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Networks are important systems that impact multiple aspects of economic activities such as investments, businesses, innovation, and entrepreneurship skills. However, there is scant literature examining the crucial networks needed to inform diasporas' decisions and oversee businesses/investments in their countries of origin. Using social network theory, the primary data for this article were gathered using in-depth interviews from 2019 to 2020. This is in addition to the authors' primary insights over more than three decades into migration trajectories, diaspora existentialities, and investment domains in Nigeria. Findings suggest that some diasporas involve their networks such as family members and friends in their investment decision-making processes and eventual investments, while others have mistrust for their networks with implications for real investment choices and eventual outcomes. This article clearly shows that the diaspora networks within their investments' thresholds, the roles of significant others, and the challenges of the diaspora are highly dynamic and ambivalent, as demonstrated through the Nigerian experience.

Every year, flash floods hit many cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia) leading to many injuries and deaths as well as a huge amount of damage to infrastructure. Risks of frequent flash floods have been linked to a lack of emergency planning. This paper presents a systematic review of emergency planning for flash floods response currently in place in Saudi Arabia. Collected information was analysed based on the suitability of content and data for emergency planning in flash floods response. Aspects of the dominant approach of emergency planning and the community-based approach are examined and considered against applications in Saudi Arabia. A case study is used about flash floods in Jeddah in 2009 and 2011 to consider these approaches. This may be the first systematic review of emergency planning for flash floods response in Saudi Arabia and shortcomings listed may lead to improvements in policy, planning and training, particularly given the scientific consensus of an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in Saudi Arabia.

The article is based on the review of the book by Hanna Dymel-Trzebiatowska Philosophical and Translational Migrations in the Moomin Valley (2019). Interdisciplinary considerations concern the issue of the multi-addressee nature of works intentionally aimed at a young audience, and their basis is the analysis and interpretation of Tove Jansson's series on Moomins, deeply rooted in philosophical contexts. In the interpretation of the saga of the Finnish writer, Dymel-Trzebiatowska refers to various aspects of the theory and practice of reception as well as to selected issues belonging to the area of theory and practice of translation. In interpretative contexts, the researcher also distinguishes psychoanalytical critique, cognitive poetics, existential philosophy, the broadly understood philosophy of ethics and childhood anthropology, thanks to which her book fits perfectly into contemporary discussions on the function, place, role and status of children's literature, its meaning in the wider cultural circuit literary and – potentially – also its presence in the field of Polish studies.

AbstractThis paper aims to open up high-level waste management practices to a political philosophical questioning, beyond the enclosure implied by the normative ethics approaches that prevail in the literature. Building on previous insights derived from mediation theory (in particular the work of Verbeek and Dorrestijn), Foucault and science and technology studies (in particular Jasanoff's work on socio-technical imaginaries), mediation theory's appropriation of Foucauldian insights is shown to be in need of modification and further extension. In particular, we modify Dorrestijn's figure of "technical determination of power relations" to better take into account the (literal and figurative) aspects of imagination, and complement Dorrestijn's work with the figures of techno-scientific mediation, and the inherently political figures of socio-technical and state-technical mediation, both based on Foucault's notion of governmentality. Our analysis implies that the practical implementation of a high-level nuclear waste (HLW) management strategy will require the "stitching together" of these different mediations, which is an inherently political task.

ABSTRACTInequality and informality are two characteristic features of the labour markets of Latin America. However, since 2000 the region has experienced a trend towards labour formalization and a reduction in wage inequality. This article analyses the inflows to formality in four Latin American countries — Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru — and assesses their distributive impacts. This aspect is relevant given that the increase in formal wage earners was particularly marked and it is not possible to determine a priori the sign and intensity of the impact of formalization on wage distribution. Therefore, the link between the two dimensions — inequality and formality — is an empirical question. The results of this analysis show that labour formalization had an important equalizing effect in Argentina, Brazil and Ecuador, but that this was not the case in Peru. Most of the existing literature focuses on the distributive impacts of the returns to education. This study complements the existing literature by showing how the improvement of working conditions contributes to explaining the decreasing trend of inequality observed in Latin America since 2000.

Hybrid warfare is neither a novel idea nor a new phenomenon. It has been evolving for ages, yet its manifestation in the contemporary era has intensified. Taking advantage of politico-ethnic fault lines, socio-religious vulnerabilities, and identity conflicts, hybrid warfare advocates using all means available including regular or irregular and conventional or unconventional ways of warfare to subdue the will of an adversary. An externally motivated and supported threat requires essential measures in the foreign policy domain to thwart and foil it outside the borders. Therefore, this paper deals with the conceptual aspects of hybrid warfare and highlights the contours of the hybrid threat currently confronting Pakistan. It navigates through the challenges for foreign policy formulation and implementation in a hybrid warfare environment and identifies loopholes and grey areas while recommending tangible measures.

Bibliography Entry
Naz, Imtiaz Hussain. 2021. "Foreign Policy in Hybrid Warfare Environment – Way Forward for Pakistan." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 1-11.

This article investigates the structural underpinnings of gender dissimilarities in homelessness from a comparative perspective. The Gender Dissimilarity Index is introduced as a simple measure for quantifying the unevenness of the distribution of men and women across the ETHOS-light categories. Three gendered aspects of the welfare state are considered and compared for Norway, Belgium, and Poland: employment and childcare, housing, and homelessness policies. Based on available data, it appears that the most uneven distribution of genders may indicate a combination of the promotion of the male breadwinner model and relatively broad support for people who are homeless, but also the shortage of affordable housing. A more gender-balanced homeless population may be the result of a combination of housing-led approaches and degenderising policies. However, a similar distribution may be attributed to states with implicitly genderising policies coupled with 'traditional' attitudes towards gender roles and a lack of adequate responses to women's needs.

AbstractTetracycline pollution is a growing global threat to aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity due to its unprecedented use in aquaculture, livestock, and human disease prevention. The influx of tetracycline may annihilate the microbial ecology structure in the environment and pose a severe threat to humans by disturbing the food chain. Although significant research data are available in the literature on various aspects of tetracycline, including detection techniques, degradation mechanisms, degradation products, and policy statements to curtail the issue, there is a scarcity of a report to compile the recent data in the literature for better analysis and comparison by the policymakers. To achieve this paucity in knowledge, the current study aims at collecting data on the available degradation strategies, mechanisms involved in biodegradable and non-biodegradable routes, the main factor affecting degradation strategies, compile novel detection techniques of tetracycline antibiotics in the environment, discuss antibiotic resistance genes and their potential role in degradation. Finally, limitations in the current bioremediation techniques and the future prospects are discussed with pointers for the decision-makers for a safer environment.

In an undated letter, likely composed in late 1914, Mina Loy reflected on the recent aesthetic experiences that had greatly affected her, writing that the 'things that have made [her] gasp were a few Picassos, Windham [ sic] Lewis, Nijinski dancing – perfection is infrequent'. The letter was addressed to her American agent Carl Van Vechten, a dance and music critic at the New York Times, who played a highly influential role in shaping discourses around ballet and modern dance both in the US and internationally. This article conjoins Loy and Van Vechten's modernist oeuvres – crossing genres including poetry, novels, newspaper reviews, and photography – in order to reveal the importance of dance to their shifting aesthetic commitments and shared interest in the expressive capacities of the human form. Dancing bodies, moving fluently across the work of this modernist pair, variously transcribe Futurist satires, Decadent revivals, and a primitivist fascination with the erotic aspects of dance, crystallising in Loy and Van Vechten's responses to the Harlem Renaissance.

AbstractLiterature about the politicization of civil service recruitment and promotion generally treats loyalty and competence as being mutually exclusive and considers politicization to have negative consequences. While these studies focus mainly on multi‐party democratic regimes, studies in other political settings like Vietnam show that the conventional wisdom is controversial. Under the sole control of the communist party, Vietnam's civil service recruitment and promotion are highly politicized, and yet it has become more merit‐based. By analyzing this distinctive trajectory, this research shows that the conventional understandings of politicization need to be reconceptualized to include the combination of political and merit‐based criteria and the intervention of the political party. Additionally, while problems with politicization are inevitable, potentially positive aspects of politicization in authoritarian regimes, including stronger political leadership, better responsive competency, and improving efficient governance, should not be overlooked. This research also contributes to studies about the effects of politicization on development in developmental states.

This article aims to introduce the Extended Case Method (ECM) as an approach to qualitative social research. As an approach, the ECM rooted in the ethnography approach in the anthropological tradition and developed in the sociological tradition research. With reference to Michael Buroway (1998) as a developer of ECM and some articles that used ECM as a method, this paper outlines the basic concepts of ECM, their advantages and infirmity, and the application of theories in social research by using ECM. As an extended case, there are four aspects that extend on ECM, namely intervention, processes, structuration, and reconstruction (theory). The advantage of ECM is their four extending. Rather than the infirmity of ECM rooted from their advantage, namely domination, silencing, objectification, and normalization. The use of theory in ECM was carried out from the beginning to the end of the study. Base on their characteristics, ECM very feasible to use to understanding borderless society and ambiguity of case study on research of social science in general, and ethnography especially.

The COVID-19 pandemic shows adverse effects around the world, not only in the socio-economic aspect but also in religious practices, which are fundamental for the cohesion and affirmation of the identity of indigenous peoples. In Mexico, the forms that Catholicism has adopted to adapt to the health contingency stand out for the use of information and communication technologies. However, in indigenous (rural) communities, there is not enough infrastructure to transfer religious practices to these formats. Consequently, some villages suspended these activities, while others continued autonomously, despite the health contingency, that is because religion is fundamental to protect themselves and face events such as the pandemic. This article describes – through the application of telephone interviews and monitoring of the communication spaces of the Catholic communities and missions – how the religious experience of some Tojolabal peoples in Chiapas and an Ixcatecan village in Oaxaca. Likewise, how indigenous communities follow their spiritual practices or not and how religion plays a fundamental role in Mexican indigenous communities despite confinement and social distance in the context of the pandemic.

Authors analyse and conceptually problematise specific phenomena of 'two schools under one roof' in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They argue that education in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been routinely exposed to various, contradicting demands and pressures, which result in, among other contradictions, 'two schools under one roof', which presents one of the world's phenomenon within education. The authors are eager to present this specific education issue to the global public and provide some answers on various consequences, which appeared in this contemporary segregation form in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of the significant objectives is to underline the concept in which education should be a human practice of cognition that is not determined by ideological currents. Furthermore, authors using several sociological and political science aspects regarding education, in general, will investigate and enlighten this specific phenomenon of segregation that is unique not only in the local but in the global context as well. The main objective of this article will be to present viable solutions on how 'two schools under one roof' can be altered or even abolished.

Charismatic leadership is an integral yet understudied aspect of foreign policy in liberal democratic states. Combining insights from recent developments on charismatic leadership in organization and management studies with literature on foreign policy, we construct a novel theoretical framework for understanding how foreign policy leaders exercise charismatic leadership. We argue that charismatic leadership makes sense of who 'we' are and where we are going through communicative practices. We specify these practices and discuss why charismatic leadership is important in foreign policy analysis; what it is; and how and why sense-making matters for a charismatic leadership style. We contribute with new empirical knowledge by probing our theoretical propositions in a comparative case-study of the charismatic leadership practices of Donald Trump and Angela Merkel. The case-studies illustrate the importance of charismatic communication for both leaders, while disclosing variations in both the 'thickness' of charismatic leadership practices and their compatibility with rational legal authority and liberal democratic values.

The objective of the article was to analyze the problematic aspects of the judicial executive process, considering its properties and the classification of its stages. The methodological basis of the study are the general and special methods of scientific knowledge (inductive, analytical, hermeneutic, systemic and others). The results of the study include the analysis of scientific approaches to the essence, properties, classification of stages of the executive process and argumentation of theoretical proposals and informed practices. Moreover, the authors' conclusions on certain topics are set out, a new original definition of "stages of the executive process" and their original new classification is based. The practical importance of the results is that the conclusions and proposals made significantly enrich procedural science during the implementation of judicial decisions; it will be useful for the subjects of enforcement proceedings (implementing agents, parties to enforcement proceedings) in the exercise of their procedural rights and the performance of their procedural functions. The conclusions presented based on the analysis can be used to generalize executive practice.