einem Nachkommen der Familie Loewenheim, und Yehuda Meinhardt (Israel) machten es möglich eine Reihe von Familienstammbäumen zu rekonstruieren. Der Band wird mit der Beschreibung des jüdischen Friedhofs und der Erfassung der Grabinschriften abgeschlossen. Eine ausführliche Dokumentation mit Fotografien findet sich im Internet (www.uni-potsdam.de/juedische-friedhoefe). ; For 270 years there was Jewish life in the Brandenburg town of Schwedt on the Oder. The reader of this volume participates in the changing history of the Jewish people and their community. The first Jew to settle in Schwedt in the 17th century was Bendix Levi. After his house in Oderberg burned down, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm granted him permission to take up residence in Schwedt. The Prussian Kings wanted only few Jews to live in small Brandenburg towns, so during the 18th century the Jewish community in Schwedt consisted of only three families whose heads were Bendix Levi, Simon Salomon and Wulff Salomon. Their life was dominated by the fight for residency and trade permits. Solidarity amongst each other was not always self evident, since the residency permit of one was often in real or imagined conflict with a permit for others. The extensive sources in archives in Berlin, Brandenburg and Jerusalem show intensely the consequences of the restrictive Prussian "Judenpolitik" on the life of Jews in Schwedt and they also give us insight into Jewish traditions and customs. We bear witness to a Jewish oath in the townhouse of Schwedt and take part in the ceremonial signing of a marriage treaty. The "Emanzipationsedikt" of 1812 finally made Jews into Prussian citizens and simplified their life by giving them freedom of settlement and trade. This resulted in considerable growth of the Jewish community in Schwedt which was also joined by the Jewish residents of the nearby town of Vierraden. The first of these new settlers in Schwedt was David Loewenheim from Tütz / Westprussia. No less than seven families from his hometown followed. There was also immigration from other towns, increasing the number of Jewish residents in Schwedt to 200 by the late 19th century. After about 1880 the community shrank again because many moved away, particularly to Berlin. Since 1840 Schwedt was the seat of a Rabbi. Nathan Hirsch Kuttner stayed in Schwedt until his retirement in 1895. Although this long sojourn might indicate an agreeable relationship between him and his community, this was certainly not the case in his first years. Kuttner had to fight for recognition by his community and even had to obtain a court order to collect his salary. The building of a new Synagogue in 1862 gave a new sense of cooperation to the community and calmed the struggles with the Rabbi. Under the impression of increasing anti-Semitism from the late 19th into the 20th century, the community joined organizations which attempted to resist anti-Semitic attacks. For example, in 1894 it joined the "Deutsch- Israelitische Gemeindebund" and in 1901 the "Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus". In 1922 the "Reuchlin Loge", was formed within the "Independent Order of Bnai Brith". Soon followed the fast and complete anihilation of the Jewish community in Schwedt by the national socialist mass murder. The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names at Yad Vashem / Jerusalem preserves the memory of 71 murdered Jews of Schwedt who are known by name. Descendants of survivors are scattered to all parts of the world. Intensive genealogical research in cooperation with Peter Lowe from Hertford (UK), descendant of the Loewenheim family, and Yehuda Meinhardt (Israel), made it possible to reconstruct a number of family trees. The volume ends with a description of the Jewish cemetery and a record of the grave inscriptions. An entire documentation with photographs can be found in the Internet (www.uni-potsdam.de/juedische-friedhoefe).

Ante las situaciones de cambio y transición experimentadas en Venezuela a distintos niveles y con diferentes alcances, la agroindustria se perfila como un elemento determinante para la transformación y la consolidación del sistema agroalimentario rural. Partiendo de esta premisa, se condujo una investigación con el propósito de evaluar el nivel de emprendimiento agroindustrial rural en el estado Falcón (Venezuela), con énfasis en el perfil del emprendedor rural y en los factores estratégicos determinantes de la actividad emprendedora en este sector, sustentado a su vez en la importancia de la agroindustria rural dentro de la economía del estado Falcón. Tales factores contribuyen al desarrollo económico, a la competitividad, a la innovación y a la creación de empleos locales, así como al emprendimiento expresado en la dinámica socioeconómica y en el cambio de los hábitos de los consumidores. El estudio correspondió a un análisis de tipo descriptivo, realizado a través de un trabajo de campo llevado a cabo entre octubre del 2006 y mayo del 2007, orientado a la recolección y observación directa de los ítems de estudio a partir de los agentes involucrados, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario. Abarcó un total de 23 agroindustrias rurales activas, registradas en las bases de datos de los organismos oficiales afines al sector. La investigación evidenció el estancamiento existente en el emprendimiento agroindustrial en el estado Falcón, así como su carácter poco dinámico. De allí que la promoción de iniciativas emprendedoras no debe ser un hecho aislado; por el contrario, debe responder a una estrategia articulada, insertada en un plan macro diseñado para dinamizar ese plantel económico. Igualmente se considera la existencia de un amplio margen dentro del sistema agroalimentario del estado Falcón para la incursión de nuevas iniciativas agroempresariales. No obstante, requieren de una visión de negocio, de la conexión con el mercado y de un dinámico sistema institucional facilitador y promotor de estas nuevas iniciativas. ; In a changing and transitional environment faced by Venezuela at different levels and with different scopes, food industry becomes a key factor in transformation and consolidation of the rural agro-food system. Based on this statement, a research was conducted in order to analyze agro-industrial entrepreneurship in Falcon state (Venezuela), emphasizing in the rural enterpriser profile, as well as another strategic factors in achieving economic development in the rural sector, sustained on the importance of the rural agrofood industry in economy of this region, which contribute to the economical development, competitiveness, innovation and the labor market. In the same way, the authors fulfill a descriptive research on the undertaking activity from the point of view of the socio-economical dynamics and the change of the consumer's habits. This paper was conducted through a field research carried out between December 2006 and May 2007, oriented to the data collection and direct observation of the items for the involved agents by the application of a questionnaire. The sample was conformed by a total of 23 active rural agro-food industries registered on the data base of the official organisms. Main finding shows stagnation in the agro-food industry in Falcon state, as well as its nondynamic behavior. Therefore, promotion of undertaking initiatives must not be isolated, but it must answer to articulated strategies, as articulated part in a macro plan, designed in order to achieve a more dynamic food-industry in the region. There is still a wide margin in the agro-food system for undertaking initiatives, nevertheless there is required a business vision, market connection and a dynamic official system which promotes and facilitates the establishment of new ideas. ; Au cours des dernières années, le Venezuela a vécu de changements économiques, sociaux et politiques fondamentaux. Dans ce contexte, l'agro industrie peut constituer un élément déterminant pour la transformation et la consolidation du système agroalimentaire rural. En tenant compte de cette circonstance nous avons réalisé une recherche avec le propos d'évaluer le niveau d'empowerment des entrepreneurs ruraux dans l'état de Falcón. Les aspects que nous avons considéré pour analyser ce niveau d'empowerment sont : le profil des entrepreneurs, les facteurs stratégiques mise en pratique pour les entreprenants et leur influence sur l'agro industrie rurale dans l'économie de l'état de Falcón. Ce genre d'industrie contribue au développement économique, la compétitivité, l'innovation, la création d'emploi à l'échelle locale la dynamique socioéconomique et les habitudes des consommateurs. L'étude a été réalisée par le biais d'une analyse descriptive basée dans la collecte d'information chez les acteurs. Les entrevues ont été effectués entre octobre 2006 et mai 2007. Ces entrevues-ci ont couvert 23 entreprises rurales actives qui ont été sélectionnés à partir de sources officielles. Les résultats de la recherche montrent que l'empowerment n'est pas une caractéristique dominante parmi les stratégies dominantes au sein des agro-industries de l'état de Falcón. L'empowerment, au contraire, est un instrument rarement utilisé par ce genre d'entreprises. La mise en valeur des avantages provenant de l'empowerment doit être encouragé. Également, nous considérons nécessaire la promotion d'une nouvelle vision que devrait inclure la mise en valeur de nouveaux mécanismes de négociation, de connexion au marché et de dynamisation d'un système institutionnel favorable à la promotion et l'établissement de nouvelles initiatives. ; 83-93 ; rossanaguardia_rojas@hotmail.com ; henripina@gmail.com, henripina@unefm.edu.ve

Es wurden Staubmessungen in der Luft eines Putenmaststalls mit dem Ziel der Charakterisierung der Höhe und des Verlaufs besonders der Feinstaubfraktion PM 10 (Particulate Matter 10, Partikel, deren aerodynamischer Durchmesser kleiner als 10 -µm ist) und der einatembaren Staubfraktion (ID bzw. PM 100) im Laufe eines Mastdurchganges durchgeführt. Zur Erfassung von PM 10 wurde das für Emissionsmessungen bereits etablierte Messsystem DIGITEL HVS DHA-80 eingesetzt, um es auf Eignung unter Stallbedingungen zu testen. Die Ansaughöhe zur Probenahme betrug 2 m über Grund. Parallel dazu wurde die einatembare Staubfraktion mit einem in der Arbeitsmedizin gebräuchlichen, stationär positionierten Personal Sampler (IOM-SKC-Messsystem) erfasst. Anlass der Erfassung der Staubkonzentrationen war der unbefriedigende Kenntnisstand bezüglich der Zuordnung der Emissionen zur Quelle "Tierstall" und bezüglich der Quantitäten der Staubfrachten. Ein wesentlicher Grund für die bislang geringe Anzahl von Feinstaubmessungen in Tierhaltungen liegt in dem Fehlen standardisierter Messverfahren für diese Komponente, was zudem den Vergleich der bisherigen Messergebnisse erschwert. Der Wert der genauen Kenntnis der Konzentrationen der partikelförmigen Emissionen besonders Feinstaub (PM 10) in und aus landwirtschaftlicher Nutztierhaltung liegt in der Einschätzung des Gefährdungspotentials für den Menschen unter Berücksichtigung umwelthygienischer und umweltrechtlicher Aspekte. Letztere werden unter anderem durch das Vorsorgeprinzip im Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz dargestellt, wobei die Minderung der von Tierhaltungen ausgehenden Emissionen bereits wichtiger Bestandteil nationaler und europäischer Luftreinhaltepolitik ist. So beschäftigen sich Umwelt- und Arbeitsmediziner aufgrund des Verdachts erhöhter Prävalenz umweltbezogener Beschwerdebilder wie Störungen im Bereich der Atemwege in Regionen mit spezialisierter Tierhaltung und bezüglich des Auftretens als arbeitsschutzrelevanter Arbeitsstoff verstärkt mit diesem Feinstaub. Darüber hinaus werden die Daten von den Behörden als Entscheidungshilfe für die Bewilligung neuer Stallbauten benötigt, um Anwohner vor möglichen negativen Einflüssen zu bewahren. Derzeit wird davon ausgegangen, dass PM 10 aus Nutztierhaltungen, aufgrund der durch die Abstandsregelung der TA Luft (2002) greifenden Verdünnungseffekte keine negativen Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit von Anwohnern hat. Diese Annahme ist allerdings bisher nicht durch ausreichende Messungen abgesichert. Die im Rahmen der Arbeit durchgeführten Messkampagnen haben zusammen mit der Literaturrecherche ergeben, dass das Messsystem DIGITEL HVS DAH-80 zur Erfassung von PM 10-Konzentrationen in Geflügelstallungen als geeignet bewertet werden kann. Die über 24 Stunden maximal erfasste mittlere PM 10-Konzentration beträgt 2,44 mg•m-3, der Durchschnitt liegt bei 1,27 mg•m-3, wobei die PM 10-Konzentrationen im Tagesverlauf tagesrhythmische Ereignisse widerspiegeln. Die ebenso über 24 Stunden erfassten ID-Konzentrationen liegen in Bereichen von 0,83 mg•m-3 bis 4,34 mg•m-3. Beide Staubfraktionen wurden im Hinblick auf bekannte Arbeitsplatz-Grenzwerte (AGW) sowie in Bezug auf umweltrechtliche Aspekte bewertet. Da bisher keine berufsbezogenen Grenzwerte existieren, wurden die beiden Staubkonzentrationen als arbeitsschutzrelevante Arbeitsstoffe mit den allgemein gültigen Grenzwerten der GefStoffV von E-Staub (einatembarer Staub) und A-Staub (Alveolengängiger Staub) mit einem AGW von 10 mg•m-3 bzw. 3 mg•m-3 verglichen. Selbst die bestimmten maximalen Tages-Konzentrationen liegen unterhalb dieser AGWs. Von ausgewählten Staubproben beider Fraktionen wurden die Aktivitäten der ebenso zu den umwelthygienisch bedeutenden Luftinhaltsstoffen zählenden Endotoxine ermittelt und mit bekannten Werten aus der Literatur verglichen. Für diese biologische Komponente besteht derzeit kein Grenzwert, sondern nur Orientierungswerte, die von 50 EU•m-3 bis 1.000 EU•m-3 reichen. Mehr als die Hälfte der ermittelten Endotoxinaktivitäten im E-Staub lagen unterhalb von 1.000 EU•m-3, die der analysierten PM 10-Teilfilter lagen im Bereich von 150 EU•m-3 bis 3.500 EU•m-3. Bei umwelthygienischen oder arbeitsmedizinischen Fragestellungen sollte die Qualität der Staubfraktionen zunehmend im Fokus der Messungen stehen, da diese aufgrund zahlreicher Einflussfaktoren eine erhebliche Variabilität aufweisen kann. Die weitere Bearbeitung des relativ neuen Arbeitsgebietes PM 10 im Bereich der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztierhaltung erfordert zudem eine verstärkte interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und den Austausch von Erkenntnissen und Erfahrungen zwischen den beteiligten Disziplinen der Wissenschaft und Forschung aber auch mit Gesetzgebern und Genehmigungsbehörden. ; The purpose of the measurements of airborne particles in a naturally ventilated turkey barn was the registration of emission data particulary with regard to PM 10 levels and progress throughout the term of mast. To collect PM 10 using a specific aerosol sampler, DIGITEL HVS DAH-80, designed for measuring PM 10 in ambient air. Parallel to the operation of the PM 10 sampler, 24 h measurements were also carried out with an IOM dust sampler (IOM-SKC-Sampling system) for inhalable dust (ID) particles. There is increasing concern, that air pollutants such as dust particles may have a negative effect on the respiratory health oft the German population. It was recognised in recent years that particularly fine particles of sizes lower 10 -µm can penetrate through into the deeper respiratory tract causing irritations and supporting inflammation. Therefore, more attention was paid to this particle fraction, which is called PM 10 (Particulate Matter 10). Reasons for these dust measurements are a lack of knowledge on the emission amounts of PM 10 from intensive livestock farming and up to now the only limited numbers of investigation in such barns for poultry. Some recent monitoring results in the north of Germany revealed high concentrations of PM 10 in areas with high livestock production. It is necessary to develop suitable measurement techniques for dust and their evaluation under field conditions. These data are necessary for the implementation of applicable European and German law and as well suited to estimate the health hazard living near or working in an intensive animal husbandry. The tested aerosol sampler seems to be suitable to measure PM 10 particles in naturally ventilated turkey barns which were littered with wood shavings. The maximum concentration of PM 10 (sampling over 24 hours) comes to 2,44 mg•m-3, it averages 1,27 mg•m-3. The time dependent of PM 10 is reflected in circadian events in turkey barn. The concentrations of ID run from 0,83 mg•m-3 to 4,34 mg•m-3. Both emission data were compared with threshold limit values of the GefStoffV. The concentrations of ID and PM 10 fall below the value of inhalable dust ("E-Staub") with 10 mg•m-3 and the value of respirable dust ("A-Staub") with 3 mg•m-3. One of conclusion of this project is the urgent need for more experiences in using appropriate measuring techniques. Another conclusion is to focus on the quality of dust of intensive animal husbandry. Further jobs in the new domain "PM 10" have especially to intent to collaborate and to exchanges experiences between the parties involved like research and sciences and of course legislator and regulatory authorities.

This study estimates the expected long-term budgetary benefits to investing into Roma education in Hungary. By budgetary benefits we mean the direct financial benefits to the national budget. The main idea is that investing extra public money into Roma education would pay off even in fiscal terms. In order to be successful, investments should take place in early childhood. Successful investments are also expensive. But if it is done the right way, such investments more than recoup their costs in terms of extra tax benefits in the future. This study looks at the expected budgetary benefits of a successful investment. It does no deal with how to achieve success. The motivating idea behind our analysis is the notion that investing into somebody's education will lead to benefits not only to the person in question but also to the whole society. We consider these social benefits in a very narrow sense: we make use the fact that in a typical modern society, more education makes people contribute more to the national budget and/or receive less transfers from it. The increased contributions and decreased transfers make up the net budgetary benefits. Net budgetary benefits measure a return on investments into education, very much like returns on any other financial investment. If expected returns more than compensate for such investments, it is in the very narrow interest of the government to invest into Roma education, even setting aside other consideration. We estimate the net benefit of an extra investment (on top of existing pre-school and primary school financing) that enables a young Roma to successfully complete secondary school. We consider an investment that takes place (starts at) at age 4, i.e. we calculate the long-term benefits discounted to age 4. We estimate returns to an investment that makes Roma children complete the maturity examination ("erettsegi") and opens the road to college, instead of stopping at 8 grades of primary school (or dropping out of secondary school). We consider seven channels: personal income tax on income earned from registered fulltime employment, social security contributions paid by employers and employees on earned income, unemployment benefits, means-tested welfare benefits, earning from public employment projects, value added and excise tax on consumption, and incarceration costs. We adjust our estimates by the extra costs of increased secondary and college education. We use large sample surveys, aggregate administrative data, and tax and contribution rules to estimate the necessary parameters. The analysis is nonexperimental and is based on national estimates adjusted for Roma differences. The lack of detailed Roma data and lack of experimental evidence makes interpretation somewhat problematic. We therefore carry out extensive robustness checks for analyzing alternative assumptions. One should keep in mind that, for lack of appropriate data, we leave out important channels such as old-age pensions, disability pensions, childcare benefits, and health care costs. Including most of these channels would most likely increase the estimated benefits to educational investments. Our estimates are therefore most likely lower bounds for the expected budgetary benefits. The results indicate that an investment that makes one young Roma successfully complete secondary school would yield significant direct long-term benefits to the national budget. According to our benchmark estimate, discounted to age 4 (a possible starting age for such an investment), the present value of the future benefits is about HUF 19M (EUR 70,000) relative to the value the government would collect on the representative person in case if she had not continued her studies after the primary school. The benefits are somewhat smaller if (without the suggested early childhood educational investment), the young Roma person finished vocational training school (HUF 15M, EUR 55,000). The estimated returns are sensitive to the discount rate, the assumed wage growth, the college completion rate after secondary school, and the race specific employment and wage differentials (to some extent due to labor market discrimination). But even our most conservative estimates suggest that benefits are least HUF 7M - 9M. We formulate all results in terms of the benefits of an investment that makes one child successfully complete secondary school, for methodological convenience. Naturally, no investment is certain to bring such a result. When comparing benefits to costs, one has to factor in the success probabilities. For example, if an investment increases the chance of secondary school completion by 20 percentage points, i.e. one child out of five gets there as a result of the investment, benchmark benefits relative to 8 grades are HUF 3.8M (19M/5). In other words, 3.8M per child investment would therefore break even with a 20% success rate. Even by looking at our most conservative estimates, any investment with such a success rate is almost sure to yield a positive return if costs are HUF 1.8M or less per child. Overwhelmingly, the benefits would come from increased government revenues, from personal income tax and employer/employee contributions after earned income. Savings on unemployment insurance, welfare benefits and public employment projects are negligible, and savings on incarceration costs are also small. Larger value added tax benefits on consumption are also sizable.