Suchergebnisse

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WSN are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WSN application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

The UK government has committed to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This will require a transformation of the housing sector as it has lagged previous emissions targets. Although millions of existing homes across the UK need energy improvements, the process of identifying suitable and eligible homes is presently a time-consuming task and energy suppliers are struggling to meet their targets. To address this challenge, this paper describes the application of a data-driven geographical information system-based approach to spatially identify suitable dwellings quickly and accurately by mapping and modelling baseline energy use and potential for energy retrofit measures, singularly and in combination. Drawing on publicly available datasets on housing and energy, combined with local datasets, a neighbourhood with high fuel poverty in Bicester (Oxfordshire, UK) was selected. The DECoRuM model was then used to estimate current energy use and potential for energy reduction on a house-by-house level. The improvement measures were aggregated to encourage bulk installations and drive down installation costs. House-level energy assessment in the selected area using DECoRuM shows that a package-based approach comprising building fabric and heating system upgrade and solar PVs is effective at significantly reducing energy consumption and energy bills, as well as fuel poverty. This spatially based urban energy modelling approach brings together energy calculations and spatial mapping to address the barriers to mass retrofit programmes. The data collected can also be used to build brokering services amongst those who need energy improvements (households) with those can provide retrofit measures (installers) and those can sponsor energy measures (energy suppliers).

The coming decades will bring big changes in energy systems throughout the world. The systems are expected to change from central power plants producing electricity and maybe heat for the customers to a combination of central units and a variety ofdistributed units such as renewable energy technologies or fuel cells. Furthermore the following developments are expected: -closer link between supply and end-use -closer link between the various energy carriers distributed through grids such aselectricity, heat, natural gas and maybe hydrogen in the future -increased energy trade across national borders Risø Energy Report 4 is the fourth in a series of reports covering energy issues at global, regional and national levels. This report coversthe future of energy systems over the next 20–30 years. It deals with sustainable energy in general, but pays special attention to system aspects and the distribution of energy through grids such as those used for natural gas, electricity, districtheating and hydrogen. The focus is on industrialised countries, but the report also deals with specific points relevant to developing countries, such as isolated energy systems. The transport sector is discussed only in the context of its use of energysupplied through the various grids. Individual chapters of the report have been written by Risø staff members and leading Danish and international experts. The report is based on internationally recognised scientific material, and is fully referenced andrefereed by an international panel of independent experts. Information on current developments is taken from the most up-to-date and authoritative sources available. Our target groups are colleagues, collaborating partners, customers, fundingorganisations, the Danish government and international organisations including the European Union, the International Energy Agency and the United Nations.

ÖZETENERJĐ PROJELERĐNĐN FĐNANSMANI: TÜRKĐYE ENERJĐPĐYASASINDA DEĞERLEME VE RĐSK TESPĐTĐ MODELLEMESĐDünya'daki fosil enerji kaynaklarının tükenmekte olduğuddan enerji projelerininfinansmanı çağdas finansman anlayısıyla özellikle gelismekte olan ülkeler için yeni ve önemlibir konudur ve genis bir sekilde ele alınabilir. Gelismekte olan ülkelerin artan enerji talebienerji piyasalarını yeniden sekillendirmistir. Küresel enerji piyasaları entegre hale gelmekte,serbestlesme , seffaflık, enerji arz güvenliği, ve iklim değisikliği politikaları gelismis enerjipiyasalarında uygulanmaktadır. Petrol, kömür, doğalgaz ve yenilenebilir enerji gibi farklıenerji kaynakları benzer avantaj ve fırsatlara sahip olsa da farklı finansal dinamikleribulunmaktadır. Enerji projelerinin , özellikle yenilenebilir enerji, tarife, tesvik , ve piyasabazlı müdahaleleriyle finansal yapılabilirlik kazanmaktadır. Yazar tarafından hazırlanan birEge Proje değerlemesi de dahil olmak üzere enerji projelerinin değerlemesi çalısılmıstır.Enerji projelerinin finansmanının farklı yolları analiz edilmistir. Çalısmada finansmantemininde kritik olan projelerin riskleri ve konrolüne iliskin araçlar vurgulanmaktadır.Nihayet Türkiye elektrik piyasasının değerlendirmesi yapılarak, tekel pozisyonundaki kamuotoritesinin talep tahmin yöntemi analiz edilmistir. Yöntemin verimliliği rise maruz değeryaklasımı yoluyla test edilmektedir.ABSTRACTFINANCING ENERGY PROJECTS: MODELING VALUATION AND RISKASSESSMENT IN TURKISH ENERGY MARKETFinancing energy projects with the understanding of modern finance is a new andimportant topic especially for the emerging economies as fossil energy sources are rapidlydemolishing in the World and it is a widely discussable topic. Increasing demand for energyof emerging countries has restructured the energy markets. The global energy markets arebecoming integrated; where liberalization, transparency, security of energy supply andclimate change policies are applied in the developed energy markets. Although they aresubject to similar opportunities and obstacles in the industry, different sources of energy suchas oil, gas, coal or other renewable energy sources have different financial dynamics. Energyprojects, particularly renewable energies, require governmental interference in terms of tariffs,incentives and market based solutions for being financially feasible. Valuation of energyprojects are studied with the inclusion of an Aegean energy project appraisal which isprepared by the author. Different ways of obtaining financing for the projects are analyzed. Inthe study, the risks and mitigation instruments for the projects are underlined which arecrucial for the financing of the projects. Finally a critical review of Turkish electricity marketis given where the demand forecast methodology of monopoly government authority isanalyzed. The efficiency of the methodology is tested through value at risk approach.

Through much of 2012, the Energiewende, Germanys pioneering effort to construct an energy system around renewables while simultaneously phasing out nuclear power and cutting carbon emissions, was on a roll. Plunging prices and eye-popping production figures for wind and solar power seemed to fulfill all the visionary prognostications. Germany shrugged off the shuttering of nearly half its nuclear plants without a backward glance: not only did it not suffer the predicted power shortages, it boosted electricity exports. Renewable power pushed market prices down and threatened to drive gas- and coal-burning power plants into bankruptcy. But statistics on Germanys electricity sector for the whole of 2012 are now in, and when you look beyond the cherry-picked hype, the results are dismal and disquieting. Despite massive construction of new capacity, electricity output from renewables, especially from wind and solar, grew at a sluggish rate. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract
Today, the fossil fuels have dominant share of energy supply in order to respond to the high energy demand in the world. Norway is one of the countries with rich sources of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. The current work is to investigate on the status of energy demand in Norway. First, energy and electricity consumption in various sectors, including industrial, residential are calculated. Then, energy demand in Norway is forecasted by using available tools. After that, the relationship between energy consumption in Norway with Basic economics parameters such as GDP, population and industry growth rate has determined by using linear regression model. Finally, the regression result shows a low correlation between variables.

The displacement of the centre of theEuropean economy from theMediterranean to theAtlantic and the beginning of north–south divergence inEurope has been discussed on the basis of data on real wages, urbanization rates, and, more recently, estimates of gross domestic product for a number ofEuropean countries. The purpose of the present article is to contribute to this line of research with the elaboration of yearly series of total energy consumption inItaly andEngland for the long period 1560–1913. New data on energy services, energy intensity, and, finally, social savings from the use of energy are also presented and discussed for bothItaly andEngland. These new data allow us to specify that energy played a central role. Yet it was relatively late that its importance as a provider of mechanical work developed fully; that is, from 1830 onwards in England and from the end of the nineteenth century inItaly.