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The origin and interrelation of the concepts of "development", "socially responsible development" and the differences between the terms "developer", "customer", "builder", "investor" are analyzed.In the domestic legislative framework the concept of "development" is currently absent. The current legislation operates with the terms "customer", sometimes "developer", "investor", "general contractor", "subcontractor" and other participants in construction.It is proposed as the main idea of the development to use the concept of sustainable development – to meet the needs of the present generation, which does not undermine the ability to meet the needs of future generations.New concepts of "socially responsible real estate development" are proposed – development of construction on the basis of awareness of modern and future economic, social and environmental consequences for investors of real estate, other stakeholders, the population, the whole society and the environment, "environmentally oriented real estate" aimed at reducing environmental impact (green building, zero energy homes, use of eco-friendly materials, etc.) and "socially oriented development" – real estate development is aimed at developing the social component (development of accessibility of housing, infrastructure, accessibility for small mobile population groups), etc. ; Здійснено аналіз походження і взаємозв'язку понять «девелопмент», «соціально відповідальний девелопмент», а також визначення відмінностей між поняттями «девелопер», «замовник», «забудовник», «інвестор».Визначено, що у перекладі із англійської мови «Real estate development» означає «розвиток нерухомості», сутність якого полягає в перетворенні (розвитку) об'єктів житлової і нежитлової нерухомості, земельних ділянок тощо з метою збільшення їх цінності. Для об'єктів нерухомості таке перетворення відбувається шляхом нового будівництва, реконструкції, розширення, модернізації, технічного переоснащення, капітального ремонту тощо, при цьому саме поняття «девелопмент» є набагато ширшим за будь-який із зазначених видів будівництва, оскільки включає сам проце зведення об'єкту, дослідження ринку, маркетингове супроводження проекту, розробку, аналіз і впровадження ідеї розвитку об'єкту нерухомості, а також організацію проектування, вибір джерел фінансування, управління проектом і реалізацію його. Тобто девелопмент включає увесь інвестиційно-будівельний цикл – від зародження ідеї до реалізації об'єкта. У вітчизняній законодавчій базі поняття «девелопмент» на даний час відсутнє. Чинне законодавство оперує поняттями «замовник», інколи «забудовник», «інвестор», «генеральний підрядник», «субпідрядник» та інші учасники будівництва. Запропоновано у якості головної ідеї девелопменту використовувати концепцію сталого розвитку – забезпечення задоволення потреб нинішнього покоління, яке не підриває при цьому можливості задоволення потреб майбутніх поколінь. Запропоновано нові поняття «соціально відповідальний девелопмент» – розвиток нерухомості на засадах усвідомлення сучасних і майбутніх економічних, соціальних та екологічних наслідків для інвесторів нерухомості, інших стейкхолдерів, населення, усього суспільства і навколишнього середовища, «екологічно орієнтований девелопмент» – розвиток об'єктів нерухомості, які спрямованій на зниження впливу на навколишнє середовище (зелене будівництво, будинки із нульовим енергоспоживанням, використання екологічних матеріалів тощо) і «соціально орієнтований девелопмент» – девелопмент нерухомості спрямований на розвиток соціальної складової (розвиток доступності житла, інфраструктури, доступності для мало мобільних груп населення) тощо У вітчизняній законодавчій базі поняття «девелопмент» на даний час відсутнє. Чинне законодавство оперує поняттями «замовник», інколи «забудовник», «інвестор», «генеральний підрядник», «субпідрядник» та інші учасники будівництва. Запропоновано у якості головної ідеї девелопменту використовувати концепцію сталого розвитку – забезпечення задоволення потреб нинішнього покоління, яке не підриває при цьому можливості задоволення потреб майбутніх поколінь. Запропоновано нові поняття «соціально відповідальний девелопмент» - розвиток нерухомості на засадах усвідомлення сучасних і майбутніх економічних, соціальних та екологічних наслідків для інвесторів нерухомості, інших стейкхолдерів, населення, усього суспільства і навколишнього середовища, «екологічно орієнтований девелопмент» - розвиток об'єктів нерухомості, які спрямованій на зниження впливу на навколишнє середовище (зелене будівництво, будинки із нульовим енергоспоживанням, використання екологічних матеріалів тощо) і «соціально орієнтований девелопмент» - девелопмент нерухомості спрямований на розвиток соціальної складової (розвиток доступності житла, інфраструктури, доступності для мало мобільних груп населення) тощо

The origin and interrelation of the concepts of "development", "socially responsible development" and the differences between the terms "developer", "customer", "builder", "investor" are analyzed.In the domestic legislative framework the concept of "development" is currently absent. The current legislation operates with the terms "customer", sometimes "developer", "investor", "general contractor", "subcontractor" and other participants in construction.It is proposed as the main idea of the development to use the concept of sustainable development – to meet the needs of the present generation, which does not undermine the ability to meet the needs of future generations.New concepts of "socially responsible real estate development" are proposed – development of construction on the basis of awareness of modern and future economic, social and environmental consequences for investors of real estate, other stakeholders, the population, the whole society and the environment, "environmentally oriented real estate" aimed at reducing environmental impact (green building, zero energy homes, use of eco-friendly materials, etc.) and "socially oriented development" – real estate development is aimed at developing the social component (development of accessibility of housing, infrastructure, accessibility for small mobile population groups), etc. ; Здійснено аналіз походження і взаємозв'язку понять «девелопмент», «соціально відповідальний девелопмент», а також визначення відмінностей між поняттями «девелопер», «замовник», «забудовник», «інвестор».Визначено, що у перекладі із англійської мови «Real estate development» означає «розвиток нерухомості», сутність якого полягає в перетворенні (розвитку) об'єктів житлової і нежитлової нерухомості, земельних ділянок тощо з метою збільшення їх цінності. Для об'єктів нерухомості таке перетворення відбувається шляхом нового будівництва, реконструкції, розширення, модернізації, технічного переоснащення, капітального ремонту тощо, при цьому саме поняття «девелопмент» є набагато ширшим за будь-який із зазначених видів будівництва, оскільки включає сам проце зведення об'єкту, дослідження ринку, маркетингове супроводження проекту, розробку, аналіз і впровадження ідеї розвитку об'єкту нерухомості, а також організацію проектування, вибір джерел фінансування, управління проектом і реалізацію його. Тобто девелопмент включає увесь інвестиційно-будівельний цикл – від зародження ідеї до реалізації об'єкта. У вітчизняній законодавчій базі поняття «девелопмент» на даний час відсутнє. Чинне законодавство оперує поняттями «замовник», інколи «забудовник», «інвестор», «генеральний підрядник», «субпідрядник» та інші учасники будівництва. Запропоновано у якості головної ідеї девелопменту використовувати концепцію сталого розвитку – забезпечення задоволення потреб нинішнього покоління, яке не підриває при цьому можливості задоволення потреб майбутніх поколінь. Запропоновано нові поняття «соціально відповідальний девелопмент» – розвиток нерухомості на засадах усвідомлення сучасних і майбутніх економічних, соціальних та екологічних наслідків для інвесторів нерухомості, інших стейкхолдерів, населення, усього суспільства і навколишнього середовища, «екологічно орієнтований девелопмент» – розвиток об'єктів нерухомості, які спрямованій на зниження впливу на навколишнє середовище (зелене будівництво, будинки із нульовим енергоспоживанням, використання екологічних матеріалів тощо) і «соціально орієнтований девелопмент» – девелопмент нерухомості спрямований на розвиток соціальної складової (розвиток доступності житла, інфраструктури, доступності для мало мобільних груп населення) тощо У вітчизняній законодавчій базі поняття «девелопмент» на даний час відсутнє. Чинне законодавство оперує поняттями «замовник», інколи «забудовник», «інвестор», «генеральний підрядник», «субпідрядник» та інші учасники будівництва. Запропоновано у якості головної ідеї девелопменту використовувати концепцію сталого розвитку – забезпечення задоволення потреб нинішнього покоління, яке не підриває при цьому можливості задоволення потреб майбутніх поколінь. Запропоновано нові поняття «соціально відповідальний девелопмент» - розвиток нерухомості на засадах усвідомлення сучасних і майбутніх економічних, соціальних та екологічних наслідків для інвесторів нерухомості, інших стейкхолдерів, населення, усього суспільства і навколишнього середовища, «екологічно орієнтований девелопмент» - розвиток об'єктів нерухомості, які спрямованій на зниження впливу на навколишнє середовище (зелене будівництво, будинки із нульовим енергоспоживанням, використання екологічних матеріалів тощо) і «соціально орієнтований девелопмент» - девелопмент нерухомості спрямований на розвиток соціальної складової (розвиток доступності житла, інфраструктури, доступності для мало мобільних груп населення) тощо

The lasting ties of cooperation and cooperation that have been formed for several decades in the Czechoslovakia-Russia format, and after the «velvet divorce» and Slovakia's independence and sovereignty in 1993 - in the format Slovakia-Russia prove that Russia has been and still is remains a stable, reliable and strategically important partner of Slovakia not only in the areas of foreign policy and diplomacy, economic and economic cooperation, education, culture, but also in the energy and non-governmental organizations.The article analyzes in detail the foreign political and economic cooperation of Slovakia and Russia, while taking into account the transformations taking place today in the international arena. In particular, special attention is paid to the position of Slovakia on the Crimean issue and the problem of anti-Russian sanctions, which at the moment are among the most discussed topics regarding not only European political structures, but also EU member states, including Slovakia.The author proves that the anti-Russian sanctions introduced by the West in 2014 and annually prolonged, after three years showed their senselessness and counterproductive nature, since their main goal - to drive out Russia into the corner of the international arena - was not achieved. The long-term «freezing» of political and economic relations between the West and Russia, on the contrary, caused significant damage to EU member states, including Slovakia, which is a subcontractor of large states. The negative impact of anti-Russian sanctions and the subsequent imposition of retaliatory sanctions on Russia adversely affected the Slovak economy, primarily because of the «forced» reduction in Slovak exports to Russia. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Slovak government is extremely concerned about the current situation and officially expresses interest in the complete cancellation or at least partial easing of anti-Russian sanctions.Analyzing the current situation, the author also draws attention to the personal factor that directly influences the formation of the foreign policy direction of Slovakia in relation to Russia. The analysis is supported by statements of high-ranking political figures and representatives of political forces of Slovakia. ; Прочные узы сотрудничества и кооперации, которые формируются на протяжении нескольких десятилетий вначале в формате Чехословакия – Россия, а после «бархатного развода» и обретения Словакией независимости и суверенитета в 1993 г. — в формате Словакия – Россия доказывают, что Россия была и до сих пор остается стабильным, надежным и стратегически важным партнером Словакии. Не только в областях внешней политики и дипломатии, хозяйственно-экономического сотрудничества, образования, культуры, но и в сфере энергетики и неправительственных организаций.В статье анализируется внешнеполитическое и экономическое сотрудничество Словакии и России, при этом учитываются трансформации, происходящие сегодня на международной арене. В частности, большое внимание уделяется позиции Словакии по крымскому вопросу и проблеме антироссийских санкций, которые в последние годы относятся к наиболее обсуждаемым темам в отношении не только европейских политических структур, но и государств-членов ЕС, в т. ч. Словакии. Автор доказывает, что введенные в 2014 г.Западом антироссийские санкции, которые ежегодно продлеваются, спустя три года показали свою бессмысленность и контрпродуктивность, так как их основная цель — загнать Россию в угол международной арены — не была достигнута. Долгосрочное «замораживание» политических и экономических отношений Запада с Россией, наоборот, нанесло существенный ущерб государствам-членам ЕС, в том числе и Словакии, которая выступает субподрядчиком крупных государств. Негативное влияние антироссийских санкций и последующее введение Россией ответных санкций негативно сказались на экономике Словакии, в первую очередь по причине «вынужденного» сокращения словацкого экспорта в Россию. Поэтому не удивительно, что словацкое правительство крайне обеспокоено сложившейся ситуацией и официально выражает заинтересованность в полной отмене или хотя бы частичном смягчении антироссийских санкций.Анализируя сложившуюся ситуацию, автор также обращает внимание на личностный фактор, который оказывает непосредственное влияние на формирование внешнеполитического направления Словакии по отношению к России. Анализ подкрепляется высказываниями высокопоставленных политических деятелей и представителей политических сил Словакии.

VTT Tiedotteita - Meddelanden - Research Notes 2120 ; Attention to occupational health and safety in the construction companies has increased in the United States over the past decades. The 1990s is called the "decade for construction safety". The high number of fatal accidents and injuries has led to the greater emphasis on safety. Although construction work has become safer during the years, there is still need for further improvements to reduce the numbers of fatalities and serious injuries in the industry. The construction industry in the United States employs about 5% of entire industrial workforce. However, the construction sector has generally accounted for nearly 20% of all industrial worker deaths. According the statistics, 18% of work-related deaths and 15% of all workers' compensation cases occur in the construction industry. Approximately 1000 construction workers are killed each year. Accidents in the construction industry alone cost over $17 million annually (1993). Falls are the most common source of construction worker fatalities. After falls, the most common cause of fatalities was being struck. Incidents in which a worker was caught in or between objects were the third most common cause of construction worker fatalities. Electrical shock was the fourth most common cause of fatalities. Of all fatalities, 11% are the result of contacts with overhead power lines. Construction Industry Institute (CII) has an on-going research group, "Making Zero Accident a Reality", whose purpose is to develop a communication and education component to assist in understanding and implementation of best practices that support a Zero Accident culture. CII studies indicate that use of the Safety Best Practices may also contribute to improved cost and schedule performance. Contractors can expect to save more than $500 000 on the typical $50 million heavy industrial project and get schedule reductions from 6 to more than 9 weeks by making full use of the Safety Best Practices. Drug and alcohol testing is one part of Safety Best Practices, but it is a controversial topic in which the rights of workers to privacy and freedom of choice in their private behavior are pitted against the rights of the company and its workers rights to have a safe and productive workplace. Drug testing is shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of injuries. It is a common means of addressing safety, especially on large projects or in large construction companies. Many companies in the construction industry have made studies in accident prevention. Over the last twenty years the construction death rate has been reduced about 40% by the industry in general. Certain groups of companies have reduced the death rate even up to 60%. There are many companies in the United States, especially in the petrochemical construction industry, that have made significant progress in reaching near zero accident rates. OSHA Standards are focused on general industry, maritime, agriculture and construction. In general, the greatest emphasis is placed on the general industry standards. The construction industry must comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) for the Construction Industry (29, CFR Part 1926) and the code for the General Industry (29, CFR Part 1910). All employers and employees in the construction sector are required to comply with these standards. Determining whether a contractor/subcontractor can perform a job safely is difficult. Safety performance measures are used primarily to compare different units or groups of individuals and also to compare one unit or group of individuals over time. There are two different types of measures presently in use: OSHA reportable injury incidence rates and experience modification ratings (EMR).

"Das Paper diskutiert das Für und Wider der Hypothese eines besonderen europäischen Entwicklungsweges in der Automobilindustrie. Ziel ist, die gegenwärtigen Umstrukturierungen dieser Industrien mit einer international vergleichenden Perspektive zu erfassen. Im Zentrum steht die Frage nach der Koordination von Kompetenzen und Wissen: Welche Unterschiede lassen sich hier im Vergleich der europäischen Industrie mit der in Nordamerika und Japan feststellen? Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass insbesondere hinsichtlich der Reorganisation der Zulieferbeziehungen ein besonderer europäischer Ansatz entwickelt wurde, der zur Herausbildung spezifischer Formen der unternehmensübergreifenden und interorganisationalen Kooperation geführt hat. Die damit verbundenen Lernprozesse haben zu spezifisch europäischen Konzepten und Kompetenzen geführt, die wesentlich zu der relativ erfolgreichen Entwicklung des Automobilsektors in Europa in den vergangenen Jahren beigetragen haben. Der eingeschlagene Weg ist jedoch nicht ohne Risiken." (Autorenreferat)

In the last few decades construction sector in Iran has been developing rapidly compared with other industries in this country. Economically, Iran government has placed a significant emphasis on this industry as a consequent of the escalating social demand of commercial, industrial and residential constructions especially low-cost housing and affordable accommodation. However, this sector is still suffering from low productivity and it is still running on traditional way of doing business. Therefore, a well-organized transformation in order to reduce cost, time and waste in construction sector to cope with this situation seems to be necessary. It is argued that one of the well-thought techniques that possibly could be the solution to construction industry's conflicts and time and cost overruns is the Supply Chain Management (SCM), the concept that has emerged and developed in car manufacturing industry and has brought success to that industry as well. It is believed that supply chain management has the potential to enhance the overall productivity of the construction industry in many ways. Yet, this technique has not been practiced efficiently in many countries particularly in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to develop an adequate conceptual framework with the aim of implementing SCM in Iran construction industry on the base of an indepth literature review and analyzing the current performance of the industry throughout a questionnaire survey collected from industries' experts and stakeholders. The collected responds were statistically analyzed and not surprisingly, project quality improvement, site procurement enhancement, project cost and time reduction are the most significant benefits of the construction supply chain management (CSCM) implementation. Industrialization, BIM (specifically 4D & 5D designs) and advanced technologies (e.g. IT, ERP etc.) are selected as most important variables for implementing CSCM and on the other hand lack of trust, poor subcontractor identification and priced based selection are counted as main barriers in implementing SCM. Subsequently, by implementing this framework it is believed that potential benefits like project cost and time reduction, quality improvement and site procurement management improvement can be achieved. Keywords: Iran construction industry, supply chain implementation, construction supply chain management, SCM framework, construction management ; Öz: İran inşaat sektörü, ülkedeki diğer sektörlerle karşılaştırıldığında son on yılda hızla geliştirmektedir. İran hükümeti, ekonomik olarak, özellikle, ticari, endüstriyel ve düşük maliyetli konut inşaatları ve uygun fiyatlı konaklama yerlerine olan artan toplumsal talebin sonucu olarak bu sektöre önem vermiştir. Ancak sektör, düşük üretkenlikte ve geleneksel iş yapma usulleriyle çalışmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu durumla başa çıkmak için inşaat sektöründe maliyet, zaman ve israfı azaltmak amacıyla iyi bir organizasyonel dönüşüm gerekli gibi görünmektedir. İnşaat sektöründeki çatışmalar, zaman ve maliyet aşımlarına muhtemelen çözüm olabilecek iyi düşünülmüş tekniklerinden biri araç imalat sanayinde ortaya çıkmış bir kavram olan ve geliştirilerek sektörde başarılı olan Tedarik Zinciri Yönetimi (TZY)'nin olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Tedarik zinciri yönetiminin birçok yönden inşaat sektörünün genel verimliliği artırma potansiyeline sahip olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Oysa, bu teknik, birçok ülkede ve özellikle İran'da etkin bir biçimde ele alınmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, derinlemesine bir literatür taraması ve bir anket çalışması ile endüstrideki uzman kişi ve paydaşlardan elde edilen sektörün mevcut performans analizine dayanarak inşaat sektöründe Tedarik Zinciri Yönetiminin uygulanması için yeterli bir kavramsal çerçeve geliştirmektir. Toplanan veriler istatistiksel olarak analiz edildi ve şaşırtıcı olmayan bir şekilde, proje kalite geliştirme, saha tedarik geliştirme, proje maliyet ve zaman azaltma inşaat tedarik zinciri yönetimi (İTZY) uygulamasının en önemli faydalarıdır. Endüstrileşme, Yapı Bilgi Modellemesi (YBM) (özellikle 4B ve 5B tasarımlar), ve ileri teknolojiler (Bilişim teknolojileri ve Kurum Kaynak Planlaması) en önemli değişkenler olarak seçilmiş ve diğer taraftan güven, zayıf taşeron tanımlaması ve fyiyat bazlı seçim TZY uygulamasında başlıca engeller olarak sayılmıştır. Sonrasında, bu çerçeveyi uygulayarak proje maliyeti ve zaman azaltma, kalite iyileştirme ve saha tedarik yönetimi geliştirme gibi potansiyel yararların elde edilebilir olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: İran inşaat sektörü, tedarik zinciri uygulaması, inşaat tedarik zinciri yönetimi, TZY çerçevesi, inşaat yönetim ; Master of Science in Civil Engineering. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2016. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. İbrahim Yitmen.

"This paper deals with a case of transnational cooperation between companies. The profile
of cooperation between the two motor vehicle makers Skoda and the Volkswagen Group
is reconstructed, characterised by the interlocking transformation and globalisation.
Decisive for the success of the project was not only Volkswagen's substantial transfer of
know-how and management resources to the Czech manufacturer but also how it was
approached. The utilisation of existing Škoda competencies was crucial in providing the
stability needed for the learning process.
The study discusses findings at three levels of integration: corporate, regional, and
international. In contrast to the success achieved in international integration, the regional
integration of the company has been slow.
The authors conclude that this discrepancy was to be expected, given the unequal
resources available to international firms and to local industry, and is not primarily to be
explained by the tendency often attributed to so-called global strategy players of external
concentration on the group network. The case has rather shown that limited regional
integration has been largely due to the policy pursued by the Czech government in the
important early years of transformation, which failed to generate the necessary domestic
efforts in restructuring." (author's abstract)

"Das vorliegende Papier befaßt sich mit einer transnationalen Unternehmenskooperation. Rekonstruiert wird das Entwicklungsprofil der Kooperation der beiden Automobilhersteller Skoda und Volkswagen, das durch das Ineinandergreifen der beiden aktuellen Tendenzen von Transformation und Globalisierung geprägt ist. Als für den Kooperationserfolg entscheidend zeigte sich nicht nur der von Volkswagen geleistete beträchtliche Know-how- und Managementtransfer an den tschechischen Standort, sondern auch die Art und Weise im Vorgehen. Vor allem das Anschließen an die bestehenden betrieblichen Kompetenzpotentiale erwies sich dabei als Faktor, der der Kooperation die notwendige Tragfähigkeit für den anstehenden großen Lernschritt ermöglicht hat. Die Studie diskutiert die Befunde auf drei Ebenen der Integration: der betrieblichen, der regionalen und der internationalen. Gegenüber der überaus gelungenen internationalen Integration zeigt sich die regionale Integration des Unternehmens als erheblich zurückgeblieben. Mit Blick auf dieses Problem kommen die Autorinnen zu dem Schluß, daß die eingetretene Diskrepanz kein unerwartbares Ergebnis darstellt angesichts der ungleichen Ausstattungen von internationalen Unternehmen und lokaler Industrie und auch nicht vorrangig - wie es sog. Global Player-Strategien vielfach zugeschrieben wird - aus der Tendenz zur Außenorientierung auf das Konzernnetzwerk zu erklären ist. Vielmehr hat sich am Fall gezeigt, daß die begrenzte regionale Integration ganz wesentlich auch ein Ergebnis der Politik ist, die die tschechische Regierung in den wichtigen Anfangsjahren der Transformation verfolgte und die die erforderliche autochthone Restrukturierungsleistung nicht hervorgebracht hat." (Autorenreferat)

Das vorliegende Working Paper fasst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts "Kompetenzerwerb in Tochterbetrieben internationaler Automobilunternehmen: das Beispiel der polnischen Automobilindustrie" zusammen. Das Forschungsprojekt wurde zwischen 2004 und 2007 am Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographischen Institut der Universität zu Köln mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) durchgeführt.
Das Ziel des Projektvorhabens bestand darin zu untersuchen, wie ausländische Tochterbetriebe internationaler Unternehmen Kompetenzen erwerben. Im Zuge der Globalisierung erscheint dieser Aspekt des "Lernens" von lokalen Akteuren in verschiedenen Regionen als entscheidend für regionalwirtschaftliche Entwicklungsstrategien. Das Projekt sollte die Prozesse für eine neue Marktwirtschaft in Mittel-/ Osteuropa, Polen, untersuchen. Die ausgewählte Branche war die Automobilindustrie (Hersteller und Zulieferer). Der theoretische Ansatzpunkt lag in der Analyse von Wertschöpfungsketten, differenziert um verschiedene Formen der Aufwertung (product, process, functional upgrading) und unter Einbeziehung von Ansätzen der Globalen Produktionsnetzwerke bzw. Internationalisierungstheorien einerseits und Organisationstheorien andererseits. Diese theoretischen Vorarbeiten wurden in einem eigenen theoretischen Konzept der 'Zuständigkeit' gebündelt.
Mit Hilfe dieser theoretischen Perspektive zeigte sich, dass Betriebe tatsächlich neue Zuständigkeiten erhalten können. Voraussetzungen für diese Lernprozesse liegen vor allem erstens in konzern- bzw. unternehmensstrategischen Zuweisungen von Zuständigkeiten, verbunden mit dem Engagement auf betrieblicher Ebene. Zweitens spielt der lokale Markt, d.h. die Kundenanforderungen, eine Rolle. Plakativ gesprochen erweisen sich in der Automobilzulieferindustrie die Kompetenzen bei dem jeweiligen Direktzulieferer als so umfangreich, wie die starken Markenhersteller es wünschen. Auch hier müssen das lokale betriebliche Engagement sowie auch die Zustimmung der Muttergesellschaft gegeben sein. Insofern spielt "räumliche Nähe" eine Rolle, d.h. in Bezug auf die räumlich nahen Kunden.
Überraschend war die Einsicht, dass räumliche Nähe im Sinne des Einflusses regionalpolitischer Akteure und externer lokaler Organisationen nur im Ausnahmefall für den Kompetenzerwerb von Relevanz sind. Die Chancen für Regionalpolitiker mögen wohl gut stehen, wenn es um Ansiedlungshilfen für neue Standorte geht; in Bezug auf den Kompetenzerwerb an bestehenden Standorten stellen sich die Einflussmöglichkeiten als äußerst begrenzt dar. Dies weist darauf hin, dass Politiker bereits mit der Förderung eines bestimmten Investor-Typs (verlängerte Werkbank, Kompetenzausweitung im Produktionsbereich, konstruktionsbezogen-kundenspezifische Produktanpassung, Technologiezentrum) maßgeblich über zukünftige Kompetenzen des Betriebs entscheiden und damit die später auf dem regionalen Arbeitsmarkt nachgefragten Qualifikationen vorherbestimmen.

AbstractThis paper analyzes the transformations induced by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the extractive sector, through an ethnographic study of villages neighboring an oil-drilling site in the Peruvian Amazon. It examines the materialization of a specific CSR device—the communal enterprise—which involves the majority of village members in the extractive industry as workers, owners, and managers of a subcontractor that provides services to the oil company. The paper highlights the importance of work and socialization to assess the transformative power of this original CSR device. After an opening section on how to study extractive governmentality "at work," the paper presents a genealogy of the communal enterprise. It then examines how communal enterprises tend to transform indigenous inhabitants into workers and entrepreneurs and thereby impact the everyday organization of the entire community. By examining the ways residents adopt these social technologies, the paper shows how the partial normalization of individual bodies and collective organization induced by CSR technologies is an ambivalent mix resulting from a process of mutual appropriation between the industrial milieu and the villages. In doing so, it contributes to governmentality studies related to extractive capitalism, corporate strategies for disciplining dissent, and the social transformations they generate locally.Cet article analyse les transformations induites par la Responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) dans le secteur de l'extraction par le biais d'une étude ethnographique des villages voisins d'un site de forage pétrolier d'Amazonie péruvienne. Il examine la matérialisation d'un dispositif de RSE spécifique : une entreprise communautaire qui implique la majorité des villageois dans l'industrie de l'extraction en tant que travailleurs, propriétaires et gérants d'un sous-traitant fournissant des services à la compagnie pétrolière. Cet article souligne l'importance du travail et de la socialisation pour évaluer le pouvoir de transformation de ce dispositif de RSE original. Après une section introductive portant sur la façon d'étudier la gouvernementalité de l'extraction « au travail », cet article présente une généalogie de l'entreprise communautaire. Il examine ensuite la manière dont les entreprises communautaires tendent à transformer les habitants indigènes en travailleurs et en entrepreneurs et ainsi à impacter l'organisation quotidienne de l'ensemble de la communauté. Cet article montre en quoi la normalisation partielle des corps individuels et de l'organisation collective induite par les techniques de RSE est un mélange ambivalent résultant d'un processus d'appropriation mutuelle entre le milieu industriel et les villages en examinant la façon dont les habitants adoptent ces techniques sociales. Ce faisant, il contribue aux études de gouvernementalité liées au capitalisme de l'extraction, aux stratégies mises en œuvre par les entreprises pour discipliner la dissidence et aux transformations sociales qu'elles génèrent localement.En este artículo se analizan las transformaciones impulsadas por la responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC) en el sector de la extracción mediante un estudio etnográfico de las aldeas que se encuentran cerca de un sitio de extracción de petróleo en la Amazonía peruana. También se examina la materialización de un método específico de RSC, la empresa comunal, en la que la mayoría de los miembros de la aldea participan en la industria como trabajadores, propietarios y administradores de un subcontratista que presta servicios a la compañía petrolera. Además, se destaca la importancia del trabajo y la socialización para evaluar el poder de transformación de este método original de RSC. Después de la primera sección, donde se explica cómo estudiar la gobernabilidad extractiva ``en el trabajo'', en el artículo se presenta una genealogía de la empresa comunal. En esta se explora la forma en la que las empresas comunales suelen transformar a los habitantes autóctonos en trabajadores y emprendedores y, por lo tanto, modifican la organización establecida de toda la comunidad. Al analizar las formas en las que los residentes adoptan estas tecnologías sociales, en el artículo se muestra cómo la normalización parcial de los cuerpos individuales y de la organización colectiva producida por las tecnologías de RSC es una mezcla ambivalente que se produce como consecuencia de un proceso de apropiación mutua entre el entorno industrial y las aldeas. Este análisis contribuye a los estudios de gobernabilidad relacionados con el capitalismo extractivo, las estrategias corporativas para disciplinar la disidencia y las transformaciones sociales que generan a nivel local.

Formulation of the problem: The regional authorities and multilegal groups approved normalization of the relations of the USA-Cuba, claiming that involvement instead of isolation can help to improve a situation with human rights in Cuba. In 2014 J. M. Insulsa, and then the secretary general of the Organization of American States, welcomed the statement. Cuba carries out process of economic reforms which, I hope, will be able to lead to political reforms. Experts believe that participation of Cuba in April, 2015 in the Summit of the countries of America in Panama signaled "a new era" in scales of the relations of a hemisphere. Members of civil society, including the well-known Cuban dissidents who were also participating in the summit it is shift as some speak, signaled about increase in political openness. Nevertheless, even at such succession of events and release of political prisoners, some analysts are concerned by how the political system in Cuba will quickly change. Many observers, including foreign leaders and human rights activists, claim that the United States have to go further and cancel economic embargo. It will hardly happen in the near future, according to experts, because of strong opposition in the U. S. Congress.The following tasks: analyzing conceptual and theoretical approaches of institutionalization In the short term of the USA will continue to exercise executive power to open the American-Cuban communications in the sphere of trade, investments, banking, telecommunications, pharmaceutics, agriculture and travel. It can create political dynamics which, eventually will change opinion in the Congress finally to cancel, or not to apply Helms-Burton any more. Since 1960th years, all subsequent U.S. Administrations supported policy of economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation of Cuba. Change in the relations of these countries which was initially noted by exchange of prisoners and release from Havana the imprisoned subcontractor of the USA in December, 2015 induced some experts to indicate more favorable prospects for economy of Cuba and the relations with the USA in wider plan in Latin America. But trade embargo of the USA which demands approval of the congress for cancellation. The constituents of the soft power concept within the realization of the smart power strategy by political actors. The special attention is paid to the influence on modern political processes by the global events. The constituents of the soft power concept within the realization of the smart power strategy by political actors. The special attention is paid to the influence on modern political processes by the global events. In modern terms «soft power» should be purpose of detecting, preventing and neutralizing of security threats.Key words: smart power, political process, global events, situation, global political space, associated construction, еffective source, government.доктор політичних наук, професор, О. І. Ткач, А. О. Ткач, Перспективи дипломатичних відносин у вирішенні американо-кубинского конфлікта / КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка, Україна, Київ; Університет "Україна", Україна, Київ В статті розглядаються складові концепту м'якої сили в межах реалізації політичними акторами стратегії smart power. Регіональні інститути влади та групи схвалили нормалізацію відносин США-Куба, стверджуючи, що залучення замість ізоляції може допомогти поліпшити ситуацію з правами людини на Кубі. Куба здійснює економічні реформи, які зможуть призвести до політичних реформ. Експерти вважають, що участь Куби в квітні 2015 р. в Самміті країн Америки в Панамі сигналізувала "нову еру" у масштабах відносин півкулі. Громадянське суспільство, добре відомі кубинські дисиденти, які також приймали участь у самміті, вважали, що це зрушення, сигналізувало про підвищення рівня політичної відкритості. Проте навіть за такого розвитку подій і звільненні політичних ув'язнених, деякі аналітики стурбовані тим, як швидко зміниться політична система на Кубі. Чимало спостерігачів, у тому числі іноземні лідери і правозахисники, стверджують, що США мають продовжувати процес далі і скасувати економічне ембарго. У короткостроковій перспективі США буде продовжувати використовувати виконавчу владу, щоб відкрити американо-кубинські зв'язки у сфері торгівлі, інвестицій, банківській справі, телекомунікацій, фармацевтики, сільського господарства і туризму. Це може створити політичну динаміку, що, у змінить позицію Конгресу, щоб в скасувати, або не застосовувати Хелмс-Бертон. Починаючи з 1960-х років, усі наступні адміністрації США підтримували політику і економічних санкцій і дипломатичної ізоляції Куби. Зміна у відносинах цих країн, яка була відзначена обміном ув'язненими, спонукала експертів визначити сприятливіші перспективи для економіки Куби і відносин зі США, в ширшому плані в Латинській Америці. Для вирішення завдань, поставлених у статті, переважно були використані такі наукові методи: загальнонаукові – описовий, герменевтико-політологічний, системний, структурно-функціональний, компаративний, інституційно-порівняльний; загальнологічні – емпіричний, статистичний, прогностичного моделювання та аналізу; спеціальні методи політології. Перевага надавалася методу політико-системного аналізу, за допомогою якого було виявлено спільні та відмінні характеристики базових складових стратегій «м'якої сили», що відображають існуючі політичні, суспільні, інформаційні та інші виклики для відносин та глобального розвитку. Для емпіричного дослідження було використано фактологічну базу, яку склали дані експертного опитування. Праксеологічний та системний методи застосовувалися під час аналізу системи відносин в Карибському регіоні за чотирма вісями: США - країни Карибського регіону, США - зовнішньорегіональні зв'язки, а також відносини між карибськими країнами. Ключові слова: зовнішньополітичний курс, політичний процес, світова економічна криза, південноамериканська фінансова архітектура, інтеграція.

Wenn Unternehmen neue Märkte erschließen wollen, Produktions- und Lohnkosten zu senken versuchen und sich um die Flexibilisierung des Faktors Arbeit bemühen, dann tun sie das häufig
über die Gründung von Tochterunternehmen, Niederlassungen und Filialen im Ausland. Allen drei Investitionsformen ist auf den ersten Blick ihre hochgradige Abhängigkeit vom Mutterkonzern gemein, die sich etwa in der Verpflichtung äußert, Gewinne an die Zentrale abzuführen und sich dieser in strategischen und operativen Entscheidungsfragen unterzuordnen. In Polen sind seit der politischen und ökonomischen Öffnung des Landes in den späten 1980er Jahren eine Vielzahl von ausländischen Tochterunternehmen gegründet worden. Dabei handelt es sich sowohl um Neugründungen von Standorten als auch um Joint-Ventures und Übernahmen von zur Privatisierung freigegebenen Staatsbetrieben. Mehr als 100 Milliarden US-Dollar an ausländischen Direktinvestitionen sind seit Beginn der marktwirtschaftlichen Transformation nach Polen geflossen, ein Drittel davon in die Industrie. Eine wichtige Empfängerbranche ist die Automobilindustrie, die auf der Suche nach kostengünstigen, zu den westeuropäischen Kernmärkten benachbarten Standorten in Mittel- und Osteuropa fündig geworden ist.
Mit der angesprochenen hochgradigen Abhängigkeit von ihren Konzernzentralen sind ausländische Tochterunternehmen allerdings nur unzureichend beschrieben. Transnationale Unternehmen, so die These dieses Beitrags, lassen sich zwar über ihr hierarchisch organisiertes Netzwerk aus räumlich verstreuten Unternehmenseinheiten charakterisieren, jedoch zeigen Beispiele aus der polnischen Automobilindustrie, dass dezentral für das lokale Werksmanagement Handlungsspielräume etwa beim Einwerben von zusätzlichen Unternehmenskompetenzen bestehen.

"Skill--specifically the distinction between the "skilled" and "unskilled"--Is generally defined as a measure of ability and training, but Does Skill Make Us Human? shows instead that skill distinctions are used to limit freedom, narrow political rights, and even deny access to imagination and desire. Natasha Iskander takes readers into Qatar's booming construction industry in the lead-up to the 2022 World Cup, and through her unprecedented look at the experiences of migrant workers, she reveals that skill functions as a marker of social difference powerful enough to structure all aspects of social and economic life. Through unique access to construction sites in Doha, in-depth research, and interviews, Iskander explores how migrants are recruited, trained, and used. Despite their acquisition of advanced technical skills, workers are commonly described as unskilled and disparaged as "unproductive," "poor quality," or simply "bodies." She demonstrates that skill categories adjudicate personhood, creating hierarchies that shape working conditions, labor recruitment, migration policy, the design of urban spaces, and the reach of global industries. Iskander also discusses how skill distinctions define industry responses to global warming, with employers recruiting migrants from climate-damaged places at lower wages and exposing these workers to Qatar's extreme heat. She considers how the dehumanizing politics of skill might be undone through tactical solidarity and creative practices. With implications for immigrant rights and migrant working conditions throughout the world, Does Skill Make Us Human? examines the factors that justify and amplify inequality"--

The WSU Stewart Library Annual UC-UI Symposium took place from 2001-2007. The collection consists of memorabilia from the symposium including a yearly keepsake, posters, and presentations through panel discussions or individual lectures. ; Audio Recording ; The Wattis Brothers: Spanning Distances, Spanning Eras a commemorative lecture presented at the 2007 Utah Construction/ Utah International Symposium The Beginning of an Era by Dr. Stan Layton Thursday, October 18, 2007 2 Well thank you Gene for that very gracious introduction and thanks to all of you for being here today. I'm particularly gratified to see so many of my students in the audience. I am teaching a class in Utah history this very hour. I gave my students an exam two days ago and I told them if they didn't come here to listen to the old man they'd never get their exams back. Here they are. Not long ago as I was walking towards parking lot A1 a nicely dressed middle aged couple hailed me asked me for directions to the Waters Building. I was pleased to correct their pronunciation and point them toward the Wattis Building. Once again I found myself asking why the Wattis name is not better know in our larger community. Why is it not as immediately recognized as a Huntsman, Matheson, Bamberger, Eccles or Sadler? I've got to tell you my research assistance Stephanie as she read this paper last week and we talked about it over the weekend, she read that sentence and she said, " Wouldn't say, Dee be a better name for this purpose?" I said, " Stephanie, that's a joke." Edmund O. and William H. Wattis are men of towering importance in twentieth century Utah history. They put together a construction company that in true Horatio Alger fashion expanded in size and stature to become one of the largest in the nation and left an indelible mark on the Utah, Western American, Mexican and Australian landscapes. They served as model citizens, family men, community servants and philanthropists. Their business acumen still serves as a model for today's entrepreneurs and their eventful lives continue to fascinate historians. 3 I am sure that most of us in this room have had our lives impacted in some small way by the Wattis family. They influenced the place of my birth for example. For three generation on both sides of my family, as Gene intimated, all my forbearers had been born in Layton. All of the sudden there I was as a newborn in a hospital in Puyallup Washington. Condemn throughout my childhood to try to conceal my embarrassment at having entered the world at such an awful sounding place. That angst was not eased in the least by my mothers constant telling of a joke about two boys with the unlikely name of Atle and Allup who surprised a skunk as they were walking one day. " See Atle," yelled the one. " Pew Allup," replied the other. I even thought of having my dear old mom come and tell that joke for you, but unfortunately she passed away about three weeks ago. My parents had been gone to Washington a few years earlier. Having a small child but no money or prospects they gathered up their meager belongings and headed for the construction site of the Grand Cooley Dam, where Utah Construction Company was a major subcontractor. My mother gave me this magazine just a few days before she died. I didn't know that she had it, but she and my dad always, always treasured their time in Washington. Several other Davis County families in similar circumstances were already there and had gained work, maybe Stan and Viola Layton would be so lucky. They were. Ultimately the wielding skills my dad acquired on this job and others opened up greater opportunities, including employment at the Tacoma Ship Yard which was yet another Wattis related enterprise. It was then while he and my mother lived in 4 the neighboring community of Puyallup that I was born. I like to think that my dad was the man behind the wielding hood in this photo. How might your lives have been touched by the Wattis brothers, William H. and Edmund O? Perhaps simply by taking a class over here in our Wattis Building, or maybe flipping on a light switch in a Las Vegas hotel room, or enjoying fresh apple grown in irrigated orchards of central Washington, or maybe boating on our Pineview Reservoir. Certainly as President Milliner said tens of millions of lives have been impacted, and will continued to be impacted everyday by the dams built, transportation systems constructed and mines developed by the Wattis brothers, and their Utah Construction Company, later named Utah International. How delighted I am as a Utah historian to see William and Edmund Wattis begin to receive the recognition due them and what a special treat to have been selected for a research fund, fellowship funded by the heirs of their company and administered by the Stewart Library. Very, very much appreciated. Then to have these library administrators suggest that I focus specifically on the Wattis brothers was the perfect scenario for me. I had first run across W. H. in researching my master's thesis forty years ago. These same people, Joan Hubbard and others were also generous in funding two research assistants to help me with this work. Janice LeFevre who is in class now and didn't feel that she could be here, but her husband Steven is here and Steven we appreciate the sacrifices you and the rest of the family made in support of this fellowship this 5 summer. And Stephanie Combe who is here in right in front as is helping me with the visuals today. And they were just of immeasurable assistance all summer. For purposes of this research project the term the Wattis brothers means the two older brothers only. Edmund O. and William H. this is not to minimize the importance of younger brother Warren L. who also played a significant role in the company's success. Rather it is simply a necessity of establishing realistic limits on the scope of this work. Let us begin with a short survey of Utah Construction/ Utah International. Just to get a feel for the scope, diversification and significance of its enterprises. And this will be short. You've all seen the photos, you've heard Tom Alexander's excellent presentation, you have probably I see a number of you have some of the booklets published by the library and so you don't need a long survey here of the scope of their work. Utah Construction Company evolved from a twenty year affiliation with the four Corey Brothers. They were brothers to the Wattis mother. In a number of railroad and canal construction projects in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and Oregon the Wattis brothers bought half the stock in the newly reorganized Corey Brothers incorporated in 1886. The company thrived for several years before collapsing in the financial crash of the mid 1890' s. From its ruins Utah Construction emerged without the Coreys as you heard last hour. Incorporated in the year 1900 Utah Construction Company first undertook small scale railroading projects in Idaho, then several larger ones in Nevada and California, which included that daunting 942 mile Feather River route and then in Utah which included a portion of the Denver and Rio Grande track between 6 Soldier Summit and Helper. Then in 1915 Utah Construction made its entry into dam building. Beginning with our own East Canyon Dam which is another way in which many of us have been impacted. Without East Canyon Dam and the irrigation water impounded there Davis County would never have enjoyed the prosperity it has. Gene mentioned our farm our 100 acre family farm. Every six days this summer I was there irrigating that farm and I took pride in the prosperity of the farm and green alpha and the corn that we produced and I couldn't have done it without that East Canyon Dam. Railroad construction and dam building projects much too numerous to be detailed here were the companies bread and butter throughout the 1920' s. Then came the granddaddy of all construction projects in 1931, Hoover Dam, began in 1931. Where in Utah Construction Company joined Morrison Knudson, Bechtel, Kaiser and others to form six companies, to form Six Companies the name of that conglomerate to span the mighty Colorado River. It is a measure of the reputation enjoyed by the Wattis brothers that William, and he according to the style of the day took to his initials W. H. and so I'm going to refer to him by that term throughout the remainder of the paper, he was named president of this huge conglomerate. And Edmund O., similarly went by his initials E. O., was named second vice president and they referred to each other by their respective initials and sign their names and other documents with those initials. As fate would have it both brothers died before the dam was completed in 1935. However the reputation gained by Utah Construction during this time allowed the company to continue to shine for another generation. Gene Sessions 7 and Sterling Sessions in their outstanding business biography list eighteen major dam building projects completed during the period 1936 and 1959 after their deaths by Utah Construction, including Pineview and Wanship in our own backyard. The warriors brought contracts in ship building including at that aforementioned Tacoma Ship Yard and road construction including the famous Alcan Highway. They had an important contract for a portion of that highway. After World War II the company entered into an entirely new phase, emphasizing mining which dominated its operations into the modern era, revived its financial strength and turned it into a multinational corporation. This paper advances the thesis that although E. O. and W. H. Wattis were not particularly well positioned by birth or education to achieve the remarkable success that they did, nevertheless we can identify certain character traits, experiences and opportunities that they took full advantage of in their quest for success. Pouring through hundreds of documents this summer my research assistance and I have identified six such factors of success we've called them, which I summarize in the following pages. First, these brothers had a remarkable knack for recognizing opportunity when they saw it and making the most of it. A good example of this aptitude is visible in their very first construction experience. Grading portions of the Union Pacific track as the initial transcontinental line approached Utah in 1868 and headed right for the Wattis farm in Uintah. The younger brother William was only ten years old and too young to hire on, but he undoubtedly observed the activity with wide eyed interest knowing that his older brother was one of the workers. 8 Edmund was only thirteen and had to have help in yoking his oxen, but his diligence paid off. And at the end of several months he brought home $ 225. This seemed like a small fortune to that cash strapped family. Of the 5,000 local men, Leonard Arrington tells us 5,000 worked on that project, only a handful used the experience as a career path in heavy construction. But E. O. Wattis was one. Opportunity came right down the tracks for these brothers and they jumped aboard. I'm indebted to my research assistant Janice LeFevre for putting it that way, but I love the way she said it. Opportunities came right down the tracks for these brothers and they jumped aboard. Second, both of these men reflected traditional agrarian values of hard work and perseverance. Farm youngsters learned the importance of looking after details and of staying with a task to its completion regardless of weather conditions. They learned safety consciousness and patience with animals. And it was of no small benefit to these boys that they were skilled in working with oxen, mules and draft horses. Both grew into large men who were strong and full of grit. Oh that's an excellent photo. I could not find a single job that they ever quit on. And I was interested in that Tom Alexander pointed out that that was a trait of David Eccles as well. Particularly revealing was E. O.' s involvement with the Coreys that is two uncles and three other men in the transportation of a wagon load of whiskey from Kelton, Utah to Boise, Idaho in the year 1868. Young Wattis was only thirteen years old but proved to be one of the steadiest of the group when bad weather 9 overtook them. All except him began nipping at that whiskey and all except him suffered frost bite. Third, was the development of the self confidence to stride forward on their own. Quite likely the single most fortuitous business decision they ever made was to end their partnership with the Coreys. Even though the implosion of Corey Brothers was cause by the panic of 1893, the break up of that company must have been difficult for the Wattis's on a personal level. The Coreys after all were family, uncles and cousins and the Wattis's had worked with them or for them since childhood and incorporated with them since 1886. Nevertheless the Coreys did not have the acumen or stability to thrive as a modern company. I'm convinced that they didn't, but that was only an intuitive and deductive conclusion and I was gratified as I listened to Tom's paper last hour that he apparently moved toward that same conclusion and he had the benefit of some primary source documentations to draw his conclusions from. But I know that numerous Corey cousins plugged in and out of the company. The elder Coreys insisted on dominating the decision making even though the Wattis brothers owned fifty- one percent of the stock and were better decision makers. And the elder uncle, Warren Corey, could be petty and vindictive and I was a little worried about advancing that point of view in those words, but I'm much reassured by Tom's paper. On of the truly remarkable document in twentieth century Utah political history is Warren Corey's open letter to his nephew W. H. Wattis published in the Salt Lake Tribune in August of 1928 reeking of spite this letter chides W. H. for being an unsuccessful candidate on 10 several previous occasions. Labels him a lame duck, obviously not understanding the meaning of that term and accuses him of being a disloyal party member and I know that that was not true based on a lot of years of research and so I wondered what was the cause of that animosity. There was something else there that I was not able to see from my research and again much indebted to Tom Alexander for having enlightened me and all of the audience this morning on that. The bitter animosity of this letter speaks volumes as to the Wattis' good fortune in being rid of the irascible man. By the same token the Wattis alignment with the Ogden financiers Thomas D. Dee, David Eccles and others following the breakup of the Coreys was undoubtedly the single most fortunate occurrence in their business lives. Fourth, was a commitment to a hands- on management style. No wonder they fit so well with David Eccles. Don't you agree? These were men who maximized their time on the construction site and minimized their time in the board room, especially during their early and middling years. They were comfortable with dust in their nose, blisters on their feet, calluses on their hands and dirt under their fingernails. In 1893 on one of his last jobs with Corey Brothers W. H. Wattis then 34 and a full partner was operating a slip plow on the Portland- Astoria job site when he received a surprise visit from his new financiers David Eccles, Thomas Dee and others and on that occasion one of them gave him a cigar. " I wish it had been a twenty- five cent piece," he later recalled, " Since I hadn't eaten food for a day and a half." This was a full partner. 11 The older brother held the same commitment to tenacity and detail the Wattis brothers were managers yes, and they grasped the big picture yes, but they were also detail men who understood the need to worry about on site activity. Incidentally this was no doubt the safety record of the company was so good even though their work involved blasting, working at great heights, spanning raging rivers, operating heavy equipment and sometimes supervising hundreds of men at a time. And while Tom could tell us of some dozen or so fatalities on that Feather River job that was nothing as compared to the hundreds, maybe as many as a thousand Chinese workers who were killed on the Central Pacific construction job in those two years of building the transcontinental railroad. Fifth, both men had the good fortune to marry talented, devoted and stable wives who liked each other and got on well together. The fact that both these women were well poised and possessed of good lucks would also be counted an advantage, especially in the 1920' s as the newspaper society pages found a growing audience of readers with and insatiable curiosity for news of the upper crust. Additionally such a spouse was essential to someone like W. H. who had developed political aspirations and began a series of campaigns for election to public office. W. H. married the striking Anna Maria Dorothea Sophie Standard and she went by Marie Dee, in 1889. He was nearly thirty she was twenty- three, her senior year report card from the Sacred Heart Academy reveals that she was as talented and sophisticated as she was beautiful. And isn't she something? 12 When I first met Stephanie as a student in my 1700 class three or four years ago, I was able to learn before the semester was over that her maiden name was Standard because her brother was also in the class and his name was Standard. When I got to know Marie Dee, I asked Stephanie about the relationship and she said yes, she's my great- great- grandmother and I was able to assure Stephanie that there is enough good looks represented in that woman to serve the Standard family for a hundred generations. She received a perfect score, 100, in all categories of citizenship that Sacred Heart Academy report card. Her academic achievement was equally impressive with scores ranging from ninety to ninety- eight in the nine subjects graded. She and W. H. had four children, two of whom died in childhood with in six months of each other. But I was pleased to learn that we have a great granddaughter of his. Say again? Okay Granddaughter and a great- great, oh how about? That's wonderful. E. O. on the other hand married the petite Martha Ann Bybee from nearby Riverdale in June 1879. When he was twenty- four and she was just sixteen, sixteen and a half. Martha was described by a grandson as a little on the plump side in her later years, though Stephanie and I wonder about that. The photos we have seen of her in her later years do not suggest that at all, including this one. But the grandson described her as full of energy and quote, " Very interested in civic activities." She was active in a local charity, the Martha Society that assisted the needy. And incidentally I have concluded that the Martha Society did not bear relationship to her name, but if somebody knows differently about that I would appreciate hearing the details. She also served as president of the Utah 13 Federation of Women's Clubs and she participated in countless other civic activities and municipal clubs. Having recovered from a serious illness through the healing hand of Christen Science she became an ardent convert to that faith. She and E. O. raised eight children, although one, a son Earl preceded him in death, the victim of an automobile accident. So is this the family? Oh the Child Culture Society that she was active in. Say it out loud Stephanie, she is where? The third one from the left? From my left as I'm looking at it? This one? Over here? Okay alright. Oh, that beautiful house, oh wow. 1915 Stephanie says. In looking at the personalities and lives of these men as individuals we can not improve on Linda Sillito's insightful taxonomy of W. H. as Mr. Outside and E. O. as Mr. Inside. William was gregarious, smiling, athletics and always at ease in the glare of the public spotlight. Edmund was comfortable with people, but somewhat more reserved more paperwork and detail oriented and a bit more inclined to worry. W. H. first came to my attention when I began researching my master's thesis as I mentioned. And I peaked in on that state republican convention of 1920. There he was front runner for the gubernatorial nomination moving easily among the delegates shaking hands smiling and asking for support. By the second vote he had begun to slip and by the third he had lost by a decisive margin to the nominee Charles Mabey. Newspaper accounts of the day pointed to W. H.' s recent indictment under the Lever Act as the likely reason for his fade. The Lever Act was a war time 14 measure that sought to prevent price gouging in the marketing of food and fuel. And W. H. as an executive of the U& I Sugar Company had been targeted by federal prosecutors. The act its self was poorly drawn and ill advised and was in fact declared unconstitutional in 1921 at which time all indictments were dismissed, but the damage had been done. The fact that W. H. was a Weber County man would not have worked in his favor. The Utah Republican Party was firmly controlled by a nepotistic Salt Lake City clique during that era and they played political hardball. By decades end W. H.' s sterling reputation as a business man hammered down all such barriers and won him the gubernatorial nomination. By then he was a man of such status that LDS Church President Heber Grant could write him saying, " I tried to get you on the phone all night last night until ten p. m." and then apologizing to him that he had to leave town for a week quote, " Before we had arrived on a decision on what do to in the affairs of the Utah- Idaho Sugar Company." W. H. was so popular with the local press that the press even reported on his fishing and hunting trips. He was a person so esteemed by his peers around the nation that he was named director of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce and entrepreneur so successful that he stood as president of one of the half dozen largest construction companies in the nation, a businessman so esteemed that the president of the United States sought his feed back on speeches. The nomination simply could not be denied him. But facing a very popular incumbent George Dern in the general election of 1928 W. H. was to garner only forty- one percent of the vote. 15 After that W. H. turned back to business and did not again seek public office. After all he had been defeated twice at the polls first in the congressional race on 1918 and now in the gubernatorial race 1928 and he had been frustrated three times in the nominating convention seeking the gubernatorial nomination in 1920, as previously mentioned, and in 1924 in seeking the U. S. senatorial nomination in 1922. By 1929 he had started to develop health problems nevertheless his natural charm and good humor continued on and served him well until death in 1931. Oft quoted, I'm sure many of you have heard this before but I can't resist repeating it here, it's a capsule that comes from the hospital room upon hearing of Six Companies successful bid on the Hoover Dam project. He's quoted by Linda Sillito in one of the Stewart Library booklets, comes from Joseph Lee Stevenson and goes as follows, " At St. Frances Hospital the press core found William H. sitting up wrapped in a silk bathrobe puffing on a long black stogy. His bushy white hair had been carefully brushed in to place by his wife and he was eager to talk. News of the winning bid had lifted his spirits. He grinned broadly for the photographers then said " Now this dam is just a dam, but it's a damn big dam," and his eyes twinkling. " Otherwise it was no different that others we've thrown up in a dozen place," end of that quote. Unlike his younger brother E. O. on the other hand had no political aspirations. Out side of business his constituency was his family. The only babies he kissed were his own and when he shook hands it was often for the purpose of slipping a dollar to his grandchildren. They call it the silver dollar handshake. 16 Unlike W. H. who loved golf, played it often and was photographed in golfing attire along with such celebrities as Heber J. Grant and Reed Smoot and Tom isn't Charles Nibley in there? Does that look like Nibley? Ya second from the right, ya. But unlike W. H. in this kind of environment and W. H. is second from the left E. O. played golf mostly as a social necessity. Simply taking off a suit coat he turned his suspenders the other way around and played in his business attire. E. O.' s idea of leisure time fun was being at home with his family riding scooters with the children, romping with the family dog, picking fruit and vegetables from his orchard and garden and joining in the many socials hosted at his beautiful home on Eccles Street or in the immediate neighborhood. Due to the press of business however E. O. was denied the time at home that he coveted. Christmas time was the exception. He always made it a point to be home for the holidays. Incidentally I should tell you that the E. O. Wattis family put together a wonderful twenty minute DVD featuring a number of clips from home videos shot by E. O.' s family when he was still alive and in that beautiful home on Eccles Avenue and I have watched that DVD its available here, its just wonderfully revealing and you can just feel how important it was to him to be home when ever he could be, which wasn't often. In fact that point is made in that DVD by one of his granddaughters that there was a time, almost a year when he was gone the entire time. 17 E. O. was quite tall for that day, standing a full six feet. Unlike his younger brother W. H. he never took on that middle age spread but remained slender. His curly hair, rosy cheeks, spectacles and pipe all fit the image of a dignified business man. E. O. was a bulldog, albeit a gentle one. His hallmark was tenacity and his genius was energy. One of his grandsons noted quote " My grandfather's education consisted of two or three years of formal schooling," unquote. He said that E. O. could write, but made a lot of grammatical mistakes and that he quote, " came up through the process with a long construction history of being on the site and doing the work," end of this quote. In today's vernacular he would probably be described as a workaholic. In a letter to his sister Mary Jane written from Oroville California in 1909 he mentioned that he had lost weight was down to 155 pounds, remember that's on a six foot frame. He said. " I am getting very tired of railroad work and I don't know whether I will ever take another job or not. It is very monotonous for me to always be away from home and I think that I am needed at home about as bad as anybody. Besides that I am fifty- four years old and have always worked very hard and have never had but very little pleasure in life. I don't think I have hardly had my share. My young life was spent in poverty and hard work and I am not in the best of health. W. H. left here a few days go and should reach Ogden tonight. I want to make a trip home very bad but am so badly crowded with the part of business that it is my duty to look after that I can not get away now," end of his quote. E. O. Worries in this letter that he will become even less happy as he 18 grows older, that he did or didn't, cannot be discerned from the historical record, but his health problems continued. In a letter written as early as 1914 he commented on his rheumatism. In 1927 he described his bladder infection and pending surgery which promised a ninety- five percent success probability. Two years later in 1929 he mentioned his cough, eczema, insomnia and urinary infection, puss in the urine. So he obviously did not enjoy that ninety- five percent probability success rate, but he was rather in the five percent. And in 1932 he complained of swollen feet, swollen feet and inner ear problems. What the historical record also reveals is that E. O. never did relax his work schedule to any significant degree. At the time of his death in 1934 he was president of six companies and Hoover Dam was in the final phase of construction and as always he was busy with on site visits production schedules, costs, press relations and dozens of other executive level tasks. The heart attack that took his like was sudden and massive. In approaching the conclusion of this paper I return to the thesis and advance the sixth factor of success, you thought I'd forgotten it. It's not a factor that can be offered for general applicability in a business management class for its unique to the Wattis brothers. Simply stated they had each other. E. O. and W. H. were a perfect match as business partners. Their individual personalities, aptitudes, likes and dislikes complemented the others to a consummate degree. Equally important they like and trusted each, a family trait. " There are very few families that have as strong as long a love for each other as ours have and none have any stronger," wrote E. O. in a 1909 letter noting that quote, " there have 19 never been any quarrels between any of us nor any hard feelings," unquote. Those are truly remarkable statements aren't they? As close as these two brothers were however they usually did not work in pairs. They were not joined at the hip to use that contemporary phrase. Indeed their trust was so implicit that they were frequently apart and engaged in different types of tasks. A revealing snap shot in time comes from the summer of 1922. I had hoped in pouring through those hundreds and hundreds of pages of documents I could I find them writing letters on the same day. And I could then share with you what different kinds of tasks and different approaches they were taking. I never was able quite to do that, but I see them close together here in the summer of 1922. W. H. who was then preparing his run for the U. S. Senate was participating in number of activities at Lagoon. They included umpiring a softball game between a Salt Lake and Ogden young men's republican clubs and attending several wrestling and boxing matches. In the distinctive newspaper style of the day that were topped off by a battle royal between five members of the Ethiopian race all in the ring at the same time. Contrast this with E. O. who's hectic travel schedule had made him almost invisible even to his wife, " I was surprise your father was in Kansas City," she wrote to a daughter June 15th after spending that anniversary alone. This is not to imply that E. O. worked while W. H. played. W. H. was just a little more extroverted, more readily given to conduction business on the golf course or in other recreational settings. And who can doubt that how important that is in the modern corporate world. E. O. took a quieter but more direct approach to 20 business. Again we see Mr. Outside and Mr. Inside in perfect compliment. The brothers used that friendship and bond to span distances over four thousand miles of track alone, plus many more of road, tunnels, canals, etc. and to span eras from the pre- railroad era, from the pre- railroad frontier to the industrial era when they died. Again going back to the comment President Millner made the monuments to industry they created would span many more eras and serve the purposes of society long into the indefinite future and you can take that from a historian who's maternity bill was paid by a father whose pay check was back in part by Wattis money long ago and far away in Puyallup Washington. Thank you. © 2007 WSU Stewart Library, All rights reserved.