Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

International audience ; Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455,1999. Thompson, D.WJ., and J. M.Wallace,Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I, month-to-month variability./ Clim., PAGES 317,320 More than 40% of the marine heat flow data collected since the early experiments of Sir Edward Bullard in 1949 were obtained using shallow penetration probes less than 5 m long [Louden and Wright, 1989] .The common belief that these data are reliable enough to model deep-seated thermal processes is sup ported by a few experiments in which heat flow measurements made in the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Pro gram (ODP) were compared to nearby surface heat flow measurements [e.g.,Hyndman etal, 1984]. However, thermal measurements made with 18-m penetrations recently collected on the northern flank of the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) bring a new perspective to this belief. In the study area, measurements of heat flow taken at the surface (0-5 m) and mea surements taken at greater depths (3-18 m) did not always concur. Investigating this lack of agreement will help address difficult ques tions about the interpretation of shallow pene tration (< 5 m) marine heat flow measurements. The data were obtained during the MD120-ANTAUS expedition carried out by R/V Marion Dufresne that was conducted from October 12 to November 7,2000 from Fremantle, Australia, to La Reunion Island.The primary objective of this cruise was to study marine heat flow vari ations along a 14-Ma isochron that parallels the SouthEast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Saint-Paul/Amsterdam hot spot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD),an anomalously deep section of the Mid-Ocean Ridge that is often attributed to a mantle "cold spot." In the 1960s and 1970s, heat flow meas urements were obtained near the AAD as part of reconnaissance surveys [Von Herzen and Langseth, 1966; Langseth and Taylor, 1967; Anderson et al., 1977]. However, to interpret heat flow variations in this region of thin and patchy sediment cover, it is not only necessary to obtain more data, but to collect data that can be used to trace water circulation and dis criminate between the conductive and the convective components of the measured heat flow.To accomplish this, we collected long sediment cores, along with heat flow data to greater depths, to study the physical properties of the sediments and tentatively investigate the role of water circulation using helium isotopic ratios 3 He/ 4 He as tracers of hydrothermal activity. If water has circulated within the crust, then the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic signature is expected to be that of the crust and upper mantle; if water circulation has been confined to the sediment layer, it is expected to be that of the ocean and atmosphere. Despite rough weather and bad seas, a total of 25 thermal measurements was obtained using 9 autonomous digital temperature probes fitted on an 18-m-long, 13-cm-diameter gravity corer.Full penetration of 18 m was regularly achieved. Figure 2 shows examples of non-linear temperature gradients obtained at three differ ent sites. Each temperature measurement was systematically duplicated by two sensors that were spaced 64 mm apart. Hence, experimen tal effects cannot explain the observed non-linearity Tests performed onboard after recovery clearly preclude systematic errors due to prob lems with calibration or drift of a thermistor. The observed non-linearity, which is too important to be explained by variations in thermal conductivity, clearly results from the combination of two natural effects: vertical advection of water into the sediments and vari ations in bottom-water temperature. Advection of water affects the shape of the temperature versus depth curve: convex curvature indicates water flowing upward; concave curvature indi cates water flowing downward; a vertical gradi ent indicates the presence of an aquifer [e.g., Anderson et al., 1979]. Yearly variations in bot tom-water temperature affect the thermal gra dient in the first 3-4 m. Although further analysis is needed to determine the characteristics of the suspected bottom-water temperature changes, our results raise questions about the heat flow estimates that we would have obtained in this specific study area using shallow penetration probes of less than ~5 m. The above describes some advantages of combining coring and heat flow measurements within the sediments at great depths. R/V Marion Dufresne has the ability to take ultra-long cores of up to 60 m using a giant corer. Fig. 1. Temperature probes welded onto the gravity corer onboard R/V Marion Dufresne. Inset shows sketch of the autonomous temperature probe. R/V Marion Dufresne is a multipurpose , 130-m-long research and supply vessel that both provides logistics for the French austral islands and conducts oceanographic research. Specifically designed for very severe weather conditions, the ship allows full performance in rough seas. The vessel, which is equipped with the full suite of geophysical facilities, including a system for multi-beam bathymetry and imagery, can raise 60-m sediment cores. Facing an increasing scientific demand, the French government decided in 1999 to reduce the ship time devoted to logistical operations to 120 days per year and allow the French Polar Institute (IFRTP) to conduct research throughout the world for 245 days per year. This paves the road for new approaches and the development of integrated, multidisciplinary programs, as recently evidenced with the MD120-ANTAUS expedition.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE INTEREST RATE IN TURKEY AND MEASURES THAT ARE TO BE MET IN ORDER TO DECREASE THE INTEREST RATESNotwithstanding the fact that the Turkish economy has realized certain steps, it can be told that it has not yet gained a sound and healthy structure and that it will be highly dependent on the outer world in the 21st century. Foreign capital is of great importance in terms of the added value it creates, especially for countries making efforts to develop economically. As stated above, due to the high acceleration of data flow speed, the whole world can always obtain the same information at the same time, thus the rational investors can monitor the investment possibilities in all economies. At this point, the interest rates are determinant for investment decisions. Therefore, estimation of changes in interest rates in the most appropriate manner in the future has become one of main targets of economic researches. After presentation of Turkey's economic overview in the introductory section, we can discuss the working method of our thesis. In Part One of our study, after definition of the interest concept and the brief history of its development, relevant theoretical approaches, the principal economic theories, namely the Classical, Neo-Classical, Keynesian Portfolio, and the monetarist economic theories have been dealt with in the subsections in chronological order, and the determination of interest has been discussed under light of such theories. After relevant theoretical approach in Section Two, factors determining the structure of interest rates have been considered in detail.Principally, we have tried to reveal in our thesis, to what extend the freed and raised interest rates as an instrument of an anti-inflationary policy prevent inflation; further, to what extend the credit and stability policies are secured. In doing so, the issue has been dealt with by a theoretical approach and in Section Three of our thesis, we have dealt with The Factors Determining Interest Rates, The Monetary Transfer Mechanisms Required by Monetary Policy Transfer Process with Different Approaches, and the Turkish Practice.After the general assessment of the Interest Policy in developing countries and Turkey in the Turkish Practice relating to our thesis, we have reviewed the development of interest policies implemented since 1980 and 1989 up to today.In Section Five, the interest rate concept is explained in detail and the development of the regulatory and institutional structure for interest rates in Turkey are considered and changes in interest rates in Turkey are revealed. After review of our interest regime, as guided and free interest regime in Section Six, we have tried to analyze the Domestic Savings Rate and Interest Rate, Nominal and Real Interest Rates and the relations between Inflation and Treasury Interest Rates.In Section Eight, the structure, development and determinants of deposits and credits in interest regime periods distinguished as the guided and free interest regimes have been considered. Data for the period discussed in this section relates to the years after 1980 as much as possible. However, data relating to distribution of bank credits by economic sectors, which has been discussed in connection with credits in our thesis, begins from 1870.In the Section of Conclusions, under the light of all theoretical and empirical knowledge, we have tried also to present various proposals after a general arrangement of the Turkish Practice, we have stated our thoughts and prospects, the reason of this is our wish that Turkey has its position in the global world fully, appears as a country that has solved its economic issued in the eve of the European Union and as a universal country holding the capacity of a producing country, not a consumer one. In a globalizing world, as a person passionately fond of Great Turkey, I am in favour of development of strategic policies, not policies despite everything. Because certain processes have been wrongly interpreted by practitioners in Turkey, concession in nature of capitulations have been granted continuously and the present change process has been reached. I would like to quote a sentence of Machiavelli: "Don't think that the light at the end of the tunnel is brightness, it might be the headlamp of the train coming onto you." Up to date, we have followed this logic, like firefly flying to light, we have gone to artificial model lights that have almost prepared our fate and lost time continuously. In spite of everything, we are powerful, dynamic, because we are too young so that we can overcome the difficulties. Now it is the right time to change, for a sparkling Turkey in the new millennium: quality in every respect, justice and honesty in every matter, to bring practitioners on power who monitor the technology, treat in justice, develop policies making all individuals constructive and productive, catch with the information era, specialize and work in departments, target to position Turkey at the top of a new world order, and do not target only to save the day.Change is necessary to bring all such positive sentiments into practice. In depends on total democracy, change of major part of political parties code and constitution, realization of economic and social reforms, challenge to bring our education to the level of really developed countries. The noble blood flowing in our vessels will absolutely bring us to our target.In fact, this introductory part was to be included in the section of Conclusions; however, I wanted to point in advance at the economical difficulties in Turkish economy, so that sound evaluations can be made until reaching the Section of Conclusions. I believe you better understand the concept that, the person who has not thought of the fate in advance, returns to the beginning, at the end of the thesis. I think that we do not have time to return to the starting point.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center. ; Personally identifiable information has been redacted from this item.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.

The collection consists of papers of W. J. "Bill" Usery from 1940, 1942, 1952-2004. The International Association of Machinists series (1940, 1952-1969) documents Usery's involvement and participation with labor unions and the arbitration process. The United States Government series (1969-1977) pertains to Usery's government career, while the Bill Usery Associates series contains material relating to Usery's labor-management negotiation firm in Washington, DC. The Client and Mediation Files series (1942-1997) documents Usery's personal, and his Bill Usery Associates, Inc. labor-management consulting firm's, involvement in dispute resolution, strike settlement, and workplace productivity; it forms the bulk of the latter portion of the collection. The Name and Subject Files series (1963-1965, 1970-2004) includes material related to Usery's appointments to Presidential Commissions, while the series Oral History Transcripts and Materials (1967-1986) relates to Eastern Airlines and the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The 2,265 photographs mainly consist of Usery at various points in his governmental service and form the final series in the collection. Artifacts include model rockets launched at the Kennedy Space Center. ; Born in Hardwick, Georgia, December 21, 1923, Willie Julian Usery, Jr. has been known as "Bill" throughout his life. Educated at Georgia Military College (1938-1941) in Milledgeville, Usery worked as a machinist at naval shipyards in Brunswick, Georgia, and later as a Navy enlisted (1943-1946) underwater welder on a repair ship in the Pacific Fleet. While working as a maintenance machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Macon, Georgia (1948-1956), Usery attended Mercer University. Usery was a founding member of the International Association of Machinists' Local 8 (joining March 1, 1952, what is now Local 918), eventually becoming its president and later IAM Grand Lodge Representative from 1956 until February 1969. In 1961, while ""GLR"" Usery was appointed industrial union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission at Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center from 1963 on) and at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Additionally, Usery coordinated union activities at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and in 1967 became a member of the Cape Kennedy Labor-Management Relations Council, serving as its chair in 1968. In February 1969, Usery received his first Presidential appointment from Richard Nixon as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations. While administering the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), Usery formulated and implemented Executive Order 1199, establishing standards of organizing and bargaining for more than two million Federal employees. In 1970 and 1971, Usery worked intensively to settle disputes in the railway industry involving the Brotherhood of Airline and Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Employing his characteristic non-stop negotiations, Usery had already averted a 1971, nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen. Also in 1971, Usery had obtained the first collective bargaining agreement in the United States Postal Service's history. From March 1973, and until February 1976, Usery held the post of Director, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, guiding more than 300 professional mediators in 79 field offices throughout the United States. During this period, Usery was chief mediator in major labor-management disputes, plus he advised Presidents Nixon (Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs, August 1974) and Ford (Special Assistant for Labor-Management Negotiations, April 1975) on the status of the nation's labor-management relations. In October 1973, the AFL-CIO Council voted unanimously to offer Usery the directorship of the Department of Organization and Field Services, which he accepted but then declined at the request of President Nixon. In February 1976, President Gerald Ford appointed Usery United States Secretary of Labor, a post which he held until Jimmy Carter became President on January 20, 1977. Almost immediately following the end of Usery's government service, he founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc. (BUA), a Washington, D. C.-based firm providing consulting services in all areas of employer-employee relations. Usery has also been selected to serve on Presidential Commissions, i.e. the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations and the ""Coal Commission."" Bill Usery and Associates served as the catalyst for pioneering negotiations among the United Auto Workers, Toyota and General Motors to produce the entity popularly known as "NUMMI" the New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (established 1983). NUMMI's inception involved Usery's firm in international negotiation, planning for productivity, and a wholly new way to foster labor-management cooperation. High profile strikes involving Usery and his firm's mediation talents included the Pittston Coal Strike (1989-1990) and the Major League Baseball Players Association Baseball Strike (1994-1995). Usery remains ""on call"" as a special mediator as presidents seek to resolve labor conflicts. Usery was a Co-Commissioner of both the Coal Commission, seeking to resolve thorny issues involving miners' retirement funding, and the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (1993-1995). In 1985, Usery established the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation, which helped create Partners in Economic Reform, a group working with democratic labor and management in the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1990s, Usery's vision of labor-management cooperation found a home in the W. J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace at Georgia State University, a entity with wide programmatic aims in collective bargaining, workplace productivity, and dispute resolution serving company and union leaders. In early 2000, Usery scaled back his work in the Washington, D. C. area to shift his focus to the work of the Center.