Suchergebnisse

Dissatisfaction of the population with the low availability of medical and pharmaceutical care, as well as significant expenses from the pockets of citizens for medical services and medicines in the absence of the state compulsory medical insurance, indicate the need for transformation of the healthcare system (HS) in Ukraine. The concept of availability implies not only a physical opportunity to receive a service, but also afinancial guarantee that the service will be paid for by the state. A clear list and volume of medical services, as well as drugs paid for at the expense of the state budget are the guaranteed assistance to the patient, which he receives free of charge. In this regard, the urgent task of the competent authorities is to improve the methodological approaches to the formation of government programs and packages of medical services depending on the incidence rates, the needs of the population and the financial capabilities of the state; they require the analysis of the results of the implementation of these programs and substantiation of the necessary changes. Aim. To analyze changes in methodological approaches regarding the formation of state programs related to medical and pharmaceutical care for the population and determine the main tasks for the availability of medical services and medicines. Materials and methods. In the course of the study the regulatory legal acts and statistical data of the state budget for the period of independence of Ukraine, information from official sites, as well as methods of system analysis, such as systematization, generalization, statistical and analytical ones, were used. Results. Based on the results of processing legislative documents in the form of regulatory legal acts and state budgets of Ukraine the main methodological changes having the impact on the availability of medical services and medicines for the population in the healthcare system (HS) were determined. The analysis and systematization of the data made it possible to form the main factors for improving the availability of medical services and medicines for the population and the efficiency of medical and pharmaceutical care. Further expansion of the "Affordable Medicines" program, monitoring of the current program of medical guarantees will allow assessing changes in health protection and identifying key tasks for the future. Conclusions. The study conducted has made it possible to determine methodological changes in the availability of medical services and medicines for the population in state programs for the period of independence of Ukraine, as well as to form directions for further research using methods of assessing medical technologies. ; Недовольство населения низкой доступностью к медицинской и фармацевтической помощи, значительные расходы из карманов граждан на медицинские услуги и лекарственные средств при отсутствии государственного обязательного медицинского страхования свидетельствуют о необходимости проведения трансформации системы здравоохранения (СЗ) в Украине. Понятие доступности предполагает не только физическую возможность получить услугу, но и финансовую гарантию, что услуга будет оплачена государством. Четкий перечень и объем медицинских услуг, а также лекарств, оплаченных из государственного бюджета, – это гарантированная помощь пациенту, которую он получает бесплатно. В связи с этим актуальной задачей уполномоченных органов власти является совершенствование методологических подходов к формированию правительственных программ и пакетов медицинских услуг в зависимости от показателей заболеваемости, потребностей населения и финансовых возможностей государства, которые требуют анализа результатов реализации этих программ и обоснование необходимых изменений. Цель: анализ изменений в методологических подходах относительно формирования государственных программ, касающихся медицинской и фармацевтической помощи населению и определение основных задач по доступности медицинских услуг и лекарственных средств. Материалы и методы: были использованы нормативно-правовые акты и статистические данные государственного бюджета за период независимости Украины, информация с официальных сайтов, атакже методы системного анализа: систематизации, обобщения, статистические и аналитические. Результаты исследования. По результатам обработки законодательных документов в виде нормативно-правовых актов и государственных бюджетов, были определены основные методологические изменения, которые имели влияние на доступность медицинских услуг и лекарственных средств (ЛС) для населения в системе здравоохранения (СЗ) Украины. Проведенный анализ и систематизация данных позволили сформировать основные факторы, позволившие улучшить доступность медицинских услуг и лекарств для населения, а также повысить эффективность медицинской и фармацевтической помощи. Оценка дальнейшего расширения программы «Доступные лекарства», мониторинг действующей программы медицинских гарантий позволит оценить изменения в СЗ и определить ключевые задачи на будущее. Выводы. Проведенное исследование позволило определить методологические изменения относительно доступности медицинских услуг и лекарств для населения в государственных программах за период независимости Украины, а также сформировать направления для дальнейшего исследования с использованием методов оценки медицинских технологий. ; Незадоволеність населення низькою доступністю до медичної та фармацевтичної допомоги, значні витрати з кишень громадян на медичні послуги та лікарські засоби за відсутності держаного обов'язкового медичного страхування свідчать про необхідність проведення трансформації системи охорони здоров'я (ОЗ) в Україні. Поняття доступності передбачає не лише фізичну можливість отримати послугу, але й фінансову гарантію, що послуга буде оплачена державою. Чіткий перелік та обсяг медичних послуг і ліків, оплачених за рахунок державного бюджету, – це гарантована допомога пацієнту, яку він отримує безоплатно. У зв'язку з цим актуальним завданням уповноважених органів влади є удосконалення методологічних підходів до формування урядових програм та пакетів медичних послуг залежно від показників захворюваності, потреб населення та фінансових можливостей держави, що потребують аналізу результатів реалізації цих програм та обґрунтування необхідних змін. Мета: аналіз змін у методологічних підходах відносно формування державних програм, що стосуються надання медичної і фармацевтичної допомоги населенню та визначення основних завдань стосовно доступності медичних послуг і лікарських засобів. Матеріали та методи: були використані нормативно-правові акти і статистичні дані державного бюджету за період незалежності України, інформація з офіційних сайтів, а також методи системного аналізу: систематизації, узагальнення, статистичні та аналітичні. Результати дослідження. За результатами опрацювання законодавчих документів у вигляді нормативно-правових актів та державних бюджетів було визначено основні методологічні зміни, що мали вплив на підвищення доступності медичних послуг та лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) для населення в системі ОЗ України. Проведений аналіз та систематизація даних дали можливість сформувати основні чинники, що дозволили покращити доступність медичних послуг та ліків для населення, а також підвищити ефективність медичної і фармацевтичної допомоги. Оцінка подальшого розширення програми «Доступні ліки», моніторинг діючої програми медичних гарантій дозволить оцінити зміни в системі ОЗ та визначити ключові завдання на майбутнє. Висновки. Проведене дослідження дозволило визначити методологічні зміни стосовно доступності медичних послуг та ліків для населення в державних програмах за період незалежності України, а також сформувати напрямки для проведення подальшого дослідження з використанням методів оцінки медичних технологій.

Dissatisfaction of the population with the low availability of medical and pharmaceutical care, as well as significant expenses from the pockets of citizens for medical services and medicines in the absence of the state compulsory medical insurance, indicate the need for transformation of the healthcare system (HS) in Ukraine. The concept of availability implies not only a physical opportunity to receive a service, but also afinancial guarantee that the service will be paid for by the state. A clear list and volume of medical services, as well as drugs paid for at the expense of the state budget are the guaranteed assistance to the patient, which he receives free of charge. In this regard, the urgent task of the competent authorities is to improve the methodological approaches to the formation of government programs and packages of medical services depending on the incidence rates, the needs of the population and the financial capabilities of the state; they require the analysis of the results of the implementation of these programs and substantiation of the necessary changes. Aim. To analyze changes in methodological approaches regarding the formation of state programs related to medical and pharmaceutical care for the population and determine the main tasks for the availability of medical services and medicines. Materials and methods. In the course of the study the regulatory legal acts and statistical data of the state budget for the period of independence of Ukraine, information from official sites, as well as methods of system analysis, such as systematization, generalization, statistical and analytical ones, were used. Results. Based on the results of processing legislative documents in the form of regulatory legal acts and state budgets of Ukraine the main methodological changes having the impact on the availability of medical services and medicines for the population in the healthcare system (HS) were determined. The analysis and systematization of the data made it possible to form the main factors for improving the availability of medical services and medicines for the population and the efficiency of medical and pharmaceutical care. Further expansion of the "Affordable Medicines" program, monitoring of the current program of medical guarantees will allow assessing changes in health protection and identifying key tasks for the future. Conclusions. The study conducted has made it possible to determine methodological changes in the availability of medical services and medicines for the population in state programs for the period of independence of Ukraine, as well as to form directions for further research using methods of assessing medical technologies. ; Недовольство населения низкой доступностью к медицинской и фармацевтической помощи, значительные расходы из карманов граждан на медицинские услуги и лекарственные средств при отсутствии государственного обязательного медицинского страхования свидетельствуют о необходимости проведения трансформации системы здравоохранения (СЗ) в Украине. Понятие доступности предполагает не только физическую возможность получить услугу, но и финансовую гарантию, что услуга будет оплачена государством. Четкий перечень и объем медицинских услуг, а также лекарств, оплаченных из государственного бюджета, – это гарантированная помощь пациенту, которую он получает бесплатно. В связи с этим актуальной задачей уполномоченных органов власти является совершенствование методологических подходов к формированию правительственных программ и пакетов медицинских услуг в зависимости от показателей заболеваемости, потребностей населения и финансовых возможностей государства, которые требуют анализа результатов реализации этих программ и обоснование необходимых изменений. Цель: анализ изменений в методологических подходах относительно формирования государственных программ, касающихся медицинской и фармацевтической помощи населению и определение основных задач по доступности медицинских услуг и лекарственных средств. Материалы и методы: были использованы нормативно-правовые акты и статистические данные государственного бюджета за период независимости Украины, информация с официальных сайтов, атакже методы системного анализа: систематизации, обобщения, статистические и аналитические. Результаты исследования. По результатам обработки законодательных документов в виде нормативно-правовых актов и государственных бюджетов, были определены основные методологические изменения, которые имели влияние на доступность медицинских услуг и лекарственных средств (ЛС) для населения в системе здравоохранения (СЗ) Украины. Проведенный анализ и систематизация данных позволили сформировать основные факторы, позволившие улучшить доступность медицинских услуг и лекарств для населения, а также повысить эффективность медицинской и фармацевтической помощи. Оценка дальнейшего расширения программы «Доступные лекарства», мониторинг действующей программы медицинских гарантий позволит оценить изменения в СЗ и определить ключевые задачи на будущее. Выводы. Проведенное исследование позволило определить методологические изменения относительно доступности медицинских услуг и лекарств для населения в государственных программах за период независимости Украины, а также сформировать направления для дальнейшего исследования с использованием методов оценки медицинских технологий. ; Незадоволеність населення низькою доступністю до медичної та фармацевтичної допомоги, значні витрати з кишень громадян на медичні послуги та лікарські засоби за відсутності держаного обов'язкового медичного страхування свідчать про необхідність проведення трансформації системи охорони здоров'я (ОЗ) в Україні. Поняття доступності передбачає не лише фізичну можливість отримати послугу, але й фінансову гарантію, що послуга буде оплачена державою. Чіткий перелік та обсяг медичних послуг і ліків, оплачених за рахунок державного бюджету, – це гарантована допомога пацієнту, яку він отримує безоплатно. У зв'язку з цим актуальним завданням уповноважених органів влади є удосконалення методологічних підходів до формування урядових програм та пакетів медичних послуг залежно від показників захворюваності, потреб населення та фінансових можливостей держави, що потребують аналізу результатів реалізації цих програм та обґрунтування необхідних змін. Мета: аналіз змін у методологічних підходах відносно формування державних програм, що стосуються надання медичної і фармацевтичної допомоги населенню та визначення основних завдань стосовно доступності медичних послуг і лікарських засобів. Матеріали та методи: були використані нормативно-правові акти і статистичні дані державного бюджету за період незалежності України, інформація з офіційних сайтів, а також методи системного аналізу: систематизації, узагальнення, статистичні та аналітичні. Результати дослідження. За результатами опрацювання законодавчих документів у вигляді нормативно-правових актів та державних бюджетів було визначено основні методологічні зміни, що мали вплив на підвищення доступності медичних послуг та лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) для населення в системі ОЗ України. Проведений аналіз та систематизація даних дали можливість сформувати основні чинники, що дозволили покращити доступність медичних послуг та ліків для населення, а також підвищити ефективність медичної і фармацевтичної допомоги. Оцінка подальшого розширення програми «Доступні ліки», моніторинг діючої програми медичних гарантій дозволить оцінити зміни в системі ОЗ та визначити ключові завдання на майбутнє. Висновки. Проведене дослідження дозволило визначити методологічні зміни стосовно доступності медичних послуг та ліків для населення в державних програмах за період незалежності України, а також сформувати напрямки для проведення подальшого дослідження з використанням методів оцінки медичних технологій.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, de nombreux pays occidentaux ont vu leurs espaces publics investis par la présence d'ateliers de fabrication collaboratifs ouverts et partagés, connus sous le nom générique de makerspaces. Souvent décrits comme des vecteurs de changement social et d'industrialisation, les makerspaces se sont rapidement exportés de l'Occident vers le reste du monde et en Afrique en particulier. Au vu de cette expansion, je me suis interrogé sur les finalités sociétales et la neutralité de ces ateliers collaboratifs dans le contexte africain. Aborder ces interrogations demande d'établir un cadre commun de lecture du contexte sociohistorique et économique de l'Afrique. C'est dans ce sens que je me suis inspiré de la pensée décoloniale, pour développer un cadre conceptuel constitué de la technocolonialité et du développement local durable. Le concept de développement local durable est une alternative au paradigme dominant actuel des approches de développement à savoir les objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Il est né des travaux sur la justice cognitive et est composé des dimensions suivantes : la quête de justice cognitive, l'économie informelle, les biens communs, l'inclusion et l'autonomisation, la pensée alternative africaine et l'innovation sociale. Quant au concept de technocolonialité, il émerge de la colonialité et de la matrice coloniale des pouvoirs dans les technologies numériques. Il est constitué des dimensions suivantes : le discours techno-utopique, les pratiques néo-capitalistes et la colonialité des savoirs liée au transfert de technologie. Ce cadre conceptuel m'a permis de reformuler mon interrogation en la question de recherche suivante : à quel type de développement les makerspaces contribuent-ils en Afrique francophone? De façon spécifique, il s'agit de savoir si les ateliers collaboratifs peuvent réellement contribuer au développement local durable en Afrique ou s'ils contribuent à renforcer la technocolonialité. Pour répondre à ces questions, j'ai mené trois études de cas en Afrique francophone : le Ouagalab au Burkina Faso, l'Ongola Fablab au Cameroun et le Defko Ak Niep Lab au Sénégal. Pour chaque cas, j'ai collecté des données en combinant trois méthodes : l'observation participante, les entretiens semi-dirigés avec les membres et les promoteurs des makerspaces, et l'analyse documentaire. Après avoir traité les données, j'ai procédé à une analyse qualitative à l'aide du logiciel Nvivo. Les différentes catégories de mon analyse ont ensuite été comparées et interprétées en utilisant le cadre conceptuel construit au préalable. Mon étude révèle que les makerspaces sont des communs de la connaissance qui permettent de lutter contre les injustices cognitives. À ce titre, ils assurent l'éclosion des connaissances, favorisent l'inclusion et l'autonomisation des membres et catalysent l'innovation sociale. En d'autres termes, la dynamique au sein des espaces de fabrication collaboratifs est très favorable au développement local durable. Par-dessus tout, les espaces de fabrication collaboratifs offrent un cadre d'épanouissement et d'expression du leadership des femmes, tout en leur donnant la possibilité de lutter contre les préjugés auxquels elles sont souvent confrontées dans la société et le milieu des STEM (Science-Technologie-Ingénierie et Mathématiques), cependant, les makerspaces sont exposés à des risques de technocolonialité qui pourraient sérieusement entraver la dynamique interne et par conséquent, leur contribution au développement local durable. Pour contrecarrer ces risques de technocolonialité, quelques propositions sont faites à la fin de cette thèse, à l'endroit des acteurs et actrices impliqué-e-s dans l'écosystème des makerspaces. ; Over the last decade, many Western countries have seen their public spheres populated by the collaborative, open and shared manufacturing spaces, broadly known as makerspaces. Often described as vehicles of social change and industrialization, the idea of makerspaces has been rapidly exported from the West to the rest of the world and in Africa specifically. Regarding this expansion, I wondered about the societal purposes and neutrality of these collaborative spaces in the African context. Prior to address these questions, it is important to establish a common framework understand the socio-historical and economic context of Africa. That is why, inspired by decolonial studies, I have drawn a conceptual framework consisting of technocoloniality and sustainable local development. In order to do so, I first deconstructed the current dominant paradigm of development approaches, namely the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Then, in the light of the work on cognitive justice, I reconstructed and presented the idea of sustainable local development as relevant for Africa, and as an alternative to SDGs. The dimensions of sustainable local development are : the quest for cognitive justice, the informal economy, common goods, inclusion and empowerment, African alternative thinking and social innovation. Then, on the basis of coloniality and the colonial matrix of power, I presented the idea of technocoloniality and its dimensions which are: techno-utopic discourse, neo-capitalist practices and the coloniality of knowledge linked to technology transfer. This conceptual framework allowed me to refine my questioning in the following research question: to what kind of development do makerspaces contribute in Francophone Africa? Specifically, the question is whether collaborative spaces can really contribute to sustainable local development in Africa or whether they contribute to strengthening technocoloniality. To answer these questions, I conducted three case studies in Francophone Africa: the Ouagalab in Burkina Faso, the Ongola Fablab in Cameroon and the Defko Ak Niep Lab in Senegal. For each case, I collected data using a combination of three methods: participant observation, semi-structuredi nterviews with makerspaces members and promoters, and content analysis. After processing data, I conducted a qualitative analysis using Nvivo software. The different categories of my analysis were then compared and interpreted using the previously constructed conceptual framework. My study revealed that makerspaces are commons that fight against cognitive injustice, ensure the flowering of knowledge, promote inclusion and empowerment of members, and catalyse social innovation. In other words, the dynamics within collaborative manufacturing spaces are highly conducive to sustainable local development. Above all, makerspaces display women's dynamism and leadership, since they allow them to fight injustices and biases they used to face in the society and places related to STEM (Science-Technology- Engineering and Mathematics). However, the management of makerspaces as an entity is highly exposed to technocoloniality. This severely hinders the internal dynamics and thus their contribution to sustainable local development. But if the different actors involved in the makerspace ecosystem take into account some factors, makerspaces would bring a lot of benefits to sustainable local development of Africa. That is why at the end of this thesis, we made some suggestions.

All authors: Bluhm, P.; Luque, R.; Espinoza, N.; Pallé, E.; Caballero, J. A.; Dreizler, S.; Livingston, J. H.; Mathur, S.; Quirrenbach, A.; Stock, S.; Van Eylen, V.; Nowak, G.; López, E. D.; Csizmadia, Sz.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Schöfer, P.; Lillo-Box, J.; Oshagh, M.; González-Álvarez, E.; Amado, P. J.; Barrado, D.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Cale, B.; Chaturvedi, P.; Cifuentes, C.; Cochran, W. D.; Collins, K. A.; Collins, K. I.; Cortés-Contreras, M.; Díez Alonso, E.; El Mufti, M.; Ercolino, A.; Fridlund, M.; Gaidos, E.; García, R. A.; Georgieva, I.; González-Cuesta, L.; Guerra, P.; Hatzes, A. P.; Henning, Th.; Herrero, E.; Hidalgo, D.; Isopi, G.; Jeffers, S. V.; Jenkins, J. M.; Jensen, E. L. N.; Kábath, P.; Kaminski, A.; Kemmer, J.; Korth, J.; Kossakowski, D.; Kürster, M.; Lafarga, M.; Mallia, F.; Montes, D.; Morales, J. C.; Morales-Calderón, M.; Murgas, F.; Narita, N.; Passegger, V. M.; Pedraz, S.; Persson, C. M.; Plavchan, P.; Rauer, H.; Redfield, S.; Reffert, S.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Ricker, G. R.; Rodríguez-López, C.; Santos, A. R. G.; Seager, S.; Schlecker, M.; Schweitzer, A.; Shan, Y.; Soto, M. G.; Subjak, J.; Tal-Or, L.; Trifonov, T.; Vanaverbeke, S.; Vanderspek, R.; Wittrock, J.; Zechmeister, M.; Zohrabi, F. ; We report the confirmation of a transiting planet around the bright weakly active M0.5 V star TOI-1235 (TYC 4384-1735-1, V ≈ 11.5 mag), whose transit signal was detected in the photometric time series of sectors 14, 20, and 21 of the TESS space mission. We confirm the planetary nature of the transit signal, which has a period of 3.44 d, by using precise RV measurements with the CARMENES, HARPS-N, and iSHELL spectrographs, supplemented by high-resolution imaging and ground-based photometry. A comparison of the properties derived for TOI-1235 b with theoretical models reveals that the planet has a rocky composition, with a bulk density slightly higher than that of Earth. In particular, we measure a mass of Mp = 5.9 ± 0.6 M⊕ and a radius of Rp = 1.69 ± 0.08 R⊕ , which together result in a density of ρp = 6.7- 1.1+ 1.3 g cm-3. When compared with other well-characterized exoplanetary systems, the particular combination of planetary radius and mass places our discovery in the radius gap, which is a transition region between rocky planets and planets with significant atmospheric envelopes. A few examples of planets occupying the radius gap are known to date. While the exact location of the radius gap for M dwarfs is still a matter of debate, our results constrain it to be located at around 1.7 R⊕ or larger at the insolation levels received by TOI-1235 b (~60 S⊕ ). This makes it an extremely interesting object for further studies of planet formation and atmospheric evolution. © ESO 2020. ; CARMENES is an instrument for the Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman de Calar Alto (CAHA, Almeria, Spain). CARMENES is funded by the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), the European Union through FEDER/ERF FICTS-2011-02 funds, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Institut fur Astrophysik Gottingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiologia and Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman), with additional contributions by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, the German Science Foundation through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and DFG Research Unit FOR2544 "Blue Planets around Red Stars", the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucia. We acknowledge the use of public TESS Alert data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. We acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 Framework Program via the ERC Advanced Grant Origins 83 24 28, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through projects RE 281/32-1, RE 1664/14-1, RE 2694/4-1, and RA714/14-1, PA525/18-1, PA525/19-1 within the Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and the European FEDER/ERF funds through projects PGC2018-098153-B-C31, ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3P, AYA2015-69350-C3-2-P, RYC-2015-17697, and BES-2017-082610, the Centre of Excellence "Severo Ochoa" and "Maria de Maeztu" awards to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (SEV-2015-0548), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709), and Centro de Astrobiologia (MDM-2017-0737), the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant 713673, the Centre national d'etudes spatiales through grants PLATO and GOLF, the Czech Academy of Sciences through grant LTT20015, NASA through grants NNX17AF27G and NNX17AG24G, JSPS KAKENHI through grants JP18H01265 and JP18H05439, JST PRESTO through grant JPMJPR1775, the Fundacion Bancaria "la Caixa" through grant INPhINIT LCF/BQ/IN17/11620033, and the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. NESSI was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and the NASA Ames Research Center and built at the Ames Research Center. The authors are honored to be permitted to conduct observations on Iolkam Du'ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain within the Tohono O'odham Nation with particular significance to the Tohono O'odham people. This work made use of observations from the LCOGT network and the following software: astrasens, AstroImageJ, Banzai, batman, caracal, emcee, juliet, serval, TESS Transit Finder, tpfplotter, Yabi, and the python packages astropy, lightkurve, matplotlib, and numpy. We thank the SuperWASP team and J. Sanz-Forcada for sharing unpublished information with us. Special thanks to Ismael Pessa for all their support through this work.

[eng] Aiming to improve the conservation status of the European seas, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) was adopted in 2008, establishing a general framework for all EU countries in the field of marine environmental policy. The MSFD enforces all Member States to adopt an adaptive management strategy in their territorial waters grounded on (1) an ecosystem-based approach, (2) the creation and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as essential tools to reach a (3) previously designed Good Environmental Status (GES), to which they must evolve as the result of (4) policy measures that would only be enforced after the launching of a (5) monitoring program based on (6) previously selected indicators/parameters. In the case of the Spanish State, the MSFD was legally transposed as a state law in year 2010, leading to the designation of 10 new offshore MPAs. One of these 10 areas, evaluated under the framework of the Life+ Indemares project, sets the spatial limits of this PhD thesis: the offshore area of Cap de Creus. This thesis begins by evaluating the structure of the megabenthic invertebrate assemblages present on the continental shelf and submarine canyon based on 60 underwater video transects performed by a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and a manned submersible. 9 different assemblages were identified: (A) shelf assemblage with Eunicella cavolini; (B) soft-bottom shelf assemblage with pennatulaceans; (C) soft-bottom assemblage with Sabella pavonina; (D) sandy bottom shelf assemblage with Leptometra phalangium; (E) deep shelf and shelf-break assemblage with Lanice conchilega; (F) cold-water coral assemblage with Madrepora oculata; (G) 'Roche du large' assemblage with sponges; (H) slope assemblage with Cerianthus membranaceus; and (I) aggregation of the brittle star Ophiothrix fragilis. Depth, current speed and substrate type were identified as the main factors determining the spatial patterns observed at the scale of the study area, although fishing intensity played a predominant role in the soft-bottom areas of the shelf, where fishing is known to occur. This information was used to elaborate predictive distribution maps of benthic assemblages using the algorithm Random Forest. Increasing levels of bottom trawling intensity had a negative impact on species richness, diversity, and also on the structure of the community dwelling on the continental shelf. Based on the response of key megafauna species to increasing levels of fishing effort, 4 species were chosen as indicators for a monitoring program. A detailed monitoring protocol together with quantitative baseline data is provided in order to assess the future evolution of the benthic ecosystem once management measures are put in practice. The proposed protocol extensively describes the sampling methodology to be applied at sea, the video analysis, the processing of the data and the interpretation of the results. Two fish assemblages were identified in the video images: (A) shelf assemblage with highly-mobile small-sized fishes (Trisopterus spp., Serranus cabrilla, triglidae and Scorpaena species) and (B) canyon assemblage with less mobile and larger fishes (Helycolenus dactylopterus, Lepidopus caudatus, Conger conger and Phycis phycis). The low number of fishes identified in the ROV footage made us very pessimistic with their use in the monitoring protocol as indicators of fishing activity. Finally, this thesis provides the amount of marine litter accumulated on the seafloor of the study area. The results of this PhD thesis have to be considered an attempt to simplify the implementation of the MSFD in offshore areas by providing the necessary tools to implement an ecosystem-based approach to management using imaging techniques, which should lead to a continuous monitoring of the benthic ecosystem, as demanded by the MSFD. ; [spa] Amb l'objectiu de millorar l'estat de conservació dels mars europeus, es va adoptar la Directiva Marc de l'Estratègia Marina (MSFD) l'any 2008, que estableix un marc general per a tots els països de la UE en l'àmbit de la política ambiental marina. La MSFD demana a tots els Estats Membres que adoptin una estratègia de gestió adaptativa en les seves aigües territorials basada en (1) una gestió ecosistèmica, (2) la creació i gestió d'àrees marines protegides (AMP) com a eines imprescindibles per assolir un (3) un bon estat ambiental, al qual han d'evolucionar com a resultat de (4) mesures de gestió que només s'aplicaran després de la posada en marxa d'un (5) programa de seguiment basat en (6) indicadors seleccionats prèviament. En el cas de l'Estat espanyol, la MSFD es va transposar jurídicament com una llei estatal l'any 2010, conduïnt cap a la designació de 10 noves AMP mar endins. Una d'aquestes 10 àrees, avaluada en el marc del projecte Life+ Indemares, estableix els límits territorials d'aquesta tesi doctoral: l'àrea marina del Cap de Creus. Aquesta tesi comença avaluant l'estructura de les comunitats de fauna invertebrada presents a la plataforma continental i el canó submarí en base a 60 transectes de vídeo submarins. Les imatges van permetre identificar fins a 167 espècies, que formen un total de 9 comunitats bentòniques diferents. La fondària, la velocitat de la corrent i el tipus de substrat es van identificar com els factors principals que determinen els patrons espacials observats a l'escala de l'àrea d'estudi, tot i que la intensitat de la pesca juga un paper preponderant en les zones de fons tou de la plataforma. Aquesta informació es va utilitzar per elaborar mapes de distribució predictius de comunitats usant l'algoritme Random Forest. Altes intensitats de pesca d'arrossegament tenen un impacte negatiu en la riquesa, la diversitat i també en l'estructura de les comunitats a la plataforma continental. A partir de la resposta a nivells creixents d'esforç pesquer de diferents espècies clau de la megafauna, es van triar 4 espècies com a indicadors per a un programa de seguiment. La tesi proporciona un protocol de seguiment detallat, conjuntament amb dades de base quantitatives, per així poder avaluar l'evolució futura de l'ecosistema bentònic una vegada que es posin en pràctica les mesures de gestió. El protocol proposat descriu la metodologia de mostreig que s'ha d'emprar al mar, l'anàlisi de les imatges de video, el tractament de les dades i la interpretació dels resultats. Es van identificar també dues comunitats de peixos a les imatges de video, però el reduït nombre d'individus que s'observen ens fa ser molt pessimistes amb el seu ús com a indicadors de l'activitat pesquera en el protocol de seguiment. Finalment, aquesta tesi proporciona també la quantitat d'escombraries marines acumulades al fons marí de l'àrea d'estudi.

La Aloreña de Málaga es una variedad de aceituna de mesa autóctona del Valle del Guadalhorce y la Sierra de las Nieves, con una demarcación muy concreta (19 municipios) siendo muy apreciada dentro y fuera de la provincia de Málaga. Fue la primera aceituna de mesa en España en obtener el sello de calidad de DOP (BOJA nº215, 2009). El volumen de producción de este tipo de especialidad de aceitunas de mesa es de aproximadamente 3.500- 4.000 ton/año según datos estimados por el Ministerio de Agricultura (http://www.aica.gob.es/) y contrastados con las declaraciones de los industriales, realizadas por el Consejo Regulador. Por lo tanto, la producción no es muy elevada comparada con otros tipos de elaboraciones como son las aceitunas verdes estilo español o sevillano. Sin embargo, su elaboración aún hoy en día se sigue realizando de manera muy artesanal (un aspecto este altamente valorado por los consumidores), y es llevado a cabo en industrias de pequeño tamaño (650). De este modo, se han estudiado los niveles poblacionales de aerobios mesófilos, levaduras, bacterias lácticas, enterobacterias, esporulados, presencia de Listeria, Salmonella, Clostridium y Staphylococcus coagulasa positivos. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se generó un modelo matemático que estimó el grado de cumplimiento higiénico-sanitario del proceso de elaboración de este tipo de aceituna de mesa mediante un sistema de ponderación (basado en la legislación presente y opiniones de expertos) y modelo probabilístico de gestión del riesgo. La contribución relativa de cada fase a la calidad y seguridad del producto final fue evaluada y ponderada por un panel de expertos (n=25) del ámbito científico y del sector de la Aloreña de Málaga. No se ha detectado en ninguna empresa la presencia de especies patógenas que puedan suponer un riesgo para los consumidores. La etapa de aliño ha resultado ser la más crítica dentro del proceso, ya que las hierbas aromáticas y diversos ingredientes que se utilizan en el mismo presentan una elevada carga microbiana que se añade directamente a los envasados sin ningún tipo de tratamiento previo. También es recomendable reducir el número de microorganismos en el ambiente y un mayor control de las aguas destinadas al consumo humano. Se observó asimismo que el grado de cumplimiento higiénico-sanitario determinado por el sistema de evaluación desarrollado aumenta conforme se acercan las etapas finales del proceso, las cuales resultan ser las más seguras. Con toda la información obtenida, se ha desarrollado un protocolo y procedimiento científico que puede ser utilizado por las empresas del sector para estandarizar sus procesos, valorar cuantitativamente el grado de cumplimiento higiénicosanitario de las diferentes etapas de producción y predecir los efectos de la introducción de medidas correctoras sobre la calidad y seguridad de los productos finales. ; The Aloreña de Málaga table olive is an autochthonous variety from Guadalhorce Valley and Sierra de las Nieves region, with a confined demarcation (19 municipalities) being well appreciated inside and outside Malaga province. It has been the first table olive with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in Spain (BOJA No. 215, 2009). The production volume of this table olive speciality is below 3,500-4,000 ton according to estimated records of the Ministry of Agriculture ((http://www.aica.gob.es/) and further verified with the interviews performed by the Regulatory Council to industrials. Thus, production is limited in comparison to other elaborations such as the Spanish table olive style. However, its elaboration is still very artisanal (which is highly appreciated by consumers), being carried out by SMEs with less than 20 operators. These industries have a great interest in optimizing and improving the transformation processes in order to obtain a valorised product with high quality and safety standards, which is currently requested by the large distribution chain. This Doctoral Thesis is focused on providing additional knowledge about the transformation processes of Aloreña de Málaga table olives as well as to evaluate the effect of new changes on quality and safety of final products. In this sense, the Doctoral Thesis is divided into two sections. In the first section, novel methodologies such as metagenomics and statistical modelling are applied with the aim to gain knowledge about how different modifications (reduction of sodium chloride, inclusion of resting periods to table olives, and application of heat treatments) can affect to the elaboration process. In the second section, the hazard analysis and critical control points from various industries were evaluated in different campaigns in order to determine the fulfilment of hygienic-sanitary conditions through the performance of physicochemical and microbiological analyses along the production chain. Information generated will allow the further development of a scientific procedure based on advanced mathematical models and different weighing values to improve food quality and safety management in industries. To study the effect of sodium chloride reduction and the addition of a resting period of fruits during fermentation and posterior table olive preservation, 1,500 kg of olive fruits were collected and placed in containers with different preservation brines and varying concentrations of acetic acid, citric acid and salt, either directly or with a resting period of table olives at room temperature (72 h, 25ºC). Afterwards, the main physicochemical and microbiological parameters were monitored during 1 year. The presence of a high amount of acetic acid together with the absence of sodium chloride did not negatively affect the evolution of the main physicochemical parameters, though differences existed according to the assayed treatments. The elaboration process was marked by a rapid inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae population, as well as by a growth of lactic acid bacteria (just at the end of the process) and specially, by the yeasts growth, which were continuously present reaching concentration levels up to 6 log10 CFU/mL. One of the first applications in food microbiology of a functional data analysis model programmed in R was presented. The model allowed a smart comparison of the different assayed treatments, providing additional information on the rate and acceleration of changes in the elaboration process through the calculation of means, maximal and minimal values. Model fitting showed that yeasts population was very similar among the evaluated treatments, though significant differences existed for some fermentation treatment times. Nevertheless, larger differences were found for pH evolution, specially during the first 3- month process, being then stabilized after all treatments until a pH of 4.0 units approximately. Next Generation Sequencing techniques were subsequently applied to study fermentation and preservation processes of Aloreña de Málaga table olives. To do this, four fermentation containers were monitored (approximately 500 kg of table olives) at the food industry during a 4-month period by performing physicochemical and microbiological (Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts) analyses. From a microbiological point of view, fermentation took place normally, being yeasts the only population group showing growth while lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were not present during fermentation. During the 4-month fermentation period metagenomic analysis of brines and fruit samples were carried out with the aim of studying the ecology of bacterial (16S) and fungal populations (ITS). This methodology allowed detecting with relative frequency bacteria genera not being previously described in this product such as Celerinatantimonas, Pseudomonas and Propionibacterium among the bacterial groups, and Penicillium, Pichia and Zygotorulaspora among yeasts and moulds. There was not any pathogenic microorganism in the fermented table olives studied by what microbial food safety was ensured. Therefore, the application of this culture independent technique has extended the microbial spectrum of bacterial species not being previously detected by conventional culture dependent techniques. The potential role of these microbial groups on the final product quality is still to be determined. One-hundred kg. of cracked olives (destined to the elaboration of traditional table olives) and whole olives (destined to the elaboration of cured table olives) were collected to study the effect of a previous heat treatments on the fermentation process of olive fruits together with their organoleptical characteristics. These fruits were submitted to a heat treatment which consisted on a water immersion at 60ºC for 5 min before placing them in brine. Afterwards, fermentations were monitored during a study period longer than 5 months. Performance of this heat treatment in table olives previously to their transferring to brines enhanced lactic acid fermentation, with a higher sugars consumption, free acidity production and pH drop, which guaranteed the stability of olive fruits. In the heat-treated fermented table olives, population levels of lactic acid bacteria reached 5 log10 CFU/mL, while in those brines without a heat treatment, this microbial group was not detected. Improvement of fruit coloration (luminosity, green colour etc.) was observed in those fruits undergoing a heat treatment during fermentation and packaging steps. The great advantage of the applied heat treatment was subsequently confirmed by the improvement in the stability and acceptability of table olives once packaged. Indeed, 41 days after packaging, the products having the highest proportion of olive tasters who would consume them and would purchase the packaging, corresponded to the traditional heat-treated table olives. The acceptability percentages sparsely varied between 4 and 41 after packaging, which did not occur with the rest of assayed treatments. Finally, the metagenomic analysis performed at the end of the fermentation period to all elaboration types, and between treated and non-treated olive fruits revealed that the bacteria genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Celerinatantimonas were present in all elaborations in both fruits and brines, and that prevalence of Lactobacillus was significantly higher in heat-treated olive fruits, which confirmed the improvement of lactic acid fermentation by the heat treatment applied. Finally, in the present Doctoral Thesis three representative companies of the Aloreña de Málaga table olive sector were visited during three consecutive campaigns (13/14, 14/15, y 15/16). Physicochemical and microbiological analyses (>650) were performed corresponding to environmental control samples, equipment surfaces, food handlers, olive fruits, olive dressings, brines, and potable water. In this way, population levels of mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, sporulated bacteria, together with presence of Listeria, Salmonella, Clostridium and coagulase positive Staphylococci, were analysed. Based on the obtained results, a mathematical model was developed to estimate a Performance Hygiene and Safety Score (PHSS) of the elaboration process of this table olive type by means of a weighing system (based on current legislation applied and experts opinions) together with a probabilistic decision-making model. The relative contributions of each processing step to final product quality and safety were evaluated and weighted by a scientific expert panel (n=25) together with industrials from the Aloreña de Málaga table olive sector. There was not any food company having presence foodborne pathogens during the whole study period. Addition of olive dressings has resulted to be most critical processing step, since aromatic herbs and diverse ingredients used presented a high microbial load which is directly added to the packaged products without a posterior heat treatment. It is also recommended to reduce the environmental contamination as well as a more intensive control of the potable water destined to human consumption. Likewise, it was observed that the PHSS values determined by the developed mathematical model increased according to the final processing steps, being the safest ones. With the information obtained, a protocol and scientific procedure was performed, which can be used by industrials in order to standardize their elaboration processes, to quantitatively assess the degree of fulfilment of hygienic-sanitary conditions of the different production steps and to predict the effect of corrective measures on final products quality and safety.

Funding Information: This work was conducted in part using the resources of the Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. KS, BL, CH were supported by the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01EB017230, and T32EB001628, and in part by ViSE/VICTR VR3029 and the National Center for Research Resources, Grant UL1 RR024975-01. This work was also possible thanks to the support of the Institutional Research Chair in NeuroInformatics of Université de Sherbrooke, NSERC and Compute Canada (MD, FR). MP received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754462. The Wisconsin group acknowledges the support from a core grant to the Waisman Center from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (IDDRC U54 HD090256). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, NIH NIBIB 1R01EB029272-01, and a Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. LF acknowledges the support of the Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2025. SW is supported by a Medical Research Council PhD Studentship UK [MR/N013913/1]. The Nottingham group's processing was performed using the University of Nottingham's Augusta HPC service and the Precision Imaging Beacon Cluster. JPA, MA and SMS acknowledges the support of FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia within CINTESIS, R&D Unit (reference UID/IC/4255/2013). MM was funded by the Wellcome Trust through a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship [213722/Z/18/Z]. EJC-R is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, Ambizione grant PZ00P2 185814/1). CMWT is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship (215944/Z/19/Z) and a Veni grant from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) (17331). FC acknowledges the support of the National Health and Medical Research Council ofAustralia (APP1091593 and APP1117724) and the Australian Research Council (DP170101815). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. D.B. was partially supported by NIH NIMH T32-MH103213 to William Hetrick (Indiana University). CL is partly supported by NIH grants P41 EB027061 and P30 NS076408 "Institutional Center Cores for Advanced Neuroimaging. JYMY received positional funding from the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation (RCH 1000). JYMY, JC, and CEK acknowledge the support of the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, and the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program. C-HY is grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 109-2222-E-182-001-MY3) for the support. LC acknowledges support from CONACYT and UNAM. ARM acknowledges support from CONACYT. LJO, YR, and FZ were supported by NIH P41EB015902 and R01MH119222. AJG was supported by P41EB015898. NM was supported by R01MH119222, K24MH116366, and R01MH111917. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 785907 & 945539 (HBP SGA2 & SGA3), and from the ANR IFOPASUBA- 19-CE45-0022-01. PG, CR, NL and AV were partially supported by ANID-Basal FB0008 and ANID-FONDECYT 1190701 grants. We would like to acknowledge John C Gore, Hiromasa Takemura, Anastasia Yendiki, and Riccardo Galbusera for their helplful suggestions regarding the analysis, figures, and discussions. Funding Information: This work was conducted in part using the resources of the Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. KS, BL, CH were supported by the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01EB017230, and T32EB001628, and in part by ViSE/VICTR VR3029 and the National Center for Research Resources, Grant UL1 RR024975-01. This work was also possible thanks to the support of the Institutional Research Chair in NeuroInformatics of Universit? de Sherbrooke, NSERC and Compute Canada (MD, FR). MP received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk?odowska-Curie grant agreement No 754462. The Wisconsin group acknowledges the support from a core grant to the Waisman Center from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (IDDRC U54 HD090256). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, NIH NIBIB 1R01EB029272-01, and a Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. LF acknowledges the support of the Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany?s Excellence Strategy ? EXC 2025. SW is supported by a Medical Research Council PhD Studentship UK [MR/N013913/1]. The Nottingham group's processing was performed using the University of Nottingham's Augusta HPC service and the Precision Imaging Beacon Cluster. JPA, MA and SMS acknowledges the support of FCT - Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia within CINTESIS, R&D Unit (reference UID/IC/4255/2013). MM was funded by the Wellcome Trust through a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship [213722/Z/18/Z]. EJC-R is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, Ambizione grant PZ00P2 185814/1). CMWT is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship (215944/Z/19/Z) and a Veni grant from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) (17331). FC acknowledges the support of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP1091593 and APP1117724) and the Australian Research Council (DP170101815). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. D.B. was partially supported by NIH NIMH T32-MH103213 to William Hetrick (Indiana University). CL is partly supported by NIH grants P41 EB027061 and P30 NS076408 ?Institutional Center Cores for Advanced Neuroimaging. JYMY received positional funding from the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation (RCH 1000). JYMY, JC, and CEK acknowledge the support of the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, and the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program. C-HY is grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 109-2222-E-182-001-MY3) for the support. LC acknowledges support from CONACYT and UNAM. ARM acknowledges support from CONACYT. LJO, YR, and FZ were supported by NIH P41EB015902 and R01MH119222. AJG was supported by P41EB015898. NM was supported by R01MH119222, K24MH116366, and R01MH111917. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 785907 & 945539 (HBP SGA2 & SGA3), and from the ANR IFOPASUBA- 19-CE45-0022-01. PG, CR, NL and AV were partially supported by ANID-Basal FB0008 and ANID-FONDECYT 1190701 grants. We would like to acknowledge John C Gore, Hiromasa Takemura, Anastasia Yendiki, and Riccardo Galbusera for their helplful suggestions regarding the analysis, figures, and discussions. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 ; White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same intended white matter pathways, which directly affects tractography results, quantification, and interpretation. In this study, we aim to evaluate and quantify the variability that arises from different protocols for bundle segmentation. Through an open call to users of fiber tractography, including anatomists, clinicians, and algorithm developers, 42 independent teams were given processed sets of human whole-brain streamlines and asked to segment 14 white matter fascicles on six subjects. In total, we received 57 different bundle segmentation protocols, which enabled detailed volume-based and streamline-based analyses of agreement and disagreement among protocols foreach fiber pathway. Results show that even when given the exact same sets of underlying streamlines, the variability across protocols for bundle segmentation is greater than all other sources of variability in the virtual dissection process, including variability within protocols and variability across subjects. In order to foster the use of tractography bundle dissection in routine clinical settings, and as a fundamental analytical tool, future endeavors must aim to resolve and reduce this heterogeneity. Although external validation is needed to verify the anatomical accuracy of bundle dissections, reducing heterogeneity is a step towards reproducible research and may be achieved through the use of standard nomenclature and definitions of white matter bundles and well-chosen constraints and decisions in the dissection process. ; Peer reviewed

Räumliche Preistransmission oder Marktintegration misst den Grad der Nutzung von langfristigen Marktinformationen über homogene Güter in geografisch getrennten Märkten. In Ghana werden die möglichen Auswirkungen der Handelsliberalisierung auf die räumliche Preistransmission und die Integration der lokalen Tomatenmärkte sehr kontrovers diskutiert, d.h. ob sich die Preisweitergabe zwischen Tomatenmärkten während der Anpassung des Landes an die Politik der Handelsliberalisierung Mitte der 80er Jahre verbessert hat oder nicht. Dem steht die Behauptung entgegen, dass gut funktionierende Märkte notwendig sind, um überhaupt Wohlfahrtsgewinne aus einer Handelsliberalisierung realisieren zu können. Trotz nicht ausreichender empirischer Nachweise, wie sich die ghanaischen Tomatenmärkte nach der Handelsliberalisierung verhielten, besteht, unterstützt durch Studienergebnisse von Interessensgruppen, überwiegend die Meinung, dass der Import von Tomatenprodukten nach Ghana die Ursache für Angebotsschwemmen, über Jahre schwankende, streuende und häufig niedrige Tomatenpreise ist. Diese Annahme soll in dieser Studie überprüft und so zur politischen Debatte beigetragen werden. Das Hauptziel dieser Studie ist die Bestimmung des Ausmaßes der Preistransmission und Marktintegration auf Märkten für frische Tomaten in Ghana in der Zeit nach der Handelsliberalisierung. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurden Daten der fünf wichtigsten Märkte für frische Tomaten erhoben. Die Analyse umfasste zwei Netto-Produzentenmärkte Navrongo und Techiman und drei Netto-Konsumentenmärkte Tamale, Kumasi und Accra. Bei ersteren besteht ein Angebotsüberschuss, bei letzteren ein Nachfrageüberschuss, d.h. ein Angebotsmangel. Der Datensatz beinhaltet monatliche Sekundärpreisserien von Januar 1992 bis einschließlich April 2009 und halbwöchentliche primäre Daten von Preisen und Handelsströmen, welche in Marktuntersuchungen zwischen März 2007 und April 2009 selbst erhoben wurden. Die Schätzungen erfolgten mit Hilfe des Johansen-Kointegrations-Ansatzes, des autoregressiven Schwellenwert- und des Vektor-Fehlerkorrektur-Modells (vector error correction model) sowie ihren Erweiterungen. Zunächst wurde auf Kointegration zwischen Produzenten- und Konsumentenpaaren von Tomatenmärkten getestet. Daraufhin wurden die Preistransmissionsgeschwindigkeiten in zwei Sub-Perioden geschätzt, welche sich nach der Handelsliberalisierung in Ghana richteten. Die erste Periode, die Periode der hohen Zölle, reichte von 1992 bis 2000, während die zweite Periode von 2001 bis 2009 von reduzierten Zöllen geprägt war. Das Ziel dieser Analyse ist es, zu bestimmen, ob sich die Preistransmission und mit ihr die für die Marktintegration verantwortlichen Faktoren während der zwei Subperioden eindeutig verbessert hat. Schließlich wurde die Bedeutung von direkten Handelsströmen zwischen den Märkten im Vergleich zu anderen Faktoren der Preistransmission untersucht. Die paarweise Kointegrationsanalyse zwischen Netto-Produzentenmärkten und Netto-Konsumentenmärkten gelangt zu mindestens einem signifikanten Kointegrationsvektor zwischen den Marktpaaren, während die Ergebnisse des multivariaten Johansen-Kointegrationsansatzes, der auf Kointegration zwischen jedem Produzentenmarkt und allen zu einer Gruppe zusammengefassten Konsumentenmärkten testet, ein integriertes Tomaten-Handelssystem zeigen. Dies impliziert, dass ein gewöhnlicher stochastischer Prozess möglicherweise der effektive Umlauf des Gutes und/oder Handelsinformationen - die Preisdynamiken zwischen Märkten zu bestimmen scheint. Demzufolge entwickeln sich die Tomatenpreise zwischen den Märkten langfristig nicht auseinander, sondern sie nähern sich nach zufälligen, kurzfristigen Preisschocks immer dem langfristigen Gleichgewicht an. Die geschätzten Kointegrationskoeffizienten (die langfristige Beziehung zwischen Preisen) reichen von 0,38 bis 0,98 bei einem Mittelwert von 0,67 und deuten einen hohen Grad an Preistransmission und Marktintegration zwischen Märkten für frische Tomaten in Ghana an. Die Ergebnisse des standardmäßigen autoregressiven Schwellenwert-Modells zeigen, dass die Preisanpassungsrate bzw. Fehlerkorrektur in beiden Perioden ebenfalls hoch ist, im Mittel etwa 50,8 % in der Hoch-Zoll-Periode und etwa 47,6 % in der Periode mit reduzierten Zöllen. Wird ein erweitertes autoregressives Schwellenwert-Modell genutzt, welches die Preisanpassungsgeschwindigkeit mit zeitabhängigen Parametern schätzt, werden Anpassungsgeschwindigkeiten von etwa 64,5 % in der ersten und etwa 69,9 % in der zweiten Periode festgestellt. Dies bestätigt die Ergebnisse der Kointegrationsanalyse, die eine schnelle Angleichung zum langfristigen Gleichgewicht ergaben, wenn Preisabweichungen auftraten. Auch wenn sie uneinheitlich sind, bestätigen die Ergebnisse des erweiterten autoregressiven Schwellenwert-Modells, welches als der beste Ansatz zu Modellierung von Preisanpassung zwischen Märkten angesehen wird, dass es keinen zwingenden Nachweis gibt, dass Handelsliberalisierung die einzige Ursache von Überangebot, Preisvolatilität und streuung und anderen Absatzproblemen auf Märkten für frische Tomaten in Ghana ist. Die Ergebnisse des Vektor-Fehlerkorrektur-Modells unterstützen diejenigen des autoregressiven Schwellenwert-Modells. Sie zeigen hohe Preisanpassungsgeschwindigkeiten, Abweichungen vom Gleichgewicht werden durchschnittlich in zwölf Wochen vollständig korrigiert. Das bedeutendste Ergebnis aber ist, dass in beiden Perioden (mit und ohne Handel) eine signifikante Preisanpassung mit dem Markovswitching-Vektor-Fehlerkorrektur-Modell nachgewiesen werden konnte. Dies bestärkt die häufig vernachlässigte Auffassung, dass direkter physischer Handel zwischen Märkten nicht der einzige grundlegende Faktor ist, der Preistransmission und Marktintegration bestimmt. Es scheint hier der Fall zu sein, dass andere indirekte Mechanismen die Preistransmission antreiben, wenn Märkte aufgrund von saisonaler Produktion voneinander autark sind. Aus der Literatur kann die Lehre gezogen werden, dass die zusätzlichen Gewinne aus der Liberalisierung des Handels abhängig sind von der Verfügbarkeit von aufeinander abgestimmter Marktinfrastruktur und politik. Abschließend soll hier die Notwendigkeit von angemessenen Investitionen in Straßen-, Transport-, Lagerungs-, Verarbeitungs- und Vermarktungsinfrastruktur betont werden, um die Transaktionskosten zu senken und die Verbindung zwischen den produzierenden Betrieben und den Netto-Konsumentenmärkten sowie zwischen den Netto-Produktionsgegenden und den weit vom Westafrikanischen Highway entfernt liegenden Netto-Konsumentenmärkten zu verbessern. Nachfolgende Studien sollten Faktoren wie Saisonalität, Marktmacht, Straßensperren, Lagerung und Verarbeitung und ihre Einflüsse auf die Preistransmission berücksichtigen. Weitere Forschung in dieser Richtung wird das Verständnis für dieses Problem verbessern und helfen, feiner abgestimmte politische Maßnahmen zu entwickeln, um sicher zu stellen, dass Landwirte in Ghana einen zusätzlichen Nutzen aus der Handelsliberalisierung ziehen können. ; Spatial price transmission or market integration measures the degree to which geographically separated markets share long-run market information on homogenous commodities. One very contentious issue in Ghana is the concern about the implications of trade liberalization for spatial price transmission and integration of local tomato markets i.e. whether or not price linkages between tomato markets in Ghana improved following the countries adoption of trade liberalization policy in the mid 1980s. Opposed to this contention is the view that well-functioning markets are necessary for the realization of the welfare impacts of trade liberalization. Despite insufficient empirical evidence on how Ghana s tomato markets performed following trade liberalization, prevailing public opinion and findings of advocacy studies blame supply gluts and perennially volatile, dispersed and often low prices of tomato on the importation of tomato products into Ghana. It is to verify this opinion and contribute to the policy debate that this study was conducted. The main objective of the study is to determine the extent of post-liberalization price transmission and market integration between fresh tomato markets in Ghana. To achieve this objective, we sampled five major, fresh tomato markets, comprising two net tomato producer markets - Navrongo and Techiman and three net consumer markets Tamale, Kumasi and Accra for the analysis. The dataset for the analysis includes monthly, secondary price series from 1.1992 to 4.2009, and primary, semi-weekly price and trade flow data collected by self-conducted market surveys between 3.2007 and 4.2009. The estimation is performed using Johansen s cointegration approach, and the threshold autoregressive and vector error correction models and their extensions. We first test for the existence of cointegration between producer and consumer pairs of tomato markets. Then we estimate the speeds of price transmission between the market pairs under two sub-periods following trade liberalization in Ghana. The first sub-period, the high-tariffs period is from 1992 to 2000, while the second, a reduced-tariffs period is from 2001-2009. Our objective under this analysis is to determine whether price transmission and hence the factors responsible for market integration sufficiently improved over the two sub-periods. Lastly, we examine the importance of direct, inter-market trade flow vis-à-vis other factors in price transmission between the markets under study. Results of the pair-wise cointegration analysis between surplus, producer and deficit, consumer tomato markets using both datasets reveal at least one significant, cointegrating vector between the market pairs, while results of the Johansen s multivariate cointegration approach of testing for cointegration between each producer market and all the consumer markets as a group demonstrate an integrated tomato marketing system. This implies that a common stochastic process, possibly the effective flow of the commodity and/or trade information, seems to determine price dynamics between markets. As a result, tomato prices between the markets do not drift apart in the long run, but always converge towards long run equilibrium following random, short run shocks on prices. Estimated, cointegration coefficients (the long run relationships between prices) range from 0.38 to 0.98, averaging 0.67, and appear to suggest a high degree of price transmission and market integration between fresh tomato markets in Ghana. The results of the standard threshold autoregressive model reveal that the rate of price adjustment or error correction in each of the two periods under study is also high, averaging about 50.8% and 47.6% in the high-tariffs and reduced-tariffs periods respectively. Using an extended threshold autoregressive model which estimates speeds of price adjustment as time-varying parameters, we discover that adjustment speeds average about 64.5% under the high- and about 69.9% under the reduced-tariffs periods respectively. This confirms the cointegration results of rapid convergence of price deviations to long run equilibrium. Although the empirical evidence, overall is mixed, the findings of the extended threshold autoregressive model, the most ideal approach to modelling price adjustment between the markets, reinforce the view that there is no compelling evidence to blame trade liberalization as the sole cause of the gluts, price volatility and dispersion, and other marketing problems in fresh tomato markets in Ghana. The findings of the vector error correction model support those of the threshold autoregressive model; they reveal high speeds of price adjustments, with deviations from equilibrium requiring an average of about 12 weeks to be completely corrected. Most importantly, we find significant price adjustment in both periods with and without trade from the results of the switching vector error correction model. This is evidence supporting the often underemphasized notion that direct, physical trade between markets may not be the sole underlying factor determining price transmission and market integration. It appears, in this case, that other indirect mechanisms drive price transmission when autarky between markets occurs due to seasonality in production. Lessons from the literature indicate that the added benefits of trade liberalization are contingent on the availability of complementary market infrastructure and policies. To that end, we recommend that appropriate investments should be made in road, transport, storage, processing and marketing infrastructure to improve the connection and reduce transaction costs between farm gates and net consumer markets, and between surplus producing areas and deficit consumer markets that are off the West African highway. Extensions to this study should consider the role of factors like seasonality, market power, road barriers, storage and processing on price transmission. Further research along these lines will improve our understanding of the problem and help develop more nuanced policy measures to ensure that farmers in Ghana reap the added benefits of trade liberalization.

FOREWORD / Ja Joong Yoon HOW TO USE THIS CATALOGUE CONTENTS KOREAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS IN BRIEF Status The KS Mark Korean standard specification in accordance with ASTM, BS, DIN, & ISO, IEC KS B MECHANICAL ENGINEERING KS C ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING KS D METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING KS F CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE KS L CERAMICS KS M CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WOOD PRODUCTS Woodworks Sawn Lumber Preserved Wood Plywood Hard Board Wood Flush Door Wood Furniture GYPSUM PRODUCTS Gypsum Board Gypsum Panel Gypsum Plaster CONCRETE PRODUCTS Concrete Pipes Concrete Piles Concrete Poles Spancrete CERAMIC TILES Red Bricks Ceramic Glazed Mosaic Tiles Ceramic Glazed Wall Tiles GLASS PRODUCTS Architectural Glass ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS Asbestos Calcium Silicated Board(Sound Absorption Board) Asbestos Cement Roofing Sheets Asbestos Cement Flat Board Namulite Abrasives CEMENT PRODUCTS Portland Cement PVC PRODUCTS PVC Pipes PVC Strainer PVC Window Frames PVC Water Stop PVC Film & Sheets F.R.P. Waffle Forms Reflective Pavement Marker CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Concrete Additives Paints Explosives THERMAL INSULATION Insulation Film Glass Fiber Insulation Mineral Fiber Silica Urethane Foam Board Vermiculite WALL COVERINGS Burlap Wall Paper Cork Wall Paper Oak Leaf Wallpaper Corkboard & Carbonized Corkboard Grasscloth Wall Paper Strips Wall Paper Vinyl Wall Covering & Tiles FLOOR COVERINGS Vinyl Floor Coverings Vinyl Asbestos Floor Tiles PVC Floor Coverings SANITARY WARES F.R.P. Bathtub F.R.P. Unit Bathroom Ceramic Sanitary Wares Metal Sanitary Plumbing Fixtures KITCHEN UTENSILS Kitchen Furniture Kitchen Sinks Metal Shelf IRON & STEEL PRODUCTS SEMI FINISHED PRODUCTS Billets & Wire Rods STEEL BARS & SHAPES Flat Bars Round Bars Reinforced Deformed Bars H-Beams I-Beams Equal Angles Channels Rails STEEL SHEETS & PLATES Electrical Steel Sheets & Strips Hot Rolled Plates Cold Rolled Steel Sheets & Coils Precoated Steel Sheets & Coils Galvanized Iron Sheets STEEL WIRES P.C. Wires & Strands Galvanized Steel Wire Strands Galvanized Steel Wires Annealed Iron Wires Galvanized Iron Wires Concertina Barbed Wires Wire Ropes Welded Wire Mesh STEEL PIPES & TUBES E.R.W. Steel Pipes Seamless Steel Pipes Stainless Steel Clad Pipes Cast Iron Pipes METAL PRODUCTS ALUMINUM EXTRUSION PRODUCTS Aluminum Extrusion Profiles Aluminum Doors & Windows Aluminum Suspended Ceiling Panels Aluminum Wall Panels(Luxalon Facade Type 150F) Color Aluminum Blinds(Venetian Type) COPPER PRODUCTS Copper & Copper Alloy Sheets & Strips Copper & Copper Alloy Pipes & Tubes NAILS Wire Nail FASTENERS Self-Drilling Screw Rivet Bolt & Nut METAL DOORS & DOOR PARTS Auto Garage Door Steel Door & Frame Door Closer Door Lock Dead Lock Floor Hinges PIPE FITTINGS Pipe Fittings Flanges VALVES Valve PREFAB. STEEL CONSTR. MATERIALS Floor and Roof Deck Guard Rail & Guard Cable Steel Forms Insulated Wall Panel System Wall Partitions Prefabricated House WELDING ELECTRODES Welding Electrodes CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT EXCAVATORS Hydraulic Excavator KHIC-Poclain(90CL) CRAWLER TRACTORS Buldozer(KHIC-FD20) MOTOR GRADER Motor Grader(KHIC FG85) LOADER = 283,302,0 Wheel Loader(KHIC-645B) FOLKLIFTS Forklift(Daewoo FB13R, 15, 20, 25) GENERATORS Diesel Generator(DGR, DGT, DGA, DGC, DGG, DGH) CRANES Crawler Crane(KHIC 4210) Truck Crane(KHIC 4460) Auger Crane(Kia Master K3,000 Type) Gantry Crane(Unloader) Level Luffing Crane Container Crane(Port Side Type) Tower Crane(132HC) Overhead Crane Electric Overhead Travelling Crane Poly Crane(HCP2025) CONSTRUCTION LIFTS Cargo Lift Multipurpose Lift(HME-PM500) CONCRETE PLANTS Batching Plant Concrete Mixer CONCRETE MIXER TRUCKS Mixer Truck(AU745L-1) CONCRETE PUMP TRUCKS Concrete Pump Car CONCRETE VIBRATORS Pendulous Internal Concrete Vibrator(HVI-GE Engine Driven) Vibration Motor(HVK-FM) CRUSHING & SCREENING PLANTS Crushing & Screening Plant(HCP-200) Portable Crushing Plant ASPHALT PLANTS Asphalt Mixing Plant ASPHALT FINISHERS Asphalt Finisher ASPHALT DISTRIBUTORS 6000L Asphait Distributor(DA-CK20L-6000A.T.D.) DREDGER Dredger MINE EQUIPMENT Mine Equipment TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CARGO TRUCKS Pickup Truck(Kia master K2200) 4.5 Ton Cargo Truck(Kiamaster K4100) 10.75 Ton Cargo Truck(HD-11,000) Heavy Duty Cargo Truck(TSH 150C) DUMP TRUCKS Heavy Duty Dump Truck(FV 315 JDL) TRACTOR TRUCKS 36 Ton Tractor(CK-60-CTL) 39 Ton Semi - Trailer Tractor(FP 315 ERL-A) 51 Ton Semi - Trailer Tractor(FV 315 HRL-A) BULK CEMENT TRUCK Bulk Cement Truck(DA-CW519-BCT) TANK LORRY 16,000ℓ Tank Lorry(DA-CD51-T16M) TRAILERS 40-Ton Low Bed Semi-Trailer(DA-40-LST) 40 Ton Low Bed Trailer(C-40-L) Flat Bed Semi-Trailer(HTC-5C, HTC-5D) Wing Pallet Trailer(FBX-FZ-W) Container Chassis(HTC-6, HTC-3C) 40 Ton Container Chassis Combine(DA-40-CCC-35 SB) Tank Trailer(A 101-3T, HTT-1-HTT-5) BUSES Mini Bus(Kia K2,200-Bongo Coach) City Bus(BF1 01) Sight Seeing Bus(FB 485) High Way Bus(HA50) PASSENGER CARS Passenger Car(Pony-2) Passenger Car(Royale Gasoline) 4-Wheel Drive Vehicle(Patrol) TOOLS & MACHINERY HAND TOOLS Pliers Mini Pliers Socket Wrenches Wrenches CUTTING TOOLS Bit(Super High Alloy) Cutter & Bits Wood Working Cutters(Tip Saws) Industrial Diamond Tool Metal Cutting Tool ELECTRICAL TOOLS Drill Grinder Wire Brusher & Sanders Planer Cut-Off Machine WELDING MACHINE Spot Welder COMPRESSORS Air Compressor(Water Cooling) PUMPS Gear Pump Water Pump(HICO-K.S.B.) Submersible Water Pump(KT-Type) VENTILATORS Ventilator(Wind Driven) BOILERS Boiler for Home Use FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT Ionization Smoke Detector Alarm Bell & Indicating Light Alarm Valve Auto Control Valve Sprinkler Head Fire Extinguishing System Fire Extinguisher & Fire Hose Fire Hose & Parts MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Water Meter Gas Meter Measuring Tapes ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS ELECTRIC MOTORS Electric Motor(HICD T & D Line) High Voltage Induction Motor(Three-phase Squirrel-cage Type) GENERATORS Brushless Alternator ELECTRIC TRANSFORMERS Transformer RECTIFIERS Rectifier INVERTERS Uninterruptible Power Supply System SWITCHES Open Cutout & Interrupter Switches(XS & Alduti Type) Magnetic Switch & Contactor Magnetic Contactor SWITCHGEARS Switchgear SWITCHBOARDS Low-Voltage Switchboard Motor Control Center(480V-H5600) High-Voltage Switchboard Truck-Type Switchboard = 469,488,0 CIRCUIT BREAKERS Auto-Breaker Earth Leakage Breaker SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker Vacuum Circuit Breaker CAPACITORS High Voltage Power Capacitor Low Voltage Power Capacitor LIFTS Passenger Lift(Elevator) ESCALATORS Passenger Escalator AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Room Air Conditioner Water Chilling Unit(Centrifugal Type) Air Cooled Condensing Unit Air Cooled Airconditioner(Packaged Type) Water Cooled Airconditioner(Packaged Type) Air Handling Unit Fan Coil Unit Cooling Tower CABLES Power Cables Communication Cables TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange(STAREX) Private Automatic Branch Exchange(Crossbar-PABX) Telephone Set(Decorative Phone) Key Telephone System(GK-308N) SOLAR POWER SYSTEM Solar Power System POWER CONTROL SYSTEM Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition(SCADA) INTERPHONE SYSTEM Public Address Amplifier Chime Bell Melody Door Phone Telephone Type Interphone ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS Watt Hour Meter Pressure Gauge & Thermometer Switchboard Instrument Boiler Control Panel Frequency Counter Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter Digital Panel Meter LIGHTING APPARATUS Electronic Ballast Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Fluorescent Lamp Incandescent Lamp Lighting Fixture Fluorescent Lighting Fixture Chandeliers & Accessories Glass Lighting Fixture PLANT & ENGINEERING IRON & STEEL MILLS Iron & Steel Manufacturing Equipment Smelting & Refinery Plants CEMENT PLANTS Cement Manufacturing Equipment White Cement Manufacturing Equipment CHEMICAL PLANTS Chemical & Petrochemical Equipment Chemical Equipment Soda Ash Plants Dynamite Processing Equipment Bromination Equipment PAPER MILLS Paper Manufacturing Equipment WOOD PROCESSING PLANTS Veneer & Plywood Manufacturing Equipment SERICULTURAL PLANTS Multi-Purpose Silk Reeling Plants BICYCLE ASSEMBLING PLANTS Bicycle Assembling Lines METER MANUFACTURING PLANTS Water Meter Assembling Lines METAL CUTLERY MFG. EQUIPMENT Stainless Steel Cutlery Mfg. Lines ELECTRIC LAMP MFG. EQUIPMENT Electric Lamp Manufacturing Lines BOTTLING EQUIPMENT Bottle Cleaning Equipment Automatic Bottling Equipment CONCRETE PRODUCTS MEG. EQUIPMENT Centrifugal Machine Equipment for Concrete Products HEAT TREATMENT EQUIPMENT Industrial Furnaces INDUSTRIAL BOILERS Steam Boilers(Packaged-Type) Industrial Boilers Power Station Boilers Flue & Smoke Tube Boilers Water Tube Packaged Boiler STEEL STRUCTURES Shop Prefabricated Piping Steel Towers for Transmission Lines Steel Structures for Industrial Plants Steel Structures for Multi-Purposes Onshore Steel Structures OFFSHORE OIL EQUIPMENT Offshore Facilities Offshore Floating Crane Barges Semi-Submersible Drilling Rigs Jack-Up Drilling Rigs ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS Thermal Power Generating Equipment Nuclear Power Generating Equipment Hydro Power Plants(Generating Equipment) Power Plants WATER TREATMENT PLANTS Desalination Plants Water Treatment Plants Pure Water Treatment Plants Waste Water Treatment Plants AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT Air Pollution Control Treatment System PLANT ENGINEERING Monosodium Glutamate Plants Formalin Plants Industrial Plants & Public Utilities Industrial Plants Chemical Plants Chemical & Industrial Plants Power Plants Infrastructural Utilities ANNEX Ⅰ. LIST OF RELATED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS Ⅱ. KOREAN DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS OVERSEAS Ⅲ. LIST OF PRODUCTS & MANUFACTURERS BY PRODUCT GROUP

FOREWORD / Ja Joong Yoon HOW TO USE THIS CATALOGUE CONTENTS KOREAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS IN BRIEF Status The KS Mark Korean standard specification in accordance with ASTM, BS, DIN, & ISO, IEC KS B MECHANICAL ENGINEERING KS C ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING KS D METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING KS F CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE KS L CERAMICS KS M CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WOOD PRODUCTS Woodworks Sawn Lumber Preserved Wood Plywood Hard Board Wood Flush Door Wood Furniture GYPSUM PRODUCTS Gypsum Board Gypsum Panel Gypsum Plaster CONCRETE PRODUCTS Concrete Pipes Concrete Piles Concrete Poles Spancrete CERAMIC TILES Red Bricks Ceramic Glazed Mosaic Tiles Ceramic Glazed Wall Tiles GLASS PRODUCTS Architectural Glass ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS Asbestos Calcium Silicated Board(Sound Absorption Board) Asbestos Cement Roofing Sheets Asbestos Cement Flat Board Namulite Abrasives CEMENT PRODUCTS Portland Cement PVC PRODUCTS PVC Pipes PVC Strainer PVC Window Frames PVC Water Stop PVC Film & Sheets F.R.P. Waffle Forms Reflective Pavement Marker CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Concrete Additives Paints Explosives THERMAL INSULATION Insulation Film Glass Fiber Insulation Mineral Fiber Silica Urethane Foam Board Vermiculite WALL COVERINGS Burlap Wall Paper Cork Wall Paper Oak Leaf Wallpaper Corkboard & Carbonized Corkboard Grasscloth Wall Paper Strips Wall Paper Vinyl Wall Covering & Tiles FLOOR COVERINGS Vinyl Floor Coverings Vinyl Asbestos Floor Tiles PVC Floor Coverings SANITARY WARES F.R.P. Bathtub F.R.P. Unit Bathroom Ceramic Sanitary Wares Metal Sanitary Plumbing Fixtures KITCHEN UTENSILS Kitchen Furniture Kitchen Sinks Metal Shelf IRON & STEEL PRODUCTS SEMI FINISHED PRODUCTS Billets & Wire Rods STEEL BARS & SHAPES Flat Bars Round Bars Reinforced Deformed Bars H-Beams I-Beams Equal Angles Channels Rails STEEL SHEETS & PLATES Electrical Steel Sheets & Strips Hot Rolled Plates Cold Rolled Steel Sheets & Coils Precoated Steel Sheets & Coils Galvanized Iron Sheets STEEL WIRES P.C. Wires & Strands Galvanized Steel Wire Strands Galvanized Steel Wires Annealed Iron Wires Galvanized Iron Wires Concertina Barbed Wires Wire Ropes Welded Wire Mesh STEEL PIPES & TUBES E.R.W. Steel Pipes Seamless Steel Pipes Stainless Steel Clad Pipes Cast Iron Pipes METAL PRODUCTS ALUMINUM EXTRUSION PRODUCTS Aluminum Extrusion Profiles Aluminum Doors & Windows Aluminum Suspended Ceiling Panels Aluminum Wall Panels(Luxalon Facade Type 150F) Color Aluminum Blinds(Venetian Type) COPPER PRODUCTS Copper & Copper Alloy Sheets & Strips Copper & Copper Alloy Pipes & Tubes NAILS Wire Nail FASTENERS Self-Drilling Screw Rivet Bolt & Nut METAL DOORS & DOOR PARTS Auto Garage Door Steel Door & Frame Door Closer Door Lock Dead Lock Floor Hinges PIPE FITTINGS Pipe Fittings Flanges VALVES Valve PREFAB. STEEL CONSTR. MATERIALS Floor and Roof Deck Guard Rail & Guard Cable Steel Forms Insulated Wall Panel System Wall Partitions Prefabricated House WELDING ELECTRODES Welding Electrodes CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT EXCAVATORS Hydraulic Excavator KHIC-Poclain(90CL) CRAWLER TRACTORS Buldozer(KHIC-FD20) MOTOR GRADER Motor Grader(KHIC FG85) LOADER Wheel Loader(KHIC-645B) FOLKLIFTS Forklift(Daewoo FB13R, 15, 20, 25) GENERATORS Diesel Generator(DGR, DGT, DGA, DGC, DGG, DGH) CRANES Crawler Crane(KHIC 4210) Truck Crane(KHIC 4460) Auger Crane(Kia Master K3,000 Type) Gantry Crane(Unloader) Level Luffing Crane Container Crane(Port Side Type) Tower Crane(132HC) Overhead Crane Electric Overhead Travelling Crane Poly Crane(HCP2025) CONSTRUCTION LIFTS Cargo Lift Multipurpose Lift(HME-PM500) CONCRETE PLANTS Batching Plant Concrete Mixer CONCRETE MIXER TRUCKS Mixer Truck(AU745L-1) CONCRETE PUMP TRUCKS Concrete Pump Car CONCRETE VIBRATORS Pendulous Internal Concrete Vibrator(HVI-GE Engine Driven) Vibration Motor(HVK-FM) CRUSHING & SCREENING PLANTS Crushing & Screening Plant(HCP-200) Portable Crushing Plant ASPHALT PLANTS Asphalt Mixing Plant ASPHALT FINISHERS Asphalt Finisher ASPHALT DISTRIBUTORS 6000L Asphait Distributor(DA-CK20L-6000A.T.D.) DREDGER Dredger MINE EQUIPMENT Mine Equipment TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CARGO TRUCKS Pickup Truck(Kia master K2200) 4.5 Ton Cargo Truck(Kiamaster K4100) 10.75 Ton Cargo Truck(HD-11,000) Heavy Duty Cargo Truck(TSH 150C) DUMP TRUCKS Heavy Duty Dump Truck(FV 315 JDL) TRACTOR TRUCKS 36 Ton Tractor(CK-60-CTL) 39 Ton Semi - Trailer Tractor(FP 315 ERL-A) 51 Ton Semi - Trailer Tractor(FV 315 HRL-A) BULK CEMENT TRUCK Bulk Cement Truck(DA-CW519-BCT) TANK LORRY 16,000ℓ Tank Lorry(DA-CD51-T16M) TRAILERS 40-Ton Low Bed Semi-Trailer(DA-40-LST) 40 Ton Low Bed Trailer(C-40-L) Flat Bed Semi-Trailer(HTC-5C, HTC-5D) Wing Pallet Trailer(FBX-FZ-W) Container Chassis(HTC-6, HTC-3C) 40 Ton Container Chassis Combine(DA-40-CCC-35 SB) Tank Trailer(A 101-3T, HTT-1-HTT-5) BUSES Mini Bus(Kia K2,200-Bongo Coach) City Bus(BF1 01) Sight Seeing Bus(FB 485) High Way Bus(HA50) PASSENGER CARS Passenger Car(Pony-2) Passenger Car(Royale Gasoline) 4-Wheel Drive Vehicle(Patrol) TOOLS & MACHINERY HAND TOOLS Pliers Mini Pliers Socket Wrenches Wrenches CUTTING TOOLS Bit(Super High Alloy) Cutter & Bits Wood Working Cutters(Tip Saws) Industrial Diamond Tool Metal Cutting Tool ELECTRICAL TOOLS Drill Grinder Wire Brusher & Sanders Planer Cut-Off Machine WELDING MACHINE Spot Welder COMPRESSORS Air Compressor(Water Cooling) PUMPS Gear Pump Water Pump(HICO-K.S.B.) Submersible Water Pump(KT-Type) VENTILATORS Ventilator(Wind Driven) BOILERS Boiler for Home Use FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT Ionization Smoke Detector Alarm Bell & Indicating Light Alarm Valve Auto Control Valve Sprinkler Head Fire Extinguishing System Fire Extinguisher & Fire Hose Fire Hose & Parts MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Water Meter Gas Meter Measuring Tapes ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS ELECTRIC MOTORS Electric Motor(HICD T & D Line) High Voltage Induction Motor(Three-phase Squirrel-cage Type) GENERATORS Brushless Alternator ELECTRIC TRANSFORMERS Transformer RECTIFIERS Rectifier INVERTERS Uninterruptible Power Supply System SWITCHES Open Cutout & Interrupter Switches(XS & Alduti Type) Magnetic Switch & Contactor Magnetic Contactor SWITCHGEARS Switchgear SWITCHBOARDS Low-Voltage Switchboard Motor Control Center(480V-H5600) High-Voltage Switchboard Truck-Type Switchboard CIRCUIT BREAKERS Auto-Breaker Earth Leakage Breaker SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker Vacuum Circuit Breaker CAPACITORS High Voltage Power Capacitor Low Voltage Power Capacitor LIFTS Passenger Lift(Elevator) ESCALATORS Passenger Escalator AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Room Air Conditioner Water Chilling Unit(Centrifugal Type) Air Cooled Condensing Unit Air Cooled Airconditioner(Packaged Type) Water Cooled Airconditioner(Packaged Type) Air Handling Unit Fan Coil Unit Cooling Tower CABLES Power Cables Communication Cables TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange(STAREX) Private Automatic Branch Exchange(Crossbar-PABX) Telephone Set(Decorative Phone) Key Telephone System(GK-308N) SOLAR POWER SYSTEM Solar Power System POWER CONTROL SYSTEM Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition(SCADA) INTERPHONE SYSTEM Public Address Amplifier Chime Bell Melody Door Phone Telephone Type Interphone ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS Watt Hour Meter Pressure Gauge & Thermometer Switchboard Instrument Boiler Control Panel Frequency Counter Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter Digital Panel Meter LIGHTING APPARATUS Electronic Ballast Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Fluorescent Lamp Incandescent Lamp Lighting Fixture Fluorescent Lighting Fixture Chandeliers & Accessories Glass Lighting Fixture PLANT & ENGINEERING IRON & STEEL MILLS Iron & Steel Manufacturing Equipment Smelting & Refinery Plants CEMENT PLANTS Cement Manufacturing Equipment White Cement Manufacturing Equipment CHEMICAL PLANTS Chemical & Petrochemical Equipment Chemical Equipment Soda Ash Plants Dynamite Processing Equipment Bromination Equipment PAPER MILLS Paper Manufacturing Equipment WOOD PROCESSING PLANTS Veneer & Plywood Manufacturing Equipment SERICULTURAL PLANTS Multi-Purpose Silk Reeling Plants BICYCLE ASSEMBLING PLANTS Bicycle Assembling Lines METER MANUFACTURING PLANTS Water Meter Assembling Lines METAL CUTLERY MFG. EQUIPMENT Stainless Steel Cutlery Mfg. Lines ELECTRIC LAMP MFG. EQUIPMENT Electric Lamp Manufacturing Lines BOTTLING EQUIPMENT Bottle Cleaning Equipment Automatic Bottling Equipment CONCRETE PRODUCTS MEG. EQUIPMENT Centrifugal Machine Equipment for Concrete Products HEAT TREATMENT EQUIPMENT Industrial Furnaces INDUSTRIAL BOILERS Steam Boilers(Packaged-Type) Industrial Boilers Power Station Boilers Flue & Smoke Tube Boilers Water Tube Packaged Boiler STEEL STRUCTURES Shop Prefabricated Piping Steel Towers for Transmission Lines Steel Structures for Industrial Plants Steel Structures for Multi-Purposes Onshore Steel Structures OFFSHORE OIL EQUIPMENT Offshore Facilities Offshore Floating Crane Barges Semi-Submersible Drilling Rigs Jack-Up Drilling Rigs ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS Thermal Power Generating Equipment Nuclear Power Generating Equipment Hydro Power Plants(Generating Equipment) Power Plants WATER TREATMENT PLANTS Desalination Plants Water Treatment Plants Pure Water Treatment Plants Waste Water Treatment Plants AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT Air Pollution Control Treatment System PLANT ENGINEERING Monosodium Glutamate Plants Formalin Plants Industrial Plants & Public Utilities Industrial Plants Chemical Plants Chemical & Industrial Plants Power Plants Infrastructural Utilities ANNEX Ⅰ. LIST OF RELATED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS Ⅱ. KOREAN DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS OVERSEAS Ⅲ. LIST OF PRODUCTS & MANUFACTURERS BY PRODUCT GROUP

Full author list: L. Tartaglia, A. Pastorello, J. Sollerman, C. Fransson, S. Mattila, M. Fraser, F. Taddia, L. Tomasella, M. Turatto, A. Morales-Garoffolo, N. Elias-Rosa, P. Lundqvist, J. Harmanen, T. Reynolds, E. Cappellaro, C. Barbarino, A. Nyholm, E. Kool, E. Ofek, X. Gao, Z. Jin, H. Tan, D. J. Sand, F. Ciabattari, X. Wang, J. Zhang, F. Huang, W. Li, J. Mo, L. Rui, D. Xiang, T. Zhang, G. Hosseinzadeh, D. A. Howell, C. McCully, S. Valenti, S. Benetti, E. Callis, A. S. Carracedo, C. Fremling, T. Kangas, A. Rubin, A. Somero and G. Terreran ; In this paper we report the results of the first ~four years of spectroscopic and photometric monitoring of the Type IIn supernova SN 2015da (also known as PSN J13522411+3941286, or iPTF16tu). The supernova exploded in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5337 in a relatively highly extinguished environment. The transient showed prominent narrow Balmer lines in emission at all times and a slow rise to maximum in all bands. In addition, early observations performed by amateur astronomers give a very well-constrained explosion epoch. The observables are consistent with continuous interaction between the supernova ejecta and a dense and extended H-rich circumstellar medium. The presence of such an extended and dense medium is difficult to reconcile with standard stellar evolution models, since the metallicity at the position of SN 2015da seems to be slightly subsolar. Interaction is likely the mechanism powering the light curve, as confirmed by the analysis of the pseudo bolometric light curve, which gives a total radiated energy ≳ 1051 erg. Modeling the light curve in the context of a supernova shock breakout through a dense circumstellar medium allowed us to infer the mass of the prexisting gas to be ≂ 8 MO , with an extreme mass-loss rate for the progenitor star ≂ 0.6 MO yr-1, suggesting that most of the circumstellar gas was produced during multiple eruptive events. Near- and mid-infrared observations reveal a fluxexcess in these domains, similar to those observed in SN 2010jl and other interacting transients, likely due to preexisting radiatively heated dust surrounding the supernova. By modeling the infrared excess, we infer a mass ≳ 0.4 × 10-3 MO for the dust. ; The Oskar Klein Centre is funded by the Swedish Research Council. We acknowledge the support of the staff of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope. This work was partially supported by the Open Project Program of the Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. M.F. is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. J.H. acknowledges financial support from the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. Research by D.J.S. is supported by NSF grants AST-1821987, AST-1821967, AST-1813708, AST-1813466 and AST-1908972. S.B., L.T.and M.T. are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2016 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localisation, and physics of transient sources" (PI: M. Giroletti). N E.-R. acknowledges support from the Spanish MICINN grant ESP2017–82674–R and FEDER funds. D.A.H., C.M., and G.H. were supported by NSF AST-1313484 The work of X.W. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grants 11325313, 11633002, and 11761141001), and the National Program on Key Research and Development Project (grant no. 2016YFA0400803). Research by S.V. is supported by NSF grant AST-1813176. J.Z. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grants 11773067, 11403096), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS (grants 2018081), and the Western Light Youth Project. Based on observations collected at: ESO La Silla Observatory under program "Optical & NIR monitoring of bright supernovae with REM" during AOT30. The Gemini Observatory, under program GN– 2016B-Q-57, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Tthe Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association and the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), both installed at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofìsica de Canarias, on the island of La Palma (Spain). The Copernico Telescope (Asiago, Italy) operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova. The 3 m Shane Reflector, located at the Lick Observatory (7281 Mt Hamilton Rd, Mt Hamilton, CA 95140, USA.) owned and operated by the University of California. This work makes use of observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory network of telescopes. We acknowledge the support of the staff of the Li–Jiang 2.4 m telescope (LJT). Funding for the LJT has been provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the People's Government of Yunnan Province. The LJT is jointly operated and administrated by Yunnan Observatories and Center for Astronomical Mega–Science, CAS. This research has made use of the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which is operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. This publication makes use of data products from NEOWISE, which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, founded by the Planetary Science Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which is operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society. The SDSS Web site is http://www.sdss.org/. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) for the Participating Institutions. The Participating Institutions are The University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, University of Pittsburgh, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington. The intermediate Palomar Transient Factory project is a scientific collaboration among the California Institute of Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, the Oskar Klein Center, the Weizmann Institute of Science, the TANGO Program of the University System of Taiwan, and the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. SNOOPY is a package for SN photometry using PSF fitting and/or template subtraction developed by E. Cappellaro. A package description can be found at http:// sngroup.oapd.inaf.it/snoopy.html. FOSCGUI is a graphic user interface aimed at extracting SN spectroscopy and photometry obtained with FOSC-like instruments. It was developed by E. Cappellaro. A package description can be found at http://sngroup.oapd.inaf.it/foscgui.html

AbstractThe title of this thesis is An Analysis of Language Style Used in the Slogan of AdvertisementThat Found in the Internet. It aims to determine the type of language style that used in eachkind of slogans. The writer examines for the meaning contained. Descriptive method used toexplain the data. Four steps exercised by the author, who has to determine the sources, collect,analyze & present the data. The writer used Agih method (Sudaryanto: 1993). The authoremploys An Introduction to Sociolinguistics theory by Holmer, Janet. (1992), Metode andTeknik Analisis Bahasa theory By Sudaryanto (1993). The writer found the different oflanguage style used in the same categories of slogan. The writer make an analysis about thedata with divided the data one by one in the same categories of product.Key words: Language Style, Slogan, Advertisement, InternetINTRODUCTIONAdvertising or advertisementis a form of communication used to persuadean audience (viewers, readers or listener) totake some action with respect to products,ideas, or services. Most commonly, thedesired result is to drive consumer behaviorwith respect to a commercial offering,although political and ideological advertisingis also common. Advertising messages areusually paid for by sponsor and viewed viavarious traditional media; including massmedia such as newspaper, magazines,television commercial, radio advertisementoutdoor advertising or direct mail; or newmedia such as websites and text messages.Beside, Crabtree, et al(1991:237) say that:"Advertising is a business inwhich language is used to persuadepeople to do things, for examples tobuy some product or vote someone,and / or believe thing, for example, thatsome one corporation is trustworthy orsome political philosophy is good one"Like other advertising media,online advertising frequently involves both apublisher, who integrates advertisements intoits online content, and an advertiser, whoprovides the advertisements to be displayedon the publisher's content. Other potentialparticipants include advertising agencies thathelp generate and place the ad copy, an adserver who technologically delivers the adand tracks statistics, and advertising affiliateswho do independent promotional work forthe advertiser. Internet advertising is a formof promotion that uses the Internet and2World Wide Web for the expressed purposeof delivering marketing messages to attractcustomer. Examples of internet advertisinginclude contextual ads that appear on searchengine result pages, banner advertising, intext ads, Rich Media advertising, onlineclassified advertising, advertising networkand e-mail marketing, including e-mail spamand slogans.A slogan is an advertising taglineor phrases that advertisers create tovisually express the importance and benefitsof their product. By and large, it's a theme toa campaign that usually has a genuine role inpeople's lives. It has the ability to loanpeople's time and attention by puttingconsumers at the heart of the solution. Everyday we see millions of messages andcatchphrase everywhere from print media tointernet advertisement.Slogans are powerful marketingtools that can motivate their customers tosupport their brand. The best slogans areinstantly recognizable. It is an advertisingtag-line or phrase that advertisers create toovisually and verbally expresses theimportance and benefits of their product.Internet advertisement use somelanguage style. It purposes to attract theirconsumer. The language style has greatcontribution in attracting people whobrowsing the internet. So, they use languagestyle that interesting to the netter.In this research the writer tries todescribe and to look for the forms oflanguage for her analysis in internetadvertisement. At this analysis, the writerfocuses on language style used in slogans ininternet advertisement.Holmes (1992: 1) saysthat: "Sociolinguistics isconcerned with the relationshipbetween language and context inwhich it is used".In this case, the writer took some researchthat have relation with language variety,there are: The first one , Maria (2000) aboutlanguage style in some short stories as foundin Cool 'n Smart magazine in her research,she analyzes casual style and slang which,are found in Cool 'n Smart magazine. Sheanalyzes longer expressions(which idiomatic meaning) that arecharacteristic of slang usage. Another one,Anti (1998), about non-standard Indonesianlanguage in teenager magazine. In herresearch, she analyzes style of language inshort stories in teenager's magazines.Advertising or advertisement is aform of communication used to persuade anaudience (viewers, readers or listener) to takesome action with respect to products, ideas,or services. Most commonly, the desiredresult is to drive consumer behavior withrespect to a commercial offering, althoughpolitical and ideological advertising is alsocommon. Advertising messages are usuallypaid for by sponsor and viewed via varioustraditional media; including mass media suchas newspaper, magazines, television3commercial, radio advertisement outdooradvertising or direct mail; or new media suchas websites and text messages.Beside, Crabtree, et al(1991:237) in Arri Anti (1998 )saythat:"Advertising is a business inwhich language is used to persuadepeople to do things, for examples tobuy some product or vote someone,and / or believe thing, for example, thatsome one corporation is trustworthy orsome political philosophy is good one"According to Wikipedia, a sloganis a memorable motto or phrase used in apolitical, commercial, religious, and othercontext as a repetitive expression of an ideaor purpose. A slogan is an advertising taglineor phrases that advertisers create tovisually express the importance and benefitsof their product. By and large, it's a theme toa campaign that usually has a genuine role inpeople's lives. It has the ability to loanpeople's time and attention by puttingconsumers at the heart of the solution. Everyday we see millions of messages andcatchphrase everywhere from print media tointernet advertisement.Slogans are powerful marketingtools that can motivate their customers tosupport their brand. The best slogans areinstantly recognizable. It is an advertisingtag-line or phrase that advertisers create forvisually and verbally expresses theimportance and benefits of their product.The style of language that speakersuse with friends, when one a job interview,when talking to parents, the situationallanguage is called language style. Accordingto Holmes (1992:245), states that theaddresses and the context affect out choice ofcode of variety, whether language, anddialect. From the definition, the writer canconclude that language style is variety ofspeakers which is following the writer byaddressing and context.According to Holmes (1992:236) astandard variety is generally one which iswritten and which has under gone some ofregularization or codification (for example,in a grammar and dictionary), it is used for H(high) function a long side a diversity of L(Low) varieties.A Standard language variation isgenerally: (1) Used in the news media and inliterature (2) Described in dictionaries andgrammar (3) Taught in school and to nativespeakers when they learn language as aforeign languageAccording to Halim (1980) in Chaer(2004:192) non standard language is varietythat has indication or symbol fromcharacteristic to set out of the way fromnorm of standard language also calledinformal language.Non standard language shows greatervariety than standard language. The highersocial position of the non standard speakers,4the more nearly do they approach thestandard language.According to Richard, et al (1985)non standard language is use in speaking orwriting; with differ in pronunciation,grammar or vocabulary from the standardlanguage. Sometime the expressionsubstandard is used but linguist differ theterm non-standard as it a more neutral term.According to Holmes (1992: 74), there aremany components of the meaning of the termnon-standard language, they are;(1)Unstandardized or uncodified variety(2)Refers to the way it's acquired in thehome at first variety (3)It's used forrelatively circumscribed the function(4)Used in informal situationOne mark of an informal language isthe frequent occurrence of slang. Almosteveryone use slang occasions but it is noteasy to define the word. According toFromkin (1985:276) slang has been definedas "one of those things that everybody canrecognize and nobody can define".Regardless of social position, almostall people use slang from time to time.According to Yeager (1981:183) slang isanother word that is difficult to define butexpresses a concept that is understood byalmost everyone; probably the fundamentalquality of a slang term is not generallyaccepted. Slang words may come about bycombining to do word, by introducing acompletely new word. Slang expressionshave come and gone ever the year, some toreturn again but other never does. At thesometime, though same slang expressionsare remarkably resilient and persistent andsurvive over long periods of time.Akmadjian (1984) in Sudrawati(1999) explain about slang as follows:(1)Slang is part of casual informal styles oflanguage use (2)Slang like fashion in dottingand popular music, changer rapidly(3)Specific areas of slang often associatedwith particular social group, and hence onespeaks teenager slang.A daily activity has conversational language.Generally, colloquial style is not reallyattention to pronunciation, choice or words,or sentence structure. According toAlwasilah (1986:59) in Arry Anti (1998) thatcolloquial is words or phrases that are onlyused in utterances in spoken language. Itused in casual conversation. Educationnative speakers of a language normally usecolloquial speech in informal situation withfriends, fellow worker and members of thefamily.In this research, the writer would liketo use some theories in order to support indevelopment this thesis. The theories will bedescribed briefly, that is language style,formal and informal language, for exampleslang and colloquial.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn this research, the writer also usedthe qualitative method is a processing of5research, which is have a result descriptivedata like spoken or written language. In thisresearch, the writer uses this method toanalyze the language style as found inslogans in internet advertisementIn this research, the writer took the data fromslogans in internet advertisement. In internetadvertisement the writer copying someslogans into a flash disk and found some datafor to analyze. The data are categorized intofood and beverage, automotive, cosmetics,electronics etc.To collect the data, the writer usesobservation method. Observation methoditself is observes the language from thesource of data, that are some slogans ininternet advertising. In collecting the data thewriter browse the internet and uses flash diskto save the data in both formal and informallanguage which includes the words thatrelated to the research.DISCUSIONBased of the analysis, language style inadvertisement can be describe into nonstandard (that are slang and colloquial) andstandard languageNon StandardSlang1) BRYLCREEM - "A Little Dab'll DoYa!"From the example above, the sloganis about men's pomade or hair cream. Slangis not based to the true meaning but to thecontext. In the true meaning the word Dab'llsame with Dabble or playing with water butin the context meaning the word Dab'll isslang that means the hair is gloss or shiny ona surface because that hair cream.2) BURGER KING – It'll blow your mindawayFrom the example above, the word'blow' in the true meaning the wind action tomake something has different position orlook. But in the context meaning the word'blow' is slang version that means make yourmind only thinking about this food.3) GOOGLE - Don't be evilFrom the example above, the word'evil' in the true meaning has a negativemeaning or it is a crime or bad spirit. But inthe context meaning the word 'evil' is slangversion that means stupid. It is fit with theslogan because Google is the one of manysources of knowledge, information, socialnetwork etc. with Google the people cansmarter not stupid anymore.4) SUZUKI SWIFT - It's a boy thing.SWIFT, wanna play?From the example above, the word'wanna' in the true meaning is 'want to'.But in the context meaning the word'wanna' is slang version that meanschallenge. It is based from the slogan thatsays It's a boy thing. So are you brave to getthe challenge?5) AUSTRALIAN TOUR – So where thebloody hell are you?6From the example above, it is a sloganabout the tourist industry. The word 'bloodyhell' in the true meaning has a negativemeaning or may be a swearword. But in thecontext meaning the word 'bloody hell' isslang version that means to make sure wherethe place you wish will to go toColloquialA daily activity has conversationallanguage. Generally, colloquial style is notreally attention to pronunciation, choice orwords, or sentence structure. It used in casualconversation. Education native speakers of alanguage normally use colloquial speech ininformal situation with friends, fellowworker and members of the family.6) KFC - Finger lickin' Good!From the example above, it is seenthat the word lickin' is the colloquial versionfrom licking' is the standard language byswitching the alphabet g with the symbol 'from the word licking' become lickin' fromcolloquial. Because this word is not aboutthe creation of completely new word, it isonly about the change the spelling that isswitching one alphabet with one symbol butnot change the meaning.7) Mc D - I'm Lovin itFrom the example above, it is seenthat the word Lovin is the colloquial versionfrom Loving is the standard language bydeleting the alphabet 'g' from the wordLoving become Lovin from colloquial.Because this word is not about the creationof completely new word, it is only about thechange the spelling that is deleting onealphabet but not change the meaning.8) L'OREAL - Because you're worth itFrom the example above, it is seenthat to be 'are' from "Because you're worthit" contracted with pronoun 'you'. In Englishstructure it is should be 'you are'. The wordis colloquial because this slogan is notpaying attention to grammar or the word notabout the creation of completely new wordsbut only about the change the spelling of theshortened pronunciation.9) LG - "Life's Good"From the example above, it is seenthat to be 'is' from "Life's Good" contractedwith pronoun 'life'. In English structure it isshould be 'life is'. The word is colloquialbecause this slogan is not paying attention togrammar or the word not about the creationof completely new words but only about thechange the spelling of the shortenedpronunciation.10) Visa - "Its Everywhere you want to be"From the example above, is same withthe above. To be 'is' from Its Everywhereyou want to be" contracted with pronoun 'it'.In English structure it is should be 'it is. Theword is colloquial because the word notabout the creation of completely new wordsbut only about the change the spelling of theshortened pronunciation.7Standard Language11) Canon - "See what we mean"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.12) Nike - "Just do it"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.13) Haagen-Dazs - Pleasure is the path tojoyIn example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.14) Red Cross - "The greatest tragedy isIndifference"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.15) Matchbox - We sell more cars thanford, Chrysler, Chevrolet, and Buickcombined.In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.CONCLUSIONLanguage style is the ways toshow the freedom of expression, tocomment, to express the ideas, feelings, andgive information to other people. Languagestyle is a part of communication. That usedusually in some situation such as on schooland internet. On this situation usually thepeople mostly use variation of languagestyle.BIBLIOGRAPHYAlwasilah, A. Chaedar (1986) SosiologiBahasa. Bandung: Angkasa.Anti, Arry, (1998) An Analysis of Non-Standard Indonesia Language inTeenangers Magazines. Thesis S1:Padang. Bung Hatta University.8Chaer, Abdul. (2004) Sosiolinguistik.Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta.Fromkin, Victoria and Rodman, Robert.1985. An Analysis to Language. LosAngeles: Holt Rinehart and Winston,Inc.Holmer, Janet. (1992) An Introduction toSosiolinguistics. New York:Longman.Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_sloganHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ InternetAdvertisementHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertisingHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SloganMeri Efrina (2006) An Analysis of LanguageStyle in Advertising of CleoMagazine. Thesis S1: Padang.BungHatta University.Nurul Huda (2004) An Analysis of LanguageVariation Used in Teenlits. ThesisS1: Padang. Bung Hatta University.Richards, Jack. (1985) Longman Dictionaryof Linguistics. Longman.Spolsky, Bernard. (1998) Sosiolinguistics.Longman York press.Sudaryanto (1993) Metode dan TeknikAnalisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: DutaWacana Uuniversity Press.Sudrawati (2004) An Analysis of casual styleof Advertisement in AnekaMagazine. Thesis S1: Padang. BungHatta University.Yeager, Edwar. (1981) An Introduction tolinguistics. Boston : Little Brown andCompany

Una emergencia es una situación imprevisible que requiere de acciones de respuesta para minimizar posibles daños humanos y materiales. La gestión de emergencias consiste en un conjunto de actividades para la mitigación, preparación, respuesta y recuperación de una situación de emergencia que involucra a agencias gubernamentales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, comunidades de voluntarios, comunidades de práctica, el sector privado y los ciudadanos. Durante las 4 fases de la gestión de emergencias se requiere una comunicación constante entre las personas y organizaciones afectadas e involucradas con el objetivo de coordinar acciones de respuesta, informar de actividades llevadas a cabo, conocer el estado de la situación y dar asistencia a solicitudes de ayuda, entre otras. Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) proporcionan los mecanismos para dar soporte al intercambio, almacenamiento, procesamiento y distribución de la información generada en este contexto. Los medios sociales establecen un canal de comunicación complementario para habilitar una participación activa de los ciudadanos en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. Uno de los medios sociales más utilizados son las redes sociales, que permiten a los usuarios compartir información de manera textual o multimedia con una red de contactos, así como valorar, responder o compartir un contenido publicado de manera sencilla a través de páginas Web, aplicaciones de escritorio y aplicaciones móviles. En los últimos años, las redes sociales han generado un interés en constante aumento con respecto a su utilización por agencias gubernamentales durante la gestión de situaciones de emergencia, con el objetivo de hacer más eficiente la comunicación e interacción entre los ciudadanos, las comunidades y el personal de las agencias gubernamentales involucradas. Se considera que las redes sociales pueden ser utilizadas como un canal de comunicación bidireccional que permita la publicación y monitorización de información. Sin embargo, se han identificado dificultades y carencias para la utilización eficiente de las redes sociales por agencias gubernamentales en este contexto. Los problemas principales son: (1) escasez de recursos humanos y tecnológicos para llevar a cabo una actividad constante durante todas las fases de la gestión de situaciones de emergencia; (2) una sobrecarga de la información generada, en especial durante las fases de respuesta y recuperación de una situación de emergencia específica; y (3) la desconfianza en la veracidad de la información, debido a contenido falso y rumores que se suelen generar alrededor de una situación de emergencia. Para ayudar a resolver estos problemas principales identificados, se define un conjunto de 16 requerimientos específicos de las agencias gubernamentales para la utilización de las redes sociales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. Estos requerimientos están basados en la literatura, en particular en 3 estudios de investigación llevados a cabo con personal de las agencias gubernamentales, y un estudio de la actividad y el comportamiento de las agencias gubernamentales en la red social Twitter durante una situación de emergencia real. En esta tesis doctoral se describe el diseño y desarrollo de una arquitectura tecnológica que tiene como objetivo facilitar la utilización de las redes sociales por agencias gubernamentales como un canal de comunicación bidireccional durante situaciones de emergencia a partir del cumplimiento de los requerimientos identificados. Esta arquitectura está compuesta por un modelo de datos y un lenguaje de procesos para el almacenamiento y procesamiento de la información generada en las redes sociales durante la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. La base de la arquitectura desarrollada es un modelo de datos común e interoperable entre las distintas plataformas de redes sociales. El modelo de datos se define utilizando un diagrama de clases UML que toma en cuenta la estructura general de las redes sociales más comunes utilizadas actualmente y la estructura necesaria para almacenar los datos relacionados con el cumplimiento de los requerimientos de las agencias gubernamentales. Con el objetivo de proporcionar interoperabilidad, se incluye un esquema de datos utilizando el lenguaje estándar XSD que describe las clases, atributos, operaciones y relaciones de los elementos del modelo de datos. El segundo componente principal de la arquitectura es un lenguaje de procesos que permite la incorporación de módulos de procesos que cubren las necesidades de las agencias gubernamentales en este contexto. Los procesos se definen utilizando la notación BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) que describe las tareas, eventos, datos, mensajes y contextos involucrados en el cumplimiento de los requerimientos de las agencias gubernamentales. Los procesos incluidos pueden definirse como componentes reutilizables que llevan a cabo una tarea o actividad específica relacionada con el uso de las redes sociales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. Para medir el desempeño de la arquitectura desarrollada, se lleva a cabo una evaluación analítica compuesta por 2 estudios complementarios: (1) evaluación del cumplimiento por parte de la arquitectura desarrollada de los requerimientos identificados; y (2) comparativa del cumplimiento de los requerimientos con respecto a un conjunto de herramientas existentes de sindicación y agregación de contenido y la arquitectura. La evaluación demuestra que la arquitectura proporciona los mecanismos tecnológicos para el cumplimiento de los requerimientos identificados que ayudan a resolver los problemas principales de la utilización de las redes sociales por agencias gubernamentales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia, en comparación con las herramientas generales existentes de sindicación y agregación de contenido. A partir del diseño y desarrollo de la arquitectura tecnológica en esta tesis doctoral, se proporciona una solución que facilita la utilización de las redes sociales por las agencias gubernamentales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia, a través del cumplimiento de los requerimientos específicos de las agencias gubernamentales que ayudan a resolver los problemas principales de escasez de recursos humanos y tecnológicos, la sobrecarga de la información generada y la desconfianza en la veracidad de la información recibida. ; An emergency is an unexpected situation that requires response actions to minimize possible human and material damage. Emergency management is a set of activities for mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery of an emergency situation that involves governmental agencies, non-governmental agencies, communities of practice and volunteers, the private sector and citizens. During the four phases of emergency management, a constant communication is required between people and organizations affected and involved to coordinate response actions, inform about activities being performed, know the status of the situation and respond to help requests, among others. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) provide mechanisms to support the exchange, storage, processing and distribution of the information generated in this context. Social media provides an additional communication channel to enable active participation from citizens in emergency management. One of the most used social media platforms are social networks that allow users to share information in a textual or multimedia way with a user network, and to assess, respond or share a published content through the use of Web pages, desktop and mobile applications. In recent years, social networks have generated an increasing interest for their use by government agencies for emergency management in order to make more efficient the communication and interaction between citizens, communities and staff of government agencies involved. In general, social networks are considered as bidirectional communication channels that allow the publication and monitorization of information. However, some difficulties and shortcomings have been identified for the efficient use of social media by government agencies in this context. The main problems are: (1) limited human and technological resources to enable a continuous activity in social networks during all phases of emergency management; (2) an overload of information generated, especially during the response and recovery phases of an emergency event; and (3) distrust in the accuracy of the information, due to false content and rumors that usually appear during an emergency situation. In order to help solving these identified problems, a set of 16 specific requirements is defined for the use of social media by government agencies in emergency management. These requirements are based on the literature, particularly in 3 research studies conducted with personnel of government agencies, and a study of the activity and behavior of governmental agencies in Twitter during a real emergency event. In this thesis is presented the design and development of a technological architecture that aims to facilitate the use of social media by government agencies as a bidirectional communication channel during emergencies based on the fulfillment of the requirements identified. This architecture consists of a data model and a process language for the storage and process of information generated in social networks during emergency management. usually appear during an emergency situation. In order to help solving these identified problems, a set of 16 specific requirements is defined for the use of social media by government agencies in emergency management. These requirements are based on the literature, particularly in 3 research studies conducted with personnel of government agencies, and a study of the activity and behavior of governmental agencies in Twitter during a real emergency event. In this thesis is presented the design and development of a technological architecture that aims to facilitate the use of social media by government agencies as a bidirectional communication channel during emergencies based on the fulfillment of the requirements identified. This architecture consists of a data model and a process language for the storage and process of information generated in social networks during emergency management. viii The basis of the architecture developed is a data model interoperable between the various social networking platforms. The data model is defined using a UML class diagram that considers the overall structure of the most common social networks currently used and the structure needed to store information related to the fulfillment of the requirements of government agencies. In order to provide interoperability, a database schema is created using the XSD standard language for describing the classes, attributes, operations and relationships of all the elements in the data model. The second component of the architecture is a process language that allows the incorporation of process modules that meet the needs of government agencies in this context. The process language is defined using the BPMN notation (Business Process Modeling Notation) and describe the tasks, events, data, messages and contexts involved in meeting the requirements of government agencies. The processes included are defined as reusable components that perform a specific task or activity related to the use of social media in emergency management. To assess the performance of the architecture, an analytical evaluation is carried out that consists of two complementary studies: (1) an assessment of the fulfillment by the architecture of the requirements identified; and (2) a comparative between a set of existing syndication and aggregation tools and the architecture with respect to the fulfillment of the requirements identified. The evaluation demonstrates that the architecture provides the technological mechanisms to fulfill the identified requirements in order to help solving the main problems of the use of social media by government agencies in emergency management, in comparison to existing syndication and aggregation tools. The technological architecture designed and developed in this doctoral thesis provides a solution that facilitates the use of social media by government agencies during emergency management through the fulfillment of specific requirements identified in this context that help solving the main problems of limited human and technological resources, information overload and distrust in the information received. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología Informática ; Presidente: Jesús Hilario Canós Cerdá.- Secretario: Telmo Agustín Zarraonandía Ayo.- Vocal: Víctor Amadeo Bañuls Silvera

This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of the different SEZ experiences in China and Africa, the key lessons that Africa can learn from China, as well as the recent Chinese zones in Africa. For this purpose, the paper is structured in the following way: section 1 starts with definition of SEZs, then followed with the Chinese experiences (section 2), African experiences (section 3), the lessons that Africa can learn from China (section 4), Chinese zones in Africa (section 5), and then concludes.

This study quantifies the relationship between Tanzanian and external maize markets while also accounting for domestic influences. It concludes that external influences on domestic prices originate from regional, rather than global, markets. It also shows that, compared to external factors, domestic factors exert a greater influence on Tanzanian maize markets. Further, the mechanisms through which trade policies influence maize markets involve interactions with both external market shocks and domestic weather shocks. Overall, it provides evidence that the intermittent imposition of export bans in Tanzania has had adverse impacts on its maize markets, and consequently, on the development of its agrarian economy.