Suchergebnisse

Introduction. 1. Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in American History--Silvia Pedraza. 2. Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in Contemporary America--Ruben G. Rumbaut. COLOR AND CASTE. NATIVES AND AFRICANS. 3. North American Indians and Demography of Contact--Russell Thornton. 4. From Sundown to Sunup: Slavery and the Making of the Black Community--George P. Rawick. 5. Farewell--We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration from the PostBellum South--Carole Marks. LATIN AMERICANS. 6. Mexican Americans: Their Civic and Political Incorporation--Ricardo Romo. 7. Migration, Community, and Culture: The United States-Puerto Rican Experience--Hector A. Carrasquillo and Virginia Sanchez-Korrol. 8. Family, Economy, and the State: A Legacy of Struggle for Chinese American Women--Esther Ngan-Ling Chow. 9. The Other Issei: Japanese Immigrant Women in the Pre-World War II Period--Evelyn Nakano Glenn and Rhacel Salazar Parrenas. PRE-WORLD WAR I WAVES OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION. NORTHWEST EUROPEANS. 10. The Protestant Establishment: Its History, Its Legacy--Its Future?--Howard G. Schneiderman. 11. German-Americans: Paradoxes of a "Model Minority"--Walter Kamphoefner. 12. Erin's Children in America: Three Centuries of Irish Immigration to the United States--Hasia Diner. SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPEANS. 13. Italian Americans: A Century of Ethnic Change--Richard D. Alba. 14. Mobility and Continuity among Eastern European Jews--Steven J. Gold and Bruce Phillips. 15. From Peasant to Worker: The Polish Immigrant in the United States--Dominic Pacyga. THE WATERSHED: THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND ITS AFTERMATH 16. The Civil Rights Movement: A Social and Political Watershed--Aldon Morris and Cedric Herring. 17. Que Viva La Raza: The Many Faces of the Chicano Movement, 1963-1971--James Diego Vigil. 18. American Indians and Political Protest: The "Red Power" Years--Stephen Cornell. CONTEMPORARY WAVES OF LATIN AMERICAN AND ASIAN MIGRATION. LATIN AMERICANS. 19. Borders and Bridges: Undocumented Immigrants from Mexico and Central America--Leo R. Chavez. 20. Cuba's Refugees: Manifold Migrations--Silvia Pedraza. 21. Dominicans in the United States: First- and Second-Generation Settlement--Sherri Grasmuck and Patricia Pessar. ASIANS. 22. Filipino Americans: Many and Varied--Benjamin V. Carino. 23. The Entrepeneurial Adaptation of Korean Immigrants--Pyong Gap Min. 24. A Legacy of War: Refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia--Ruben G. Rumbaut. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION, RACE, AND ETHNICITY IN AMERICA. URBAN DESTINIES. 25. New York as an Immigrant City--Frederic M. Binder and David M. Reimers. 26. Los Angeles: Explosive Diversity--Mehdi Bozorgmehr, Georges Sabagh, and Ivan Light. 27. Miami Spice: The Ethnic Cauldron Simmers--Guillermo J. Grenier and Lisandro Perez. 28. Washington, D.C.: The Changing Social Landscape of the International Capital City. COLOR AND CLASS. 29. The First Americans: American Indians--C. Matthew Snipp. 30. The Health of the African American Population--David R. Williams. 31. The Wages of Race: Color and Economic Opportunity in Chicago's Inner City--Marta Tienda and Haya Stier. SELF AND OTHERS. 32. Language Acquisition and Loss Among Children of Immigrants--Alejandro Portes and Richard Schauffler. 33. Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?--Mary C. Waters. 34. The Complexity of Racial Attitudes in America--Howard Schuman and Charlotte Steeh. 35. Contesting the Meaning of Race in the Post-Civil Rights Movement Era--Michael Omi and Howard Winant. EPILOGUE.

This paper examines the economic adaptations and subsistence hunting involvement of households between the ages of 20 and 35 in the Copper Inuit community of Holman. Social, economic, and political changes throughout the Canadian Arctic have made it impossible for young adults to pursue the same mixed economic strategies as previous generations. A general decrease in subsistence hunting involvement is characteristic of the younger generation. Nevertheless, some young householders have made a conscious effort to remain active in subsistence hunting and fishing to provide for themselves and related households. Some have even increased subsistence hunting involvement as their own parents age and become increasingly infirm. Other householders are less active in hunting and fishing, but continue to view land-based harvesting as central to a sense of Inuit identity. The motivations, economic position, and family background of a sample of active and less active young adult hunters are explored in an attempt to understand the pressures experienced by young adults as they strive to make a place in a northern society radically different from that of their parents at a similar age. While the authors recognize the economic value of subsistence harvesting and the foods that result from it, we also emphasize the less easily quantified dimensions of subsistence ideology and its impact upon physical health, psychological well-being, and community integration.Key words: subsistence, harvest effort, Inuit identity, young adults, food sharing, health, self-esteem ; Cet article examine les adaptations économiques et l'activité de chasse de subsistance de chefs de ménage âgés de 20 à 35 ans, dans la communauté Copper Inuit de Holman. Les changements sociaux, économiques et politiques qui ont eu lieu dans tout l'Arctique canadien ont fait qu'il est impossible pour les jeunes adultes de poursuivre les mêmes stratégies d'économie mixte que les générations précédentes. La génération la plus jeune se caractérise par une diminution généralisée de l'activité de chasse de subsistance. Néanmoins, certains jeunes chefs de ménage ont fait un effort conscient pour poursuivre la chasse et la pêche de subsistance afin de subvenir à leurs propres besoins et à ceux de ménages apparentés. Certains consacrent même plus de temps à la chasse de subsistance à mesure que leurs propres parents vieillissent et deviennent physiquement incapables de se livrer à ces activités. D'autres chefs de ménage se consacrent maintenant moins à la chasse et à la pêche, mais continuent de considérer le prélèvement des ressources naturelles comme essentielle à l'identité inuit. On a exploré les motivations, la situation économique et les antécédents familiaux d'un échantillon de jeunes chasseurs adultes, certains plus actifs que d'autres, afin d'essayer de comprendre les pressions ressenties par les jeunes adultes alors qu'ils luttent pour se faire une place dans une société nordique radicalement différente de celle de leurs parents au même âge. Bien que les auteurs reconnaissent la valeur économique de la récolte de subsistance et de la nourriture qui en résulte, ils insistent aussi sur la dimension plus difficile à qualifier de l'idéologie de subsistance, et sur ses retombées sur la santé physique, le bien-être psychologique et l'intégration de la collectivité.Mots clés: subsistance, temps consacré au prélèvement, identité inuit, jeunes adultes, partage de la nourriture, santé, estime de soi

A sharp rise in house prices became a political issue in Korea in the late 1980's. It opened a heated debate among scholars and experts on the causes of house price rises. In the debate, a common belief was that high land prices had been one of the main causes of high house prices. In fact, the proportion of land cost in new house prices has steadily increased as the latter has risen in Korea during the past two decades. This research calls into question the notion underlying that common belief that land prices exist independently of housing development. Most policy measures are sought on the basis of this notion. This research argues that land prices are an outcome of conflicts between landowners and developers in the process of housing development. In exploring the idea that the determination of land cost for housing is a result of conflicts between landowners and developers, the research came to the question of what the source of conflicts is, a question of why and how the two actors enter into conflictive relations. It was a suggestion of Marx's concept of rent that surplus profits are the material source of conflicts; the ability of developers to create higher surplus profits provides possibility of landowners to demand more payments for their land; landowners' appropriation of increasingly larger portions of surplus profits then conditions the way developers produce housing; thus both enter into a conflictive and contradictory relationship. It was thus hypothesised that the rising land cost for housing has been primarily a result of that conflicting and contradictory interaction, which is permanently operating in housing development. However, how far and in what forms the conflict affects housing development and the determination of land cost are affected by social mediation of the interaction. Thus the research, the test of the above hypothesis, comprises two parts: the identification of the material aspect of the process by which landowners and developers entered into conflicting relations resulting in increasing land prices for housing as suggested in Marx's concept of rent; and the examination of political and economic circumstances in which social relations between the two actors were conditioned to leave that material process unregulated. This hypothesis was tested with reference to the case of housing development in Seoul during the 1970's and 1980's. The empirical examination disclosed that the rising land cost for housing in Korea has been due to the conflictive nature of the relationship between landowners and developers. Developers have created large surplus profits by exploiting rapidly growing speculative demand for housing and government housing programmes relying on private development; this have provided room for landowners to raise land prices such that increasingly larger portions of new house prices have been allocated to land cost; increasing government intervention have been unsuccessful in controlling this conflictive and contradictory process and the consequent spiral rises in land cost and house prices because of its inability to break from its self-financing housing development strategy; this inability has been due to historical circumstances which, characterised by strong state and weak labour relations and the subordination of finance to industrial capital, have conditioned housing development to be driven by the private appropriation of development gains.

Serling: The Rise and Twilight of Television's Last Angry Man. Gordon F. Sander. Discovering Men. David H. J. Morgan. The Hysterical Male: New Feminist Theory. Arthur and Marilouise Kroker, eds. Child‐Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture. James R. Kincaid. Centuries of Solace: Expressions of Maternal Grief in Popular Literature. Wendy Simonds and Barbara Katz Rothman. Women and Self‐help Culture: Reading between the Lines. Wendy Simonds. The Best Man‐Selections from the First Three Years of MAN! Magazine. Sharon Adams, ed. Men in the Public Eye—The Construction and Deconstruction of Public Men and Public Patriarchies. Jeff Heam. To All Appearances: Ideology and Performance. Harbert Blau. Hollywood East. James Ponti. Classics and Trash: Traditions and Taboos in High Literature and Popular Modern Genres. Harriett Hawkins. Cradle And All: A Cultural and Psychoanalytic Reading of Nursery Rhymes. Lucy Rollin. Bio/Pics: How Hollywood Constructed Public History. George F. Custen. Mae West: She Who Laughs, Lasts. June Sochen. Friends, Brothers, and Informants: Fieldwork Memoirs of Banaras. Nita Kumar. Women Under the Knife: A History of Surgery. Ann Dally. Hitchcock: The Making of a Reputation. Robert E. Kapsis. Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement, Ideology and Activism. Barbara Ryan. Creativity and Tradition in Folklore: New Directions. Simon J. Bronner, ed. Performance, Culture, and Identity. Elizabeth C. Fine and Jean Haskell Speer, eds. The History of Vanity. John Woodforde. Gender Relations in Australia: Donation and Negotiation. Kay Saunders and Raymond Evans, eds. Between the Wars, 1919–1939: The Cartoonists' Vision. Roy Douglas. Cajun Music and Zydeco. Philip Gould, photo. Barry Jean Ancelet Bundling: Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America. Henry Reed Stiles The Story of the Carol. Edmondstoune Duncan The History of the Christmas Card. George Buday. Christmas Traditions. William Muir Auld Heraldry and Floral Forms as Used in Decoration. Herbert Cole Jewish Ceremonial Institutions. William Rosenau. A Dictionary of Miracles. E. Cobham Brewer. Quilts: Their Story and How to Make Them. Marie D. Webster Rest Days: The Christian Sunday, The Jewish Sabbath, and Their Historical and Anthropological Prototypes. Hutton Webster Folklore of Women: As Illustrated by Legendary and Traditional Tales, Folk‐Rhymes, Proverbial Sayings, Superstitions, Etc. T.F. Thistelton‐Dyer Not Just for Children: The Mexican Comic Book in the Late 1960s and 1970s. Harold E. Hinds, Jr. and Charles M. Tatum. American Popular Culture. John Dean. Death in the Dining Room & Other Tales of Victorian Culture. Kenneth L. Ames. Popular Entertainment Research: How to Do it and How to Use It. Barbara J. Pruett. White on Black: Images of Africa and Black in Western Popular Culture. Jan Nederveen Pieterse. Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest. Denis McQuail. Jack the Ripper A to Z. Paul Begg, Martin Fido and Keith Skinner. Roadside Delights; Roadside Architecture of Yesterday and Today in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Will Anderson. Hidden in Plain Sight: An Examination of the American Arts. Martin Williams. Melville's Complaint: Doctors and Medicine in the Art of Herman Melville. Kichard Dean Smith. William Cobbett and Rural Popular Culture. Ian Dyck. Images of American Life: A History of Ideological Management in Schools, Movies, Rdio and Television. Joel Spring.

Using the farm as unit of analysis, diagnosis processes aimed at improving production systems are reviewed. Within a country, diagnosis should be conducted at different hierarchical levels: local (interaction between the production system and the input distribution sector, the marketing sector, possible forms of processing, and consumption characteristics); regional (appropriate selection of target site); and national (development trends and governmental policies at the macroeconomic and sectorial levels). Governmental goals common to developing countries are listed as well as several means to achieve them. Macroeconomic trends that could affect the feasibility of production systems studies are analyzed, namely growth of income per capita, urbanization, improved infrastructure and transportation, industrialization, and availability of domestic and foreign capital. The importance of having access to in-depth knowledge of the region is highlighted. The region is selected on the basis of two criteria, the technical and economic feasibility of the project and the expected distributive impact, as illustrated by the projects to improve cassava marketing, carried out on Colombia's Atlantic Coast. Local socioeconomic factors that could affect possible research and development projects are also analyzed. The importance of comprehending the different interacting components of the production system is highlighted; these include the relationship between supply and demand, the relationship between sales and self- consumption, margins of commercialization and their stability, capacity of the marketing system to absorb increasing amounts, influence of the market on production quality and timing, integration between processing and production, and inputs. The interaction between socioeconomic and agronomic problems is emphasized. (CIAT) ; Se consideran los procesos de diagnostico dirigidos a mejorar sistemas de produccion, utilizando la finca como unidad de analisis. Dentro de un pais, el diagnostico se realiza a diferentes niveles jerarquicos: local (interaccion entre el sistema de produccion y el sector de distribucion de insumos, el sector de mercadeo, posibles formas de procesamiento y caracteristicas de consumo); regional (seleccion apropiada de la zona de trabajo); y nacional (tendencias de desarrollo y politicas gubernamentales a nivel macroeconomico y por sector). Se enumeran los objetivos gubernamentales comunes a los paises en desarrollo y algunas medidas para lograrlos. Se analizan las tendencias macroeconomicas que pueden afectar la factibilidad de investigar en sistemas de produccion, como crecimiento del ingreso per capita, urbanizacion, mejoramiento de infraestructura y transporte, industrializacion, disponibilidad de capital domestico e internacional. Se destaca la importancia del conocimiento regional para el diagnostico. La region se selecciona con base en los criterios de factibilidad tecnica y economica del proyecto anticipado y en el impacto distributivo que se espera obtener, como lo ilustran los proyectos para mejorar el mercadeo de la yuca realizados en la Costa Atlantica de Colombia. Tambien se analizan los factores socioeconomicos locales que pueden afectar los posibles proyectos de investigacion y desarrollo. Se destaca la importancia de comprender los diferentes componentes que interactuan en el sistema de produccion, que incluyen relacion entre oferta y demanda, relacion entre venta y autoconsumo, margenes de comercializacion y estabilidad de los mismos, capacidad del sistema de mercadeo de absorber cantidades crecientes, influencia del mercadeo en la calidad y momento de produccion, integracion entre procesamiento y produccion e insumos, entre otros. Se enfatiza la interaccion entre los problemas socioeconomicos y los agronomicos. (CIAT)

In a nation of immigrants Los Angeles is increasingly a city of new immigrants. As of 1980,which is the most recent date for which good data are available, 20 percent of the population of the Los Angeles metropolitan area had been born abroad, mostly in Latin America and various Asian countries. Whereas New York historically has been the major port of entry for those immigrating to the U.S. from Europe, Los Angeles has been, and increasingly is, the major point of entry or those immigrating from Latin America and Asia. The result is a multi-ethnic, polyglot metropolis, with 142 languages spoken at home out of the 200 languages tabulated by the 1980 Census. As a consequence of this new immigration, Los Angeles has a more diverse ethnic mix than virtually any other city in the nation, and perhaps the world. The pace of immigration, to Los Angeles as to the remainder of the country, has increased dramatically in recent years, starting in 1965, when past restrictive immigration policies were moderated (Muller and Espenshade, 1985). This new immigration wave shows few signs of abating as the 1980s draw to an end. Why do these immigrants come? The motives for immigration are by now a familiar story. In the absence of political turmoil, individuals immigrate to improve economic opportunities for themselves and their children (Jackson 1969). California's strong economic growth as well as its proximity to the Pacific Rim have made it a natural entry point for immigrants from Asia and Latin America (McCarthy, 1983). Yet, once started, immigration has a self- sustaining quality. Growing ethnic enclaves can provide an important magnet for the continued flow of immigrants. At the micro level this occurs via chain migration, the movement of individuals within known social networks, usually the family. Information about economic opportunities can be quickly transmitted to distant relatives by previous immigrants. Patterns of chain migration can also reduce the costs of geographic mobility directly. Individuals who move within social networks often have jobs and housing waiting for them in the host country. At the macro level, the development of ethnic subeconomies can dampen the impact of fluctuations in the business cycle. In the 1970s, even though the Los Angeles economy declined relative to that of the rest of the state, immigrants were still coming, attracted by the opportunities afforded them in the various ethnic subeconomies (Light and Bonacich, 1985). How do they fare? It is obvious that some groups have been much more successful than others. Selected socioeconomic characteristics for the 28 largest ethnic groups in the Los Angeles metropolitan area are shown in Table 1. Those of Asian, European, and Middle Eastern origin do substantially better than those of Latin American, African, or American Indian origin. Most striking, the first three groups have much higher proportions of adult males employed in administrative and professional occupations. Why is this so? The concern of this paper is to account for why some ethnic groups on average get better jobs than others. Subsequent papers will deal with other socioeconomic differences among ethnic groups in the Los Angeles area, and with the aggre- gate socioeconomic and political consequences of these group differences.

The first news that the literaries text adduce us about Malaca, there are referring to his inclusion in Semitic town's group of the coast, who, with, others of the Guadalquivir Valley (Canno, Bardo} revolt against the newly erected roman administration in Spain. This revolt, which was generated along the years 198-197 B. C. (Liv. XXXIII, 21, 7-9), included a settlements with different legal status, from what in the same way, there are several reasons to the same revolt. Malaca. as civitas foederata, like others towns of the coast, also with Semitic origin, in order to his foedus with Roma, hadn't to contribute with the regular tax, but indeed it had to pay one special contribution at troops to the legions, and we know that, during these years, there is a great provincialism in the roman army in Spain. Perhaps this dutie's increase, roused to Malaca for the revolt, while that the revolt's motive in the Guadalquivir Valley it would be the imposition of the regular stipendium, since that year, taxed tribute for his conditions like civitates stipendiariae (Liv. XXXIll, 27, 1; Liv. XXXIV, 10). The usual sources keep silent about almost kind following happenings to the 197 B. C., about the roman Malaca. The town must proceed with his Semitic tradition's industries, such as it were the bad luck fish's industry and the sauce's preparation, for which there are documents since preroman times. The libiophoenices. who the latines texts mentions, perhaps they should can make up the work's hand who, being carried during previously times towards the South-East region, support the peak of this industries, whose direction Semitic minority secure of the place the presence of the African peoples in the town, attested in the texts, it is not a surprise to one community, as Malaca, which always maintained contacts of all sort with the neighbouring coast. From the hostile contacts, because of true invasions of Moorish people, attested since the end of the roman Republic until Adrian and Marc Aurel emperors (CIL, VI, 31856), attracts possibly on account the wealth of the Malacitano market, until the contacts that the trade had promoted in the apparition of the Corpus negotiantium salsarum, of Syrian's corporation {CIL, II, p. 254), public officials about the trade (CIL, II, 1970), people of African origin (CIL, II, 1976), etc., all these things ratify one important economic activity, possibly uninterrupted along of the history of the town, and one interest from Roma to defend such institutions for his self profit. Malaca, city alike in weight to Gades o Carthago Nova, with a privileged legal status, in flavian limes passed to be included in the municipal rule, like there is attested in the important discovery of his lex municipalis. Malaca passed to the full roman administration without evident problems and like answer of the centralist wish of the emperor, who were interested in to make firm the services of the one town, which directed toward his economic projection, and outside the political convulsions, there is warranting the continuity of the programs of the emperors. Perhaps the omission of news in the texts about Malaca, it is responding for this condition of pacific evolution, which the town would have, really very little attractive to the Latin writers, always with attention for the incidents with historical prominence.

This document titled "1972 Humanics Address," is the Humanics Lecture that was given at Springfield College by Distinguished Professor of Humanics, H. H. Giles on March 9, 1972. Giles begins his speech by describing the two main forces that work irresistibly for good – democracy and universal education. He goes on to explain Springfield College's ideal of "Spirit, Mind, and Body" as a reminder that when teaching or aiding in human development, one cannot forget that in each person they are dealing with a whole being, a unique entity. Giles next provides examples of how other college both in this country and elsewhere are active in seeking and testing new concepts and methods for full development of their students. At the conclusion of the address, Giles invited comments and questions. Because of his strong views on democracy, many excellent queries, disagreements and viewpoints were expressed by members of the faculty. ; Humanics is a word that has a special meaning in the history and philosophy of Springfield College, as well as in the college's motto of "Spirit, Mind, and Body." The Oxford English Dictionary defines Humanics as, "the subject or study of human affairs or relations, especially of the human element of a problem or situation as opposed to the mechanical." In 1962, Dr. Glenn Olds, President of Springfield College at the time, began to wonder why this name was given to the intended philosophy of the college by Dr. Laurence Locke Doggett, Springfield College's first full-time president. Olds acknowledged that the practices of the faculty were in large part consistent with the Humanics philosophy, but he believed that a more self-conscious application would improve chances of its continuity and survival. To ensure this, a Distinguished Professor of Humanics position was created at the college, first filled by Dr. Seth Arsenian from 1966-1969. The purpose of this position was to catalyze a renewal of consciousness in the philosophy. This was done by annually mandating the Distinguished Professor of Humanics to give a Humanics lecture on the definition of Humanics and what the concept means to them. Arsenian started this tradition in 1967 with his speech titled, "The Meaning of Humanics," in which he described the concept as a set of ideas, values, and goals that make our college distinct from other colleges and make commitment and unity toward commonly sought goals possible. Giles began his career in education and community work in 1922 as an assistant football coach at Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts. He taught at several institutions including Eastern Illinois State College, University of Wisconsin, Ohio State University, as well as more than 20 others. He was director of Community Education at West Georgia College from 1942-1944, and Director of the Education Division of the American Council on Race Relations for a brief time in 1944. In that same year he was made Director of the Bureau for Intercultural Education. In 1947 he founded and became first director of the Center for Human Relations Studies at New York University's School of Education where he later served as full professor and chief advisor of the graduate program in Human Development from 1957 to his retirement in 1971. Giles is the author of 5 books and more than 100 articles and book chapters. He was named Distinguished Consultant in Humanics at Springfield College in 1970-1971 and 1971-1972.

The facts and evaluations presented here were designed to outline some of the characteristics of the Burmese class-structure. Of particular relevance seems to be the occupational structure and its modification during the last three or four decades. The income distribution among various occupational groups also helped in this characterization. The differentiation and cooperation between the different elites was described, together with the setting in which they function, the qualification for admission and the patterns of mobility comparing the standard of aspirations with the channels available. In this context roles and status image were discussed including the rough after status components, status symbols and the preferred occupational hierarchy in terms of social prestige. Finally the internal cohesiveness of the social strata in so far as distinct self-conscious entities are concerned was examined.The material presented may be summed up as follows:1. The population of Burma was split into two main parts: a small elite concentrated in government administration, party bureaucracy and the military on the one hand, and the peasants, small traders, business and hired labourers on the other hand. In between the two is a very small group of middle-class people and skilled workers.2. Although the average income level was exceedingly low, at least until 1962, the span between the highest and lowest income categories was rather great.3. The modern elite was small and though the internal differentiation is slight the antagonism is considerable. Before the coup the main adversary groups (excluding the underground) were administrators, politicians and students. The elite groups enjoyed little autonomy and freedom of action as there was no alternative outlet except the government bureaucracy, the military and an underdeveloped party bureaucracy. The weakness of the legal opposition parties and trade unions, the small number of independent economic organizations made it difficult for oppositional elite to develop and be institutionalized in relatively independent power positions. This had many repercussions on the already limited ability of the political and social centre to cope with economic and political problems.4. Despite the generally universalistic criteria, for acceptance in the various elite groups, and the not insignificant de facto mobility, channels for such upward mobility were few and restricted to certain sectors of the political and government bureaucracy. This enabled the ruling elite to exert much influence on the chanelling of desirable recruits, but created permanent pressure from unemployed or underemployed high school and university graduates.5. Leaving the ethnic minorities aside, crystallized class-oriented groups were very rare, and the main criteria for belonging to the few that existed were the type of education received and the amount of exposure to Western culture. This dividing line drawn by these criteria did not coincide entirely with that between town and countryside. There was little difference in this respect between the majority of the urban and the rural population.Accordingly, Burma's class structure appears to be in a state of extensive flux. It would seem, therefore, that the primary problem is to achieve a more institutionalized differentiation of the sub-elite strata. This would particularly bridge the gap between the elites and the rest of the population and facilitate communication as there would be more "non congruent" status groups capable of serving as intermediaries between the elites and the more sophisticated, differentiated population.

Background Humanitarian emergencies, including conflict, are a known risk factor for common mental disorder. The impact of such an emergency on the mental health of women in the perinatal period has not been studied. This is important because, in addition to personal and family distress, poor perinatal mental health has a negative impact on infant development and contributes to inter-generational disadvantage. Lack of awareness about such conditions hinders appropriate help seeking. This study, which was conducted in a post-conflict area in Swat, Pakistan, had the following aims: a) to determine the prevalence and associations of psychological distress in perinatal women, and; b) to evaluate the feasibility of a psycho-educational intervention to improve awareness of common mental disorder amongst such women and their families. Methods The study was conducted in a rural area in Swat that had witnessed a decade-long armed conflict between the military and local insurgents. Study participants included all pregnant women on the list of local community health workers (Lady Health Workers) aged 17 to 45, living in the study area and not suffering from a physical disorder. Psychological distress was assessed using the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Conflict-related traumatic events were measured with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Stressful life-events and perceived social support were measured by the Life Events Checklist and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), respectively. Information was also collected on demographic and socio-economic variables. Half of the women who scored =>9 on the SRQ (n=34) were randomised to receive a 2-session psychoeducational intervention, and the remaining (n=37) acted as controls. Outcomes including appropriate help-seeking, perceived social support and levels of psychological distress were measured 2 months after intervention delivery. Results The prevalence of psychological distress (SRQ score =>9) was 38.1%. Psychological distress was positively associated with four or more traumatic events and there was a dose-response relationship, with levels of psychological distress increasing with an increase in the number of traumatic events [4 events (OR=2.80, 95% CI: 1.18 to 6.65), 5 (OR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.04 to 7.79) and 6 or more (OR=4.62, 95% CI: 1.59 to 13.44)]. Psychological distress was also independently associated with three or more stressful life events in the post-conflict year. Family support and living in a joint family was protective, as was being primi gravida. There was very low level of recognition of psychological distress in the trial participants at the baseline. Following intervention, more women sought assistance for their distress from their community health worker in the intervention arm, compared to women in the control arm (71% intervention arm vs 46% control arm P= 0.036). There was no difference in the levels of perceived social support or severity of symptoms although mean reduction of SRQ score from baseline was significantly more in the intervention arm compared to control arm. There was a high response rate, and attrition rates were low. Conclusions This study is one of the first epidemiological studies to assess the prevalence of psychological distress during pregnancy in an area affected by conflict. The study shows that over a third of all women show evidence of significant psychological distress, and are likely to be suffering from a common mental disorder. A psychoeducational intervention to improve awareness and appropriate help seeking showed promising results in the context of this rural post-conflict setting.

Introduction: Existing mobility endpoints based on functional performance, physical assessments and patient self-reporting are often affected by lack of sensitivity, limiting their utility in clinical practice. Wearable devices including inertial measurement units (IMUs) can overcome these limitations by quantifying digital mobility outcomes (DMOs) both during supervised structured assessments and in real-world conditions. The validity of IMU-based methods in the real-world, however, is still limited in patient populations. Rigorous validation procedures should cover the device metrological verification, the validation of the algorithms for the DMOs computation specifically for the population of interest and in daily life situations, and the users' perspective on the device. Methods and analysis: This protocol was designed to establish the technical validity and patient acceptability of the approach used to quantify digital mobility in the real world by Mobilise-D, a consortium funded by the European Union (EU) as part of the Innovative Medicine Initiative, aiming at fostering regulatory approval and clinical adoption of DMOs.After defining the procedures for the metrological verification of an IMU-based device, the experimental procedures for the validation of algorithms used to calculate the DMOs are presented. These include laboratory and real-world assessment in 120 participants from five groups: healthy older adults; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, proximal femoral fracture and congestive heart failure. DMOs extracted from the monitoring device will be compared with those from different reference systems, chosen according to the contexts of observation. Questionnaires and interviews will evaluate the users' perspective on the deployed technology and relevance of the mobility assessment. Ethics and dissemination: The study has been granted ethics approval by the centre's committees (London-Bloomsbury Research Ethics committee; Helsinki Committee, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre; Medical Faculties of The University of Tübingen and of the University of Kiel). Data and algorithms will be made publicly available. Trial registration number: ISRCTN (12246987). ; We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023" Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. SDD, AY and LRo are also supported by the Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) based at Newcastle upon Tyne and Newcastle University. CM, BS, LVG and EB are also supported by the Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) based at the Sheffield Teaching Hospital and the University of Sheffield. The work was also supported by the NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility (CRF) infrastructure at Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and the CRF at the Sheffield Teaching Hospital. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care or the funders.This study was co-funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA via the Innovative Medicine Initiative 2 (Mobilise-D project, grant number IMI22017-13-7-820820). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the IMI, the European Union, the EFPIA, or any Associated Partners. We acknowledge the support of Grünenthal GmbH via the funding of a PhD scholarship directly dedicated to the technical validation protocol.

During the last three decades, both Argentina and Chile have experienced capitailistrevolutions 'from above', which have transformed relationships between firms, workers and the state. These transformations have common elements: similar de industrialisation patterns focused on prirnary product exports, and 'hierarchical market' relationships between capital and labour (Schneider 2009), among others. Despite these similarities, approaches to capitalism in these countries currently diverge. Neoliberalism in Chile is ingrained in the institucional setting and naturalised among business and political elites.In Argentina, by contrast, a post-neoliberal landscape emerged in the wake of the 2001crisis and the state's interventionist capacity has been restored.How does the literature on varieties of capitalism and the new theories of capitalistchange help explain these revolutions 'from above' in Argentina and Chile? It has becoargued that a 'new spirit' that promotes autonomy, self-realisation aod noo-hierarchical relations has given capitalism a fresh justification in the developed world (Boltanski & Chiapello 2005). In this view, capitalism has become an increasingly theoretical enterprise supported by its owo 'cultural circuits' (Thrift 2005), which produce theories that justify capitalism's own purposes, recastiog it as something creative aod fun. Is this oew spiritpresent in Chile and Argentina? Can it be used to explain receot transformatioos there?This thesis explores the varieties of capitalism in Argentina and Chile by asking three main guestions. First, what are the similarities and differences of capitalism in these countries? Second, why did neoliberalism meet such different fates in them? Third, what kinds of spirits have driven recent capitalist changes in these countries? And in particular, is there a new spirit of capitalism (a la Boltanski & Chiapello) that emerged with neoliberalism in Argentina and Chile since the 1980s? This research is based on material collected from 120 interviews with representatives of the 'cultural circuits of capitalism' in Santiago and Buenos Aires during 2008-2009, combined with secondary data. The main fiodings of this research suggest that beyond the common hierarchical pattern,the pro-business capitalism in Chile and the national-popular capitalism in Argentinaoperate differently. Thc cohesivc business sector in Chile enjoys a dominant positionwhereas Argentina's factious business class is on the defensive. Vertical employmentrelations in Chile differ from the more horizontal relationships in Argentina, whereunioos still play a promineot political role. Powerful cultural circuits of capitalism inChile spread neoliberal notions of success, whereas analogous circuits in .Argentina havebeen contested, losing influence and visibility. Neoliberalism was naturalised in Chile not only because it produced wealth and rising living standards, but also because thedictatorship removed the institutions that sanctioned collective action, while helping to empower the business class. Moreover, the political class maintained commitment to themarket model through the transition to democracy. In Argentina, by contrast,neoliberalism was contcsted because the reforms wrought negative economic results andthe political and business classes never fully supported it. Moreover, Argentine society resisted the de-collectivising effects of the reforms, spreading social movements and unrest. Thc counter-offensive against neoliberalism guided by the Kirchners has further de-legitimized this project. Finally, this research found that rather than a 'new spirit' of autonomy and emancipation, 'old spirits' of capitalism were revived in Argentina and Chile, such as the 'commercial spirit' of Smith, the 'entrepreneurial spirit' of Schurnpeter and the 'destructive spirit' of Polanyi. Whereas neoliberalism was contested and unleashed disenchantment in Argentina, it provided an illusion of progress in Chile.

It is evident, that, under the scenario marked by rising prices and dependency on the energy sector, mitigation and adaptation measurements facing climate change are at the ministerial level, governed through public policies on an international level, causing little representation in the public politics on the local level. On the other hand, there is a scarcity of studies about an analytical presentation of the initiative generation processes from local governments, trying to adopt or address the climate change. A fact, that aggravate the not replication of successful adaptation programs, emerged within the civil society advised by so called "grassroots organizations" or Non-Government-Organizations. This is as well reflected by the minor amount of documented studies presenting the "bottom-up"-approach in Chile. In the present case, through the analysis of a project financed by the Fund of Environmental Protection, whose beneficiaries are inhabitants of an urban sector in Valdivia, Región de Los Ríos, arises a "bottom-up"-approach through the reflection of three components (the political, epistemological and territorial scope) that generates an overview and further more possibilities for the replication of adaptation measurements to face climate change on a urban-local level. Among the results obtained, the article highlights, that the incorporation of (new) capabilities among the population is of utmost importance in-situ, in this case analyzed through the approach of self-reliance by Max-Neef, whose purpose is the generation of new "not foreign" knowledge, that, through the the adjustments of the territorial scale and a closer look into the social affiliation makes, that the society can understand the local effects of the Global Environmental Change Phenomena. ; Se evidencia que, bajo un escenario marcado por el encarecimiento de la matriz y dependencia del sector energético, las medidas de mitigación y adaptación frente al cambio climático son a nivel ministerial y por medio de políticas públicas que responden a medidas globales, causando poca representatividad en el ámbito local. Por otra parte se constata una escasez de estudios que documenten de forma analítica los procesos de generación de iniciativas desde los gobiernos locales frente al cambio climático. Hecho que agudiza la no replicación de medidas exitosas en la adopción de mejoras desde la sociedad civil asesoradas por organizaciones de base. Reflejo de esto es la falta de estudios documentados bajo el modelo "bottom-up" en el país. En este caso, por medio del análisis de un proyecto financiado por el Fondo de Protección Ambiental cuyos beneficiarios son personas naturales del sector urbano de la ciudad de Valdivia, Región de Los Ríos, se plantea un enfoque que, por medio de la reflexión de tres componentes (político, epistemológico y alcance territorial), genera una visión general y posibilidades de replicación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático desde un nivel urbano-local. Los resultados indican que es de suma importancia la entrega de capacidades a la población in-situ, por medio del planteamiento de la autodependencia de Max-Neef, cuyo fin es la incorporación de nuevos conocimientos "no ajenos", que por medio del ajuste de escala de territorialización y de una mirada de pertenencia hace que la sociedad pueda comprender los efectos locales del fenómeno del cambio ambiental global.

El trabajo analiza la construcción de una identidad lingüística a través de los manuales escolares argentinos. La hipótesis de base es que la escuela argentina sobrelleva el imaginario decimonónico que le dio lugar como organismo de difusión de saberes y creación de la ciudadanía, pero en la actualidad los instrumentos que utiliza para la enseñanza y las leyes que gobiernan el funcionamiento de estos materiales están fuertemente influenciadas por las reglas del mercado. Por lo tanto, la lengua española, portadora de la herencia hispánica como pauta aglutinante en la escuela argentina del siglo xix, se desprovee en la actualidad de los límites territoriales (y, con ello, de las marcas de la variedad lingüística) porque, al trascenderlos, puede adecuarse a las pautas expansionistas del mercado. En el marco de la glotopolítica y apoyándose en las teorías que estudian el lugar de las emociones en los procesos de auto-identificación, el artículo analiza la coexistencia entre una identificación lingüística «globalizada» y una identificación dialectal. Esta tensión genera identificaciones de signo contrario en los ciudadanos/hablantes en tanto la práctica lingüística escolar se asocia a la pertenencia a la nación, pero al mismo tiempo desalienta las marcas de lo nacional a través del uso de manuales globalizados. El análisis de rasgos lingüísticos regionales en una muestra de libros escolares (algunos actuales y otros correspondientes a hitos históricos en la enseñanza argentina) permitirá mostrar las identidades superpuestas generadas discursivamente entre una lengua desterritorializada y una pauta curricular que fomenta la valoración de las variedades. ; This paper analyses the construction of a linguistic identity in Argentina through school textbooks. The basic assumption is that the Argentinean school continues to exhibit the 19th century imaginary of being the agency for the diffusion of knowledge and the construction of citizenship, but that today, the instruments that it employs for teaching and the laws that govern the functioning of these materials are strongly influenced by the rules of the market economy. Therefore, the Spanish language, bearer of the Hispanic heritage and a binding element of the Argentinean school of the 19th century, is no longer subject to territorial limits (and thus, to the particularities of linguistic variety) because, by moving beyond these limits, language is able to more easily adapt itself to the expansionist tendencies of the market. In the framework of linguistics politics and relying on the theories that study the role of emotions in the process of self-identification, the article analyses the coexistence of «globalized» language and dialect identification. The tension between these two aspects of language generates identifications of contrasting natures among citizens/speakers; on the one hand, linguistic practice in school is associated with belonging to the nation, while at the same time the use of global textbooks and manuals tends to inhibit the use of language featuring particular local or national elements. The analysis of regional linguistic features in a sample of textbooks (from the present and from past milestones in Argentina) evidences overlapping identities discursively generated between a de-territorialized language and a curricular pattern that promotes the appreciation of varieties. ; Fil: Lopez Garcia, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas y Crítica Textual; Argentina

Incluye material complementario ; Regular physical activity (PA) is an important part of the treatment of several medical conditions, including overweight and obesity, in which there may be a weakened appetite control. Eating behaviour traits influence weight control and may be different in active and sedentary subjects. This paper reports the relationships between the time spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) of different intensity, and eating behaviour traits in young, healthy adults. Additionally, it reports the results of a six-month-long, randomized, controlled trial to examine the effect of an exercise intervention on eating behaviour traits. A total of 139 young (22.06 ± 2.26 years) healthy adults (68.35% women) with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.95 ± 4.57 kg/m2 were enrolled. Baseline assessments of habitual PA were made using wrist-worn triaxial accelerometers; eating behaviour traits were examined via the self-reported questionnaires: Binge Eating, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and Control of Eating Questionnaire. The subjects were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (usual lifestyle), moderate-intensity exercise (aerobic and resistance training 3¨C4 days/week at a heart rate equivalent to 60% of the heart rate reserve (HRres) for the aerobic component, and at 50% of the 1 repetition maximum (RM) for the resistance component), or vigorous-intensity exercise (the same training but at 80% HRres for half of the aerobic training, and 70% RM for the resistance training). At baseline, sedentary behaviour was inversely associated with binge eating (r = −0.181, p < 0.05) and with uncontrolled eating (r = −0.286, p = 0.001). Moderate PA (MPA) was inversely associated with craving control (r = −0.188, p <0.05). Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.302, p < 0.001) and uncontrolled eating (r = 0.346, p < 0.001), and inversely associated with craving control (r = −0.170, p < 0.015). Overall, PA was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.275, p = 0.001), uncontrolled eating (r = 0.321, p < 0.001) and emotional eating (r = 0.204, p < 0.05). Additionally, only emotional eating was modified by the intervention, increasing in the vigorous-intensity exercise group (p < 0.05). In summary, we observed that time spent in sedentary behaviour/PA of different intensity is associated with eating behaviour traits, especially binge eating in young adults. In contrast, the six-month exercise intervention did not lead to appreciable changes in eating behaviour traits. ; Funding for this work came from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393) and PTA 12264-I, Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 13/04365 and FPU19/01609), the Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT), the Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa (RETIC) (Red SAMID RD16/0022), the AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation, the University of Granada Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016 Excellence Actions Programme: Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) and the Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2018 Bridging Contracts Programme and the Andalusian Regional Government, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprises and University (ERDF, SOMM17/6107/UGR). Also, international doctoral studies scholarship no. 440575 from the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT).