Suchergebnisse

Purpose: The aim of the considerations undertaken in this article was to identify the issues concerning the scope and effects of cooperation between companies with foreign capital and domestic entities of foreign direct investment and to identify the scale of impact of foreign companies operating in Poland on domestic entities in the sphere of knowledge. Design/methodology/approach: The main survey was conducted in 2017 and covered a group of 120 foreign enterprises from the list of the largest foreign investors in Poland, drawn up by Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency (PAIiIZ). As part of the conducted survey, a targeted selection was applied, which guaranteed a selection corresponding to specific survey criteria. The measurement tool was a survey questionnaire, which contained both open and closed questions. In the case of the majority of closed questions, it was possible to add own answers to the proposed variants, not provided by the Author. Findings: By penetrating domestic economies, they bring not only such an important capital, but a whole package of added values, which are worth mentioning, among others: knowledge, managerial skills or an increase in the level of innovativeness of enterprises. The importance of foreign direct investment, as one of the most important factors in the modernisation of the domestic economy, is all the greater the scarcity of domestic financial resources prevents actions to improve the country's competitiveness, but also when it is not possible to create innovations on one's own. An opportunity to bridge the gap in economic development (including the technology gap) of less developed or developing countries is precisely the activity of international companies, which are a form of foreign direct investment. This is because they bring with them the transfer of technology and knowledge, which are stimuli for innovation and development of the modern economy. Research limitations/implications: One of the most basic and uncontrolled constraints is the limited access to data related to the survey - (data protection by enterprises), - original sample selection - The group of investors was selected by comparing the list of the Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency (PAIiIZ) - the 500 largest foreign investors in Poland, and the list of "Fortune" magazine - the 500 largest corporations in the world classified by value of income. Apart from direct impact on the economy of a given country, foreign investment may also have an indirect impact (portfolio investment) - the method of quantification of data collected by financial institutions has often made it impossible to distinguish between these two streams of foreign capital. Originality/value: The study carried out by the author of the dissertation is in itself a significant contribution to the development of FDI methodology in Central and Eastern Europe. The most significant results representing the scientific novelty of the dissertation include the following elements: determining the impact of FDI on the formation of business systems related to the broadly understood knowledge and skills of the company - including the management and organization system, quality management, and employment.

Resumo: Este artigo pretende discutir dados do recorte de uma pesquisa intitulada "Trajetórias de Vida de Jovens em Situação de Privação de Liberdade no Sistema Socioeducativo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro" (JULIÃO; MENDES, 2018), que teve como objetivo constituir, a partir da visão dos adolescentes e jovens em privação de liberdade no estado, um conhecimento aprofundado acerca de suas vidas e percepções, apontando para a promoção de transformações produtivas em seu processo socioeducativo. Foram destacados neste artigo subtemas da pesquisa para empreender uma breve reflexão, dialogando com textos relevantes, considerando as violências vividas por essa população e a perda de muitas vidas desses jovens. Os subtemas escolhidos foram: o enfrentamento da violência e a vulnerabilidade, relações com representantes da lei, aspectos de saúde e sexualidade, a família e sua realidade, o território enquanto espaço de vivência dos adolescentes e a interação deles com as políticas públicas a eles destinadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho, ao comentar, discutir e aprofundar a pesquisa "Trajetórias" é acentuar a importância de se conhecer as relações sociais que compõem as vidas desses adolescentes e as interações com os recursos e oportunidades de suas redes regionais. Assim, procura-se ponderar sobre a possibilidade de investimentos públicos, assinalando demandas, seja no campo institucional ou em seus espaços de vida, desconstruindo preconceitos diversos, para abertura de novas vias de desenvolvimento e existência cidadã.Palavras-chave: Adolescentes em privação de liberdade. Violência. Famílias. Territórios. Políticas Públicas. Abstract: This article intends to discuss data from part of a research entitled "Life Trajectories of Young People in Juvenile Detention in the Socio-Educational System of the State of Rio de Janeiro" (JULIÃO; MENDES, 2018). Its aim is to construct a consistent in-depth knowledge on their lives and perceptions from the point of view of young people in detention, pointing to the promotion of productive changes in their socio-educational process. This article highlighted the subthemes of the research to take a brief reflection, dialoguing with relevant texts and considering the different types of violence experienced by this population and the many losses of lives of these young people. The chosen subthemes were: the confrontation of violence and vulnerability, relationships with law enforcement representatives, health and sexuality aspects, the family and its reality, the territory as a living space for adolescents and their interaction with public policies aimed at them. The purpose of this paper, by commenting, discussing and deepening the research "Trajectories" is to emphasize the importance of knowing the social relations that make up the lives of these adolescents and the interactions with the resources and opportunities of their regional networks. Thus, we seek to consider the possibility of public investments, pointing out demands to open new ways of development and citizen existence, either in the institutional field or in their living spaces, deconstructing different prejudices.Keywords: Adolescents in juvenile detention. Violence. Families. Territories. Public Policies.

A Escola Nova, movimento que representou uma revolução educacional entre os séculos XIX e XX, impulsionou transformações no campo educativo em diversas partes do mundo por considerar, em suas metodologias, a individualidade dos educandos no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, deslocando a figura central do professor para o estudante. Esse movimento ganhou força por considerar os interesses e necessidades de aprendizagem de cada um, transferindo ao aluno a autonomia para a construção do conhecimento. Tendo como principal característica a aprendizagem ativa, de modo que o aluno possa aprender pela experiência e pela prática. Esse movimento perdeu força no Brasil devido às políticas públicas, mas também pela dificuldade de levar essa concepção educacional para toda a população, devido aos seus critérios de personalização e à necessidade de trabalhar com poucos alunos por turma, em sala de aula. Já no século XXI, com a expansão dos recursos tecnológicos, surgem novamente as tendências da utilização de metodologias ativas, em que, pela tecnologia aliada ao processo pedagógico, é favorável um ensino personalizado e ativo, assim como no ideário escolanovista. Portanto, a fim de colaborar com a compreensão das necessidades educacionais atuais, centradas no aluno, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as metodologias ativas e suas relações com a tendência pedagógica escolanovista. A análise dessas aproximações pauta-se pelo método de pesquisa bibliográfica, pois envolve a compreensão de uma tendência pedagógica de séculos passados e a compreensão do novo contexto educacional que, culturalmente, está totalmente inserido na era digital. Palavras-chave: Ensino. Tecnologia. Tendência Pedagógica. AbstractThe New School, a movement that represented an educational revolution between the 19th and 20th centuries, stimulated changes in the educational field in different parts of the world, because it considered the learner's individuality during the teaching and learning process, shifting the central figure from teacher to student. This movement gained strength by considering the interests and needs of each student, transferring to the student the autonomy for building knowledge. The main characteristic of this method is the active learning, in which the student learn by the experience and the practice. This movement lost strength in Brazil due to public policies, but also because of the difficulty to apply this educational concept to the entire population, since personalization criteria requires the need of few students per class. In the 21st century, the expansion of technological resources brought again attention to the use of active methodologies. Thanks to technology allied to pedagogical process, a personalized and active teaching is favored, as well as in Escolanovista's ideology. Therefore, in order to collaborate with the understanding of the current educational needs, this research has, as main objective, the analysis of active methodologies and their relation to Escolanovista's pedagogical tendency. The analysis of these approaches was based on literature review, since it involved the pedagogical trends knowledge from past centuries plus the understanding of the new educational context fully inserted in the digital era. Keywords: Teaching. Technology. Pedagogical Tendency.

PurposeOrganisational cynicism (OC) is a growing trend in contemporary organisations. However, its impact on employee performance (EP) remains understudied. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by investigating its effect on EP. The study also investigates the moderating effect of employee engagement (EE) on the relationship between OC and EP.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data are collected through questionnaire from employees (N=200) of various health organisations in Pakistan by employing a convenient sampling technique. Hierarchical multiple regression is employed by using SPSS.FindingsThe findings of correlation and regression analyses reveal that OC has significant negative relationship with EP. Hence, the patient care is compromised in sampled organisations due to poorer performance of employees. Moreover, findings also reveal that EE has a moderating effect on relationship between OC and EP. Therefore, hospital management needs to increase EE to reduce the cynicism and improve performance. In addition, organisations and managers need to consider their role and actions creating the conditions that lead to cynicism among employees and should take trustworthy steps to increase employee retention and engagement and, ultimately, their performance. Moreover, the findings of the study indicate that the majority of respondents are not happy with their organisations. They also feel that the organisation is not fulfilling its promises and betraying them in several ways. This breach of contract becomes the reason for OC among employees and badly affects their performance. Most of respondents give importance to their career development and the findings reveal that organisations are not focussing on career development of their employees.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has some limitations and implications. The organisational culture can mitigate the negative effect of OC and enhance performance by promoting EE. It is recommended that employee cynicism can be reduced by providing a supportive environment, EE and fairness. Nevertheless, the findings of this study still help supervisors to inhibit this harmful effect by reducing the level of psychological contract violation and organisational politics that will reduce the level of cynicism among employees and improve their performance.Practical implicationsIt is found that OC has a major impact on the behaviour and attitude of employees, supervisors and representatives on the one hand and, ultimately, the organisation, on the other hand. These effects have specific susceptibilities due to the vicinity of the employees. It is recommended that employee cynicism can be reduced by providing a supportive environment.Social implicationsThe study also helps psychologists to understand employees' attitudes and improve personnel selection to ensure they recruit the right people. Leaders need to communicate honestly, effectively and frequently to address cynicism in order to ensure ample staffing and resource levels that result in good patient care and positive work attitudes at hospitals.Originality/valueAccording to the researchers' best knowledge, only few studies tried to investigate the relationship between organisational cynicism and EP by employing the moderating effect of EE. Therefore, it will be a good contribution in existing literature to understand consequences of cynicisms.

ABSTRACTOptimizing agricultural products requires the development of agriculture with a superior commodity approach. The leading commodities can be used as a basis in determining the priority of the agricultural development to develop potential resources optimally. With the potential of the agricultural sector in Padang Pariaman Regency being large, the study of leading commodities needs to be carried out as a material for consideration of the Padang Pariaman District government in planning development in the development of agricultural commodities. The purpose of the research is to find out the leading agricultural commodities that are prospective to be developed in Padang Pariaman Regency in improving the progress of the agricultural sector to support the economy of Padang Pariaman Regency. The analysis method used in this research is analysis of Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share analysis. Then the leading commodities are analyzed by the economic outlook of the commodity by assessing the potential of processed products, market reach, and business scale. Furthermore, identification of prospective superior commodity centers in terms of the concentration of commodities in each sub-district, road network, and land use in Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. The result of the research showed the leading commodity in Padang Pariaman Regency are coconut, cocoa, mangosteen, cinnamon, and gardamon. The production centers of prospective leading commodities which prioritize their development in Padang Pariaman Regency are coconuts in Sungai Geringging District, Gardamon in Patamuan District, cocoa in V Koto Kampung Dalam District, mangosteen in Lubuk Alung District, and cinnamon in V Koto Kampung Dalam District. Keywords: Leading Commodities, Prospective, Production Centers ABSTRAKMengoptimalkan produk pertanian diperlukan pengembangan pertanian dengan pendekatan komoditi unggulan. Komoditi unggulan pada sektor pertanian dapat digunakan sebagai dasar dalam penentuan prioritas pengembangan pertanian untuk mengembangkan potensi sumberdaya secara optimal. Dengan potensi sektor pertanian di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman yang besar, maka kajian komoditi unggulan perlu dilakukan sebagai bahan pertimbangan pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dalam membuat perencanaan pembangunan dalam pengembangan komoditi pertanian. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu mengetahui komoditas pertanian unggulan yang prospektif untuk dikembangkan di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dalam meningkatkan kemajuan sektor pertanian untuk menunjang perekonomian Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Penentuan komoditi unggulan dilakukan dengan metode Location Quotient (LQ) dan Shift Share. Kemudian komoditi unggulan dianalisis prospek ekonomi komoditi dengan menilai potensi produk olahan, jangkauan pasar, dan skala usaha. Selanjutnya identifikasi sentra komoditi unggulan prospektif ditinjau dari konsentrasi komoditi dimasing-masing kecamatan, jaringan jalan, serta penggunaan lahan Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Berdasarkan hasil analisis maka komoditas unggulan prospektif yang prioritas untuk dikembangkan di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman adalah kelapa, kakao, manggis, kayu manis, dan gardamon. Sentra produksi komoditi unggulan prospektif yang diprioritaskan pengembangannya di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman adalah kelapa di Kecamatan Sungai Geringging, Gardamon di Kecamatan Patamuan, kakao di Kecamatan V Koto Kampung Dalam, manggis di Kecamatan Lubuk Alung, dan kayu manis di Kecamatan V Koto Kampung Dalam.Kata kunci: Komoditi Unggulan, Prospektif, Sentra Komoditi

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the allocation of financial resources in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the state of São Paulo by level of care, health region, source of funds and level of government. METHODS: This is an exploratory study based on 2014 data extracted from the Public Health Budget Database, presented in absolute terms, relative terms and per capita. RESULTS: In 2014, R$52.1 bi were spent on public health, 58.0% having corresponded to the expenditures of the municipalities and 42.0% to those of the state government. Regional per capita spending varied from R$561.75 to R$824.85. As for the per capita spending on primary health care, which represented 37.5% of the municipalities' total expenditure, the lowest value was found in the city of São Paulo and the highest, in Araçatuba. Campinas had the highest per capita expenditure on medium and high complexity care, while Presidente Prudente had the lowest. The highest regional percentage of the current net revenue spent on health was verified in Registro, and the lowest, in the city of São Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: The paradigm of the health sector's financing in São Paulo revealed that the expenditure on primary health care, level elected by health policy as strategic because it depends on coordination and integral health care in the attention networks, was not considered a priority in relation to the expenditure with the medium and high complexity, exposing the iniquities in the state's regions. ; OBJETIVO: Analisar a alocação de recursos financeiros no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no estado de São Paulo por nível de atenção, região de saúde, fonte de recursos e ente federado. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo exploratório circunscrito ao exercício de 2014. Os dados extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde estão apresentados em valores absolutos, relativos e per capita. RESULTADOS: Em 2014 observou-se um gasto público com saúde de R$52,1 bi, sendo 58,0% relativos ao gasto dos municípios e 42,0% relativos ao gasto do governo do estado. O gasto regional per capita variou de R$561,75 a R$824,85. Já o gasto per capita com atenção primária à saúde, que representou 37,5% do gasto total dos municípios, foi menor na região da Grande São Paulo e maior em Araçatuba. A região de Campinas apresentou o maior gasto per capita com atenção de média e alta complexidade, enquanto Presidente Prudente teve o menor. O maior percentual regional da receita corrente líquida gasto com saúde foi verificado em Registro, e o menor na Grande São Paulo. CONCLUSÕES: O paradigma de financiamento do setor da saúde em São Paulo revelou que o gasto com a atenção primária, nível eleito pela política de saúde como estratégico porque dele dependem a coordenação e o cuidado integral à saúde nas redes de atenção, não recebeu prioridade em relação ao gasto com a média e a alta complexidade, expondo as iniquidades nas regiões do estado.

South American governments recognize access to medicines as part of the right of their populationsto health and welfare. Both, life and health understood as social rights imply effortsof the health systems to guarantee the best conditions in an equitable and collective way, without restrictions to access, and maintaining their sustainability. The so-called "judicialization of access to medicines" has become an alternative path to the mechanisms established by the health systems in the region, generating concerns related to the contradiction between the efforts of health systems and judicial determinations. This article presents a systematicreview on the subject in the region, based on Scopus, PubMed and Lilacs databases. Manyof the cases reported describe individual claims that have not generated collective routes,whose sentences could involve more numerous groups of people; generate jurisprudence for similar approaches, and impact on the design and implementation of public policies. Under the principle of universality, the judicialization of medicines is a useful strategy insofar asit maintains the balance between the guarantees of the right to health, collective welfare and the best disposition of the health resources. From a legal perspective, there is still an unresolved concern regarding the role of the various entities that are available to countries to guarantee fundamental rights and its articulation with other bodies such as courts and administrative authorities. ; Los gobiernos suramericanos reconocen el acceso a medicamentos como parte del derechode sus poblaciones a la salud y al bienestar. Tanto la vida como la salud entendidas comoderechos sociales implican esfuerzos de los sistemas de salud para garantizar las mejores condiciones de manera equitativa y colectiva, sin restricciones de acceso, y manteniendo su sostenibilidad. El fenómeno, conocido como judicialización del acceso a los medicamentos" se ha tornado una vía alternativa a los mecanismos establecidos por el sistema de salud enla región, generando preocupaciones relacionadas con la contradicción entre los esfuerzos de los sistemas de salud y las determinaciones judiciales. Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática el tema en la región, a partir de las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed y Lilacs. Muchos de los casos informados describen demandas individuales sin que se hayan generado rutas colectivas, cuyas sentencias pudieran involucrar a grupos más numerosos de personas, generar jurisprudencia para próximos abordajes similares, e impactar en el diseño o implementación de políticas públicas. Según el principio de universalidad, la judicialización de medicamentos es una estrategia útil en tanto mantenga el equilibrio entre la garantía del derecho a la salud, el bienestar colectivo y la mejor disposición de los recursos en salud. Desde la perspectiva jurídica queda una gran inquietud sin resolver en cuanto al rol de las diversas instancias conlas que cuentan los países para garantizar derechos fundamentales y su articulación con otras instancias como tribunales y autoridades administrativas.

Cada vez más gobiernos han sustentado el desarrollo de su conocimiento a través de estrategias y políticas de mejora la educación superior, innovación e investigación. En Latinoamérica es incipiente la incorporación de sistemas tecnológicos para la construcción de ambientes de aprendizaje innovadores. La investigación tiene por objetivo caracterizar el alcance de la metodología de Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos en la formación profesional de docentes en un ambiente e-learning de aprendizaje. Se diseñó un ambiente de aprendizaje en plataforma virtual Blackboard, con base en la sistematización de cinco fases fundamentadas en la metodología PBL, se empleó el diseño metodológico estudio de caso instrumental con una muestra de 60 estudiantes de diferentes partes de América Latina (92% México, 3% Colombia y 5% Ecuador), los instrumentos que se emplearon fueron cuestionarios ad hoc y rúbricas de evaluación digitales. El análisis cualitativo de contenido evidencia una alta frecuencia en las categorías temáticas: vinculación de conceptos teórico-metodológicos, competencias de colaboración y trabajo en equipo, recursos digitales, programas y plataformas on-line. Se concluye que el impacto del ABP en los cursos de Posgrado favorece la motivación de los docentes en innovar su práctica educativa, así como la generación de un alto compromiso en el trabajo colaborativo enfocado a la resolución de problemas en contextos sociales-educativos en estudiantes de un programa de Maestría en Educación de financiamiento privado, con énfasis en la formación de innovación educativa. ; More governments have supported the development of their knowledge through strategies and policies to improve higher education, innovation and research. In Latin America, the incorporation of technological systems for the construction of innovative learning environments is still incipient. The objective of the research is to characterize the scope of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) methodology in the professional training of teachers in an e-learning learning environment. A learning environment was designed in the virtual platform Blackboard, based on the systematization of five phases based on the PBL methodology, the methodological design of the instrumental case study was used with a sample of 60 students from different parts of Latin America (92% Mexico, 3% Colombia and 5% Ecuador), the data collection instruments that were used were ad hoc questionnaires and digital evaluation rubrics. The qualitative analysis of content shows a high frequency in the thematic categories of: linking of theoretical-methodological concepts, collaboration and teamwork skills, digital resources, programs and on-line platforms. It is concluded that impact of PBL methodology in Postgraduate courses favors the motivation of teachers in innovating their educational practice, as well as the generation of a high commitment in the collaborative work focused on the resolution of problems in social-educational contexts in students of a Master's program in Education with private funding, and emphasis on educational innovation training. ; peerReviewed

El trabajo que presento apunta a reflexionar sobre la incidencia de la Ratio Studiorum en la formación humanística de la Universidad de san Ignacio de Córdoba (Argentina). Pretende contextualizar el modelo ignaciano concluido en 1599 y su aplicación en este centro académico, ubicado en la sede de la Provincia Jesuítica del Paraguay. El modelo de la Ratio se vinculó con las Constituciones de la universidad dictadas en 1663, formando un cuerpo teórico-práctico de funcionamiento pedagógico que se extendió hasta la Supresión en 1773. La,por la época, novedosa estructura organizativa es uno de los factores de relevancia de este sistema de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Cada actor, desde el provincial, pasando por el rector, los profesores y alumnos se desarrollaban dentro de un marco de armonía. Incluso el procurador, cuya misión era hacer que la enseñanza fuera gratuita a través del sostenimiento de una red de medios que proporcionaban lo necesario para ese fin. La organización escolar partía del pensum, o plan de estudios, cuyas estructuras básicas eran la filosofía y la teología. En ese marco se encuadran los textos inclinados al sistema filosófico propuesto por Aristóteles en la Antigüedad y desarrollado e interpretado desde la perspectiva cristiana por Santo Tomás. Pero también abordo la cotidianeidad institucional en el ingreso y promoción del alumno, el calendario escolar, los actos públicos y demás recursos que conformaban una formación integral que educó a una élite que llegó a cuestionar el sistema político de su tiempo. ; The work that we present aims to reflect on the incidence of the Ratio Studiorum in the humanistic formation of the University of San Ignacio de Córdoba (Argentina). It aims to contextualize the Ignatian model completed in 1599 and its application in this academic center, located at the headquarters of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay. The model of the Ratio was linked to the constitutions of the university dictated in 1663, forming a theoretical-practical body of pedagogical functioning that extended until the Suppression in 1773. The new organizational structure is one of the factors of relevance of this teaching-learning system. Each actor, from the provincial, through the rector, teachers and students were developed within a framework of harmony. Even the procurator, whose mission was to make teaching free through the maintenance of a network of media that provided what was necessary for that purpose. The school organization started from the curriculum, or curriculum, whose basic structures were philosophy and theology. Within this framework are framed texts inclined to the philosophical system proposed by Aristotle in Antiquity and developed and interpreted from the Christian perspective by St. Thomas. But we also address the institutional everyday in the income and promotion of the student, the school calendar, public events and other resources that formed an integral formation that educated an elite that came to question the political system of his time.

Objective: This paper aims to characterize the productive capacity in relation with active economic population taking into account a situation of poverty show in a low stratum (1) of La Ceiba neighborhood La Ceiba in the municipality of Baranoa Atlántico from Colombia, for 2018. Method: The productive capacities approach and the institutional functions of the government in public policies were used; surveys and pre structured interviews aimed at the entire population were applied, as follows: 33 heads of each household and their relatives of working age, the dimensions of the social aspects are analyzed (educational, health, physical abilities and skills), economic, productive, financial, technological, commercial, among other aspects. Result: It was found that few people of working age, who have decided to participate in the training and entrepreneurship strategies of their own business, they have improved the economic situation of their homes, since they have increased their productive capacities s and your well-being. Discussion: The lack of coverage and attention in relation with productive projects with the communities by the institutions due to the limitation of their budget is discussed. Conclusion: The improvement of economic capabilities leads to its overall prosperity; this is where much of the generation of economic values, originally represented in financial and economic terms, derives: economic profitability, progress, social innovation and the accumulation of knowledge in the generation of its own resources. ; Objetivo: caracterizar la capacidad productiva en la población económica activa y en situación de pobreza con estrato 1 bajo del barrio la Ceiba del municipio de Baranoa Atlántico, Colombia, para el año 2018. Método: Se utilizó el enfoque de la teoría de las capacidades productivas y las funciones institucionales del gobierno en las políticas públicas, mediante la aplicación de encuestas y entrevistas pre estructuradas, dirigidas a toda la población: 33 jefes de cada hogar y sus parientes en edad de trabajar se analizaron las dimensiones aspectos sociales como educativos, salud, capacidades físicas y de competencias; económicos, productivos, financieros, tecnológicos y comerciales. Resultados: Se encontró que las pocas personas en edad de trabajar, que han decido participar en las estrategias de formación y emprendimiento de su propio negocio, han logrado mejorar la situación económica, dado que han aumentado sus capacidades productivas y por ende el bienestar de sus hogares. Discusión: la falta de cobertura y de atención de las instituciones en proyectos productivos con las comunidades se da por la limitación del presupuesto. Conclusión: la mejora de las capacidades económicas conlleva a la prosperidad integral, y esto se deriva en gran parte de la generación de valores económicos, originalmente representado en términos financieros y económicos, los cuales son rentabilidad económica, progreso, innovación social y acumulación de conocimiento en la generación de sus propios recursos.

The article exposes and gathers some research variables in the knowledge of political perception and its impact on political marketing. The study maintains predominance in the field of communication, social networks, political society, candidates, electoral campaigns, actions that contribute to the perception and persuasion of our Ecuadorian political target. The objective of this scientific article is to identify some perceptions of voters and their impact on political marketing actions, and analogous behavior in the pre-election stage of political communication, guiding future candidates in planning, organizing and elaborating on an electoral crusade. It is for this reason that the present research work is based technically and scientifically on the knowledge in political communication and perception as a starting point and landfall. On the other hand, the problem that was identified was rooted in the link between transparency and the eradication of high-cost corruption. So if you used a methodology with a predominant quantitative approach, with a basic modality of field research, bibliographic-documentary, exploratory, cross-sectional descriptive, to analyze and interpret. The study obtained results of the application of 384 surveys to cantons of Tungurahua, of all ages and strata, of legal age. Among the resources, materials and scientists oriented on the basis of the research project of 05-29-2018 were used, and their management is under the responsibility of the authors of this article. ; El artículo expone y reúne algunas variables de investigación en el conocimiento de la percepción política y su impacto en el marketing político. El estudio sostiene predominio en el ámbito de la comunicación, redes sociales, sociedad política, candidatos, campañas electorales, acciones que contribuyen a la percepción y persuasión de nuestro target político ecuatoriano. El objetivo de este artículo científico es identificar algunas percepciones de los electores y su impacto frente a las acciones de marketing político, y conductas análogas en la etapa preelectoral de la comunicación política, orientando a futuros candidatos en planificación, organización y elaboración en una cruzada electoral. Es por esta razón que el presente trabajo de investigación se fundamenta técnicamente y científicamente en el conocimiento en comunicación política y percepción como punto de partida y de recalada. Por otra parte el problema que se identificó se radicó en la vinculación entre la transparencia y erradicación de la corrupción que tiene un costo elevado. Por lo que si utilizó una metodología con un enfoque predominante cuantitativo, con una modalidad básica de investigación de campo, bibliográfica-documental, exploratoria, descriptivo transversal, para analizar e interpretar. Del estudio se logró resultados de la aplicación de 384 encuestas a cantones de Tungurahua, de todas las edades y estratos, mayores de edad. Entre los recursos se utilizó materiales y científicos orientados sobre la base del proyecto de investigación del 29-05-2018, y su gestión corre bajo la responsabilidad de los autores de este artículo.

ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out, given that the management of the City Council of Chiclayo maintains a subsisting concern about the management of public funds and the scarce concretions in works of great social impact, and also because despite the improvements in administration, the financial situation of the municipal government is perceived to be far from achieving more works and therefore better services to the community. For the study, the population and the sample, - non-probabilistic sample and convenience - was made up of the universe composed of all officials and administrative employees who work in the Provincial Municipality of Chiclayo, therefor a survey on variables, education and culture was formulated, sanitation and health, transportation. Likewise, a perception survey was taken of 130 residents or residents of Chiclayo, about the benefits and impact of the public works carried out in Chiclayo in the 2007-2009 period. To carry out the analysis of the management of the Provincial Municipal Council of Chiclayo, the municipal budgets, the local expenditure were taken into account and a comparison was made of the measurement of the efficiency of their peers at the national level. In this regard, it is concluded that the municipal management of the province of Chiclayo has not had an efficient use of budgetary resources in the 2007-2009 period. The results obtained, highlight the need to concentrate greater efforts in improving the efficiency of spending at the level of the province of Chiclayo. ; RESUMEN La presente investigación se llevó a cabo, dado que la gestión del Concejo Municipal de Chiclayo mantiene una preocupación subsistente sobre el manejo de los fondos públicos y por las escasas concreciones en obras de gran impacto social, y porque a pesar de las mejoras en la administración financiera de dicho gobierno municipal se percibe que está distante de lograr más obras y por ende mejores servicios a la comunidad. Para el estudio, la población y la muestra - muestra no probabilístico y por conveniencia- estuvo conformada por el universo compuesto por todos los funcionarios y empleados administrativos que laboran en la Municipalidad Provincial de Chiclayo, se formuló encuesta sobre las variables, educación y cultura, saneamiento y salud, transportes. Asimismo, se tomó una encuesta de percepción a 130 pobladores o residentes en Chiclayo, sobre los beneficios e impacto de las obras públicas efectuadas en Chiclayo en el período 2007-2009. Para llevar a cabo el análisis de la gestión Concejo Municipal Provincial de Chiclayo, se tomó en cuenta los presupuestos municipales, el gasto local y se hizo una comparación de la medición de la eficiencia de sus pares a nivel nacional. Al respecto, se concluye, que la gestión municipal de la provincia de Chiclayo no ha tenido un uso eficiente de los recursos presupuestarios en el período 2007-2009. Los resultados obtenidos, resaltan la necesidad de concentrar mayores esfuerzos en mejorar la eficiencia del gasto a nivel de la provincia de Chiclayo. ; Tesis

This article analyses the legislative committee carrying out financial and budgetary oversight at municipalities in Brazil. These committees, similar to the internationally named Public Account Committees, support parliamentarians to analyze, evaluate, and scrutinize budgetary bills, amendments and governor's accounts covering the entire budgetary cycle. Based on a small-N analysis inductive approach, the study compares budgetary legislative committees from three local parliaments for the term 2013-2016. Such budgetary committees just operate ceremonially and passively, offering superficial recommendations. The evidence indicates that the legal mandate to operate and material and human resources are not sufficient to guarantee the commissions' efficiency. The collateral undesirable effects from coalitional government create incentives to maintain ceremonial commissions. The fragile legislative committee's performance on budgetary issues is a bottleneck to any aspiration to achieve fiscal sustainability in Brazil. ; Este artículo analiza los comités legislativos que realizan la supervisión financiera y presupuestaria en los municipios de Brasil. Estos comités apoyarían a los concejales en el análisis, evaluación y control de proyectos de ley, enmiendas y prestación de cuentas presentados por las municipalidades que cubran todo el ciclo presupuestario. Basado en un método inductivo, el estudio compara el desempeño de los comités presupuestarios y de finanzas de tres cámaras municipales en el mandato de 2013-2016. Se constató que dichos comités presupuestarios solo operaron ceremonial y pasivamente, al emitir pareceres superficiales. La evidencia indica que lo previsto en ley y los recursos materiales y humanos no son suficientes para garantizar el funcionamiento de dichos comités. Los efectos colaterales del gobierno de coalición crean incentivos políticos para mantener las comisiones operando de forma ceremonial. El frágil desempeño de los comités legislativos en el control presupuestario demuestra ser un punto crítico para cualquier aspiración de lograr el equilibrio fiscal en la federación brasileña. ; Este artigo analisa a atuação das comissões de orçamento e finanças das câmaras municipais no controle orçamentário. Tais comissões apoiariam os vereadores na análise, na avaliação e no controle de projetos de lei, emendas parlamentares e prestação de contas apresentados(as) pelas prefeituras ao longo de todas as fases do ciclo orçamentário. Baseado em um método indutivo de pequenas amostras, este estudo compara a atuação das comissões de orçamento e finanças de 3 câmaras municipais no mandato de 2013-2016. Constatou-se que tais comissões atuaram de modo cerimonial e passivo, emitindo pareceres superficiais. Os resultados indicam que a previsão regimental e a existência de recursos materiais e humanos não garantem o funcionamento dessas comissões. Os efeitos colaterais do governo de coalizão geram incentivos políticos para manter as comissões com atuação cerimonial. A frágil atuação das comissões legislativas no controle orçamentário se mostra um ponto crítico para qualquer pretensão de equilíbrio fiscal na Federação.

Este trabajo aborda la producción simbólica del campo de la economía presente en los metamedios (portales web no especializados en economía) durante la campaña presidencial colombiana de 2018 hasta noviembre del mismo año. Primero se contextualiza históricamente el surgimiento del campo de la economía dominante en Colombia desde 1990 hasta 2018 a través de las herramientas conceptuales de la Teoría de la Regulación, luego se construye un marco teórico que da cuenta de la interacción entre la Economía Política de la Comunicación, la Teoría de la Regulación (desde la economía) y los Estudios de la Comunicación. Luego, a partir del paradigma semiótico-lingüístico de los Estudios de la Comunicación, se construye la aproximación metodológica donde confluyen los Estudios Críticos del Discurso y la hermenéutica profunda de John Thompson. Esta convergencia metodológica da como resultado métodos de análisis los cuales fueron: constitución de un corpus, análisis cuantitativo, análisis descriptivo (análisis de títulos, acciones, autores y citación) y luego la composición de los anteriores en recursos y procesos lingüísticos que a su vez dan lugar a estrategias discursivas. A partir de los pasos anteriores se caracterizan las estrategias discursivas de naturalización y sustitución para la unidad léxica "mercado" y la de legitimación para la palabra "impuestos". Las anteriores divulgan los intereses de los actores económicos hegemónicos y sus preferencias electorales. Palabras clave: (Impuestos, mercados, estrategias discursivas, divulgativo, campo) ; This research addresses the issue of the symbolic production of the field of economics via the metamedia (web portals not specialized in economics) during the 2018 Colombian presidential campaign until November of the same year. In order to achieve this goal, this research starts from the emergence of the dominant field of economy in Colombia from 1990 to 2018, historically contextualized through the conceptual tools of the Theory of Regulation, then a theoretical framework is set up so that it accounts for the interaction between the Political Economy of Communication, the Theory of Regulation (from economics) and Communication Studies. Then, based on the semiotic-linguistic paradigm of Communication Studies, a new methodological approach is developed which merges Critical Discourse Studies and the Depth Hermeneutics by John Thompson. This theoretical convergence results in a particular method of analysis comprising the following steps: constitution of a corpus, quantitative analysis, descriptive analysis (analysis of titles, actions, agents and quotes) and interpretation in which the building up of these linguistic resources and processes which in turn integrate linguistic strategies take place. From the previous steps, the discursive strategies of "naturalization" and "substitution" around the key lexical unit "market" and the legitimation around the key lexical unit "taxes" are characterized. These reveal the interests of hegemonic economic actors and their electoral preferences. Keywords: (taxes, markets, discursive strategies, informational, field) ; Línea de Investigación: Culturas Mediáticas ; Maestría

Between 2009 and 2015, several rivers in the Doubs department were the scene of episodes of fish mortality. Summarising the uncertainties and concerns about the sustainability of fishing practices and potential health risks, this phenomenon has most often been explained by "river pollution". However, it seems that such a qualification casts a veil on the attempts at solutions put in place by the actors. Returning to the various surveys through which the actors concerned by this situation mobilize different resources to understand the causes of fish mortality episodes and control them, this work shows that the complexity of the phenomenon, the diversity of the issues it covers and its geographical size exceed the singular capacity of resolution specific to each group (environmental associations, structures representing the agricultural world, public authorities.) and require collective but always uncertain activity to define the problem and its solutions. It also appears that these investigations carry with them the risk of mutual denunciation and attribution of responsibilities. Also, while river advocates are engaged in denouncing agricultural activities and sanitation management leading to the opening of a conflict situation, experts mandated by government representatives conclude that the phenomenon is multifactorial and leads to a dilution of responsibilities. The situation then remains partly undetermined and the explanation by "river pollution" becomes a political solution, or even a "diplomatic tool" for a collective problem that is difficult to make sense of. ; Entre les années 2009 et 2015, plusieurs rivières du département du Doubs ont été le théâtre d'épisodes de mortalité piscicole. Résumant les incertitudes et les inquiétudes à l'égard de la pérennité des pratiques de pêche et de potentiels risques sanitaires, ce phénomène a été le plus souvent expliqué par « la pollution des rivières ». Or, il semble qu'une telle qualification jette un voile sur les tentatives de solutions mises en place par les acteurs. En revenant sur les différentes enquêtes à travers lesquelles les acteurs concernés par cette situation mobilisent des ressources différentes pour comprendre les causes des épisodes de mortalité piscicole et les maîtriser, ce travail montre que la complexité du phénomène, la diversité des enjeux qu'il recouvre ainsi que sa taille géographique dépassent la capacité de résolution singulière propre à chaque groupe (associations de défense de l'environnement, structures représentatives du monde agricole, autorités publiques.) et nécessitent d'engager une activité collective mais toujours incertaine de définition du problème et de ses solutions. Il apparaît également que ces investigations portent le risque de la dénonciation réciproque et de l'imputation de responsabilités. Aussi, alors que les défenseurs des rivières s'engagent dans une dénonciation des activités agricoles et de la gestion de l'assainissement débouchant sur l'ouverture d'une situation conflictuelle, les experts mandatés par les représentants des pouvoirs publics concluent au caractère multifactoriel du phénomène et conduisent à une dilution des responsabilités. La situation reste alors en partie indéterminée et l'explication par « la pollution des rivières » devient une solution politique, voire un « outil diplomatique » pour un problème collectif qui peine à prendre sens.