Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.
QM-02-15-058-EN-N ; No EU policy can be perfect – it will inevitably be a compromise between a good cause and a due cause. However, we are now at a critical turning point, as several pillars of former Barroso's EU energy policy have already collapsed, prompting an update or an entire overhaul. Then what are the key components that can put EU energy policy back on track toward reaching our 2020-2030 goals? This Manifesto offers a new vision of the energy policy for our new Commission by focusing on 5 different pillars: 1) the Internal Electricity Market, 2) the Internal Gas Market, 3) 28 national ways from 20-20-20 to 2030, 4) the Energy Policy Governance and 5) the External Energy Security and Policy.
The global energy transition slowed in 2019 according to the Energy Transition Index report from World Economic Forum, and South Africa (SA) was ranked one hundred and fourteenth out of the one hundred and fifteen countries assessed South Africa thus demonstrated low results in both the energy system performance index and the readiness for energy transition. A range of countries are also facing challenges that are central to the transformation of the energy sector, including protecting the environment, energy security and climate change. These persistent global crises and problems experienced by the energy sector in relation also to scarcity of natural resources, widening social inequalities and environmental degradation, have necessitated reforms and transitions in the energy sector. This study follows an interpretivism research philosophy because it is more suitable for a qualitative research methodology. The strategy of case study research is related to the paradigm of interpretivism approach and thus to the methodology of qualitative research. Various research strategies are used to gain in-depth knowledge, including the use of a case study research methodology to investigate a particular natural setting phenomenon. The research methodology with the embedded sub-units of analysis uses a single case study instrument. The primary unit of analysis considered for this study is the energy sector in South Africa in its current state. For this study, semi-structured interviews are utilised as the research instrument forming the primary data. Transition management and research propositions as conceptualised in this case study are theoretical concepts that management could use to positively influence the South African energy transition. SA is seriously impacted by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic since the beginning of 2020. The online research approach used resulted in some limitations during data collection, not being able to conduct interviews face-to-face and inability to observe participants during data collection. The researcher also found limitations on accessing data from some of the energy experts recruited to participate in the research. Some reported being busy and not having time to fill out the questionnaires. The researcher carried out follow-ups and recruited new participants. Primary data was ultimately collected from a total of five energy experts who participated in the study against the initial plan for eight participants. Most energy transition studies have focused almost entirely on energy technologies choices. The research intends to contribute to the body of knowledge and provides solutions for management, government and energy sector stakeholders to build strategies to resolve the complex and persistent challenges that slow down the energy transition in South Africa. ; Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences , Business Administration, 2021
Since the Industrial Revolution, the efficiency with which energy resources are extracted and converted into work has played a prominent role in the accumulation of material wealth. The prominent role of energy resources, in conjunction with their scarcity and their uneven geographic distribution, has had significant repercussions. Collaboration, competition and conflict among nation states for energy resources have created global, geopolitical and market risks. In this volume, academic scholars and practitioners assess these risks from global, geopolitical and market perspectives. They do so by presenting empirical research and discussing our current understanding of this quickly changing and developing field. This is the third volume in a series on energy organized by the Centre for Energy and Value Issues (CEVI). The previous volumes in the series were Financial Aspects in Energy (2011) and Energy Economics and Financial Markets (2012).
