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"The history of relations between the church and political authorities have shaped remarkable differences in the influence of religion on values of population in Poland, Hungary and Czecho-Slovakia. The differences in religious involvement, both on the level of personal beliefs and institutionalized behavior, among the countries in Central-Eastern European region are quite large. In Poland the Value Survey of 1990 revealed a level of religious beliefs and practice as high as in Ireland. An obvious explanation for this similarity is that in both Poland and Ireland 'Catholicism as the dominant religion has come to serve as the symbol and guardian of the nation in times threat or domination from external sources' (Martin 1978: A General Theory of Secularization). In Hungary and the Czech Republik levels of church attendance and personal religiosity are low, rivaling the rates in several West European countries, such as France, Netherlands and Scandinavia. The impact of industrialization and urbanization, combined with the hostility of the communist regimes toward religion, resulted in a high degree of secularization among Hungarians and Czechs. This paper explores several dimensions of religious values, beliefs, attitudes and practice of Poles, Czechs and Slovacs in 1990, based on results of the EVSSG survey. It analyzes the interrelationship between such aspects of religious values and behavior as - on one hand - church attendance, institutional attachment, adherence to traditionel beliefs, confidence in the church, support for a public role of the church, and on the other hand - 'intrinsic' forms of religiosity: identifying oneself as a religious person, the importance of God in one's life, and getting comfort and strength from religion. Hypotheses dealing with the connection between religion and morality, would predict that secularization processes and a diminshing influence of the church would give rise to relativistic moral attitudes, moral permissiveness and tolerance toward different groups. The results suggest that some modification of these hypotheses on the basis of the different historical experience in this region is needed. The relationship between religious and political attitudes and behavior is particulary important in the analyzed countries, taking into account the atheistic policy of the communist regimes and the recent collapse of these regimes. These changes and the impact of socio-demographic factors, such as age, education and place of residence, though also somewhat different, allow us to predict that similar trend toward secularization and individualization will occur as have been observed in Western Europe." (Autorenreferat)

A review essay on a classic text, Dean M. Kelley's Why Conservative Churches Are Growing: A Study in the Sociology of Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1972). Kelley, an ordained Methodist minister, maintained that conservative churches enjoyed a new wave of popularity in the mid-1960s in response to the growing chaos of the decade, particularly because they seemed better able to answer "existential questions of meaning" than did mainstream or more liberal churches. He argued that conservative churches, because they were stricter & demanded more from their members, acquired greater "social strength." Criticisms of Kelley's views & his response to these are reviewed. K. Hyatt Stewart

The author argues that religious pluralism is the normal state of affairs. Religion itself is multi-dimensional, and the several dimensions of religious and spiritual experience can be combined in myriad ways across individual lives. Preliminary findings from new research are presented, detailing modes of spiritual discourse that include mystery, majesty, meaning, moral compassion, and social connection. These dimensions find expression across multiple social institutions. In addition, religion is multi-traditional and organized by plural producers of the goods and services and events that embody and transform religious tradition. Finally, it is argued that religious pluralism must be studied in terms of the structures of power and privilege that allow some religious ideas to be given free voice, but limit the practice of other religious rituals or the gathering of dissident religious communities.

Intro -- Contents -- Tables -- Figures -- Map of Alsace -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Culture, Religion, and Demographic Behaviour -- 2 Alsace: Economic and Social Structures -- 3 Marriage and Remarriage -- 4 Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy -- 5 Marital Fertility -- 6 Infant and Child Mortality -- 7 Conclusion -- Appendix: Issues of Data Quality and Method -- Notes -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.

D'abord publié en anglais dans: Critique of Anthropology, 20 (4), 2000, pp. 421-438. DOI:10.1177/0308275X0002000404. Reprint in bilingual English-Albanian book-length format by AIIS Press, Tirana, 2001. ; International audience ; "Within the theme of Balkan identities and nationalist constructions Albert Doja offers us in this paper a long-term historical perspective on the roots of Albanian ethnicity and the relationship between religious conversion and national affirmation. In a fascinating exploration of a little known cultural history, Doja suggests that some parallels can be drawn between the conversion to Islam of Albanians under pressure from Slav and Greek influences in the Balkan Orthodox Churches and the conversion of Bosnians similarly situated between Orthodox Serbia and Catholic Croatia, while discussing what is specific to the 'hibernation in history' of the collective identity of one of the last nationalities to appear in Europe." (Editorial, Critique of Anthropology). ; Pour apprécier la réelle signification historique des processus successifs de conversion et de re-conversion, parmi des Albanais et d'autres populations sud-est européennes, et les soumettre à une analyse anthropologique plus effective, cet article soutient qu'ils doivent être compris en termes de la dynamique d'objectivation et de résistance contre des pressions exercées par les autorités du pouvoir politique et religieux. Cette approche permet de mettre la signification des appartenances religieuses dans la perspective de négociation et de redéfinition des identités sociales, conduisant à une transformation de l'identité et de l'ethnicité albanaise et à un rétablissement des traditions d'histoire politique, sociale et nationale.

D'abord publié en anglais dans: Critique of Anthropology, 20 (4), 2000, pp. 421-438. DOI:10.1177/0308275X0002000404. Reprint in bilingual English-Albanian book-length format by AIIS Press, Tirana, 2001. ; International audience ; "Within the theme of Balkan identities and nationalist constructions Albert Doja offers us in this paper a long-term historical perspective on the roots of Albanian ethnicity and the relationship between religious conversion and national affirmation. In a fascinating exploration of a little known cultural history, Doja suggests that some parallels can be drawn between the conversion to Islam of Albanians under pressure from Slav and Greek influences in the Balkan Orthodox Churches and the conversion of Bosnians similarly situated between Orthodox Serbia and Catholic Croatia, while discussing what is specific to the 'hibernation in history' of the collective identity of one of the last nationalities to appear in Europe." (Editorial, Critique of Anthropology). ; Pour apprécier la réelle signification historique des processus successifs de conversion et de re-conversion, parmi des Albanais et d'autres populations sud-est européennes, et les soumettre à une analyse anthropologique plus effective, cet article soutient qu'ils doivent être compris en termes de la dynamique d'objectivation et de résistance contre des pressions exercées par les autorités du pouvoir politique et religieux. Cette approche permet de mettre la signification des appartenances religieuses dans la perspective de négociation et de redéfinition des identités sociales, conduisant à une transformation de l'identité et de l'ethnicité albanaise et à un rétablissement des traditions d'histoire politique, sociale et nationale.

Introduction -- Part I: Religion under secular statecraft -- Rationalist restrictions on public discourse -- Reasonable limits on religious freedom -- The hidden dangers of civil religion -- Part II: State/religion border control -- Religion-state relations in U.S. courts -- Rulings concerning religion-state relations -- Rulings on religion-state relations in education -- Alternative schooling in America -- Part III: Religious groups and the public sphere -- The political importance of interest groups -- The moral need for groups in a modern democracy -- Religious groups in the political process

Das Europa der Frühen Neuzeit war geradezu ein Laboratorium des politischen und religiösen Pluralismus. In der Forschung wurde bisher vor allem der Prozess der wechselseitigen äußeren Abgrenzung und inneren Homogenisierung der KonfessionsĆkirchen beschrieben, der mit der terriĆtorialen Staatsbildung einherging. DemgegenĆüber werden in jüngster Zeit eher Widerstände, Bruchstellen und Grenzen der Konfessionalisierung betont, Zustände inter- und transkonfessioneller "Osmose" hervorgehoben. Inzwischen erscheint die homogene Konfession zunehmend als Konstrukt; Konfessionalität wird als - oftmals durchaus schwankende und instabile - kulturelle Praxis beschrieben. Der Band macht sich zur Aufgabe, einen Teilbereich dieser kulturellen Praxis näher in den Blick zu nehmen: Uneindeutigkeit und Verstellung.