Suchergebnisse

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: Compilation ; El "compromiso igualitario" es una de las características de la cultura política europea. Este valor igualitarista se ve amenazado por la crisis económica, el desempleo y la intolerancia. El compromiso igualitario como actitud ante la inmigración depende de variables contextuales que son diferentes según los modelos de Bienestar. Por un lado, en los países con mayor gasto en protección social, en pensiones por desempleo y menor riesgo de pobreza, disminuye la competencia por los escasos recursos de empleo y bienestar. Las sociedades más igualitarias generan actitudes más tolerantes hacia la inmigración, lo que se demuestra en el caso de los países del modelo socialdemócrata escandinavo, Alemania y Francia. Por otro lado, en sentido contrario, los países con mayores tasas de desempleo, con mayor riesgo de pobreza y mayores desigualdades generan actitudes de rechazo al reconocimiento de los derechos sociales de los inmigrantes, como es el caso del modelo liberal británico, en Grecia, Chequia y Lituania. Por consiguiente, las políticas de integración de la inmigración están asociadas con la corrección de las desigualdades sociales, con la política de empleo, con las pensiones y los subsidios por desempleo. La sostenibilidad del Estado del Bienestar está asociada a la integración de la inmigración. ; Attitudes of European citizens towards immigrants are restrictive. Restrictive attitudes are related to the unemployment rate and the risk of poverty as well as competition for jobs and welfare resources. National policies of social protection help reduce hostility to immigration because it reduces the risk of poverty and social inequality. However, ethnic and racial heterogeneity hamper "egalitarian commitment" essential for the sustainability of the welfare state. Strong unions and social protection policies contribute to the integration of immigrants (Sweden and Norway). By contrast, weak unions, social inequalities, unemployment, the risk of poverty and weak social protection contribute to the development of negative attitudes towards immigration (Greece, Hungary). The future sustainability of welfare depends on the participation of immigration as a political force.

IIRSA project Installation, profile decision-making and its objectives, in the context of UNASUR for its Board of Infrastructure and planning installs the link between political representation and lobbying. The region has almost 50 years building his ways of integration and is hit by the logic of globalization, the market and the defeated FTAA project that transforms, appearing part of its logic in all GEF projects promoted by the World Bank from 90 ': Plan Puebla-Panama, IIRSA and Guarani Aquifer. UNASUR assumes defense, energy and environmental challenges. IIRSA is publicly driven from the region since the First Meeting of South American Presidents held in Brasilia in August 2000 but it was only in 2009 that UNASUR absorbed it in COSIPLAN. Thus, in the first years of the third millennium crisis rearrangement mingle with new actors such as China and projecting not only regionally but also at the provincial level, yet the patagonian and fuegian regions. ; La instalación del proyecto IIRSA, su perfil de toma de decisiones y sus objetivos, en el contexto de UNASUR para ser su Consejo de Infraestructura y Planificación instala lo dilemático del vínculo entre representación política y representación de intereses. La región lleva casi 50 años construyendo sus caminos de integración y resulta impactada por la lógica de la globalización, el mercado y el derrotado proyecto ALCA que se transforma, apareciendo parte de su lógica en el conjunto de proyectos impulsados por el GEF del Banco mundial desde los 90': Plan Puebla-Panamá; Acuífero Guaraní e IIRSA. UNASUR asume los desafíos de defensa, energéticos y ambientales. IIRSA es impulsada públicamente desde la región desde el Primer Encuentro de Presidentes de Suramérica llevado a cabo en Brasilia en agosto de 2000 pero es recién en 2009 que UNASUR la absorbe en COSIPLAN. Es así como en los primeros años del Tercer milenio se mezclan crisis y reacomodamiento con nuevos actores como lo es China y que se proyecta no solo regionalmente sino a nivel provincial, aún el patagónico y fueguino.

En la actual coyuntura de crisis social, política y económica por la que atraviesa nuestro país, los jóvenes son el segmento poblacional más afectado por el desempleo, con cifras que alcanzan el 50%. Esta circunstancia obliga a los responsables administrativos a orientarla acción de gobierno hacia el compromiso social, los procesos de aprendizaje, la socialización y la integración sociolaboral de este colectivo. Los ayuntamientos asumen tales competencias y se erigen en los principales artífices de la vertebración de las políticas de juventud, desarrollando innovadoras estrategias de interacción. A través de este estudio se analiza la implementación de los medios sociales y la tecnología multimedia en los procesos de comunicación y relación online para difundir las políticas de juventud participativas, emancipatorias e identitarias desarrolladas por los ayuntamientos. Mediante el análisis de contenido se identifican asuntos que se enmarcan en la gestión de estructuras político-administrativas centralizadas y descentralizadas, se comparan coincidencias en la prominencia de los temas, y se constata que existen diferentes grados de implementación de recursos 2.0 en estos nuevos procesos comunicativo-relacionales orientados a la ciudadanía joven. ; In the current social, political and economic crisis facing our country, young people are the segment of the population most affected by unemployment, with figures reaching over 50%. This situation requires administrative officials to guide the government towards social commitment, learning processes, socialization and social and occupational integration of this group. Municipalities assume such powers and set themselves up as the main architects for the structuring of youth policies, developing innovative interaction strategies. This study analyses the implementation of social media and multimedia technology in the processes of communicating and relatingon-line to disseminate youth policies developed by municipalities - policies that are participatory and emancipatory and that the young can identify with. Through content analysis we identify issues within the framework of the management of centralized and decentralized political and administrative structures, we compare agreement with regard to the prominence of issues, and we observe that there are different degrees of implementation of these new 2.0 resources in these new communicative-relational processes oriented towards young citizens.

La pluralidad de planos normativos en Derecho internacional privado (DIPr) nos enseña el importante retroceso que ha tenido la nacionalidad como criterio para determinar la ley aplicable al estatuto personal. El objeto del presente trabajo es el estudio de la fundamentación histórica de la nacionalidad y los factores que han dado pie, una vez desligada aquélla del principio de soberanía, a su retroceso en los sistemas autónomos de DIPr. En particular, el autor se ocupa del dominio que ejerciera el "ius" sobre el "forum" en el ámbito del estatuto personal, su paulatina mitigación en consonancia con la privatización de la disciplina y la progresiva vocación de aplicación de la "lex fori" a resultas de la incidencia de los derechos fundamentales. Por último, el autor analiza la repercusión de los principios y libertades consustanciales al fenómeno de la integración europea como fuente también de la regresión de la nacionalidad en cuanto criterio de conexión en ámbitos no armonizados del DIPr de la persona y la familia ; The wide range of normative dimensions at Private International Law (PIL) shows us the recession of the nationality as a criterion for determining the law applicable to personal status. The aim of this work is the study of the historical foundations of nationality and the factors that gave rise, once dettached the nationality from the principle of sovereignity, to its recession at PIL autonomous systems. In particular, the author deals with the power of the "ius" over the "forum" in the sphere of personal status, its gradual mitigation in line with the privatization of the discipline and the progressive interest of application of "lex fori" as a result of the impact of fundamental rights. Final/y, the author analyses the repercussion of the principles and freedoms inherent to the phenomenon of European integration being a source of the regression of the nationality as a connecting factor in non-harmonized fields of Personal and Family PIL ; 1. DELIMITACIÓN DEL OBJETO DE ESTUDIO. 2. LA RAÍZ HISTÓRICA ...

ÖZETBu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği ve Rusya arasındaki ilişkileri 'enerji güvenliği' konsepti ışığında iki uluslararası ilişkiler teorisi aracıyla analiz etmektedir. Bunu gerçekleştirebilmek için, bu tez şu soruları cevaplamayı hedefler: "Avrupa Birliği ve Rusya ilişkilerinde enerji güvenliği konsepti ne anlama gelir?", "İki uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinden hangisi iki aktör arasındaki ilişkileri enerji güvenliği açısından daha iyi ifade ediyor?" Ayrıntılı analiz üç sonuca ulaşmaktadır. İlk olarak, enerji güvenliği enerji tüketicileri, tedarikçiler ve transit ülkelerin arasında entegrasyon ve yakın işbirliği koşulu ile gerçekleşebilir. Çünkü, üç katılımcıdan birinin ihmal edilmesi enerji güvenliğinin gerçekleşmesini engeller. İkinci olarak, Avrupa Komisyon'unun enerji konusunda tam yetkisi bulunmadığından, ve üye ülkelerin 'birlik ses'inin eksik olması nedeniyle, Avrupa Birliği'nin esas dış enerji politikası söz konusu değildir. Son olarak, tezde gerçekleştiren analiz, enerji güvenliği bakış açısından, bu iki aktörün arasındaki ilişkilerin neorealism ile daha başarılı açıklandığını göstermektedir. ABSTRACTThis thesis aims at analysing the relations between the European Union and Russia from the perspective of 'energy security' concept by applying the two international relations theories, namely, neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism. In order to accomplish this task, the study targets the following questions: "What does the concept of energy security stand for in the relations between the EU and Russia?", and "Which theory of the international relations explains the relations between the actors in the light of 'energy security' better?" At the end of the thorough analysis, this study reaches three main conclusions. Firstly, energy security is a phenomenon, which can be reached under the condition of the integration and close cooperation between consumers, suppliers and transit countries. If any of the participants is neglected, 'energy security' is almost impossible to achieve. Secondly, there is no energy policy of the European Union with external dimension, mainly, due to the lack of single voice between the member states over energy issues, the absence of the European Commission competence in this sphere. Finally, the relations between the two actors in the light of 'energy security' concept are better explained by neorealism theory.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis paradigma pengurangan resiko bencana dalam sistem hukum Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Semarang, serta implikaisnya terhadap respon pemerintah dalam penanggulangan bencana. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka dan seraching online. Analisis data menggunakan tiga pendekatan, yaitu: pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa paradigma pengurangan resiko bencana kurang terintegrasi dalam sistem hukum Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Semarang. Dengan tidak terintegrasinya konsep PRB dalam RTRW Kota Semarang, maka hal itu dapat berpengaruh negatif terhadap respon pemerintah dalam kegiatan penanggulangan bencana di Kota Semarang, yang kurang antisipatif, kurang terkoordinir dengan baik, sehingga hal itu memperburuk pada sistem kesiapsiagaan masyarakat terhadap dampak bencana. Paradigma pemgurangan resiko bencana justru terletak pada raperda Penanggulangan Bencana yang sandaran hukumnya bukan RTRW Kota Semarang. Hal ini tentu secara prinsip tidak sejalan dengan aturan hierarkis dalam penyusunan undang-undang di tingkat lokal Kota Semarang.This study aims to identify and analyze the paradigm of disaster risk reduction in the legal system of the Spatial Plan of Semarang, and it implication against the government in disaster response. The data used in this study in the form of primary and secondary legal materials. Data collection was conducted through library and online. Analysis of the data using three approaches, namely: regulatory approaches, approaches the concept and approach cases. The results show that the paradigm is less integrated disaster risk reduction in the legal system the Spatial Plan of Semarang. With no concept of DRR integration in spatial planning of Semarang, then it can adversely affect the response of the government in disaster management in the city of Semarang, the less anticipatory, less coordinated manner, so that it is exacerbating the impact of the system of disaster preparedness. Paradigm of disaster risk reduction lies precisely in the back of the draft Disaster Management law is not RTRW Semarang. It is certainly not in line with the principle of hierarchical rules in drafting legislation at the local level Semarang

Education plays a critical role in the reduction of the most prominent enemy of peace, democracy, and human development: poverty. It is the catalyst of the constructive participation in the social and political processes of those groups traditionally silenced and excluded from development. Education is particularly important in a global society. It is a fundamental factor to understand the pluralism of the nations and their cultural diversity. It contributes to the national and regional integration. Education, viewed as everyone's responsibility, should not only be aimed at instructing and training individuals for the labor market, but also at educating them in a series of principles and values. In so doing, educating by the example should play a major role. The author concludes stressing the importance that participation in politics becomes a pedagogical practice. Politicians should become educators capable of generating knowledge for themselves and the people they represent. They should model with their example the principles the preach. To do politics and govern is to educate. ; La educación juega un papel fundamental en la reducción del enemigo más formidable de la paz, la democracia y el desarrollo humano: la pobreza. Es el instrumento catalizador de la participación constructiva en los procesos sociales y políticos de los sectores silenciados y marginados del desarrollo. La educación es particularmente importante en un mundo cada vez más globalizado, convirtiéndose en punto de partida y elemento clave para comprender el pluralismo de los estados y sus diferentes manifestaciones culturales, contribuyendo de esta manera, a la integración nacional y regional. La educación como responsabilidad de todos debe no solo fijarse como objetivo la capacitación y adiestramiento de las personas, sino también, educarlas, más con el ejemplo que con la prédica, en una serie de principios y valores. Concluye el autor puntualizando la importancia de que se asuma el hacer política como práctica pedagógica. El político debe ser un maestro capaz de generar conocimiento en sí mismo y en los pueblos y modelar en sus acciones los principios que defiende con sus palabras. Hacer política y gobernar es educar y educarse.

The authors of this paper analyze the progress made in relations with the countries surrounding Serbia - in the regions of South East Europe and the Western Balkans, and upon the formation of the new government of Serbia (27th July 2012). In this regard, they point out the improvement of bilateral relations with the countries of the so-called old neighborhood (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Albania and Greece), as well as the 'new' neighbors (Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia). Therefore, the authors emphasize that it is not only the continuity of the policy of improving relations in the region, but some concrete actions to advance a good-neighborly relations have been taken as well. According to the authors resolution of many accumulated problems with neighbors will result in acceleration of the process of European integration of Serbia and the rest of the Western Balkans. This will prove to be a significant benefit to citizens of all countries in this part of Europe. Serbia has thus positioned itself as a reliable regional partner for its immediate environment, as well as to the leading factors of world politics, the authors conclude. ; Autori u ovom radu analiziraju napredak u odnosima Srbije sa državama okruženja - Jugoistočne Evrope i Zapadnog Balkana, a nakon formiranja nove Vlade Srbije (27. jul 2012). U tom smislu oni su ukazali na unapređenje bilateralnih odnosa sa državama takozvanog starog susedstva (Mađarska, Rumunija, Bugarska i Albanija), kao i sa 'novim' susedima (Makedonija, Crna Gora, Bosna i Hercegovina i Hrvatska). Zato autori naglašavaju da se ne radi samo o kontinuitetu dosadašnje politike poboljšanja odnosa u regionu, već i da su preduzete određene konkretne aktivnosti kako bi se dobrosusedski odnosi unapredili. Regulisanje brojnih i nagomilanih problema sa susedima rezultiraće, navode autori, ubrzanjem procesa evropskih integracija Srbije, kao i ostatka Zapadnog Balkana. Od navedenog rešavanja bilateralnih pitanja značajnu korist će imati i građani svih država ovog dela Evrope. Srbija se tako, zaključuju autori, pozicionirala kao pouzdan regionalni partner za svoje neposredno okruženje, ali i vodeće faktore svetske politike.

In his Mémoire sur l'intérieur de l'Afrique (An III de la République, 1794-95) the influential French scholar Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (1732-1807) outlines the goals of a project which directly links scientific exploration to the needs of the State, urging both men of learning and state officials to work closely together in the organization of research missions that enhance man's knowledge of the geography, natural history and commerce of Africa's yet unknown inner regions – in particular the vast area between Senegal and the Sudan. This paper analyzes Lalande's aims, arguments and claims against the background of scientific, commercial, political and military tensions between France and Britain. It situates Lalande's discourse within the broader context of the competing "science policies" of both states in the second half of the eighteenth century. The notion of "science policy" as a working hypothesis refers to the way a government applies the knowledge and expertise provided by the scientific world according to the needs of the country. It is an investigation of the sudden re-emergence of Africa as an object of knowledge in the relationship between power and science. The paper focuses on the continuous interaction between France and Britain in African affairs, and highlights the shift from a mere "enlightened" exploration from the 1720s to the 1780s – a period which saw, on the one hand, the progressive integration of useful knowledge gathered by explorers in African coastal regions into the French "colonial" system, and, on the other hand, the installation of an informal structure of knowledge transfer at the British side – towards Lalande's revolutionary time – the 1790s – when Africa became the subject of a "Banksian" takeover, enhancing British interest in the "unknown" interior of the African continent by setting up large-scale, interrelated research missions with practical goals (the expeditions organized by the African Association, e.g. Mungo Park), but also provoking reactions from the French side, a reflection of which can be found in Lalande's dissertation, thus stimulating a new wave of French initiatives in the field. ; Peer reviewed

In the immediate aftermath of the approval of the ban on constructing minarets in a national referendum in late 2009 initiated by right wing populist parties to support their anti-immigration politics, the Swiss Muslim debate took an ironic turn, as a number of Swiss converts to Islam entered public arenas in an ostentative salafi guise, triggering heated debates on the "integratedness" of Switzerland's Muslim "minority. Dominating news coverage on Muslims and Islam in Switzerland in the first half of 2010, the Swiss converts heading the newly founded Muslim organization, the Islamischer Zentralrat Schweiz, were to replace the minarets as nodal points of problematizing a perceived lack of common symbolic ground between Swiss society and the Muslim migrant population. This thesis places the symbolic stakes of Swiss converts to Islam in both public and Muslim arenas into the centre of its analytical focus in order to reconstruct the Swiss Muslim debate and the shaping of Muslim selves as interrelated processes by the analysis of media coverage on the IZRS and ethnographic data gained in Muslim fields between 2008 and 2011. To do this, the symbolic stakes of Swiss converts to Islam of either gender are reconstructed before the epistemic background of what is often rhetorically invoked as a "crisis of multiculturalism" (see for example Grillo 2003; Turner 2006; Lentin and Titley 2001; Van Reedom, Dyuvenadak and Bertossi 2012; Vertovec 2011) fuelled by a global "hyperdiscourse" on Islam that has undergirded public debates on immigration, integration, nationalism and secularism in Swiss public debates just as in other national European contexts. The analytical focus chosen brings together a range of research perspectives and conceptual outlooks. Differing from existing research on European converts to Islam that focusses on questions developed in the field of religious sociology or phenomenological sociology, this study adopts a performative approach on conversion to Islam as a paradigmatic form of subjectivation in line with a Foucauldian discourse analytical perspective. To do this, it develops a deconstructive reading on subjectivation that draws on approaches developed in the field (post)structuralism, psycholanalysis and gender studies which it combines with narratological perspectives on religious conversion as a theme and dramaturgy.

The development of cultural heritage tourism has become a world-wide issue recent years. There is increasing pressure between cultural heritage conservation and tourism industry growth, however, the sustainable integration of cultural heritage and tourism can results in positive and synergistic effect on the whole system. Thus the research on sustainable development of cultural heritage tourism is increasing significant in a global scale. China is the typical country that facing the dilemma of pursuing tourism industry growth and cultural heritage protection, an integrated framework that can guide the cultural heritage tourism towards sustainability is necessary and urgent at present. Lijiang Old Town in Lijiang and China's Lane in Chengdu are used as comparative case study. Aspects related to sustainable cultural heritage tourism development are examined and evaluated according to the conceptual framework, including heritage conservation performance such as resource integrity, cultural authenticity, publicity and education; tourism industry performance such as economic growth, marketing and branding strategies, tourist satisfaction; mechanism performance such as policy support, stakeholder cooperation, assessment and monitoring mechanism, etc. It is found out that China's Lane has a better performance than Lijiang Old Town due to its government-guide development mode and right segregation system. While it is also found that the cultural authenticity is decreasing both in Lijiang Old Town and China's Lane largely due to the displacement of indigenous population and the disruption of local community network. It is concluded that the role of government should shift from dominance to guidance, right segregation management mode should be promoted and effective and comprehensive assessment and monitoring mechanism should be established regarding the development of cultural heritage tourism in China. Moreover, cultural authenticity and local community network as the core of cultural heritage conservation should be highly valued by various sectors in the society, since they are the basic and essence to ensure long-term development of cultural heritage tourism towards sustainability. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Master ; Master of Science in Urban Planning

Исследуются факторы, обусловливающие распространение ритуала (ли), тенденции его эволюции в социокультурном пространстве стран конфуцианского ареала Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона. В современных условиях существует несколько тенденций эволюции ритуала в этих странах, которые связаны с процессами модернизации экономической, социальной жизни. Изменение ритуала (ли), появление его новых форм обеспечивает функционирование данного типа ритуала в современном обществе. На основе выделения факторов влияния внешней и внутренней среды на жизнедеятельность стран конфуцианского ареала Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона выявлены основные тенденции эволюции ритуала (ли): сохранение отдельных элементов ритуала (ли), их интеграция в историю, политику, экономику, культуру страны с учетом ее специфики; изменение отдельных элементов ритуала (ли) и их адаптация к историческим, культурным, социально-экономическим, политическим особенностям страны; индивидуализация ритуала (ли), которая состоит в том, что из сферы социального бытия общества он перемещается в сферу социального бытия личности ; The paper deals with the factors that contribute to the dissemination of the ritual, the trends of its evolution in social and cultural space of the Confucian area of the Asia-Pacific region. Under current conditions, there are several trends in the evolution of the ritual in these countries, which are related to the processes of modernization of economic and social life. Changes that have taken place in the «li» ritual, the emergence of new forms of the ritual keep this type of the ritual functioning in the modern society. On the basis of the factors providing influence of the external and internal environment on the link of the Confucian area of the Asia-Pacific region, the author identifies the main trends in the evolution of the «li» ritual: preservation of some elements of the «li» ritual, their integration in the history, politics, economy and culture of the countries considering the national specificity; changes in some elements of the «li» ritual and their adaptation to the historical, cultural, socio-economic and political characteristics of the country; individualization of the «li» ritual, which becomes apparent in the fact that the ritual moves from the social life of society into the sphere of social life of the individual

Рассматривается возможность внедрения лизинговой компании в состав интегрированной структуры в качестве инвестиционного центра. Обоснована экономическая эффективность лизингового механизма финансирования инвестиционной деятельности. Выделены функция, роль лизинговой компании, а также преимущества как для лизинговой компании, так и для интегрированной структуры. ; At present the role of the integrated structures significantly increases in Ukraine. Unfortunately, the legislation of Ukraine pays not enough attention to the regulation of activity of integrated structures. At the same time foreign experience testifies that the basis of integration processes consists in consolidation of resources of participants of structure. However there are objective restrictions on possibilities of intra group financing of integrated structures and there is a need of external financing. In such conditions the allocations of one participant, capable to carry out the function of the investment center of integrated structure, will be the most effective. The leasing company can become such a participant. As the investment center it can carry out both the leasing activity functions and the functions of the investment center of the integrated structure – the organizational center of investment activity and participation in the marketing program of the integrated structure. The functioning of the association of the enterprises with participation of a leasing company is possible only in regions of Ukraine with high concentration of industrial and financial capital from which Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kharkov, Zaporozhye, Odessa areas are observed. After analising economic indicators of industrial production of Donetsk region it seems possible to come to a conclusion that in the region there are extremely favorable conditions for formation of associations of the enterprises with participation of the investment center in the form of the leasing company. On the basis of available statistical information the conclusion is drawn that the leasing mechanism of investment activity practicallyisn't used. At the same time, financing of 50% of investments by means of financial leasing allows receiving 80% growth of investments. It allows speaking about considerable prospects of participation of leasing companies in the course of overcoming the economic crisis.

Статья представляет собой попытку определить перечень оснований для формирования языка (языков) политической науки, отвечающего стандартным требованиям к искусственным языкам, с учетом специфики политологических дисциплин. Предлагается решить проблему изолированных парадигмальных диалектов, связанных с отдельными предметами исследования и не взаимодействующих друг с другом, с помощью межпарадигмального перевода, поиска функциональных эквивалентов, метафоризации и интеграции предметными областями терминологии и языковых структур, свойственных другим областям. Критика современного языка политологии сопровождается анализом понятия власти как источника для формирования универсальных политологических грамматических категорий. Описание властных отношений осуществляется через понятия объекта, субъекта и процедуры, для которых характерны различные, как правило альтернативные, сценарии поведения, формирующие более или менее гармоничные сочетания. Сами сценарии анализируются через понятия поведенческого алгоритма и логики политического поведения. Система таких категорий, предложенная в статье, может быть использована как инструментарий описания и интерпретации любой властной конфигурации, сохраняя возможность трансляции изучаемой проблематики в разные парадигмы. ; The article is an attempt to define the list of reasons for the formation of the language(s) of political science, which meets the standard requirements for artificial languages, taking into account the specificity of political science disciplines. It is proposed to solve the problem of isolated paradigmal dialects, which are associated with individual objects of research and do not interact with each other, with the help of inter-paradigmal interpretation, search for functional equivalents, metaphorization and integration of subject areas of terminology and language structures, inherent by other areas. Criticism of the modern language of political science is accompanied by an analysis of the concept of power as a source for the formation of political universal grammatical categories. Description of power relations is made through the concept of object, subject and procedures, which are characterized by different, usually alternative scenarios of behavior, which form more or less harmonious combinations. Scenarios themselves are analyzed through the concept of the behavioral algorithm and logic of political behavior. The system of categories proposed in the article can be used as a tool for description and interpretation of any power configuration, retaining the ability to broadcast the studied issues into different paradigms.

In der neuen Förderperiode der europäischen Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik sollen die ökologischen Anforderungen für den Erhalt der Direktzahlungen angehoben und zu einem verpflichtenden Bestandteil der Prämien umgestaltet werden. Diese Greening-Maßnahmen sehen unter anderem vor, dass die landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe fünf Prozent ihrer Ackerflächen als ökologische Vorrangflächen (ÖVF) bereitstellen müssen. Um die naturschutzfachliche Eignung von Anbaukulturen bewerten zu können, wurden 2012 im vorliegenden Projekt "Naturverträgliche Nutzung ökologischer Vorrangflächen – ein Mehrwert für Biodiversität und Landwirtschaft?" insgesamt 82 verschiedene Energiepflanzen und extensive Anbaukulturen auf Standorten in neun Bundesländern untersucht. Zur Prüfung der ökologischen Eignung wurden mehrere Parameter herangezogen und die Kulturen entsprechend bonitiert.Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass viele Kulturen eine Eignung als ÖVF zeigen, wenn bestimmte Anbaubedingungen eingehalten werden. Als entscheidende und unabdingbare Anbau-Rahmenbedingungen für die ökologische Wirkung der ÖVF konnten folgende Kriterien herausgearbeitet werden:• Keine Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und Düngung.• Keine Bodenbearbeitung und keine Ernte im Zeitraum 15.04. - 01.08., kein Stoppelumbruch vor 30.11. eines Jahres, keine Bewässerung/Beregnung.• Anbau in weiten Reihenabständen bei Kulturen, die leicht mit klassischen Kulturen verwechselt werden können.Auf Basis der oben genannten Kriterien können die ÖVF eine vielfältige Wirkung für den Biodiversitäts-, Boden-, Wasser- und Klimaschutz erzielen. Durch die Integration von ÖVF in eine Fruchtfolge können die Flächen in der Landschaft "wandern" und so vielerorts Wirkung entfalten. Für die Feldvögel sind ein lichter Bestand, ein langer "ungestörter" Entwicklungszeitraum der Kulturen von Mitte April bis Anfang/Mitte August sowie ein Verbleiben von Stoppelbrachen bis in den Herbst oder bis ins nächste Frühjahr hinein förderlich.Stichwörter: Ökologische Vorrangflächen (ÖVF), Greening, GAP-Reform, FeldvögelEcological Focus Areas – Requirements for the Greening obligation from an avifaunistic point of viewAbstract33 projects and/or farms in Germany with 82 parcels comprising different cropping systems (e.g. biomass crops, extensive cultures, mixed crops, protein crops) have been analysed in 2012 with regard to their suitability as Ecological Focus Areas (EFA) under the EU's reformed Common Agricultural Policy. The ecological suitability has been assessed on the basis of seven criteria (diversity of sown species, diversity of wild species, cropping structure, significance for pollinators, significance for farmland birds and game, soil and water synergy effects, climate mitigation impact). Several crops showed a high ecological suitability, and the key criteria have been identified: no application of pesticides and fertilisers, no soil cultivation and no harvest between 15th April and 1st August, and no ploughing before 30th November. A wise implementation of Ecological Focus Areas can deliver high conservation benefits, while even bearing interesting economic perspectives for farmers.Keywords: Ecological Focus Area (EFA), Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), farmland bird