The criminal liability for economic violence in Ukraine as one of the types of domestic violence was analyzed in the article. Interpretations of such types of economic violence as intentional deprivation of housing, food, clothes, other property, money and documents or opportunity to use them, leaving without care or guardianship, preventing in receipt of necessary services in treatment or rehabilitation, ban to work, coercion to work, ban to study and also other offenses of economic nature. It was established that the intentional deprivation of housing, food, clothes, other property, money or documents should be understood as conditions under which the victim cannot use this property in full because it has been spent on the guilty person's own needs, transferred to third parties, destroyed or damaged, etc. It was noted that the relevant property may belong to the offender or the victim. In turn, deprivation of the opportunity to use this property means that the victim is either limited in time to use these items, that is cannot use them constantly, but only for a certain time or with a certain frequency and/or cannot use this property to the extent which deems it necessary. Separation of these types of economic violence from crimes such as abuse of guardianship rights, evasion of alimony payment for child support, evasion of money payment for keeping of disabled parents, and malicious failure to care for a child or a person in custody or care was done. It was stated that committing such a type of economic violence as a ban on work or unlawful force to work, the offender against the will of the victim at his own discretion determines whether the victim has the right to realize his right to work or vice versa to force the victim against his will to work or overwork or perform the work chosen by the offender himself, not the victim. In this case, the aggressor may not work himself at all. This type of economic violence was separated from such crimes provided by other articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as the exploitation of children and the use of a minor child for begging. The attention was focused on the fact that the list of types of economic violence for which criminal liability may occur has an open character. This approach of the legislator makes the norm more flexible in application but significantly complicates its interpretation.
[ES] Se presenta en nuestro despacho una mujer que pone en nuestro conocimiento unos antecedentes de violencia de género sufridos por ella. Ante esta información y conociendo el parte de sanidad que ella misma nos facilita, la apoyamos para que tome por completo la decisión de ir a denunciar a su ex pareja con la cual tiene un hijo en común. Es esta denuncia la que da pie a la apertura de diligencias por parte del Juzgado de Violencia Sobre la Mujer que, al entender indicios razonables de violencia, decide otorgar protección a la víctima y a su hijo hasta que se resuelvan los hechos denunciados. Tras esta denuncia se han dado una serie de irregularidades por parte del marido en las que ha quebrantado la orden de alejamiento así como ha acosado, amenazado e insultado a su ex pareja con motivo de los impedimentos que la madre ha puesto para permitir que el padre vea a su hijo. Ante esta situación, nos vemos obligados a defender a nuestra cliente de una demanda de medidas provisionales previas que presenta su ex pareja con la finalidad de retirarle la custodia del hijo y por consiguiente, establecer una situación desfavorable para mi cliente en la que nosotros, como abogados defensores, tendremos que hacer uso de todos los medios legales a nuestro alcance para evitar que nuestra cliente salga perjudicada. ; [EN] A woman came to our law firm reporting her gender violence history. In view of this situation and the medical report that she provided, we encouraged her to file a complaint against her ex-husband with who she has a child. This lawsuit led to the initiation of the appropriate legal proceedings by the Court of Violence Against Women "Juzgado de Violencia sobre la Mujer". The court, due to the evidence of violence, decided to provide protection to the woman and her son until the alleged facts were resolved. After the initial report and as a result of the measurements that the woman took to prevent her ex-husband from seeing their child, the ex-husband committed some irregularities. In view of this situation, we were forced to defend our client against an application for interim measures which her ex-partner submitted in order to remove the child from the custody of his mother. This led to a non-favorable situation for our client in which we, as her defense counsels, had to use the appropiate legal measures to prevent our client from being harmed.
Religious healing parents have vexed state courts for almost a century. Religious healing is the belief that "prayer" or "spiritual means," rather than modern medicine, can cure individuals. Adults and emancipated minors have the right to refuse medical treatment. Some states go further and grant religious healing parents a statutory exemption against criminal and civil actions for child endangerment, neglect, negligence, manslaughter, and even homicide. This Article identifies these types of exemptions as an issue of religious childrearing. Religious healing exemptions demonstrate the difficulty delineating the line between childrearing rights of parents and the state's duty to protect children. Professor James Dwyer argues that exemptions undermine a state's legitimate interest in the wellbeing of its most vulnerable citizens-minor children. Those who, like Dwyer, find exemptions untenable also have difficulty understanding why a state would allow a parent or guardian to refuse lifesaving medical treatment for a child in need. Proponents of religious healing argue that exemptions do nothing more than accommodate free exercise and substantive due process rights to the care, custody, and control of minor children and dependents. Those who support this view of exemptions may also have difficulty understanding how or why a state could have authority to intrude on the private rights of parents or guardians. This Article uniquely contributes to the religious healing debate by bringing together substantive due process and the Free Exercise Clause jurisprudence. Part I of this Article discusses the nature and scope of statutory exemptions in U.S. States. Parts II and III of this Article explore exemptions from the perspective of substantive due process and the Free Exercise Clause, respectively. Parts II and III also examine the impact of exemptions on those left in the gap: children, nonconsenting parents, and the state itself. Regardless of intent, exemptions can trump both a nonconsenting parent's right to childrearing and a child's independent right to life. Exemptions may also expose inconsistencies in the exercise of government intrusion on constitutionally recognized fundamental rights.
Religious healing parents have vexed state courts for almost a century. Religious healing is the belief that "prayer" or "spiritual means," rather than modern medicine, can cure individuals. Adults and emancipated minors have the right to refuse medical treatment. Some states go further and grant religious healing parents a statutory exemption against criminal and civil actions for child endangerment, neglect, negligence, manslaughter, and even homicide. This Article identifies these types of exemptions as an issue of religious childrearing. Religious healing exemptions demonstrate the difficulty delineating the line between childrearing rights of parents and the state's duty to protect children. Professor James Dwyer argues that exemptions undermine a state's legitimate interest in the wellbeing of its most vulnerable citizens—minor children. Those who, like Dwyer, find exemptions untenable also have difficulty understanding why a state would allow a parent or guardian to refuse lifesaving medical treatment for a child in need. Proponents of religious healing argue that exemptions do nothing more than accommodate free exercise and substantive due process rights to the care, custody, and control of minor children and dependents. Those who support this view of exemptions may also have difficulty understanding how or why a state could have authority to intrude on the privacy rights of parents or guardians. This Article uniquely contributes to the religious healing debate by bringing together substantive due process and the Free Exercise Clause jurisprudence. Part I of this Article discusses the nature and scope of statutory exemptions in U.S. States. Parts II and III of this Article explore exemptions from the perspective of substantive due process and the Free Exercise Clause, respectively. Parts II and III also examine the impact of exemptions on those left in the gap: children, nonconsenting parents, and the state itself. Regardless of intent, exemptions can trump both a nonconsenting parent's right to childrearing and a child's independent right to life. Exemptions may also expose inconsistencies in the exercise of government intrusion on constitutionally recognized fundamental rights
Taking analogy as both its mode and object of inquiry, this Article canvasses the relationship between historical-geographical analogies and generational segregation (the large-scale separation of children and adults) from three complementary perspectives. First, due to restrictions recently introduced by the Israeli authorities, Palestinian prisoners have been prevented from reading popular study materials dealing with both Indigenous child removal and analogies concerning settler-Indigenous relations in North America and Australia. Reviving the critical potential of this encounter with analogies and accounts, I put forward an analogy between the removal of Indigenous children to boarding schools in the United States and Canada, Australia's Aboriginal "stolen generations", and the increased separation of Palestinian children and adults themselves in Israeli custody. This analogy highlights key parallels: the deleterious effects of allegedly benevolent generational segregation; the invocation of law and children's "best interests"; the severance of unwanted intergenerational influences; the targeting of children due to their presumed plasticity; the use of separation to govern adults; and links between generational segregation, "national security", and incarceration. Second, these analogies – those Palestinians explored in Israeli prison and the generational segregation analogy developed here – partly overlap with, and acquire their potential and implications from other analogies, concerning settler-Indigenous relations in North America, Australia, and Israel/Palestine. I examine the roles such analogies have played, and their alignment with competing ideologies, across a range of legal and political discourses over the past two centuries. Finally, in order to maximize the critical potential of such historical-geographical analogies, I offer a conceptual critique of three relevant discourses: legalistic analogies concerning generational segregation, which leave unchallenged the broader field of child law and policy on which such segregation hinges; analogies between North America, Australia, and Israel/Palestine that rigidly conceptualize (settler) colonialism; and a tendency to reduce analogy to similarity. Bringing into conversation previously separate bodies of scholarship, these three interdependent perspectives shed new light on important yet hitherto unexamined issues at the intersection of analogy and generational segregation.
La tesi analizza il tema della natura della responsabilità endofamiliare, che rappresenta una tra le maggiori novità che, negli ultimi anni, ha interessato l'evoluzione del diritto di famiglia. Se per lungo tempo la famiglia è stata considerata immune alle regole di responsabilità, oggi, il panorama scientifico italiano è pressoché concorde nell'ammettere l'applicazione delle regole di responsabilità civile nelle ipotesi di violazione dei doveri coniugali e genitoriali. Tale acquisizione si pone quale corollario non solo al superamento dell'idea di specialità dei rapporti familiari, ma anche alla progressiva affermazione dei diritti della persona all'interno delle formazioni sociali in cui si esplica la personalità dell'individuo. Gli interventi della giurisprudenza di merito e di legittimità hanno oltrepassato i tradizionali confini del diritto di famiglia, aprendo tale settore alle regole aquiliane, facendo leva, per questa via, non soltanto sull'insufficienza dei rimedi giusfamiliari, ma soprattutto sulla necessità di assicurare all'individuo adeguata tutela, anche risarcitoria, e ciò indipendentemente dal fatto che l'individuo appartenga ad una comunità familiare. Nonostante la giurisprudenza ormai maggioritaria sia orientata nel senso di veicolare la responsabilità derivante dalla violazione del dovere familiare secondo le regole aquiliane, non mancano, tuttavia, voci contrarie che mettono in discussione la natura stessa di tale responsabilità. Si valuta, dunque, la possibilità di interpretare i doveri matrimoniali quali obblighi di protezione, ponendo attenzione alla natura del rapporto e agli obblighi che ne discendono, con l'obiettivo di valutare se sia possibile offrire una lettura alternativa alle ipotesi risarcitorie riguardanti la violazione dei doveri coniugali. In questo senso non si potrà certamente trascurare la presenza di obblighi giuridici specificamente individuati dal legislatore e la dimensione di relazionalità in cui vengono a trovarsi i familiari conviventi, che non possono essere considerati alla stregua di un «chiunque» generico, in quanto legati da un rapporto preesistente che nasce e si instaura quale rapporto particolarmente qualificato. L'indagine in esame si estende anche a valutazioni che riguardano l'opportunità e la convenienza a ravvisare in taluni istituti finalità punitive. Lo spunto è offerto dall'art. 709 ter cod. proc. civ., in tema di soluzione delle controversie nelle ipotesi di gravi inadempienze e violazioni nell'affidamento dei figli. L'espressa previsione di una formula risarcitoria, che attribuisce al giudice il potere di disporre il risarcimento del danno a carico di uno dei genitori, nei confronti del figlio, o anche dell'altro genitore, ha fatto emergere orientamenti contrastanti in ordine alla possibilità di configurare, attraverso tale disposizione, un'ipotesi di danno punitivo. ; This dissertation analyzes the theme of liability remedies between spouses, which represents one of the most important acquisitions, in recent years, that has interested the evolution of Family Law. If in the past the family was considered immune to the compensatory remedies, nowadays, the panorama of Italian legal science is almost unanimous to admit the application of civil liability rules in cases related to the violation of conjugal and parental duties. This opening to general remedies not only involves the overcoming of the specialty of Family Law, but also progressively affirms the expected growth of personal rights within all social formations, in which the personality of the individual is expressed. The interventions of the case law of merit and legitimacy have transcended the traditional boundaries of Family Law, opening the sector to non-contractual rules, levering, in this way, not only the inadequacy of the existing remedies, but above all the necessity to ensure adequate protection to the individual, also for damages, regardless of whether he belongs to a family community or not. While the majority of jurisprudence is oriented to acknowledge that the violation of duty of a spouse should be regulated by non-contractual liability, as if it were a tort, there are doctrines that contest the nature of that type of responsibility and prefer to define it as contractual liability. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the possibility to interpret marital obligations as «obligations of protection», by considering the nature of the relationship and the obligations that descend, with the purpose to evaluate if it is possible to offer an alternative interpretation of the hypothesis of compensation regarding the violation of conjugal duties. In this sense, the presence of legal obligations identified by the legislator and the relatedness of family members, who can not be considered as a generic person, because they are in a particularly qualified relationship, certainly can not be overlooked. This research extends across evaluations that regard the opportunity and convenience to recognize punitive damages, in certain institutes. A starting point is offered by analyzing art. 709 ter cod. proc. civ., in theme with solutions of the controversies in settling disputes in the hypothesis of serious defaults and violations involving child custody. The expressed prevision of a formula for compensation, that confers a judge the authority to order that compensation for damages against one of the parents, in favor of a child or even for the other parent, has caused conflicting orientations to emerge in the order of the possibility to configure a hypothesis of punitive damages. ; Dottorato di ricerca in Persona, impresa e lavoro: dal diritto interno a quello internazionale (XXVII ciclo)
The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice focuses on the growing worldwide movement aimed at decolonizing state policies and practices, and various disciplinary knowledges including criminology, social work and law. The collection of original chapters brings together cutting-edge, politically engaged work from a diverse group of writers who take as a starting point an analysis founded in a decolonizing, decolonial and/or Indigenous standpoint. Centering the perspectives of Black, First Nations and other racialized and minoritized peoples, the book makes an internationally significant contribution to the literature. The chapters include analyses of specific decolonization policies and interventions instigated by communities to enhance jurisdictional self-determination; theoretical approaches to decolonization; the importance of research and research ethics as a key foundation of the decolonization process; crucial contemporary issues including deaths in custody, state crime, reparations, and transitional justice; and critical analysis of key institutions of control, including police, courts, corrections, child protection systems and other forms of carcerality. The handbook is divided into five sections which reflect the breadth of the decolonizing literature: • Why decolonization? From the personal to the global ; • State terror and violence ; • Abolishing the carceral ; • Transforming and decolonizing justice ; • Disrupting epistemic violence. This book offers a comprehensive and timely resource for activists, students, academics, and those with an interest in Indigenous studies, decolonial and post-colonial studies, criminal legal institutions and criminology. It provides critical commentary and analyses of the major issues for enhancing social justice internationally.
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Setting the Stage -- 1 Introduction -- Intent -- Introducing Ben -- 2 Definitions and Concepts -- Addiction -- Recovery -- Principle 1: Recovery Emerges from Hope -- Principle 2: Recovery Is Person-Driven -- Principle 3: Recovery Occurs via Many Pathways -- Principle 4: Recovery Is Holistic -- Principle 5: Recovery Is Supported by Peers and Allies -- Principle 6: Recovery Is Supported through Relationships and Social Networks -- Principle 7: Recovery Is Culturally Based and Influenced -- Principle 8: Recovery Is Supported by Addressing Trauma -- Principle 9: Recovery Involves Individual, Family, and Community Strengths and Responsibility -- Principle 10: Recovery Is Based on Respect -- Loss -- Primary Loss -- Secondary Losses -- Grief -- Complicated Grief (CG) -- Bereavement -- Mourning -- Disenfranchised Grief -- Nonfinite Loss -- Ambiguous Loss -- Unconventional Grief -- Anticipatory Grief -- Trauma -- Culture -- Drug Culture -- Acultural "Addict" -- Cultural Identity -- 3 The When and What of Loss -- Losses -- Pregnancy, Abortion, Miscarriages, and Stillborn Births -- Death of Child, Parent, Sibling, Friend, Pet, Significant Other -- Removal of Children/Loss of Custody -- Separation, Divorce, or Other Failed Relationships -- Financial Stress or Ruin and/or Loss of Housing -- Legal Problems/Arrest or Incarceration -- Loss of Control -- Loss of Safety -- Loss of a Substance, Behavior (i.e. Shopping), and/or Process (i.e. Readying a Syringe) -- Loss of Identity -- Loss of Physical Appearance and/or Self-Esteem -- Other Losses -- Considering Ben -- Summing Up -- Part II: Models and Theories of Grief and Loss and Considerations for Addiction and Recovery: Introduction and Background -- 4 Loss-Grief Addiction Model.
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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- 1: The Context -- 1.1 Objectives -- 1.2 Research Areas -- 1.2.1 Profile of the Areas -- 1.2.1.1 Union Territory of Delhi -- 1.2.1.2 Tamil Nadu -- 1.2.1.3 Kerala -- 1.2.1.4 Odisha -- 1.3 Research Methodology -- 1.3.1 Selection of Observation Homes and Schools -- 1.3.2 Selection of the Respondents -- 1.4 Data Collection Methods -- 1.5 Limitations of the Study -- References -- 2: The Socio-economic Profile of Children in Conflict with the Law -- 2.1 Social Profile -- 2.1.1 Age of the Children -- 2.1.2 Gender -- 2.1.3 Place of Residence -- 2.1.4 Education of the Child and Their Parents -- 2.1.5 Religion and Caste -- 2.1.6 Custody of Children -- 2.1.7 Family Background -- 2.2 Economic Profile -- 2.2.1 The Occupational Status of Parents and Juveniles -- 2.2.2 The Employment of Children -- 2.3 Poverty and Offending -- References -- 3: The Nature of Offences and Culpability -- 3.1 Deviance and Crime/Offence -- 3.2 Extent and Nature of Offences -- 3.3 Culpability and Blameworthiness -- 3.3.1 Intent/Motive -- 3.3.2 Future Orientation -- 3.3.3 Peer Influence -- 3.4 Children in Conflict with the Law and Treatment under the Adult Criminal Justice System -- References -- 4: Factors Predisposing Children to Offences -- 4.1 Familial Factors -- 4.1.1 Neglect -- 4.1.2 Conflict -- 4.1.3 Parental Deviance -- 4.1.4 Family Disruption -- 4.2 School Factors -- 4.2.1 Truancy and Deviance and Offences -- 4.2.2 Educational Performance and Delinquency -- 4.2.3 Education System, School and Deviance -- 4.2.4 Education and Culpability -- 4.3 Peer Influence -- 4.4 Community and Offences -- References -- 5: The Juvenile Justice System: A Pathway for the Restoration of Children in Conflict with the Law -- 5.1 The Police and the Juvenile Justice System.
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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 The Behavior of Lawyers -- 1. Discrediting the Truthful Witness -- 2. Exploiting the Adversary's Mistake -- 3. Better Not to Probe -- 4. Stating the Law Before Asking for the Facts -- 5. Dilatory Tactics -- 6. Describing the Consequences of Criminal Conduct -- 7. Counseling to Breach a Contract -- 8. Lying in Negotiations -- 9. Custody Blackmail -- 10. Using a False Identity -- 11. Inserting an Illegal Clause -- 12. Taking Advantage of Another Lawyer's Ignorance -- 13. Dealing with the Unrepresented Person -- 14. Arguing Pro and Con -- 15. Confidentiality: Life-Threatening Injury -- 16. Confidentiality: Past Fraud -- 17. Confidentiality: Child Abuse -- 18. Confidentiality: Unprosecuted Homicide -- 19. Immoral Objective: Statute of Limitations -- 20. Immoral Objective: Television Trash -- 21. Immoral Objective: Gambling Enterprises -- 22. Immoral Objective: Nazi Speech -- 23. Immoral Objective: Seeking Acquittal of a Rape-Murderer -- Summary of Principles -- Notes -- 2 The Lawyer's Service on Behalf of an Immoral Objective -- The Elements of Morality -- The Judge and the Immoral Law -- The Role Morality of the Lawyer -- Client Autonomy as Moral Justification -- The Response to the Lawyer's Role Morality -- The Response to the Client Autonomy Justification -- Two Special Situations: Breach of Contract and Seeking Acquittal for the Rape-Murder -- Notes -- 3 The Morality of the Means -- Litigation as Fact-Finding -- Confidentiality -- Tactics -- A Contradiction -- The Justice Theory of Representation -- An Experiment -- Notes -- 4 A Troubled Profession -- The Hired Gun and the Independent Lawyer -- Advertising -- Commercialism -- Hardball Tactics -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Appendix: Excerpts from Professional Rules
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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Introduction -- The Book's Objectives -- The Book's Layout -- Chapter Summary -- References -- 2: Defining and Deconstructing Desistance -- Introduction -- Deconstructing Desistance -- The "What?" -- How Serious Is Serious Enough? -- How Persistent Is Persistent Enough? -- The "When?" -- How Long Is Long Enough? -- "Forced Desistance?" -- Time and Punishment -- Intermittence -- Desistance and Recidivism -- The Criminal Justice System as the X Factor -- Why "Why?" Doesn't Matter (Yet) -- Chapter Summary -- References -- 3: Situating the Sample, Meeting the Men, and Telling Their Stories -- The Interview Approach -- Situating the Sample -- Meeting the Men -- Sample Characteristics -- Demographics -- Offense Histories -- Criminal Careers -- Social Competence -- The MTC Men -- Finding the Men in Custody -- Finding the Men in the Community -- The Life History Interview Protocol -- Reflecting on the Interview and Positioning Myself in the Study -- "Were You Scared?" -- Desistance by the Numbers -- Telling Their Stories -- References -- Part II: What They Did -- 4: From What Have They Desisted? -- Isolated Offenses -- One Incident, One Victim -- Relational Child Molestation -- Spree Rape -- Single Victim Over Time -- Short Term, Opportunistic -- Long Term, Low Functioning -- Mixed Term/Sexually Motivated -- Multiple Victims, One Sentence -- Chapter Summary -- Reference -- 5: The Experience of Relapse -- Richard -- Colin -- Rufus -- Themes of Relapse -- "What Works?" -- Relapse Occurred Soon After Release -- The Presence of Resources upon Release Created a False Sense of Security -- In Hindsight They Weren't Ready for Release, but Things Are Different Now -- For Some, It Happened Slowly -- Jesse -- Reference -- Part III: How They Stopped
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"The deeply reported story of identical twin brothers who escape El Salvador's violence to build new lives in California--fighting to survive, to stay, and to belong. Growing up in rural El Salvador in the wake of the civil war, Ernesto Flores had always had a fascination with the United States, the faraway land of skyscrapers and Nikes, while his identical twin, Raul, never felt that northbound tug. But when Ernesto ends up on the wrong side of the region's brutal gangs he is forced to flee the country, and Raul, because he looks just like his brother, follows close behind--away from one danger and toward the great American unknown. In this urgent chronicle of contemporary immigration, journalist Lauren Markham follows the seventeen-year-old Flores twins as they make their harrowing journey across the Rio Grande and the Texas desert, into the hands of immigration authorities, and from there to their estranged older brother's custody in Oakland, CA. Soon these unaccompanied minors are navigating a new school in a new language, working to pay down their mounting coyote debt, and facing their day in immigration court, while also encountering the triumphs and pitfalls of life as American teenagers--girls, grades, Facebook--with only each other for support. With intimate access and breathtaking range, Markham offers a coming of age tale that is also a nuanced portrait of Central America's child exodus, an investigation of U.S. immigration policy, and an unforgettable testament to the migrant experience."--Provided by publisher
AbstractObjectiveWe examine the relationship between shared placement and parenting stress for low‐income fathers.BackgroundShared placement (joint physical custody), a living arrangement in which children whose parents live apart spend a significant amount of time living with each, has increased among families in the United States. Little is known about how this placement affects fathers' well‐being, especially fathers with lower incomes and who have had a nonmarital birth.MethodOur sample included 5,755 noncustodial fathers who enrolled in the National Child Support Noncustodial Parent Employment Demonstration. Using regression approaches, we estimate associations between measures of self‐reported placement and parenting stress.ResultsWe found that shared placement was statistically significantly associated with lower parenting stress levels (estimated magnitude of 5%–10%) compared with fathers without shared placement. This held for fathers with equal placement and those with substantial, but not equal, time. These results were consistent when accounting for confounding characteristics, suggesting the association may not be fully explained by selection into shared placement.ConclusionShared placement is associated with lower levels of parenting stress for low‐income noncustodial fathers compared with those fathers without it. We find that this holds true for any shared placement, equal placement, mother primary shared placement, and father primary shared placement.ImplicationsGiven the potential benefits of shared care, examining whether policy and practice are supporting this for lower resourced families may be particularly important. Fatherhood and other family‐strengthening programs can support fathers in navigating potential stress driven by shared parenting arrangements.
Emigration is moving to another country. Since Lithuania joined the European Union (EU), the country's population mobility rights have been implemented more widely. As the Lithuanian population acquires another citizenship, the citizenship of the Union, the free movement of persons is ensured. During the economic recession the trend of international migration of habitants of Lithuania showed up very clearly. The intensifying emigration of Lithuanian population affects the country's economic-social development, it causes damages to families and their children as well. The child's parents having emigrated disrupt the socialization process and this leads to different negative outcomes for a child (eg, psychological, social, legal, etc.). Existing institutions do not provide welfare and services to provide assistance needed for a child, therefore an empirical study to determine the population's opinion on social and legal assistance to children of emigrated parents in Elektrenai district. The study included 148 residents of the district. Aim: To investigate the social - legal aid for children of emigrated parents, the opinion. Object of the research: social - legal aid for children of emigrated parents; Objectives: 1. To clarify the preconditions of social and legal assistance to children of emigrated parents: 2. To reveal opportunities of the social and legal assistance what concerns social work; 3. To investigate the opinion of the residents of Elektrenai district on social - legal aid for children of emigrated parents; Hypothesis. The emigration process in Lithuania is more intense because of social, economic and other reasons, and social and legal aid provided does not meet the population's needs. Most of the emigration cases are young families in search of better living conditions, this leads to various consequences for children, because they are temporarily left in the maintenance and care of relatives or even people they do not know well. Research methods: Theoretical: The analyses of scientific literature relating to the problems treated in work. Diagnostic: a survey of the residents in Elketrėnai district to find out their views on social and legal assistance to children of emigrated parents; Statistical: data analysis and interpretations, the calculation of percentages, correlation analysis, graphic Analysis. After summarizing of the empirical findings the following can be concluded: ● Elektrenai institutions providing social services and legal aid: More than a third of respondents stressed schools – 36,5%, Children's Day Care Centre Children Rights Protection Service: - 35,8%; a third of respondents mentioned Child Care Office – 33,1% , a quarter – 25,7% Educational-Psychological Service – 25,7%, and a small proportion of respondents mentioned the Social Support Unit – 8,8%, non-governmental organizations (NGO) – 3,4%, and the Education Department - 2%. ● basic social and legal forms of assistance: psychological counseling - 80.4%, social care - 75.7%, care of the child in temporary custody – 71,6%, social care – 58,1%, monetary social support – 49,3% special social allowance – 38,5%; ● People in the region of Elektrenai believe that children of emigrated parents various social and legal assistance, expansion of networks of institutions of psychological help and of the day care centers, as well as children's employment and programs for their social development. In addition, one quarter (20,3%) of respondents stress the need to initiate the creation of new jobs and employers flexibility in respect of the family (for example, to combine family and work responsibilities), and amendments to laws, tightening parental responsibility of a temporarily abandoned child (14,8%).
Emigration is moving to another country. Since Lithuania joined the European Union (EU), the country's population mobility rights have been implemented more widely. As the Lithuanian population acquires another citizenship, the citizenship of the Union, the free movement of persons is ensured. During the economic recession the trend of international migration of habitants of Lithuania showed up very clearly. The intensifying emigration of Lithuanian population affects the country's economic-social development, it causes damages to families and their children as well. The child's parents having emigrated disrupt the socialization process and this leads to different negative outcomes for a child (eg, psychological, social, legal, etc.). Existing institutions do not provide welfare and services to provide assistance needed for a child, therefore an empirical study to determine the population's opinion on social and legal assistance to children of emigrated parents in Elektrenai district. The study included 148 residents of the district. Aim: To investigate the social - legal aid for children of emigrated parents, the opinion. Object of the research: social - legal aid for children of emigrated parents; Objectives: 1. To clarify the preconditions of social and legal assistance to children of emigrated parents: 2. To reveal opportunities of the social and legal assistance what concerns social work; 3. To investigate the opinion of the residents of Elektrenai district on social - legal aid for children of emigrated parents; Hypothesis. The emigration process in Lithuania is more intense because of social, economic and other reasons, and social and legal aid provided does not meet the population's needs. Most of the emigration cases are young families in search of better living conditions, this leads to various consequences for children, because they are temporarily left in the maintenance and care of relatives or even people they do not know well. Research methods: Theoretical: The analyses of scientific literature relating to the problems treated in work. Diagnostic: a survey of the residents in Elketrėnai district to find out their views on social and legal assistance to children of emigrated parents; Statistical: data analysis and interpretations, the calculation of percentages, correlation analysis, graphic Analysis. After summarizing of the empirical findings the following can be concluded: ● Elektrenai institutions providing social services and legal aid: More than a third of respondents stressed schools – 36,5%, Children's Day Care Centre Children Rights Protection Service: - 35,8%; a third of respondents mentioned Child Care Office – 33,1% , a quarter – 25,7% Educational-Psychological Service – 25,7%, and a small proportion of respondents mentioned the Social Support Unit – 8,8%, non-governmental organizations (NGO) – 3,4%, and the Education Department - 2%. ● basic social and legal forms of assistance: psychological counseling - 80.4%, social care - 75.7%, care of the child in temporary custody – 71,6%, social care – 58,1%, monetary social support – 49,3% special social allowance – 38,5%; ● People in the region of Elektrenai believe that children of emigrated parents various social and legal assistance, expansion of networks of institutions of psychological help and of the day care centers, as well as children's employment and programs for their social development. In addition, one quarter (20,3%) of respondents stress the need to initiate the creation of new jobs and employers flexibility in respect of the family (for example, to combine family and work responsibilities), and amendments to laws, tightening parental responsibility of a temporarily abandoned child (14,8%).
