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Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND QUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA. The only Jobbing House in Adams County. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Vft Seligiiiqi] Am Gettysburg's Most Reliable THILOfjS «»»«* « « 0« « CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA . U S er Government for this murderous act, but he denied it and put all blame upon the natives, and furthermore, he declared that there was no great loss, because these two families were in the way of prosperity. The British flag was then raised on the place, and he called it British ter-ritory. The Boer Government complained bitterly on account of this act. England answered that it was done without her consent, but as the flag was flying, it could not be taken down, and that England was willing to pay damages to the sum of two million pounds. In 1878, gold was discovered in Zululand, and when Eng-land hoard'of this, she decided that she must have a part of it or all of it. I believe that England would claim the moon, if there were a way to rcn-n that celestial body, and if diamonds and gold were discovered on it And if she had no other rea-sons for her claims, she would say, "we have looked on it for so Jong." But Shoedanviia. the king of Zulaland, was not willing that the British should have their own way for he knew that this would end his rule and bring ruin to his people, and so he ■went to war with Engi-.nd. ' England was worsted in this war. Their army, after having received several defeat , was finally surrounded by the Zulus and would have been annihilated, had not the Boers interfered. Gen-eral Lewis Mover wa; sent from Pretoria with 5,000 Boers to aid the English. He siu.eeded in breaking through the lines, of IO THE MERCURY the Zulu- and relieved the English army. As soon as the Eng-lish gem al realized that he was no longer m danger, lie took matters into his own. hards and invited the Zulu king to visit the British camp under a flag of truce and make tei as soon as lie arrived lie was arrested and e> :>f peace; but on a small island off the western ooast of Africa. England thought that this would end the triibe with the Zulus, but the son of the exiled ruler proclaimed himself king and made preparations to continue the war, but England had enough, and secretly with-drew her arm}' into. Natal. The English Government was chagrined by this defeat at the hands of a savage nation, and the loss of men and money, with-out any corresponding gain of territory, consequently she de-cided to steal the Orange Free State and part of Transvaal. But the Boer Government watched them closely and made pre-parations to meet the invasion. In 18S1 the English army marched into Boer territory, but they were entrapped by an army of Boers numbering 600 men, who defeated the British army of 7,000 men. They killed about half of them and cap-tured the others. When Gladstone, the premier of England, received news of the battle, he said: "I can,not send soldiers to South Africa as fast as the Boers kill them. We ought to make peace with those people who know how to fight for their rights and liberty." A term of trust was agreed upon during which time hostilities should cease, and President Krueger was invit-ed to come to London to make definite terms of peace. Accord-ingly, in 1883, President Krueger, .Taubert, Dr. Reitz and mv-self, went to London where we were treated witli the greatest re-spect by the English. Oom Paul was regarded as a hero With the help of Mr Gladstone, a man of honor, who was friendly toward the Boers, a treaty was signed which favored the Boers. The Tinted States had already recognized the South African Republics as independent governments. In this treaty, Eng-land did likewise, and soon many other powers followed. We went on our way'rejoicing. First to Holland and from there to Germany, where Bismarck gave a dinner in honor of Krueger and hi;-, party. It was on this occasion that Bismarck said: "Krueger is the greatest statesman living, for he got the best of that political fox, Gladstone, and England will dig the grave of her wprld's power in South Africa."- THE MERCURY II The treatj' made in London in 1884 would probably never bave been broken, had not gold been discovered in Jobannsburg, Transvaal during the same year; and if Gladstone., Bismarck and James Blam had lived in 1899, the war would not have broken out. When it became known in England that plenty of gold could be found at Johannsburg. the English people at once began to flock thcTe. Cecil Rhodes, a heartless man without conscience, was one of the first arrivals, who at once made prep-arations to mine the gold. He realized that it would not do to bluff Krueger as he had done before, therefore, he began to treat with Krueger and .he Government in Pretoria. He offered to organize a company to dig the gold and give a certain percent-age to the Boer Government. This company was organized, and it was agreed that the Boer Government should receive 25 per cent, of all the gold mined. All went well for a time; but in the year 1891 the English capitalists began to complain about this percentage, claiming that it was too high. Cecil Rhodes, Barno Banato and Alfred Beit, as the heads of the company, forced the working people to strik.v This strike broke out in 1894 and was at once put down by the Government. In order to lower the wages of the working-men, the company brought in prisoners to work in the mines, but the Government would not allow them to remain. After this failure, the. company imported coolies from Japan, China and India, but these the Government also sent away. Then the company bought control of many Eng-lish newspapers and the newspapers of other countries and these papers slandered the Boers as being opposed to prosperity and progress. Joe Chamberlain, Secretary of the Colonies in Lon-don, now took up the matter and commanded the Boers to per-mit the importation of foreign laborers, and, furthermore, to give all British subjects the right to vote and to hold office. The Government was willing to grant this privilege providing these subjects should swear allegiance to the Transvaal Republic. This the British refused to do. Cecil Rhodes and his friends hired Dr. Jamison and a civil engineer from the United States to organize a mob, invade Jo-hannsburg and take the mines from the Boers; and if possible, to overthrow the Government in Pretoria. The two men organ-ized a mob of 3,000 men who marched up from Capetown and openly boasted that they would soon have the Boers under con- 12 THE MERCURY trol. But the Boers made preparations to meet the mob and were ready to interfere when the time came. Jamison and his men came on toward Johannsburg and expected to arrive there in the evening; hut 'he Boers intercepted them and made an at-tack about nine miles from Johannsburi;. Jamison and his men after a short fight, were captured and taken to Johannsburg. Dr. Jamison and nineteen other leaders were taken to Pretoria and there imprisoned, -while the remainder were condemned to be shot for high treason. The British Government claimed to have no knowledge of the matter, but declared that they would punish these men, if the Boers would turn them over to them. President Krueger obeyed their request and handed over the captives. They were taken to London, given a mock trial, sen-tenced to six months imprisonment, but were soon afterwards pardoned by the Queen. Chamberlain and Rhodes determined to bring on a war be-tween the two nations and, therefore, troops were constantly being brought into cur country. When we inquired as to the meaning of this, we were put off or received no answer at all. It was a kind of "cat and mouse" philosophy wdiich England wished to practice on the Boers; England being the cat and the Boers the mouse. England said, "I am a cat and am satisfied, while you ought to be willing to become a part of a cat." "Come," she said, "let me devour you that you may become a part of a cat as so many other mice have done before." But the Boers failed to see the wisdom of this kind of philosophy and refused the invitation to be eaten. m THE MERCURY , 13 WHAT THE TURKEY DID. ■ A Christmas Story. H. A. CHAMBERLIU, '08. KTHUK CLARKS01SF ceased his labors and, buried in thought, rested for a moment leaning upon his axe. Truly his life was a hard one. .Why should he be compelled to remain here on this farm to cut wood while his companions were enjoying themselves with their friends and relatives at their respective homes? When his chums had all left college he had turned sorrow-fully away and had gone slowly out to the nearby farm where he was to work during the Christmas vacation to pay his college expenses for the ensuing term. It is true he had found a pleas-ant place. Mr. Northwood, the farmer, and his wife had been very kind to him. He had also found Gladys, their only daugh-ter, a girl of seventeen, very interesting and friendly during the long evenings when he had rested before the open fire-place in the comfortable sitting room. But with all this—it was not his home. Often he had felt lonesome. But with that determination which had characterized his col-lege course and had won for him the latin prize in his Freshman year, he went to work again with renewed vigor. Higher and higher grew his pile of kindling wood—fewer and fewer became the number of pine blocks. Suddenly his attention was at-tracted to a figure coming slowly clown the walk which lead to the woodshed. It was Gladys. "I thought I'd come to watch you work a little," she said. "We have been so busy in the kitchen getting ready for Christmas." He would much rather have stopped his work and talked to her but he kept on plying the axe. She continued to chatter and he endeavored to listen as best he could, but it was hard to work and talk at the same time. All at once without the slightest warning the axe slipped, cut-ting a long gash in Irs hand. He felt a sharp pain but did-not cry out. He looked at the girl who had become deathly white. With a little cry she Ihrew up her hands and fell senseless upon the carpet of chips which covered the ground. He carried her tenderly to the house almost forgetting the ac- H THE MERCURY ciclent, which had caused her insensibility, in his efforts to bring her back to consciousness. Mrs. Northwood, at first, in her excitement did not know what to do. After a little work, however, Gladys opened her eyes, and the flow of biood from his hand had been stopped. That evening as they sat before the fire discussing the events of the day, Mrs. Northwood said: "Gladys, why don't you ever wear-that ring which your uncle sent you from Mexico ? The stone alone must be worth fifty dol-lars. I am afraid yon do not appreciate the gift." A bewildered look came over the girl's fa-^e and she exclaimed : "1 was wearing that ring this afternoon when I fainted." Mrs. ISTorthwood shot a sudden glance at Arthur which he did not fail to notice, but said nothing. They then separated for the night. The next morning as Arthur was about to begin his usual work in the shed, the old farmer came out to him with a stern expression on his face. "You need not woi-k any more for me," ho said slowly. "Gladys could hardly have lost the ring for we have all searched every-where for it, and you were the only one with her at the time she was unconscious. I will keep the affair quiet but you must go today. Go back to your college and try to learn that a college education consists of more than that which we get from the books." "Why"— Clarkson began but was checked by the farmer:— "No explanations are necessary, sir—go." Clarkson climbed the stairs to the little room they had given him and gathered together the few articles of clothing which he had brought with him. If he had ever been sad before he was doubly so now. A shadow fell across the floor. He looked up and saw Gladys standing in the doorway— her eyes red with crying. •'•'Oh, Mr. Clarkson,"' she began, "I am so sorry. I know that you would not take the ring but my mother—" With this she threw her apron over her head, and, in a flood of tears, left the room. As he went back to college where he must now spend a miser-able Christmas alone, h? bemoaned his fate. His good name bad been ruined. His tuition could not be paid. He was a vie- THE MERCURY 15 tim of circumstances. And yet she had said that he was inno-cent— that was one consolation. The next day he sauntered up to the postoffiee to see if he would receive a letter from home. Sure enough, the postmas-ter handed it through the bars, hut as he looked at it he noticed that the address was m a strange hand. He opened it and read: "My dear Mr. Clarkson:— Come out to the farm at once. I was too hasty You are innocent. Yours • very sincerely, Jacob Northwood." The note was very brief, but how it thrilled the heart of the youth. He lost no lime in getting to the farm where Gladys met him at the gate and said: "Oh. Mr. Clarkson, we have found the ring. When we killed the Christmas turkey we found it in its craw. The selfish old gobbler- had picked it up from the place where I must have lost it. Come into the house." It is not necessary to' relate all the pleasant things which fol-lowed. There was no more wood cutting and—such a Christ-inas! The Xorthwoods tried in every way to make amends for the wrong they had done him. AVhen he returned to college a week later he was the happiest boy to arrive, for he had not only had a delightful time, and found new friends, but best of all in his coat pocket was a cheque on Mr. aSTorthwood's account which would more than pay the expenses of the term. 16 THE MERCURY THREE GREAT PHILOSOPHERS. Plato—Part I. CHARLES W. HEATHCOTE, '05. LATO was born in Athens about 42' B C. He was the son of Aristo and Perictione, a noble family. His mother traced kinship to Solon, the great legislate-of Athens, and Solon was a desce. dant of Noleus the i?on of Poseidon. Aristo, his father, was a descendant of Codrns the last great Athenian king, and he traced kinship to the god Poseidon Tradition claims that the god Apollo especially foless-id fti.p marriage of Aristo and Perictione and endowed Plato with special divine qualities. At an early age he received instruction • rom alle teacher Dionysius taught him literature; Ariston, the Argiane,.,gym-nastics and Megillus of Arigentamj music. With the other youths he took part in the Pythian and Is hmian games. He also, probably, took part in the military expeditions to Tanagra, Corinth and Del him. ♦ In his youth he was actively engaged in writing poems. He look part in many literary contests and reveaied much power and ability. He was about to enter a contest with a poem upon which he had worked faithfully and careful'y, when he became acquainted with Socrates. He destroyed hi' poem and most of his other poetical writings. However, some fragments have come down to us and they reveal beauty, thought and simplicity in style. From the time he met Socrates, he began to devote ail of his time to philosophy Plato was a student. He was acquainted with the past history of Greece and the sy terns of the earlier philosophers. His poetic nature and temperament revolted against the course and flippant reasonings of many of the phi-losophers of his day. They sounded as it were the minor chord entirely in their reasonings and to this the nature of Plato re-fused to respond. Thu.-:, when he understood the teachings of Socrates and the truths he taught, it seemed as if he had touch-ed the inajoi chord, tha: beautiful melodious bell-like tone, in his heart, for at once his whole nature became attuned to the THK MERCURY 17 1 ruths of Socrates and Plato bee;■1 me his enthusiastic and power-ful disciple. Plato was.about twenty years of age w'jen ne came under 1 he influence of Socrates. He was yet in hie creative process of life. His master's power over him was absolute. Since Socrates' work was noble, inspiring and uplifting, he was able to make Plato a mighty power for good in the world. Plato remained faithful and true to his old teacher and mas-ter, lie was a true disciple. He followed his teacher through his varied caieer and after his death which had been inflicted by '.he Athenian people he became the leader oC the Socratic school •md taught and promulgated anew the immcital Socratic truth. His truth was ideal. Sometime after Socrates' death Plato went to Egypt and made himself acquainted with the religious thought of that land.Trad-i tion says that he also went to Persia, and the^e he was taught the Zorathushtrian doctrines. But this cannot oe definitely deter-mined. He also visited Italy and studied the organization of the Pythagorean schools. Plato very likely visited Euclid at Megara, as Megara was not very far from Athens. How much influence Euclid had over P'ato in the formation and the deeper '.evelopment of his philosophic system can not be definitely 1 nown On his return to Athens he was threatened with punishment and even death. He stood firm in his determination to carry nit his master's work and would not be swerved from his course. Plato look 1-0 active part in governmental affairs. He was not ?n orator. ' He had returned to Athens to open a philosophic school. He opened his academy in the grove of Aeschemus. Over the great philosophic sehoo! he presided until his death. There with his pupils he analyzed and developed the germs of ethics, psychology and logic as found in the Socratij teachings. It is said that Plato made several voyages to Sicily in the in-terests of his academy. ■ At the invitation of Dionysius, the Svracusan ruler, Plato discussed with him on the subjects of happiness, virtue, government and justice. Plutarch (610) rays, "Justice was the next topic; and when Plato asserted the happiness of the just, and the wretched condition of the unjust, 'he tyrant was stung: and being unable to answer his arguments, i8 THE MERCURY he expressed his resentment against those>uo seemed to listen -o him with pleasure. At last he was extremely exasperated, r.nd asked the philosopher what business he hsd rrr Sicily. Plato answered, 'that he came to seek an honest man.' 'And so, then/ replied the tyrant, 'it seems that you have lost your labor/' Dionysius had resolved to slay Plato but through the plead-ing of Piato's friends his life was spared and he was sold into flavery to the Aeginetans. He was finally ransomed and re-turned to his academy. When D-'onysius the younger ascended the throne Plato again visited Sicily, but he was unable to accomplish anything. Of Plato's family less is known then of Socrates' Ye: y likely ne was married although it is not known to whom. Neither ran he be called an ascetic as some writers of recent times have been accustomed to call him. A man of hi, social, intellectual and moral position could not live an ascetic life and do the work he did. Thus it has been mentioned that his power as a writer was revealed in his early youth. It was evidently in the prime of ' ife that he established his academy at Athms. It was there ".hat he was busily engaged in teaching philosophy and writing •:nd rewriting his lectures and "there at the ripe age of eighty-pne he died." Marshall rays, "Prom the scene of his labors bis philosophy las ever since been known as the Academic philosophy. Unlike .'Socrates, he was not content to leave only -i memory of himself and his conversations. Re was unwearied in bis reduction and correction of his written dialogues, altering them here and there both iu c;.; ression and in structure. It is impossible, there-fore, to be absolutely certain as to the historical order of compo-sition 01 publication among his numerous dialogues, but a cer-tain np proximate order may be fixed." A very large number of works have been attributed to Plato. Some ha -c ' een proved spurious Most historians of philosophy accept thi ivy-six compositions as written by Plato'. Most au-thors aeocy the works of P.'ato as follows: Charmides; Lvsis• Laches; Ion; Meno; Euthyphro; Apology; Crito; Phaedo; Pro-tagoras, ihithydemus; Cral.lus; Gorgias; Hippias Alcibiades: TIUC MKKCUKY 19 Meneseus; Symposinus; Phaedrus; The Republic; Timaeus; Philebus; Parinenides; Theoetetus and The Laws. Acccrdirg to TJeberueg (104), "Schleiermacher divides the-works into three groups. Elementary, mediatory or prepara-tory and constructive dialogues. As Plato's first composition he names the Phaderus; as his latest writings, the Republic. Li-malus, and the Laws." In all bis waitings the poetic nature and style predominates. Although he is a waiter of urose, he is a poet at heart. Some-one ha-5 called him, "the Shakespeare of Gre k philosophy on ac-count of hif fertility, variety, humor, imagination and poetic grace. The philosophy of Plato is the philosophy of Socrates. This philosophical reasoning is prevalent throughout Plato's works. His thoughts and principles are built upon a Socratic basis. As Plato analyzes the deep thoughts of Socrates, he, here and there, adds a finishing touch and makes it more complete. It must not bo thought that Plato was a mere imitator, he was to) great a genius for that. Plato had been trained in the true Soc aric school of hard reasoning ana logical thinking. His kn Avlcdge of philosophy in the largest sense was marvelous. His knocedge of the various systems of the wo-ld gave him power to produce a careful and logical system, of reasoning with the Socratic truths as basic philosophical principles. Zeller says, "In Plato's scientific method also, we recognize the deepeinng, the purification and the progress of the Socratic philosophy. Prom the principles of conceptual knowledge arises, as its inunediate consequence, that dialectic of which Socrates must bi considered the author. While Socrates in forming con-cepts, stiV.es from the contingencies of the given case, and never ■ goes b3.T!id the particular, Plato requires by continued analysis from the phenomenon to the idea, from particular ideas to the highest and most universal.' The Socratic form of discussion 111 the character and manner of the dialogue is prominent in Plato's writings. If there is an idea that Plato desires to have understood and- made clear, it is brought out in his writings by the manner if speech. Though in some places his logic may be distributed, yet taken on the whole it is not the case. He sets forth his philosophy with 20 THE MERCURY (.learner and in a scientific way. The dialogue enabled his readers to grasp his ideas more readily. There is another striking characteristic in his dialogues; that is, Sociites is the central figure. He not on;y xeads in the con-versation, , 'le best listener, but he is also the most acute reasoner and thinker. Though Plato in some instanc s may represent an idealized Socrates, nevertheless be remembers how great a debt of gratitude he owes his master. From Socrates he received his spiritual and tbeistic beliefs. In th'i Banquet by Plato (M. Ed. T. 81) we quote the follow-ing pan; of a dialogue in which Socrates is discussing with Agathon Jhe philosophical conception of Love. "Come," said SocratT-., 'let us review your concessions. Is Love anything else th:n die love first of something; and secondly, of those things of which it has need?"—"Nothing."—"Now, remember x-f these things jrou said in your discourse, thai Love was the love —if you wish I will remind \ou. I think you said something of this kin.i, 'hat all the affairs of the gods were admirably disposed through the love of the things which are beautiful for there was no love of ^hings deformed, did you not say so?"—"I confess that I did."—'You said th.pt what was most likely to be true, my frLnd: and if the matter be so, the lovs of beauty must be one thing, and the love of deformity another. '■—"Certainly." So eo'n],rehensive is Plalo's philosophical system that much is emh-ived in it. To divide it into distinct divisions is diffi-cult. KIP philosophical system may be divided into three parts: logic, physics and ethics. Whe., the dialogues are examined carefully it is found though the though! may seem to relaps too much in the following state-ments, nevertheless, every thought looks up to the idea that Plato wishes to unfold. There is no confusion. One idea explains another idea, one thought leads up to another thought and so on in true progressive and logical order. THE MERCURY THE BELLS. JOSEPH ARNOLD, '09. 21 "How soft the music of those village b'-Jie Falling at intervals upon the ear., In cadence tweet, now dying all away. Now pealing loud again and louder Btill Clear and sonorous as the gale comes on." —C'owper. Soft and SAveet, indeed, are the'tones as they set the calm quiet air on a Sunday morning vibrating. What a charm the strains of a familiar hymn have, as they reach the ear from some distant church! ' And yet the chimes and bells with all their pleasant memories of childhood days lingeringly attached to them, with all their melodious sweetness, have an interesting history. Almost at the very beginning of things, a certain Tubal Cain, sixth descendant from Adam, an artificer in all kinds of metals, probably discovered the sonorous qualities of metals. He may have manufactured some crude instrument, which, when struck gave forth a ringing sound These crude beginnings gradually were improved upon; for, in Exodus, we learn that bells of gold were attached to the robe of Aaron in order that his going in and coming out of the place of worship might "be made known to the people. Zechariah introduces us to another improvement; namely, the inscription, "HOLINESS UNTO THE LORD," upon the bells of the horses. Not only did, in those early times, the Children of Israel make use of the bells, hut also the Egyp-tians, Assyrians and Chaldeans. Those used by the Egyptians were as a means of announcing the feast of Osiris. In offering sacrifices the priests of Cyble of Assyria made use of the bells. So on down through the ages we come across the development of bells, some of gold and others of bronze. About bells were associated many superstitions, as records show us. Pliny and Juvenal, it is said, tell us of bells being rung during eclipses, which were, as it was believed, attended by evil spirits. The ringing of the bells would, according to their beliefs, drive these away. The belief can easily be evidenced 21 THE MERCURY by inscriptions upon the bells as follows: "Pesiem fugo" and "Dissipo veutos." During the early Christian era a number of such brief inscriptions were put into poetical form and became the common inscription upon bells. Laudo Deum verum, plebum voco, conjugu clerum Defunclus ploro, pesiem fugo, festa decoro. Funero pilango, fulgura frango, Sabaia pango Excito lentoSj dissipo ventos, paco crucntos." Bells, even at a very early period, were put to a practical pur-, pose, as may be gathered from the following records left by Aes-chylus and Euripedes: Greek warriors were accustomed to wear small bells-upon their shields so that they might when on guard duty inform the passing captain that they were awake. Even Plutarch is said to have mentioned in his record of the seige of Xanthus the fact that bells were attached to nets stretched acre-the river so that natives could not escape by way of the river without coming into contact with the bells thus attached. Thus far small bells only were referred to, since the large ones were not. in use for worship or alarm or to strike the hour, till some 400 A. D. The use of bells for churches doubtless gave rise to that feature of architecture, the bell tower. In the Middle Ages, bells played a prominent part. During that period whenever a bell was cast, before it was used in a church, it went through a form of consecration; for it was wash-ed with water, annoiuted with oil, and marked with the sign of the cross in the name of the Trinity, and, from what we can gather, archbishops officiated and persons of high rank, with great pomp, attended the ceremony of christening. As time went on nearly every form of worship had its bell. There was the Sanctus bell, tho Angelus or Ave Marie bell, the Vesper bell, the Complin bell, and the Passing bell. The Sanctus bell of today is a small bell and it is rung before the elevating of the Host by the priest. During the Middle Ages, this was a large bell and rung just when the "Sancte, sancte, sanete Deum Sab-baoth" was sung or chanted. All who heard bowed their heads in reverence and adoration. The Angelus was rung at fixed hours and called the mind from worldly duties toward a mo-ment's meditation and the blessed Virgin. It further marked THE MEKCURY 23 the time of beginning and cessation of labor. There still lingers with ns a sweet echo, as it were, of that beautiful 'custom in the famous painting, "The Angelus." The artist seems to have caught the charm and in the moment of God-given inspiration placed upon canvas the halo of bygone days. The Yesper bell was the call to evening prayer and the Complin bell closed the clay. Finally the most impressive was the solemn tolling of the Passing bell; it called for the prayers of the faithful in behalf of the passing of a soul from life. A little of the spirit of the Middle Ages still clings to us; for we still adhere to some of the customs of those times. The toll-ing of the bell during the passing of a funeral in a "God's acre" comes directly from the custom of the Passing bell. One rite or ceremony peculiar to the Dark Ages was t. pe tolling of a bell to summon an audience in order that a priest might read in their hearing an anathema; to blow out in their presence the candle and in that manner excommunicate a poor unfortunate from "bell, book and candle." The use of the curfew is familiar to all. It was probably in-troduced into. England from France by William the Conqueror. Alarm bells were a,so used at an early date. Is it not Shakes-peare who makes Macbeth say when Birnam wood was moving on the castle in which he had shut himself, "Eing the alarm bell!" ? Of course, in modern times, since the discovery of electricity, the use of bells for alarm has become more or less systematized. The composition of material which enters into bell making can readily be gathered from various sources. There are in the world some very large bells, marvelous and unique, arousing much wonder and creating great interest. It may be that the longing for display was accountable for sucli huge sizes. May we not likewise infer that their immensity in the eyes of the ignorant and semi-civilized made them more meritorious? Thus Russia, mostly in a state of semi-civiliza-tion, is noted for the largest bells. The large bell which espe-cially attracts universal attention is the "King of Bells," the hell of Moscow. Hs history may be read at a glance from one of the inscr (ions upon it. namelv ip- 24 THE MERCURY . This Bell :, was cast in 1733 by order of the Imperial Empress Anne, Daughter of John It was in the earth 103 years and by the will of the ■ r .: Imperial Emperor ^ Nicholas "' "'-■: :. was raised upon this pedestal in 1835, August 4th. It is not necessary here to enter into details concerning its history; the number of times it was recast, its enormous weight or colossal size or the stir it created among the nobility of Eu-rope. Sufficient to say, that it excells and stands alone. There is another very large bell of which mention should be made namely, the Assumption bell of Moscow, next in weight to the "King of Bells." Although it weighs one hundred and ten tons and its diameter is eighteen feet, it is hung and tolled once a year. A writer says, "When it sounds, a deep hollow murmur vibrates all over Moscow, like the fullest tones of a vast organ or the rolling of distant thunder/' One bell, though not a large one, is nevertheless dear to the heart of every loyal American. That bell announced to the peo-ple that the Declaration of Independence was signed; that free-dom was theirs. It bears the name of "Liberty Bell;" a name •deserved and a name *hat will last as long as time itself. Though iits life as a bell is but a brief one, there arfc gathered about it miemories saored to us. It still, as its inscription reads, "Pro-claims liberty throughout the land." Thus ends the stoiy of the bell imperfectly and briefly told ,ind yet let us not forget to mention the important part it plays in poetry. First upon the bells as we find them may be found couplets which run ns follows:— ■ »k and, also. "Jesus fulfil with thy good grace All that we beckon to this place." "I to the church the living call And to the grave do summon all." THE MERCURY "Be mec and loly To heare the word of God." 25 There are possibly as many quaint inscriptions on bells, as upon tombstones but space does not permit mentioning them. Most of the poets make mention of bells in connection with services. Longfellow says the Angelus called the Arcadian fanner from his work. Shiller in his remarkable "Lay of the Bell," portrays the life of a mortal. How clearly he associates the storms and calms of life in the tale of a belFs making. And who can, in such melodious rythmical splendor compare with Edgar Allen Poe, as he depicts the functions of the bells in that masterpiece of his? How it thrills one to hear that poem re-cited! One can almost hear the merry jingling of the sleigh bells o'er the icy fields, or the mellow wedding bell foretelling a world of happiness, or the banging and clanging of the loud alarm bells, or e'en the solemn tolling from the lips of the sombre iron bells of luckless destiny. What a world of thought is cre-ated in the reading of a poem such as that! How it carries us back, yea back to the days gone by! How we hear faintly the bells, sweetly echoing in our hearts some happy occurrence, or like a voice from heaven bringing us in close touch with a dear one gone before. Thus bells have played an important part in life from times immemorable to the present day. 26 THE MERCURY DO WE NEED POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS IN THIS COUNTRY? BY 1908. AST summer wtu'le spending some time in a rural dis-trict of a neighboring state, an instance of particular interest came to my notice. One day a resident of the small I village came into the postoffice and had a money order for a certain amount made out in his own name. The postmaster, being of an inquisitive nature, asked the man why it should be in his own name. The man said he didn't want to have the money in the house; that lie didn't have time to take it to the bank (for the nearest one was fifteen miles away); that it would cost him just as much to send it to the bank as to get a money order for it, besides the trouble of sending it: and that it would he safer in the hands of the Government than if it were in the bank. An instance of this nature to a person of ordinary intelligence would he very striking. Thoughts of the advantages of some people and the disadvantages of others naturally arise. This man evidently was'not in a position to enjoy the great privilege of. men in other districts of having a hank in which to deposit his money. Xext we would likely wonder how many men were in a similar circumstance hut who did not invest their money in money orders, having it hoarded up somewhere as cold cash. There are, no doubt, so great a number of them, even though their amounts of possession being small, that a vast sum of money is being held, hound up and kept from circulation. The man's last remark as to thfe safety of his money in the form of a money order, brings the fact to our notice that banks do not have the confidence of the people in general that the Government evidently has, for this man was willing to pay the Government to keep his money instead of receiving interest for the use of if from a bank. few people will deny that our present system of banks is a success considered in all its phases. But is it the best system that can be had? Does it efficiently meet all that is demanded of it? We think not. The present financial condition of our country leads us to this conclusion. The fact that banks in their present condition are subject to failure thereby causing the THE MERCURY .27 loss of the wealth of their depositors oftentimes inspires, more especially the small depositor, with fear and shatters all confi-dence in them. As a consequence great amounts are hoarded up in strong chests and other places and are practically a drag to the progress of our country where free circulation of money is such a necessary function in prosperity. The money strin-gency which necessitated the recent issue of Government bonds was largely due to the inadequacy of our banking institutions to supply the need. Ours is a country of gre"at natural wealth, so vast, indeed, in extent, that we can hardly get a definite conception of it. Though we are making rapid strides in developing these re-sources, we have not reached the greatest degree of efficiency. There are vast tracts of land that could be more efficiently cul-tivated; mines to be developed; products to be transported; and many other directions for progress, but no means of bettering this state of affairs. Why have we not reached the highest, de-gree of efficiency? This question is easily• answered by saying that the circulation of money is too small. Thus we see the great need of getting all money possible into circulation. Since there is such a great need for the circulation of all the money in the United States, we need to consider reasons why this circulation is hindered. Probably the most striking of these reasons is the lack of confidence that some people have in our banks. Circulation is not hindered by the lack of confi-dence of our people alone. There are vast numbers of foreigners in our country who. doubting the stability of our banks, and having explicit confidence in their own government banks, send their earnings home and deposit them there. In this way great sums of money are kept from circulating in our land and for this reason some industries must suffer because of being unable to secure sufficient funds for their-further development. The issue of bonds recently made shows the great need of money for circulation and, above all things, shows that the money will most likely he obtained from the-people who are afraid of investing money in other enterprises, but, because of their confidence in the Government, are willing to take her bonds at a lower rate of interest than could be gotten otherwise. We have been considering the fact that there are conditions in our country which are not as they should be for its better de- 28 THE ME.RCURY velopment and prosperity. To set forth these deficiencies with-out suggesting a means of correction would be foolish exertion. Anything that will right these conditions we may regard as the very thing needed by our country. Our suggestion for the cure of these conditions is a system of postal savings banks. Such a system would reach all conditions of people as the banking places would be the postoffices and postoffices are found scattered everywhere in the states. Then the great amount of money that is hoarded up, because there is no bank near enough, would be put.into circulation. Then tun, very many of our citi-zens who now hide their earnings and the foreign element who send their money abroad for deposit in their own government banks, because of their confidence in an institution with govern-ment backing, and not in our banks as they now are, would de-posit in the postal banks and thus by increasing the circulation of currency, help to remedy existing conditions. One with a different idea might wonder what would become oi our present banking institutions which are run by individuals who necessarily reap the benefits not only of their own money, hut also that of the Government which they get at a low rate of interest. He might ask, Shall we harm a fairly well working system for one that we only imagine Avould work? That a sys-tem of postal savings banks would harm our other banks is not likely, for it would obtain greater amounts of money for distri-bution to these banks at a lower rate of interest. With this view of the matter, the private banks would themselves be benefitted as Avell as the country at large. Then as to the working of the proposed banks we have no serious doubts. They are working-well in other countries and could easily be successful here. But someone may object; think of the great expense ami trouble the Government would have to undergo. It is true there would be some expense and labor connected with the en-terprise but the benefits derived would be so much'greater in proportion to the money formerly expended as most clearly to justify such a course. If our manufacturers today would re-fuse to increase their business because of more cost to them, we would have a pitiable state of affairs existing. Industries would be at a standstill. But they do not conduct business on this principle. They make a great sacrifice of monev and labor to THE MERCURY 29 a certain degree and in return make a greater proportional amount of gain. It is therefore an easy matter to see that the system would pay for itself and that is all we demand of it, since it is a gen-eral public undertaking and is not supposed to be run in order to make money. It would be for the welfare of the individual citizens of our nation. The idea of labor is no argument against it. We may rather consider it as a point in its favor. The extra labor would furnish excellent, well salaried positions for a great number of people. That there is need of some way of keeping the currency of our Government in circulation is very evident. The present pros-perity and welfare of our country demand it. If the present demands it, the same will be true of the future, only then the demand will be more intense. To meet this increasing demand necessitates, some system that will reach the portions of the country in which money is hoarded; that will have the confi-dence of the public in its favor. Our present system of banks has been, and is doing a great deal towards a free circulation of money yet they are proving insufficient. A system of postal savings banks, as we have shown, would meet the above named requirements; would furnish greater circulation of money; and would therefore add very materially to our progress as a nation. T H E ERCQRV Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XV GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER 1907 No. 7 Editor-in-Chief EDMUND L. MANGES, .'08 Exchange. Editor ROBERT W. MICHAEL, '08 Business Manager HENRY M. BOWER, '08 Ass't Bus. Managers LESLIE L. TAYLOR, '09 CHARLES L. KOPP, '09 Assistant Editor MARKLEY C. ALBRIGHT, '08 Associate Editors PAUL F. BLOOMHARDT, '09 E. E. SNYDER, '09 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D PROP. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROP. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance : single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contri-bute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. GEN. DE WALI_'S It is with a great ARTICLE deal of pleasure that we present this number of the MHUCURY to its readers par-ticularly because of its article on the Boers. Some few years ago, when war broke out between these people and the English, we all read of the movements and ac-tions that took place in the Tran-svaal and Orange Free State with great interest. The war from beginning to end is doubt- THE MERCURY 31 less familiar to 11s, but we know very little of the Boer history prim- to this time. This article' gives us a very distinct and clear cut epitome of that earlier period. A thing that lends a peculiar interest'to this article is the fact that it was written by one of the most prominent men of the people with whom it deals, so that we get the facts first hand, it is needless to waste time or space in telling those of our read-ers who met General Dc Wall about his personal experience or service, but it may be of some interest to those who did not have the extreme pleasure of seeing or hearing him. Fifteen years in German schools and universities, a period before the war as pres-ident of the Volksraat or Congress of the Transvaal Eepublic, and during the war as a general in the Boer army, are three major items of his life. We have been rather fortunate this fall in having the privilege of coming in contact with a number of distinguished men, but most striking, most unique among them all stands Gen. l)e Wall. .He is a very extraordinary type of man. a type that is very sel-dom 'found. In this man we see one who has had the great privilege of a liberal education; one who has been successful in life, having at one time been a wealthy man and holding a posi-tion in South Africa second only to that of the distinguished and well known Oom Paul Krueger; one who experienced war in all its phases; one who has suffered as few men have and sur-vived, having lost wealth, position and family, and is now even an exile because he lefused to swear allegiance to the country that deprived him of wealth and family, all that was dear to him. He did not come to us'in state, but as a very common, man, yet the impression that he made upon us is one that will last longer for that very reason. Is it any wonder that a man of such a' varied experience both in quantity and quality is interesting? Although he has been a child of fortune and has known the extremes of joy and sorrow, he has come through them safely, with principles and faith in his God unshaken. We again say that we consider ourselves fortunate in having this interesting and instructive article to give to our readers, not because of the worth of the article alone, but because of its distinguished author. 32 THE MERCURY LITERARY It is with a feeling of pleasure that we write CONTEST. concerning the coming Inter-society Contest. We are pleased to announce that, after a lapse of two years, the two Literary Societies have settled their petty disagreements and have agreed to meet in a general literary contest and de-bate. The contest and debate were formerly leading features of the winter term; but in -recent years, as before stated, have not been held for various reasons. And now, inasmuch as all preliminary arrangements have been made and the contest is practically as-sured, it is our earnest wish that the.members of the societies realize the importance of the coming conflict. The individual members of both societies must know that without their interest the contest can not be a complete success. And, besides, honor, glory and renown, in no small measure, will be meted out to the participants, both th-5 victors and the vanquished. The contest and debate are bound to be interesting, and may the fickle Goddess of Victory smile upon the side best deserving her favors. j* I am a little country boy, I flunk ten times a week. But I guess few students know it, Cause for Muffing I'm a freak. It tickle? me to go to shows, But only when they're cheap. And when the Seniors turn me down, Then, Oh, how I do weep. I love to ride brown ]3onics, And wobble when I walk. I say I take the girls to shows, And I slobber when I talk. -Exchange. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. THE BEST PEN FOR COLLEGE MEN There's no pen that gives such all-round satisfaction as Conklin's Self-Filling Fountain Pen. It's the best pen for College Men. When an ordinary fountain pen runs dry in the middle of a word, it means you've got to stop right there, hunt up a rubber squirt gun, fill your pen to overflowing, clean both pen and dropper, wash your hands, and then endeavor as best you can to collect your lost Crescent If train of thought It's different with Filler J. A. Kupp, L. E. Entei line. THE "R & E" STORE 36 Baltimore Street, Next Citizens' Trust Company, GETTYSBURG, PA. SUNDAY SCHOOL LESSON HELPS AND SUPPLIES, P. ANSTADT & SONS, Publishers, Book and Job Printing of all Kinds UJrUe for Prices. YOR K. PA, PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS EMIL ZOTHE COLk^!EM3 ENGRAVER, DESIGNER, AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER 722 Chestnut St., Phila. SPECIALTIES : MASONIC MARKS, SOCIETY BADGES, COLLEGE BUTTONS, PINS, SCARF PINS, STICK PINS ANO ATHLETIC PRIZES. All Goods ordered through G. F. Kieffer, CHARLES S. MUMRER. UEJ1L.EU JJV TpTTTS TSTTTTTT? 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The College Metcufy. VOL. IV. GETTYSBURG, PA., JANUARY, 1897. No. 9, THE COLLEGE MERCURY, Published each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. STAFF. Editor: ROBBIN B. WOLF, '97. Associate Editors : LEWIS C. MANGES, '97. ED, W. MEISEN H ELDER, SAMUEL J. MILLER '97. CHARLES T. LARK '98. JOHN W. OTT, '97. CHARLES H. TILP, '98. E. L. KOLLER, '98. Alumni Association Editor: REV. D. FRANK GARLAND, A. M., Baltimore, Md. Business Manager: HARRY R, SMITH, '97. Assistant Business Manager: JOHN E. MEISENHELDER, '97. mi™™./One volume (tenmonths). . . . $1.00 ILKMS. jslngleCOpies 15 Fayatle is advance All Students are requested to hand us matter tor publication. The Alumni and ex-members or the college will favor us by-sending Information concerning their whereabouts or any Items they may think would be interesting for publication. All subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to the business manager. Matter intended for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address, THE COLLEGE MEKCUKY, Gettysburg, Pa. CONTENTS. EtllTORIAL, 13° CODBX SlNAITCUS, I31 THE COLLEGE LITERARY SOCIETY, - - - - - 132 BOOK REVIEWS, 135 NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS, --- 135 COLLEGE LOCALS, 135 ALUMNI NOTES, --- 137 TOWN AND SEMINARY NOTES, --- 139 ATHLETIC NOTES, --- 139 Y. M. C. A. NOTES, 140 FRATERNITY NOTES, --- 140 LITERARY SOCIETIES, 141 EXCHANGES, -- 141 EDITORIAL THIS issue of the MERCURY appears some-what later than the usual time on account of the date of opening. . * ., COLLEGE reopened oir the morning of the fifth with the majority of the boys back on time, but the usual number of stragglers keep up the reputation of id genus omne. All re-port a pleasant vacation and many New Year's resolutions. The loss of several has been more than compensated by the arrival of new ones. Very few of the boys accomplished the work mapped out by themselves for the vacation, such as essays, Specttum and MERCURY work. Who can blame them ? The Christmas vaca-tion should be a real vacation, and the appear-ance of the boys after the examinations showed their need of rest. Now comes the hard work which the middle term always brings. How-ever, if the work is more arduous, it is to be remembered that this season is most propitious for close application. * * EVER since the MERCURY was given to the present Staff, extraordinary efforts have been made to increase the number of Alumni per-sonals. Our efforts have not been altogether unrewarded. But as this publication is main-tained chiefly in the interest of the Alumni, it is fitting that a yet greater portion of its space should be devoted to them. The present plan has been found inadequate. It is unreasonable to expect that two under graduates can keep themselves informed concerning the great body of Alumni scattered all over the habitable globe. The following plan commends itself as more likely to meet the end aimed at; That in lV THE COLLEGE MERCURY. every city or section of the country which has enough Alumni residents to justify it, some Alumnus regularly furnish such personal notes, one in such places respectively as New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, York Altoona, New England and at two or three points in the South and West. This plan proposed only as tentative, at least deserves a trial, and personal letters will be written to those who are thought most willing to attend to the work and the names of those who accept will ap-pear in the MERCURY, so that all the Alumni in that section may send their personals to them. Any further suggestions which may improve this plan will be gratefully received. * *' * WE take pleasure in calling the attention of our readers to the article, in this issue, of Dr. J. W. Richard, and to the letter of Dr. J. H. W. Stuckenberg. We extend our hearty thanks to the gentlemen and commend their example to others. * * * THE Philadelphia Press of Jan. 4th, contains a striking editorial on the subject, Small Col-leges and degrees, the substance of which fol-lows. "At a meeting last week of representatives from the leading colleges of Iowa a resolution was offered asking the Legislature to change the law of that State concerning the conferring of college degrees. As the law now stands any three men can organize a college by in-corporating it under the laws of the State, and any college so incorporated can confer de-grees. Under the law there has sprung up a large number of so-called colleges in Iowa, and as all of them are handing out degrees lib-erally, much discredit is brought upon the honor. The struggle among them to attract students is fierce and many inducements are offered, one college agreeing to pay the mile-age of students in proportion to the length of time they remain in college. The question of college degrees was brought prominently before the public last winter by State Senator Garfield, of Ohio, a son of the late President Garfield. He introduced a bill in the Legislature of that State the object of which was to examine into and pass upon the fitness of colleges to confer honorary degrees. The bill provided for the creation of a univer-sity council consisting of ten members ap-pointed by the Governor. * * * When in the opinion of this council an institution did not have the requisite standing its right to confer honorary degrees should be taken away. New York has ahead}' conferred this power on the regents of the State University and this State should confer it on the University Council." * * * * * We are surprised that so eminent a journal does not know that this State has already taken a similar step, of which we are heartily glad, and that it has done away with the evil of a college like Gettysburg and others of a like high standard having the value of their degrees decreased by the host of small, so-called, colleges which are scarcely better than a good high school. Some estimable men of culture have refused the offer of a degree be-cause a degree has largely lost its significance. It is to be hoped that the Iowa Legislature will pass the bill and that all the other States will join in the movement to prevent charter-ing new institutions and withdrawing the charter from those whose standard does not justify their existence. CODEX SINAITICUS. THE CODEX SINAITICUS is the name given to a celebrated manuscript of the Bible, dis-covered by Prof. Dr. Constantine Tischendorf, February 4th, 1859, nl the Convent of St. Catharine, at the foot of Mount Sinai. The manuscript consists of 346^ leaves. Each leaf is 13^ inches wide and 14^6 high, and contains four columns of writing; and each col-umn contains forty-eight lines. It is supposed to have been prepared in Egypt, or at Con-j stantinople, about the middle of the fourth century of our era. It is written in what is known as uncial or capital letters. Each letter is separated from the others, and all are of the same size, except that frequentty a letter is re- ' duced in size in order to make it fit into the line. Tischendorf calls it "omnium codicum i unclalium sohis integei omniumque a?itiqtiissi- THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 132 mus." His designation solus integer is cer-tainly correct as applied to the New Testament portion, for it is the 011I5' known uncial manu-script that contains the entire text of the New Testament, without any omission, together with the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Shepherd of Hennas in Greek (147^2 leaves in all). The designation "antiguissimus." has been questioned, for it is thought by many scholars that the Codex Vaticanus at Rome, is at least as old, if not a little older. But it deserves to be called one of the two oldest, and one of the most valuable biblical manuscripts in the world. Tischeudorf having obtained possession of it as a loan, carried it to Cairo, where in two months, assisted by a German physician, and a druggist, he made a complete copy of it. Then having secured the permanent possession of it for the Russian government, he trans-ferred it to Leipzig, where a quasi-facsimile edition of three hundred copies was printed from types cast specially for the purpose. The original was then taken to St. Petersburg, where it is sacredly kept. The printed copies were distributed among the crowned heads and large libraries, mostly of Europe, except one third of the number which were placed at the disposal of Dr. Tis-cheudorf. Copies of this rare and valuable edition, which for the purposes of textual crit-icism are almost as good as the original, are in the libraries of the Theological Seminaries re-spectively at Gettysburg, Princeton, Union (New York), Andover, Rochester, Auburn, and in the Astor and Lenox Libraries and the library of the American Bible Society in New York, and in the University libraries of Har-vard and Yale. J. W. R. IT has been my privilege to address many students in Colleges, Universities, and Semi-naries; but I do not think I ever addressed any who were more attentive, more earnest, more appreciative, and more eager to learn, than those I recently met at Gettysburg. Compared with what I found there in the past it looks as if a new spirit had come with a quickening influence. The young men are evidently intent on understanding the age in which they live, through which must come all the influences which can affect them, and which is the only age which they can work on directly. They were anxious to know how they can use most effectively all that the school gives them of knowledge and wisdom. There were many evidences that the stu-dents want to make the most of their oppor-tunities in order to make the most of them-selves. With this object in view many ques-tions were asked respecting the best methods of study. It was gratifying to find that many are not content with being mere learners; they want also to become scholars and thinkers. For this purpose they strive to enter upon original research and seek to become indepen-dent investigators. The friends of higher edu-cation ought to see to it that the best means for this purpose are put within the reach of these young men. I saw evidence at Gettysburg that excellent teaching has been done in the College and Seminary. The church has reason to cherish the brightest hopes respecting these institu-tions if the aspiring and energetic spirit is pro-moted and developed. Connected with the earnest intellectual trend I found also a living faith and sincere devotion to the church. J. H. W. STUCKENBERG. Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 21, 1896. THE COLLEGE LITERARY SOCIETY. From no other source during his college course does a man receive so much training as he does from the literary society. He may be a good student and lead his class in scholarship, but if he does not make use of the advantages offered by the literary society he feels when he leaves college that he neg-lected that which would be of more practical good to him than much he learned in the class-room. The important feature of the literary society 133 THE COLLEGE MERCURY -is the training it gives a man for public speak-ing, so, that when he is called upon to make an address he has the ability to use the knowl-edge he has acquired and impart it to others in a manner easily understood. Another important feature is the knowledge of parliamentary rules' and the ability to pre-side at meetings which one receives from the literary society. After a man leaves college his influence is to a great extent measured by his knowledge of the qualifications just mentioned. We have attended meetings over which incompetent men have presided and we have noticed how uninteresting the proceedings have become and the inability of the chairman to decide questions of dispute. In some cases, perhaps, it was possible to overlook this incompetency, as in the case ot a man who has had no ad-vantages to gain any knowledge in such mat-ters ; but there is no excuse for a college man to be placed in such a position. If he should be, he can blame no person but himself, be-cause most of the institutions provide oppor-tunities for the acquirement of such qualifica-tions. . We thus see the college days are, above all others, the time, and the literary societies the place, to acquire those abilities which a stu-dent may be called upon at any time of his life to exercise. A society in order to be of any influence in the institutions in which it may exist must have members who are devoted to its welfare and who take an active part in its exercises. It is not the society which has the largest number on its roll which is the most prosper-ous, but the one in which the members work for their own good and the best interests of their society. Those who participate in the exercises because they are compelled so to do by the rules of the society do not receive nearly so much benefit as they who do so for the instruction and training derived from the participation in the exercises. The literary sotiety is the same as all other organizations in that it needs earnest, active and devoted members in order to make it a success. There has never yet been anything at-tempted for good which has not been sub-jected to influences which proved harmful to it. In many institutions the literary society is practically dead or rapidly declining. From one who is interested in the welfare of the lit-erary societies the following information was received concerning the condition of the so-cieties in about thirty-five representative in-stitutions: Eight institutions report the so-cieties flourishing. In sixteen they are rap-idly declining, some among this number are yet active and doing good work, but yet are no longer what they once were, while others have practically died as far as usefulness is concerned. In eleven of the thirty-five insti-tutions the literary society no longer exists. The societies are dying from New England southward. All institutions reporting their societies as dead are north of Pennsylvania. Those speaking of a decline are in the Middle States, while the flourishing ones are south and west of Pennsylvania. Some of the societies report the cause of their decay is the literary work done by the Greek Letter Fraternity and additional liter-ary work in the college curriculum. Other causes, such as over-prominence of athletics and the tendency of students to specialize in-stead of getting a general culture prove very detrimental to the welfare of the literary so-cieties. In the institutions in which the literary so-ciety has ceased to exist the Greek Letter Fraternities have been most full}' developed, and their influence is reported as the main cause of the society's decay. It is a question if the fraternities will ever take the place of the literary society, and if so, will they prove a satisfactory substitute. Personally, I do not believe the fraternity will supplant the society, notwithstanding the reports to the contrary. [ My opinion is the same as that of the college > president who writes: "I can conceive of no substitute for the literary societ}'." When there is anything to be neglected be-cause of press of class-room work or the meet-ings of any of the college' organizations the THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 134 duties of the literary society are invariably the first neglected. Instead of considering the weekly meetings of the society as the place to which "our duty calls us" and from which we should have a very good excuse to absent our-selves, we often think it is only the place to | pass the evening when we do not have an en-gagement for another place. The great attention given to athletics by the colleges of to-day detracts seriously from the interest in the literary society. The intense interest of the student body in one sphere is very likely to produce relaxation in others, especially in those in which the work is volun-tary. As said before, the literar)' society is the first to suffer from athletics. For some reason it has become the opinion of many peo-ple that there is more glory in the feats of brawn than those of brain. The contests to-day between the different institutions are more in athletics than in literary contests. Because of the great interest taken in athletics, Yale to-day enjoys the honor of holding the suprem-acy in athletics in the college world. In order to attain this position her literary work has suffered, and she, for this reason, meets defeat at the hands of Harvard each year in the lit-erary contests. Athletics are a good thing and cannot be denied the student, but a little less interest in them and more in the work of the literary society would prove of much advan-tage in many institutions. What is most needed by the students of to-day is a broad, liberal culture. But there are many who think this is not necessary, hence they begin early in their course to specialize. Consequently in those institutions which en-courage specializing we find less interest in the literary society. This seems contrary to what ought to be the case. If a student is unable to take a regular college course before he be-gins to specialize, he should take an active part in the literary society which would do something to aid him in securing the general culture needed to exercise the proper influ- • ence in society. The college man of to-day has much expected from him by the world be-cause of the advantages he has enjoyed. It has been said: "No one in England has any-thing to say but the scientific men, and they do not know how to say it.'' For these reasons we are led to believe the literary society has not outlived its day of use-fulness. The present time demands of men the qualifications which the work of the literary society gives. The first qualification is the art of public speaking. We notice to-day that the-number of able speakers is not increasing in the same proportion as the number of well-educated men. Public speaking is beginning to be spoken of as a lost art. The tongue is not the moving power it once was. Depew says: "In one respect the graduates of 1895 are far behind those of 1855. Few of the boys who leave college this year will be good speak-ers. They may be as good thinkers as those who were graduated four decades ago, but they will not be nearly so capable of telling what they know, or what they think, because of the decline of the debate as a means of training." In speaking about the decline of the debating society, he says: "I regard it as a national calamity." The man who desires to exert any influence in these days, when every question receives the attention of the people in public gatherings, should be able to express himself clearly and forcibly. Depew says again: "If the young college man only knew how to speak he wrould be invincible." The greatest difficulty college graduates ex-perience is that they are unable to think on their feet before an audience. As students they neglected this training and now they are at a great disadvantage in public meetings. H. R. S., '97. Where are our literary men ? Both the Spectrum and MERCURY editors would like to hear from them. Let some of our new men be heard from. There must be material in so large a class. Remember these two publica-tions depend upon the efforts you put forth in their behalf. Let us receive aid from every one. Try your hand. •35 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. BOOK REVIEWS. Abraham Lincoln—A poem by Lyma?i Whitney Allen ("Sangamon"),.pp. 112, 12 Mo. G. P. Putnam's So7ispublishers. This is the bc5und copy of the New York j Herald's $1,000 prize poem. The fact that this poem alone of all its competitors was se-lected by the set of competent judges, is the highest commendation. The poem gives a just portrait of one of America's greatest presi-dents and men. "A Princelonian," by James Ba?nes, pp. 4.31. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. This story of the college life of a Prince-tonian is particularly welcome just at this time, coming, as it does, not so long after this old and revered institution has celebrated its ses-quicentennial. It is written in a good and pleasing style and is sure to hold the interest of any reader from start to finish. But to the collage man, no matter where his Alma Mater may be, it strikes chords which find an an-swering vibration in his own breast ; and of his leisure hours he will regret none spent in reading it ; but once having begun he will look forward with pleasure to every succeed-ing hour's reading, and will close the book with a sigh because he has finished it. Besides furnishing a very vivid and delight-ful picture of college life, it is praiseworthy, as a piece of literature, for its character sketches, the character of the heroine being especially well delineated. The hero, Newton Wilber-force Hart, cannot but inspire in many a young man the ambition for a college life. The story, as a whole, reflects much credit on Princeton University and will surely bind the hearts of her sons more firmly to their Alma Afa/et and attract to her classic walls many whose ears had otherwise never heard her voice. Are you attending your literary society as regularly as you should ? If not, there must be a reason. Is it a good one? Men, be loyal! NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS. Our resolutions good we plan, To take effect the first of Jan. Generally they're on the ebb As slowly creeps the first of Feb., And often sadly broken are As quicker dawns the first of Mar. They are nowhere unless on paper When Fool's Day comes, the first of Apr. Our minds now free, we're light and gay When flowers bloom, the first of May. The skies are fair, the earth in tune We have t/uod times the first of June. Days still more bright, why should we sigh? Speed quick the hours, first of July. Our memory, conscience in a fog. # The Summer glides, 'tis first of Aug. A good resolve we mijht have kept Come.1- stealing o'er us first of Sept. Our better selves by it are shocked As it grows clearer, first of Oct. "Bad habits old with which I strove Have mastered me." The first of Nov. "To give my troubled conscience peace, 'I now resolve' "—. The last of Dec. P. S.—The new resolution is, "I now resolve not to forget my resolutions." W. H. B. C, '99. COLLEGE LOCALS. EDMUND W. MEISENHELDER and E. I*. KOLLER, Editors. Mr. B., 1900 recently told an interesting story about the "Giant's Causeway" in the northern part of Africa. H., 1900, (speaking of Fred. I. in History)— "Every one in his time smoked beer and drank tobacco.'' Dr. M.—"I guess you don't know much about that, Mr. H.," "Do you?" Mr. F., '98, would like to know if "isolated means discovered.'' Mr. L,., '99, (in looking through a book) asked, "L,et me see the picture on the frontis-piece." A young lady of town recently asked our charming and bashful Mr. B., 1900, for one of his curls. We hear that "Brigy" is right in it. Recently Mr. L,., '99, listened to a young lady singing "Tell me do you love me?" After she had finished, George stood a short while in amazement. When he at last recov-ered himself he said: "Well, you do your share, I'll do mine." THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 136 Mr. E., '99, who has quite a reputation as a student of the Bible, told some boys that they should not tease old people, lest they would be devoured by the wolves, as were the children in the Bible. Dr M. (in French)—"What does ses mean ?'' Mr. F., 1900, (after thinking awhile)—"I don't think I can guess." Mr. H., '97, recently rendered effective service at a slight conflagration in a private house up town. "Hutty" cannot tell a lie, he did it with his big feet. Prof. H.—"Mr. T. What is a bias?" Mr. T., '99—"A part of a dress." hiforniation desired.—A Prep, would like to know what building that is with a balloon on top of it. Will some one please inform him ? Now is the time to hand in your applica-tions for the base ball team. Let every one who can play ball apply early. Don't wait to be coaxed ! There is material enough in college and prep, to make two first-class teams. Mr. E., '99, (in German declining "sich") "ich, er, sich." Well done, Luther ! Let the literary matter for the Spectrum be handed in as soon as possible. Let every one be represented. "Josey" K, '99, startled Dr. H. recently by affirming that "David was related to his grandmother, Ruth." The new men take well to "gym." work and we hope that the "good work may go on." The MERCURY extends its sympathy. Luther, '99, tells us that "the hills of Judea are west of the Mediterranean." A Freshman says that Sapho was the great-est poet of the 19th century. A Seminarian says the Mercury is going down. He meant that in the thermometer. Are we going to have field sports next term ? Some of the men in other colleges are at work indoors. Don't let us be behind time. Although guying seems to be one of the necessary evils of Gettysburg College, yet it certainly is out of place in Chapel and in the halls of the literary societies. Spayd, '99, has returned after his recent illness. F. & M. may not have a base-ball team this spring and will devote their time to the relay team, etc. As yet we have taken no definite steps in this direction. It is time. > The class in philosophy has been organized and has held some meetings. Prof. Klinger is the leader of the class. New members can join at any time. If you think you can be bene-fited, join. Nick got a "hair-cut." A Freshmrn lately asked one of the biolog-ical students when they were ' 'going to bisect that cat." K., '98, gives a new version of Oedipus' so-lution of the Sphinx's riddle. He says: "When a man is a baby he goes on four legs ; in middle age he goes on two, and when he is an old man he goes on one.'' H., '98, says that a certain old Greek was taunted with being a fondling \ F., '98, has discovered a new art—the "art of distance," and he says it is based upon Astronomy. Ask Johnnie M., '99, what kind of ham sandwiches they have at the Union Depot, Baltimore. Every student should be sure to attend the course of lectures given in Brua Chapel, under the auspices of the Y. M. C. A. The course this season is especially fine. The Juniors in their first recitation in Greek this term were not exactly conversant with the Oedipus mythus. Their intellects must have been dazzled by the new tables. K., '98, has coined a new word ; it is "rip-erable," and he uses it to describe the condi-tion of silk after having been acted on by nitric acid. Kitzmeyer and Wendt of '98, and Eberly, Koppenhaver and Wendt, of 1900, have not returned to college. It is gratifying to see the large number of new men who are connecting themselves with the literary societies of the college. It is a step in the right direction ; let the good work go on. Quite a number of 1900 men who thoughjt that the first term of Freshman was a "snap," were disagreeably surprised to find the "D's" and "E's" quite prominent on their reports. '37 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. ALUMNI. I,. C. MANGES and CHARLES H. TILP, Editors. '34. Jacob B. Bacon, after having spent a very eventful life as a professor and a contri-- butor to New York papers for more than a half century, died recently in New York. He was the first matriculate of the College and by his death his class becomes extinct. '42. The Lutheran Almanac and Year Book for 1897, is out in its familiar dress. Rev. M. Sheeleigh, D. D., has been editor of this val-uable pamphlet since 1871. '43. John Gneff made a very interesting Christmas address in St. Matthews church, Philadelphia Christmas evening. '44. Rev. P. Anstadt, D. D., of York, is translating Luther's "Commentary on the Gospel," which will soon appear in book form. '•57. Rev. Dr. Earnest closed his pastorate at Mifflinburg, Pa., with the close of the year and will rest awhile from public speaking, in hope of overcoming bronchial difficulty. '57. H. Louis Baugher, D. D., presided at thegreat Lutheran Home Mission Rally held in York,. Jan. 5th. '63. Volume IX of the Lutheran Commen-tary, prepared by Prof. E. J. Wolf, D. D., is in press. It contains the Annotations on the Pastoral Epistles and Hebrews. '64. Rev. J. G. Griffith, of Lawrence, Kan., has tendered his resignation to take effect the first of May. He expects to return B)ast in the early summer, and will work there if a field is opened to him. '67. Wm. E. Parson, D. D., of the Home Mission Board, delivered a very interesting ad-dress before that board on the subject, "Does Our Work Pay?" '67. Rev. C. S. Albert, D. D., editor of "Lutheran Lesson Helps," teaches the Bible lesson once a mouth at the Y. M. C. A. in Germantown. '67. J. Hay Brown, Esq., of Lancaster, was united in marriage with Miss Margaret J. Reilly on Wednesday, December 30th. It has been reported that Mr. Brown would be offered the Attorney Generalship in Mr. McKinley's cabinet. No other lawyer in Pennsylvania would be likely to fill the office with greater credit. '68. Rev. Geo. F. Behrniger, of Nyack, N. Y., delivered the discourse to the students of Cornell University on Sunday, Dec. 6th, in the regular order of the University, which en-gages clergymen of different denominations to officiate in turn. '69. Rev. E. T. Horn, of Charleston, S. C, has been delivering a course of lectures to the students of the Theological Seminary at New-berry, S. C. '69. In addition to his duties as president of Midland College Rev. Jacob A. Clutz, D. D., preaches every two weeks for the congrega-tion at Moray, Kansas. '72. Rev. Samuel A. Weikert presided at the anniversary meeting of the Y. M. C. A. held in Poughkeepsie. The Poughkeepsie Journal pronounces his address a masterpiece. '72. Rev. B. B. Collins and family, of Meyersdale, were somewhat surprised on Fri-day evening, Dec. 18, 1896, when a wagon well laden with provisions stopped at the par-sonage and began to unload its store. The mystery was cleared up later when a large number of the members of Zion church called to extend their greetings. The Luther League presented him with a purse. '75. Rev. M. L. Young, Ph. D., Meyers-dale, Pa., is contemplating a trip through the South in the interest of the "Young Luth-eran." '76. Rev. J. C. Jacoby, of Webster City, de-livered an address on the subject, "The Sab-bath in Relation to Our Civil Government," at the State Convention of the Sabbath Rescue Society, recently held in Des Moines. '77. Rev. F. P. Manhart, of Philadelphia, has been elected pastor of our Deaconess Motherhouse in Baltimore. '77. Wm. M. Baum, Jr., delivered a pleas-ing address during the Christmas exercises of his father's church, St. Matthew's, Philadel-phia, Pa. '78. Rev. Adam Stump, of York, Pa., has received notice from the Board of Publication that the second premium of the $300 offered last spring for two new Sunday school books, has been awarded to him. '78. Rev. C. L. McConnell, of Belleville, Pa., has been elected pastor of the Mifflinburg charge (Pa.) from which Rev. J. A. Earnest is about to retire. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 138 '78. Rev. H. Max Lentz will complete the seventh year of his pastorate at Florence, Ky., in March, 1897. '80. Rev. C. W. Heisler, of Denver, Col., is President of the Colorado State Sunday School Association. '83. Longmans, Green & Co. have issued Macaulay's Life of Samuel Johnson with notes and an introduction by Prof. Huber Gray Buehler, of the Hotchkiss School. '83. The address of Rev. W. W. Anstadt is changed from Bedford to Hollidaysburg, Pa. '84. Rev. L. M. Zimmerman, of Baltimore, has lately issued a new book entitled "Sun-shine." '87. Rev. H. C. Alleman preached his in-troductory sermon as pastor of Christ church on Sunday, Dec. 13. He was greeted by a large congregation. '88. Rev. John E. Weidley, pastor of Beth-any Lutheran church, of Pittsburg, was kindly remembered by his congregation on Christ-mas with a purse of $70 and a set of Johnson's Cyclopaedias. '89. Morris W. Croll spent the Christmas holidays in Gettysburg with his mother. '90. On Thursday, Dec. 17th, Rev. U. S. G. Rupp, pastor of the Church of the Refor-mation, Baltimore, Md., was united in mar-riage to Miss Mary O. Sheeleigh, daughter of Rev. Dr. and Mrs. M. Sheeleigh, of Fort Washington, Pa. '90. Sanford B. Martin, Esq., of Hartford, Conn., spent the holidays with his parents, Dr. and Mrs. Martin. '91. Schmucker Duncan, of Yale College, spent the Christmas holidays in Gettysburg. '91. Rev. August Pohlman, M. D., has reached his field of labor in Africa and speaks very encouragingly of the prospects for the future. '92. Rev. H. E. Berkey, of Red Lion, Pa., is actively engaged in establishing and push-ing forward a new parish paper to be called The. Yotk County Luthetan. '92. Rev. Jesse W. Ball sent a very inter-esting paper to the Luthetan World last month, showing the prosperous condition of Southern California. '93. W. C. Heffner has received a call from the Fayetteville charge in the West Pennsyl-vania Synod. '92. Rev. E. E. Parsons, who is pastor at St. Clairesville, Bedford, county, Pa., is meet-ing with great success in his work. '93. Dr. Wm. H. Deardorff, of Philadel-phia, was hurt recently in a street car accident, but is on a fair road to recovery. '93. Rev. Ervin Dieterly filled the pulpit of the Fort Washington Mission at Fort Wash-ington, Pa., Dec. 18, 1896. '93. The beautiful Lutheran church at Silver Run, Md., Rev. W. H. Ehrhart, pas-tor, was dedicated on the 21st of December. Dr. Richard, of the Seminary, preached the dedicatory sermon. '93. Mr. J. F. Kempfer, who is one of the managers of the Alpha Publishing Co., was recently married to Dr. Darietta E. Newcomb, of Worcester, Ohio. Chas. Kloss, '94, was best man. '93. At the opening of the fortieth annual session of the Somerset County Teachers' In-stitute, on Dec. 7, Mr. Virgil R. Saylor, prin-cipal of the Salisbury schools, responded to the address of welcome in an eloquent and schol-arly manner, showing that he had carefully considered the diverse questions concerning the public schools, and was thoroughly equp-ped for the profession of teaching. '94. Rev. Paul W. Kohler, of the Semin-ary, filled his father's pulpit on Dec. 13. '94. Prof. Herbert A. Allison, of Susque-hanna University, spent the Christmas holi-days with his parents, near Gettysburg, Pa. '94. Fred. H. Bloomhardt and David W. VanCamp are doing creditable work in the Medical Department of U. P. '94. James W. Gladhill has entered the Philadelphia School of Pharmacy. '95. C. H. Hollinger and Edw. Wert are reading law with prominent lawyers in Har-risburg. '95. Herbert F. Richards is studying in Mt. Air}'. Seminary, Philadelphia, Pa. '95. M. G. L. Rietz and Roscoe C. Wright are pursuing their Theological studies at Hart-wick Seminary. '95. Fred. A. Crilly has entered his broth-er's store in Chicago as clerk. '96. Prof. D. E. Rice, of the Harrisburg High School, was in Gettysburg, Tuesday, ' Dec. 22, '96, visiting friends. 139 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. '96. Wm. Menges is at present engaged in his father's mill at Menges' Mills. "Bill's" flonr is the very best. TOW|\I /\|\ID SEWIINARY NOTES. S. J. MILLER, Editor. TOWN. It has been announced that an electric rail-way, recently surveyed, will be constructed from Washington to Gettysburg by way of Frederick next spring, or probably this winter if the weather be favorable. The company s corporating under a charter known as the Baltimore and Washington Transit Company, and under that charter it enjoys the privilege of operating throughout the State of Maryland. The capital stock is $1,000,000. A grand reception was given the newly elected pastor, Rev. D. W. Woods, Jr., of the Presbyterian church, on Friday, Dec. 4th. An attractive musical program was rendered and tea was served by the ladies of the congrega-tion. It was a most successful and enjoyable affair. At the exhibition of "Dolls," recently given by the ladies of the Reformed church, the neat little sum of $80 was realized for the benefit of the parsonage fund. Mr Frank Blocher, of this place, has been awarded the contract for furniture for the Meade High School, recently erected. He represents the U. S. School Furniture Com-pany, of Bloomsburg, Pa. Misses Ethel Wolf and Emily Horner spent their holidays at home. The former is attend-ing school at Lakeville, and the latter is at the Teachers' College, New York. The various churches observed the week of prayer and the services were conducted on the line of thought suggested by the Evangelical Alliance. The ninth annual reunion of Company C, Cole's Cavalry, was held a few miles from this place, on the 17th ult. Nineteen of the sur-vivors of the company, with members of their famjlies, comrades and others, assembled and had a very enjoyable time. After the banquet a business meeting and a camp-fire were held. At the business meeting the following persons from Gettysburg were elected officers for the ensuing year : President, W. H. Dot; Treas., J. E. Wible; Sec, Lieut. O. D. McMillan. Rev. H. C. Alleman spent Christmas with his parents at Lancaster. A jury of seven was recently appointed by Judge Dallas, in the U. S. Circuit Court, in the condemnation instituted by District At-torney Beck for aji additional strip of land wanted by the United States to preserve the battlefield. SEMINARY. Rev. J. Henry Harmes, of the Senior class, was unanimously elected pastor of Trinity church, Chambersburg, Pa. The call has baen accepted but he will not take permanent charge until his graduation the coming sum-mer. Rev. J. W. Richard, D. D., filled the pulpit of the Presbyterian church, this place, Sun-day, Dec. 26th. Rev. L. B. Hafer preached in the First Lutheran church, Chambersburg, Dec. 13th; at St. Thomas on Dec. 27th, and at Chambers-burg on Jan. 3d. Rev. J. C. Nicholas preached at New Free-dom during vacation. Rev. W. O. Ibach filled the pulpit of the St. Matthews Lutheran church, of Philadelphia, on Dec. 20th. Rev. R. W. Mottern preached at Dallis-towu on Dec. 13th; at the Memorial Luth-eran church, Harrisburg, on the 20th, and at Bethany Lutheran, Philadelphia, on the 27th. G. Z. Stup preached at Conshohocken, dur-ing vacation, Rev. J. F. Shearer, pastor. Among the others who preached during va-cation were: Messrs. Clare, Yule, Apple, Shinier, Yoder and Fulper. Rev. W. M. Cross preached in the Second Lutheran church, of Baltimore, on Jan. 3d, and in the Messiah Lutheran, of Harrisburg, on the 10th. Rev. Paul W. Koller assisted his father in the administering of the Hoi}' Communion on Jan. 10th. ATHLETICS. CHARLES T. LARK, Editor. Considerable interest has been manifested of late in the formation of a Basket Ball team. This game, as it requires considerable skill and activity, is fast winning its way, and de servedly so, into popularity amongst college THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 140 men. It is played somewhat on the order of foot-ball with perhaps the danger element eliminated. Basket ball would be a new departure in the athletics of our college and there seems to be no reason why we should not put a strong team in the field as we have abundant material from which to select. Our gymnasium affords excellent advantages for the game and it is just the thing for livening up the winter term. Let us, by all means, "get into the game." At a recent meeting of the Athletic Associa-tion, Charles J. Fite, '98, was elected as man-ager of next seasons eleven. Mr. Fite is, as a manager should be, a young man with honest business principles, and with plenty of push, in fact he is just the man for the place. Dale, '00, has been elected to the captaincy of the team for the season of '97. He is a brilliant, energetic player, and under his lead-ership "our kickers" will doubless make many additions to the list of victories. Y. M. 0. A. NOTES. The Association will observe the usual da}7 of Prayer for Colleges on Sunday afternoon, Jan. 31, It is hoped that Mr. Wile, of Car-lisle, will consent to come and address the stu-dents. The services will be made as interest-ing as possible, and the students of all three institutions are invited to attend From July 18-21. the twenty-ninth annual state convention of the Pennsylvania Young Men's Christian Association will be held at Reading. The Association will endeavor to have as many go as possible. Reading is not far from here, and we ought to send at least six and possibly more. We are glad to see the students take an in-terest in the coming course of entertainments. These alone vary the routine of the term. It is no easy task to arrange this course, and the committee deserve our approval and support. FRATERNITY NOTES. PHI KAPPA PSI. The Chapter was saddened by the news of the very sudden death of Frank K. Cessna, Pa. Eta, who captained the F. and M. eleven during the season which is just past. Rev. M. C. Horine, '62, was elected Presi- I dent of the East Pa. Conference of the Luth-eran Ministerium. Ed. C. Hecht, '91, for some years General Manager of the Real Estate Department of the Southern Railway Union, is now connected with the management of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. of New York City. White, '97, spent a portion of the holidays with Lark, '98. Weaver, '99, has been elected manager of the annual Tennis Tournament. Albert F. Smith, '00, and Frank P. Shoup, '00, were initiated Dec. 7th. PHI GAMMA DELTA. Bro. Sanford Martin, '90, spent the holidays with his parents in Gettysburg. Bro. Fichthorn, '94, is employed as draughts-man at Shiffler Bridge Works, Pittsburg, Pa. Bro. D. A. Buehler, '90, spent the holidays with his mother in Gettysburg. We were pleased to have with us during the past month Bros. Stahler, '82, and DeYoe, '86. The sympathy of the Chapter is extended to Bro. J. S. Kausler, '84, whose father died re-cently. Bro. H. L. Hoffman, '95, won the prize at the tumbling contest at Yale last term. SIGMA CHI. Henry Wolf Bikle, '97, Gettysburg, Pa., was initiated Jan. 5th, 1897. Frank Hersh, '92, was home for a few days at X'mas. Heindle, ex-'97, made us a visit several weeks ago. John Wendt, '98, who left college at the end of last term, intends to take a course in the Columbia Law School. Dale, '00, visited the Chapter at State Col-lege when home at X'mas. Norman and Will McPherson were home over X'mas. Leisenring, '97, visited the Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania a few weeks ago. Charles Wendt, '00, expects to enter a busi-ness college in New York City. PHI DELTA THETA. St. John McClean, of Gettysburg, was ini- i4i THE COLLEGE MERCURY. tiated into the fraternity at the end of last term. Ben. F. Carver, Hanover, Pa., was initiated Saturday, January 9th. Rev. Harry Lee Yarger, '83, Atchison, Kansas, field secretary of the Lutheran Board of Church Extension, attended a meeting of that body in York, Jan. 1. Singmaster attended the hop given last month by the Lehigh Chapter. Dave J. Forney recently returned from a visit to Carlisle. ALPHA TAU OMEGO. White Hutton, '97, represented the Chapter at the fifteenth biennal Congress of the Fra-ternity held at Cleveland, O. It was conceded by members of other Greek Societies to have been one of the greatest gatherings of its kind ever held. H. B. Cessna, 1900, of Bedford, Pa., was initiated into the Fraternity Jan. 5, 1897. We are glad to have Charles H. Spayd. '99, with us again, who was compelled to leave college on account of sickness. W. H. Menges, '96, will enter the Semi-nary at the opening of the next collegiate year. Maurice Zullinger, '98, who left college last year, is still confined to his bed. H. H. Jones, '92, is practicing medicine at Codorus, York county, Pa. LITEFJARY SOCIETIES. JOHN W. Orr, Editor. PHILO. Philo's business meetings have taken on a new interest lately owing to several heated ar-guments on different points of parliamentary law. This is a step in the right direction as many of our members will no doubt have use for a practical knowledge of the rules of pro-cedure after leaving college. Our last special program rendered on the evening of Dec. 11, was one of the best ever given. Instead of taking up an author as usual, Christmas furnished the special theme. Dr. Stuckenberg, an honorary member of Philo, who had been giving his course of lect-ures on Sociology here, gave us a very inter-esting talk on "Christmas in Germany." The doctor was especially pleased with the solo, "Stille Nacht." The only thing to detract from the pleasure of the evening was a bit of "guying" which took place before the exer-cises had begun. Philo takes this means of disavowing the action of those who forgot themselves, and promises its visitors that it will not happen again. It was attended by fully 300 persons who greatly enjoyed the following program: Music. Announcement to the Shepherds (Bible), - - ROLLER Announcement to the Shepherds (Ben Hur), - ENGLAR Hvmn 011 the "Morning of Christ's Nativity." - Miss SiEBER Music. Christmas: Historical Sketch, SMITH Christmas in Germany. Dr. STUCKENBERG Hymn—"Stille Nacht," Miss SIEBER Christmas in England, - HERMAN "Christmas," Irving, CLUTE Our Christmas, -.- ERB " 'Twas the Night Before Christinas," - - Miss MYERS Music. The new men initiated since the last issue of the MERCURY are: H. B. Cessna, W. B. Claney, R. Z. Imler, F. E. Kolb, W. G. Lawyer, F. P. Shoup, G. D. Weaver, of the the class of 1900; Evans and Mehring, of the class of 1901. The following officers were elected at the last meeting for the ensuing term: Pres., Clute; Vice Pres., Lutz; Cor. Sec, Tilp; Rec. Sec, Weaver, Sr., Treas., R. L. Smith; Asst. Libr., Hess; Critic, H. R. Smith. EXCHANGES. Said a biker to a farmer, * "Did a lady wheel this way ? " Said the farmer to the biker, "I'll be hanged if I can say," From the outfits they are wearing From the mountains to the sea, Whether the biker is a she or whether "Tis a he." WTe are glad to see that quite a number of our exchanges contain good, short stories. We think this more tasty than so many essays, yet a few good essays are not out of place. It is policy to endeavor to please the literary tastes of all. "Politeness," says Dr. Prather, "is like a pneumatic tire, there isn't much in it, but it eases many a jolt in the journey of life. An adveitisement in a Western paper read thus : Run away, a hired man named John, his nose turned up five feet eight inches with corduroy pants much worn. ADVERTISEMENTS. BASE- i/isitors to JO A I _J i_J Gettysburg College, $ . . SURRUES, . . Pipaldi i-)cr LeatjUQ Ball, jL J^litB, >'\a.sl-,.s, Qto. Managers should send for samples and special rates. Every requisite for TENNIS, GOLF, CRICKET, TRACK AND FIEID. GYMNASIUM EQUIPMENTS AND OUTFITS, COMPLETE CATALOGUE SPRING AND SUMMER SPORTS FREE. fi'~Ths Name the Guarantee." A. G. Spalding & Bros., NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO. 1108 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA fy/right's Qngraving ^jfouse *? /?AS become the recognized leader in unique styles of «^f COLLEGE and FRATERNITY EN-GRAVINGS and STATIONERY, College and Class-pay Invitations, engraved and printed from steel plates; Programmes, Menus, Wedding and Reception Invitations, Announcements, etc., etc. Examine prices and styles-before ordering elsewhere. 50 Visiting Cards frcm New Engraved Plate for $1.00. ERNEST A. WRIGHT, UOS Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA Hon. W. J. Bryan's Book All who are interested in furthering the sale of Hun. W.J. Bryan's new book should correspond immediately with the publishers. The work will contain . . AN ACCOUNT OP HIS CAMPAIGN TOUR, HIS BIOGRAPHY, WRITTEN Bi HIS WIFB HIS MOST IMPORTANT SPEECHES. THE RESULTS OP THE CAMPAIGN OF 1896. A REVIEW OF THE POLITICAL SITUATION. •••ACENTS WANTED••• Mi. Bryan DUB an-nounced his intention of devoting one-half of all royalties to furthering the cause of bimetallism. There are already indications of an enormous sale. Address W. B. CONKEY COMPANY, Publishers 341-351 Dearborn St.CHICAGO Settysburg, !Penn*a, WILL FIND THE-Cumberland Valley R. R. running in a South-Westerly direction froniHarrisbnrg, Pa., through Carlisle. Chambersburg, Hagerstown an 1 Martinsburg to Winchester, Va., a direct and available ^ route from the North, East and West to Gettysburg, Pa" via. Harrisburg and Carlisle. Through tickets via. this route on sale at all P. R. K. offices, and baggage checked through to destination. Also, a popular route to the South via. Carlisle. AS for your tickets via. Cnmberlauil Valley Railroad anil Carlisle, Pa, I. F. BOYD, Superintendent. H. A. RIDDLE, Gen. Passenger Agent. FPH. H. MlNNlCrl, Manufacturer, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in onfeetionepNj I OYSTERS AND G>dt fe=t fe=di&%f==/j) • CLOTHIER, * FASHIONABLE TAILOR, II GENTS FURNISHER. No. 11 Balto. St. - GETTYSBURG. J. E. BOYLE, OF LEECH, STILES & CO. EYE SPECIALISTS, 1413 Chestnut Street, Phila. Will be in Gettysburg, Pa., at W. H. TIPTON'S, THURSDAY, MX 10, From 9 a. m. to 3.SI) p. m. 'No charge for consulta-tion and examination and every pair of glasses or-dered guaranteed to be *■ satisfactory by LEECH, STILES, & Co. GOTO, ♦•HOTEL GETTYSBURG -XfiAilBER SHOPX- ^Photographer, No. 2g Baltimore St., GETTYSBURG SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO a-cnege (p.ins Collection of. BATTLEFIELD VIEWS _®ffixOa%s on hand. Centre Square. B. M. SEFTON. 2/ou ivili find a full lino of {Pure 'Drugs dc ^ine Stationery {People 'a Drug Store. ^Proscriptions a Specialty. MAIL ORDERS RECEIVE PROMPT ATTENTION. Latest Styles \% ipssfeg^ Sl|X5«^, Elliott ffyg^T

Background: Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings: We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation: Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available.

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9.3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17.2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15.4-19.2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2.39 billion, 2.30-2.50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2.36 billion (2.35-2.37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available.

The first case of COVID-19 was registered in the Leningrad Region on March 13, 2020. The period of increasing intensity of the epidemic process lasted 8 weeks. One month after reaching the maximum incidence rate, a study was organized to determine seroprevalence to COVID-19 among the population of the Region.Objective of the study was to determine the level and structure of community immunity to SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Leningrad Region in the period of intensive COVID-19 transmission.Materials and methods. The work was carried out within the framework of the Rospotrebnadzor project on assessment of community immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Russian Federation. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined applying ELISA using a kit for the analysis of human serum or blood plasma for the presence of specific IgG to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus , manufactured by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Obolensk) in accordance with the instructions for use.Results and discussion. The study has showed that the herd immunity of the population of the Leningrad Region was 20.7 %. The maximum level has been established in children 1–6 years old (42.3 %) and people over 70 years old (29.0 %). The highest level of seropositivity, except for children and older people, was found among the unemployed (25.1 %). The lowest level of seroprevalence was detected in civil servants (12.8 %) and military personnel (16.7 %). It has been shown that the risk of infection increases by 1.5 times in case of contacts with COVID-19 patients. After exposure to COVID-19 virus, antibodies are produced in 82.1 % of the cases. In individuals with a positive PCR test result obtained earlier, antibodies are detected in 82.8 % of cases. The share of asymptomatic forms among seropositive residents of the Leningrad Region was 86.9 %. The results of assessing the herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Leningrad Region indicate that during the period of intensive COVID-19 transmission, an average level of seroprevalence was formed. A significant proportion of asymptomatic forms of infection characterizes the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity rates. ; В Ленинградской области первый случай COVID-19 выявлен 13 марта 2020 г. Период нарастания интенсивности эпидемического процесса продолжался 8 недель. Через один месяц после достижения максимального уровня заболеваемости организовано исследование по определению серопревалентности к COVID-19 среди населения области.Материалы и методы. Работа проводилась в рамках проекта Роспотребнадзора по оценке популяционного иммунитета к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 у населения Российской Федерации. Содержание антител к SARS-CoV-2 определяли методом ИФА с использованием набора для анализа сыворотки или плазмы крови человека на наличие специфических IgG к нуклеокапсиду вируса SARS-CoV-2 производства Государственного научного центра прикладной микробиологии и биотехнологии (Оболенск) в соответствии с инструкцией по применению.Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, что коллективный иммунитет населения Ленинградской области составил 20,7 %. Максимальный уровень установлен у детей 1–6 лет (42,3 %) и лиц старше 70 лет (29,0 %). Наибольший уровень серопозитивности, кроме детей и лиц старшего возраста, выявлен у безработных (25,1 %). Наименьший уровень серопревалентности установлен у госслужащих (12,8 %) и военных (16,7 %). Показано, что при наличии контактов с больными COVID-19 риск инфицирования возрастает в 1,5 раза. После инфекции COVID-19 антитела вырабатываются в 82,1 % случаев. У лиц с позитивным результатом ПЦР -анализа, полученным ранее, антитела выявляются в 82,8 % случаев. Доля бессимптомных форм среди серопозитивных жителей Ленинградской области составила 86,9 %. Результаты оценки популяционного иммунитета к SARS-CoV-2 у населения Ленинградской области свидетельствуют о том, что в период COVID-19 сформировался средний уровень серопревалентности. Значительная доля бессимптомных форм инфекции характеризует высокую интенсивность скрыто развивающегося эпидемического процесса. Полученные результаты следует учитывать при организации профилактических мероприятий, включая вакцинацию, и прогнозировании заболеваемости.

Surveys have shown that super-Earth and Neptune-mass exoplanets are more frequent than gas giants around low-mass stars, as predicted by the core accretion theory of planet formation. We report the discovery of a giant planet around the very-low-mass star GJ 3512, as determined by optical and near-infrared radial-velocity observations. The planet has a minimum mass of 0.46 Jupiter masses, very high for such a small host star, and an eccentric 204-day orbit. Dynamical models show that the high eccentricity is most likely due to planet-planet interactions. We use simulations to demonstrate that the GJ 3512 planetary system challenges generally accepted formation theories, and that it puts constraints on the planet accretion and migration rates. Disk instabilities may be more efficient in forming planets than previously thought.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science ; This research was supported by the following programs, grants, and fellowships: Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) ESP2014-54062-R, ESP2014-54362P, AYA2015-69350-C3-2-P, BES-2015-074542, AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P, ESP2016-76076-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, ESP2017-87143-R, ESP2017-87676-C05-02-R, ESP-2017-87676-2-2, RYC-2012-09913 (>Ramon y Cajal> program), and FPU15/01476; Israel Science Foundation grant 848/16, CONICYT-FONDECYT/Chile Postdoctorado 3180405; Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-un Raumfahrt (DLR) 50OW0204 and 50OO1501; Italian Minister of Instruction, University and Research (MIUR), FFABR 2017; University of Rome Tor Vergata, >Mission: Sustainability 2016> fund; European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program 694513; Mexican national council for science and technology CONACYT, CVU 448248; the >Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa> award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA program; Fondo Europeo de Desarollo Regional (FEDER); German Science Foundation (DFG) Research Unit FOR2544 >Blue Planets around Red Stars> and Priority Programs SPP 1833, >Building a Habitable Earth> and SPP 1992, >Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets> NSF grants PHY17-48958 and PHY-1607761; Swiss National Science Foundation under grant BSGIO_155816 >PlaneltsInTime' and within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS; Queen Mary University of London Scholarship and STFC Consolidated Grant ST/P000592/1; Spanish MCIU FPI-SO predoctoral contract BES-2017-082610 and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories. Conclusions and Relevance: Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu sozialer Ungleichheit.

COVID-STORM Clinicians Giuseppe Foti1, Giacomo Bellani 1, Giuseppe Citerio1, Ernesto Contro1, Alberto Pesci2, Maria Grazia Valsecchi3, Marina Cazzaniga4 1Department of Emergency, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. 2Department of Pneumology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. 3Center of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. 4Phase I Research Center, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza IT ; COVID Clinicians Jorge Abad1, Sergio Aguilera-Albesa2, Ozge Metin Akcan3, Ilad Alavi Darazam4, Juan C. Aldave5, Miquel Alfonso Ramos6, Seyed Alireza Nadji7, Gulsum Alkan8, Jerome Allardet-Servent9, Luis M. Allende10, Laia Alsina11, Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian12, Blanca Amador-Borrero13, Zahir Amoura14, Arnau Antolí15, Sevket Arslan16, Sophie Assant17, Terese Auguet18, Axelle Azot19, Fanny Bajolle20, Aurélie Baldolli21, Maite Ballester22, Hagit Baris Feldman23, Benoit Barrou24, Alexandra Beurton25, Agurtzane Bilbao26, Geraldine Blanchard-Rohner27, Ignacio Blanco1, Adeline Blandinières28, Daniel Blazquez-Gamero29, Marketa Bloomfield30, Mireia Bolivar-Prados31, Raphael Borie32, Cédric Bosteels33, Ahmed A. Bousfiha34, Claire Bouvattier35, Oksana Boyarchuk36, Maria Rita P. Bueno37, Jacinta Bustamante20, Juan José Cáceres Agra38, Semra Calimli39, Ruggero Capra40, Maria Carrabba41, Carlos Casasnovas42, Marion Caseris43, Martin Castelle44, Francesco Castelli45, Martín Castillo de Vera46, Mateus V. Castro37, Emilie Catherinot47, Martin Chalumeau48, Bruno Charbit49, Matthew P. Cheng50, Père Clavé31, Bonaventura Clotet51, Anna Codina52, Fatih Colkesen53, Fatma Çölkesen54, Roger Colobran55, Cloé Comarmond56, David Dalmau57, David Ross Darley58, Nicolas Dauby59, Stéphane Dauger60, Loic de Pontual61, Amin Dehban62, Geoffroy Delplancq63, Alexandre Demoule64, Jean-Luc Diehl65, Stephanie Dobbelaere66, Sophie Durand67, Waleed Eldars68, Mohamed Elgamal69, Marwa H. Elnagdy70, Melike Emiroglu71, Emine Hafize Erdeniz72, Selma Erol Aytekin73, Romain Euvrard74, Recep Evcen75, Giovanna Fabio41, Laurence Faivre76, Antonin Falck43, Muriel Fartoukh77, Morgane Faure78, Miguel Fernandez Arquero79, Carlos Flores80, Bruno Francois81, Victoria Fumadó82, Francesca Fusco83, Blanca Garcia Solis84, Pascale Gaussem85, Juana Gil-Herrera86, Laurent Gilardin87, Monica Girona Alarcon88, Mònica Girona-Alarcón88, Jean-Christophe Goffard89, Funda Gok90, Rafaela González-Montelongo91, Antoine Guerder92, Yahya Gul93, Sukru Nail Guner93, Marta Gut94, Jérôme Hadjadj95, Filomeen Haerynck96, Rabih Halwani97, Lennart Hammarström98, Nevin Hatipoglu99, Elisa Hernandez-Brito100, Cathérine Heijmans101, María Soledad Holanda-Peña102, Juan Pablo Horcajada103, Levi Hoste104, Eric Hoste105, Sami Hraiech106, Linda Humbert107, Alejandro D. Iglesias108, Antonio Íñigo-Campos91, Matthieu Jamme109, María Jesús Arranz110, Iolanda Jordan111, Philippe Jorens112, Fikret Kanat113, Hasan Kapakli114, Iskender Kara115, Adem Karbuz116, Kadriye Kart Yasar117, Sevgi Keles118, Yasemin Kendir Demirkol119, Adam Klocperk120, Zbigniew J. Król121, Paul Kuentz122, Yat Wah M. Kwan123, Jean-Christophe Lagier124, Bart N. Lambrecht33, Yu-Lung Lau125, Fleur Le Bourgeois60, Yee-Sin Leo126, Rafael Leon Lopez127, Daniel Leung125, Michael Levin128, Michael Levy60, Romain Lévy20, Zhi Li49, Agnes Linglart129, Bart Loeys130, José M. Lorenzo-Salazar91, Céline Louapre131, Catherine Lubetzki131, Charles-Edouard Luyt132, David C. Lye133, Davood Mansouri134, Majid Marjani135, Jesus Marquez Pereira136, Andrea Martin137, David Martínez Pueyo138, Javier Martinez-Picado139, Iciar Marzana140, Alexis Mathian14, Larissa R. B. Matos37, Gail V. Matthews141, Julien Mayaux142, Jean-Louis Mège143, Isabelle Melki144, Jean-François Meritet145, Ozge Metin146, Isabelle Meyts147, Mehdi Mezidi148, Isabelle Migeotte149, Maude Millereux150, Tristan Mirault151, Clotilde Mircher67, Mehdi Mirsaeidi152, Abián Montesdeoca Melián153, Antonio Morales Martinez154, Pierre Morange155, Clémence Mordacq107, Guillaume Morelle156, Stéphane Mouly13, Adrián Muñoz-Barrera91, Leslie Naesens157, Cyril Nafati158, João Farela Neves159, Lisa FP. Ng160, Yeray Novoa Medina161, Esmeralda Nuñez Cuadros162, J. Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals163, Zerrin Orbak164, Mehdi Oualha20, Tayfun Özçelik165, Qiang Pan-Hammarström166, Christophe Parizot142, Tiffany Pascreau167, Estela Paz-Artal168, Sandra Pellegrini49, Rebeca Pérez de Diego84, Aurélien Philippe169, Quentin Philippot77, Laura Planas-Serra170, Dominique Ploin171, Julien Poissy172, Géraldine Poncelet43, Marie Pouletty173, Paul Quentric142, Didier Raoult143, Anne-Sophie Rebillat67, Ismail Reisli174, Pilar Ricart175, Jean-Christophe Richard176, Nadia Rivet28, Jacques G. Rivière177, Gemma Rocamora Blanch15, Carlos Rodrigo1, Carlos Rodriguez-Gallego178, Agustí Rodríguez-Palmero179, Carolina Soledad Romero180, Anya Rothenbuhler181, Flore Rozenberg182, Maria Yolanda Ruiz del Prado183, Joan Sabater Riera15, Oliver Sanchez184, Silvia Sánchez-Ramón185, Agatha Schluter170, Matthieu Schmidt186, Cyril E. Schweitzer187, Francesco Scolari188, Anna Sediva189, Luis M. Seijo190, Damien Sene13, Sevtap Senoglu117, Mikko R. J. Seppänen191, Alex Serra Ilovich192, Mohammad Shahrooei62, Hans Slabbynck193, David M. Smadja194, Ali Sobh195, Xavier Solanich Moreno15, Jordi Solé-Violán196, Catherine Soler197, Pere Soler-Palacín137, Yuri Stepanovskiy198, Annabelle Stoclin199, Fabio Taccone149, Yacine Tandjaoui-Lambiotte200, Jean-Luc Taupin201, Simon J. Tavernier202, Benjamin Terrier203, Caroline Thumerelle107, Gabriele Tomasoni204, Julie Toubiana48, Josep Trenado Alvarez205, Sophie Trouillet-Assant206, Jesús Troya207, Alessandra Tucci208, Matilde Valeria Ursini‬83, Yurdagul Uzunhan209, Pierre Vabres210, Juan Valencia-Ramos211, Eva Van Braeckel33, Stijn Van de Velde212, Ana Maria Van Den Rym84, Jens Van Praet213, Isabelle Vandernoot214, Hulya Vatansev215, Valentina Vélez-Santamaria42, Sébastien Viel171, Cédric Vilain216, Marie E. Vilaire67, Audrey Vincent35, Guillaume Voiriot217, Fanny Vuotto107, Alper Yosunkaya90, Barnaby E. Young126, Fatih Yucel218, Faiez Zannad219, Mayana Zatz37, Alexandre Belot220* ; Imagine COVID Group Christine Bole-Feysot, Stanislas Lyonnet*, Cécile Masson, Patrick Nitschke, Aurore Pouliet, Yoann Schmitt, Frederic Tores, Mohammed Zarhrate Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France. *Leader of the Imagine COVID Group. ; French COVID Cohort Study Group Laurent Abel1, Claire Andrejak2, François Angoulvant3, Delphine Bachelet4, Romain Basmaci5, Sylvie Behillil6, Marine Beluze7, Dehbia Benkerrou8, Krishna Bhavsar4, François Bompart9, Lila Bouadma4, Maude Bouscambert10, Mireille Caralp11, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez12, Anissa Chair4, Alexandra Coelho13, Camille Couffignal4, Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues14, Eric D'Ortenzio12, Charlene Da Silveira4, Marie-Pierre Debray4, Dominique Deplanque15, Diane Descamps16, Mathilde Desvallées17, Alpha Diallo18, Alphonsine Diouf13, Céline Dorival8, François Dubos19, Xavier Duval4, Philippine Eloy4, Vincent VE Enouf20, Hélène Esperou21, Marina Esposito-Farese4, Manuel Etienne22, Nadia Ettalhaoui4, Nathalie Gault4, Alexandre Gaymard10, Jade Ghosn4, Tristan Gigante23, Isabelle Gorenne4, Jérémie Guedj24, Alexandre Hoctin13, Isabelle Hoffmann4, Salma Jaafoura21, Ouifiya Kafif4, Florentia Kaguelidou25, Sabina Kali4, Antoine Khalil4, Coralie Khan17, Cédric Laouénan4, Samira Laribi4, Minh Le4, Quentin Le Hingrat4, Soizic Le Mestre18, Hervé Le Nagard24, François-Xavier Lescure4, Yves Lévy26, Claire Levy-Marchal27, Bruno Lina10, Guillaume Lingas24, Jean Christophe Lucet4, Denis Malvy28, Marina Mambert13, France Mentré4, Noémie Mercier18, Amina Meziane8, Hugo Mouquet20, Jimmy Mullaert4, Nadège Neant24, Marion Noret29, Justine Pages30, Aurélie Papadopoulos21, Christelle Paul18, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja4, Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez18, Gilles Peytavin4, Olivier Picone31, Oriane Puéchal12, Manuel Rosa-Calatrava10, Bénédicte Rossignol23, Patrick Rossignol32, Carine Roy4, Marion Schneider4, Caroline Semaille12, Nassima Si Mohammed4, Lysa Tagherset4, Coralie Tardivon4, Marie-Capucine Tellier4, François Téoulé8, Olivier Terrier10, Jean-François Timsit4, Théo Trioux4, Christelle Tual33, Sarah Tubiana4, Sylvie van der Werf34, Noémie Vanel35, Aurélie Veislinger33, Benoit Visseaux16, Aurélie Wiedemann26, Yazdan Yazdanpanah36 1Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France. 2CHU Amiens, France. 3Hôpital Necker, Paris, France. 4Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France. 5Hôpital Louis Mourrier, Colombes, France. 6Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. 7F-CRIN Partners Platform, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France. 8Inserm UMR 1136, Paris, France. 9Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland. 10Inserm UMR 1111, Lyon, France. 11Inserm Transfert, Paris, France. 12REACTing, Paris, France. 13Inserm UMR 1018, Paris, France. 14Inserm, Pôle Recherche Clinique, Paris, France. 15CIC 1403 Inserm-CHU Lille, Paris, France. 16Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM UMR 1137, AP-HP, University Hospital Bichat Claude Bernard, Virology, Paris, France. 17Inserm UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France. 18ANRS, Paris, France. 19CHU Lille, Lille, France. 20Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. 21Inserm sponsor, Paris, France. 22CHU Rouen–SMIT, Rouen, France. 23FCRIN INI-CRCT, Nancy, France. 24Inserm UMR 1137, Paris, France. 25Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC1426, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France. 26Inserm UMR 955, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Instiute (VRI), Paris, France. 27F-CRIN INI-CRCT, Paris, France. 28CHU de Bordeaux–SMIT, Bordeaux, France. 29RENARCI, Annecy, France. 30Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France. 31Hôpital Louis Mourier–Gynécologie, Colombes, France. 32University of Lorraine, Plurithematic Clinical Investigation Centre Inserm CIC-P; 1433, Inserm U1116, CHRU Nancy Hopitaux de Brabois, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), Nancy, France. 33Inserm CIC-1414, Rennes, France. 34Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France. 35Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France. 36Bichat–SMIT, Paris, France. ; CoV-Contact Cohort Loubna Alavoine1, Karine K. A. Amat2, Sylvie Behillil3, Julia Bielicki4, Patricia Bruijning5, Charles Burdet6, Eric Caumes7, Charlotte Charpentier8, Bruno Coignard9, Yolande Costa1, Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues10, Florence Damond8, Aline Dechanet11, Christelle Delmas10, Diane Descamps8, Xavier Duval1, Jean-Luc Ecobichon1, Vincent Enouf3, Hélène Espérou10, Wahiba Frezouls1, Nadhira Houhou11, Emila Ilic-Habensus1, Ouifiya Kafif11, John Kikoine11, Quentin Le Hingrat8, David Lebeaux12, Anne Leclercq1, Jonathan Lehacaut1, Sophie Letrou1, Bruno Lina13, Jean-Christophe Lucet14, Denis Malvy15, Pauline Manchon11, Milica Mandic1, Mohamed Meghadecha16, Justina Motiejunaite17, Mariama Nouroudine1, Valentine Piquard11, Andreea Postolache11, Caroline Quintin1, Jade Rexach1, Layidé Roufai10, Zaven Terzian11, Michael Thy18, Sarah Tubiana1, Sylvie van der Werf3, Valérie Vignali1, Benoit Visseaux8, Yazdan Yazdanpanah14 1Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1425, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 2IMEA Fondation Léon M'Ba, Paris, France. 3Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France. 4University of Basel Children's Hospital. 5Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands. 6Université de Paris, IAME, Inserm UMR 1137, F-75018, Paris, France, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 7Hôpital Pitiè Salpétriere, APHP, Paris. 8Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM UMR 1137, AP-HP, University Hospital Bichat Claude Bernard, Virology, Paris, France. 9Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice, France. 10Pole Recherche Clinique, Inserm, Paris, France. 11Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 12APHP, Paris, France. 13Virpath Laboratory, International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, UCBL, Lyon, France. 14IAME Inserm UMR 1138, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 15Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales; Groupe Pellegrin-Place Amélie-Raba-Léon, Bordeaux, France. 16Hôpital Hotel Dieu, APHP, Paris, France. 17Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Bichat–Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France. 18Center for Clinical Investigation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France. ; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank Michiel van Agtmael1, Anna Geke Algera2, Frank van Baarle2, Diane Bax3, Martijn Beudel4, Harm Jan Bogaard5, Marije Bomers1, Lieuwe Bos2, Michela Botta2, Justin de Brabander6, Godelieve de Bree6, Matthijs C. Brouwer4, Sanne de Bruin2, Marianna Bugiani7, Esther Bulle2, Osoul Chouchane1, Alex Cloherty3, Paul Elbers2, Lucas Fleuren2, Suzanne Geerlings1, Bart Geerts8, Theo Geijtenbeek9, Armand Girbes2, Bram Goorhuis1, Martin P. Grobusch1, Florianne Hafkamp9, Laura Hagens2, Jorg Hamann10, Vanessa Harris1, Robert Hemke11, Sabine M. Hermans1, Leo Heunks2, Markus W. Hollmann8, Janneke Horn2, Joppe W. Hovius1, Menno D. de Jong12, Rutger Koning4, Niels van Mourik2, Jeaninne Nellen1, Frederique Paulus2, Edgar Peters1, Tom van der Poll1, Benedikt Preckel8, Jan M. Prins1, Jorinde Raasveld2, Tom Reijnders1, Michiel Schinkel1, Marcus J. Schultz2, Alex Schuurman13, Kim Sigaloff1, Marry Smit2, Cornelis S. Stijnis1, Willemke Stilma2, Charlotte Teunissen14, Patrick Thoral2, Anissa Tsonas2, Marc van der Valk1, Denise Veelo8, Alexander P.J. Vlaar15, Heder de Vries2, Michèle van Vugt1, W. Joost Wiersinga1, Dorien Wouters16, A. H. (Koos) Zwinderman17, Diederik van de Beek4* 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 4Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 5Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 6Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 7Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 8Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 9Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 10Amsterdam UMC Biobank Core Facility, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 11Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 12Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 13Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 14Neurochemical Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 15Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 16Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 17Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 18Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. *Leader of the AMC Consortium. ; COVID Human Genetic Effort Laurent Abel1, Alessandro Aiuti2, Saleh Al Muhsen3, Fahd Al-Mulla4, Mark S. Anderson5, Andrés Augusto Arias6, Hagit Baris Feldman7, Dusan Bogunovic8, Alexandre Bolze9, Anastasiia Bondarenko10, Ahmed A. Bousfiha11, Petter Brodin12, Yenan Bryceson12, Carlos D. Bustamante13, Manish Butte14, Giorgio Casari15, Samya Chakravorty16, John Christodoulou17, Elizabeth Cirulli9, Antonio Condino-Neto18, Megan A. Cooper19, Clifton L. Dalgard20, Alessia David21, Joseph L. DeRisi22, Murkesh Desai23, Beth A. Drolet24, Sara Espinosa25, Jacques Fellay26, Carlos Flores27, Jose Luis Franco28, Peter K. Gregersen29, Filomeen Haerynck30, David Hagin31, Rabih Halwani32, Jim Heath33, Sarah E. Henrickson34, Elena Hsieh35, Kohsuke Imai36, Yuval Itan8, Timokratis Karamitros37, Kai Kisand38, Cheng-Lung Ku39, Yu-Lung Lau40, Yun Ling41, Carrie L. Lucas42, Tom Maniatis43, Davoud Mansouri44, Laszlo Marodi45, Isabelle Meyts46, Joshua Milner47, Kristina Mironska48, Trine Mogensen49, Tomohiro Morio50, Lisa FP. Ng51, Luigi D. Notarangelo52, Antonio Novelli53, Giuseppe Novelli54, Cliona O'Farrelly55, Satoshi Okada56, Tayfun Ozcelik57, Rebeca Perez de Diego58, Anna M. Planas59, Carolina Prando60, Aurora Pujol61, Lluis Quintana-Murci62, Laurent Renia63, Alessandra Renieri64, Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego65, Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu66, Vijay Sankaran67, Kelly Schiabor Barrett9, Mohammed Shahrooei68, Andrew Snow69, Pere Soler-Palacín70, András N. Spaan71, Stuart Tangye72, Stuart Turvey73, Furkan Uddin74, Mohammed J. Uddin75, Diederik van de Beek76, Sara E. Vazquez77, Donald C. Vinh78, Horst von Bernuth79, Nicole Washington9, Pawel Zawadzki80, Helen C. Su52, Jean-Laurent Casanova81 1INSERM U1163, University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. 2San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 3King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 4Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait. 5University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 6Universidad de Antioquia, Group of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Antioquia, Colombia. 7The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 8Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 9Helix, San Mateo, CA, USA. 10Shupyk National Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education, Kiev, Ukraine. 11Clinical Immunology Unit, Pediatric Infectious Disease Departement, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Averroes University Hospital; LICIA Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, d'Inflammation et d'Allergie, Hassann Ii University, Casablanca, Morocco. 12Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. 13Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 14University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 15Medical Genetics, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 16Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA. 17Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia. 18University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 19Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 20The American Genome Center; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. 21Centre for Bioinformatics and System Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK. 22University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. 23Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India. 24School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. 25Instituto Nacional de Pediatria (National Institute of Pediatrics), Mexico City, Mexico. 26Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 27Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Canarian Health System, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 28University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. 29Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health USA, Manhasset, NY, USA. 30Department of Paediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent (CPIG), PID Research Lab, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. 31The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. 32Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE. 33Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA. 34Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 35Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. 36Riken, Tokyo, Japan. 37Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. 38University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 39Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. 40The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 41Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 42Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 43New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA. 44Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 45Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary. 46KU Leuven, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium. 47Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. 48University Clinic for Children's Diseases, Skopje, North Macedonia. 49Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 50Tokyo Medical & Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. 51Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore. 52National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 53Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy. 54Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy. 55Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. 56Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. 57Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. 58Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain. 59IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. 60Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil. 61Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL–Hospital Duran I Reynals; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA); CIBERER U759, ISCiii Madrid Spain, Barcelona, Spain. 62Institut Pasteur (CNRS UMR2000) and Collège de France, Paris, France. 63Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Center and Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology (A*STAR), Singapore. 64Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Italy; GEN-COVID Multicenter Study. 65Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Canarian Health System, Canary Islands, Spain. 66Imperial College London, London, UK. 67Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 68Saeed Pathobiology and Genetic Lab, Tehran, Iran. 69Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. 70Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. 71University Medical Center Utrecht, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 72Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. 73The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 74Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College; Centre for Precision Therapeutics, NeuroGen Children's Healthcare; Genetics and Genomic Medicine Centre, NeuroGen Children's Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 75Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Dubai, UAE; The Centre for Applied Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 76Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 77University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. 78McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada. 79Charité–Berlin University Hospital Center, Berlin, Germany. 80Molecular Biophysics Division, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznań, Poland. 81Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Necker Hospital, New York, NY, USA. *Leaders of the COVID Human Genetic Effort. ; NIAID-USUHS/TAGC COVID Immunity Group Huie Jing1,2, Wesley Tung1,2, Christopher R. Luthers3, Bradly M. Bauman3, Samantha Shafer2,4, Lixin Zheng2,4, Zinan Zhang2,4, Satoshi Kubo2,4, Samuel D. Chauvin2,4, Kazuyuki Meguro1,2, Elana Shaw1,2, Michael Lenardo2,4, Justin Lack5, Eric Karlins6, Daniel M. Hupalo7, John Rosenberger7, Gauthaman Sukumar7, Matthew D. Wilkerson7, Xijun Zhang7 1Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. 2NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 3Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. 4Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. 5NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA. 6Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. 7The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. ; Clinical outcome upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 ranges from silent infection to lethal COVID-19. We have found an enrichment in rare variants predicted to be loss-of-function (LOF) at the 13 human loci known to govern TLR3- and IRF7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity to influenza virus, in 659 patients with life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia, relative to 534 subjects with asymptomatic or benign infection. By testing these and other rare variants at these 13 loci, we experimentally define LOF variants in 23 patients (3.5%), aged 17 to 77 years, underlying autosomal recessive or dominant deficiencies. We show that human fibroblasts with mutations affecting this pathway are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. Inborn errors of TLR3- and IRF7-dependent type I IFN immunity can underlie life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with no prior severe infection. ; We thank the generous donation from Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation for our research. The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01AI088364), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program (UL1 TR001866), a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics and the GSP Coordinating Center funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (UM1HG006504 and U24HG008956), the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the "Investments for the Future" program (ANR-10-IAHU-01), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (EQU201903007798), the FRM and ANR GENCOVID project, ANRS-COV05, the Square Foundation, Grandir - Fonds de solidarité pour l'enfance, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the University of Paris. The French COVID Cohort study group was sponsored by Inserm and supported by the REACTing consortium and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC 20-0424). Regione Lombardia, Italy (project "Risposta immune in pazienti con COVID-19 e co-morbidità"), and the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID, NIH. The laboratory of Genomes & Cell Biology of Disease is supported by "Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases" (grant no. ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the "Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale" (grant FRM - EQU202003010193), the "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR FLASH COVID project IDISCOVR cofounded by the "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale"), University of Paris ("Plan de Soutien Covid-19": RACPL20FIR01-COVID-SOUL). IM is a senior clinical investigator with the FWO Vlaanderen; IM and LM are supported by FWO G0C8517N – GOB5120N. The VS team was supported by "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR-17-CE15-0003, ANR-17-CE15-0003-01), and by Université de Paris "PLAN D'URGENCE COVID19". LK was supported by a fellowship from the French Ministry of Research. VS-S is supported by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/S032304/1). SZA-M is supported by the Elite Journals Program at King Saud University through grant number PEJP-16-107. JM lab is supported by Columbia University COVID biobank and grant: UL1TR001873. Work in the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease was supported by NIH grants P01AI138398-S1, 2U19AI111825, and R01AI091707-10S1, a George Mason University Fast Grant, and the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation. JLP is supported by a European Molecular Biology Organization Long-Term Fellowship (ALTF 380-2018). Work at the Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 824110 (EasiGenomics grant COVID-19/ PID12342) to A.P., and Roche and Illumina Covid Match Funds to M.G. C.R.G and colleagues are supported by cInstituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20_01333 and COV20_01334), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, with the funding of European Regional Development Fund-European Social Fund -FEDER-FSE; (RTC-2017-6471-1; AEI/FEDER, UE), and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (CGIEU0000219140 and "Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19"). D.C.V. is supported by the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec clinician-scientist scholar program. Helen Su is adjunct faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. A-L.N. was supported by the Foundation Bettencourt Schueller. The Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, NWO-vici 91819627), The Corona Research Fund (Amsterdam UMC), Dr. J. C. Vaillantfonds, and Amsterdam UMC. Work on COVID-19 at the AG-S lab is partly supported by NIH supplements to grants U19AI135972, U19AI142733 and R35 HL135834, and to contract HHSN272201800048C, by a DoD supplement to grant W81XWH-20-1-0270, by DARPA project HR0011-19-2-0020, by CRIP (Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis), a NIAID funded Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS, contract HHSN272201400008C), by an NIAID funded Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Center (SEM-CIVIC, contract 75N93019C00051) and by the generous support of the JPB Foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project (research grant 2020-215611(5384)) and anonymous donors. The Virscan analysis presented in fig. S11 was performed with financial support from Sidra Medicine ; Peer reviewed

Funder: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONCYT); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100007350 ; Funder: Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) postdoctoral fellowship ; Funder: The HSE University Basic Research Program ; Funder: JSPS KAKENHI Grant JP20K14222 ; Abstract: This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey – an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trust in governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available.

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis. ; Peer reviewed

We present the temperature and polarization angular power spectra of the CMB measured by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 5400 deg(2) of the 2013-2016 survey, which covers >15000 deg(2) at 98 and 150 GHz. For this analysis we adopt a blinding strategy to help avoid confirmation bias and, related to this, show numerous checks for systematic error done before unblinding. Using the likelihood for the cosmological analysis we constrain secondary sources of anisotropy and foreground emission, and derive a "CMB-only" spectrum that extends to l = 4000. At large angular scales, foreground emission at 150 GHz is similar to 1% of TT and EE within our selected regions and consistent with that found by Planck. Using the same likelihood, we obtain the cosmological parameters for Lambda CDM for the ACT data alone with a prior on the optical depth of tau = 0.065 +/- 0.015. Lambda CDM is a good fit. The best-fit model has a reduced chi(2) of 1.07 (PTE = 0.07) with H-0 = 67.9 +/- 1.5 km/s/Mpc. We show that the lensing BB signal is consistent with Lambda CDM and limit the celestial EB polarization angle to psi(P) = 0.07 degrees +/- 0.09 degrees. We directly cross correlate ACT with Planck and observe generally good agreement but with some discrepancies in TE. All data on which this analysis is based will be publicly released. ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST0408698 AST-0965625 AST-1440226 PHY0355328 PHY-0855887 PHY-1214379 Princeton University University of Pennsylvania Canada Foundation for Innovation CFI under the Compute Canada Government of Ontario Ontario Research Fund \ Research Excellence University of Toronto Simons Foundation National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NNX13AE56G NNX14AB58G National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA Cornell Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) BASAL CATA AFB-170002 National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1814971 AST1454881 AST-1513618 AST-1907657 AST-1910021 National Research Foundation - South Africa STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowship ST/M004856/2 STFC Consolidated Grant ST/S00033X/1 Horizon 2020 ERC Starting Grant 849169 Dicke Fellowship Mishrahi and Wilkinson funds CIfAR's Gravity & the Extreme Universe Program CGIAR Dunlap Institute

ILLUSTRIERTE GESCHICHTE DES WELTKRIEGES 1914/15. ERSTER BAND. Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges (-) Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Erster Band. (Erster Band) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([I]) Impressum ([II]) Inhaltsverzeichnis. ([III]) Kunstbeilagen. (IV) Karten. (IV) Kriegskalender zur Original-Einbanddecke der Illustrierten Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Erster Band enthaltend die Ereignisse bis Ende 1914. ( - ) Juni. Juli. August. September. ( - ) Oktober. November. Dezember. ( - ) [Tabelle]: Schiffsbestand der Kaiserlichen Marine bei Kriegsausbruch ( - ) [Abb.]: ( - ) 1. Linienschiffe ( - ) 2. Küstenpanzerschiffe. 3. Panzerkreuzer. ( - ) 4. Geschützte Kreuzer ( - ) 5. Kanonenboote. 6. Flußkanonenboote. 7. Torpedoboote. 8. Unterseeboote. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 1 (Heft 1) ([1]) [Abb.]: Ein Blick auf Sarajewo, die Hauptstadt Bosniens, von Nordost. Das große Gebäude im Vordergrund rechts vom Miljackafluß ist das Rathaus, dem der Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und seine Gemahlin einen Besuch abstatteten. Vom Rathaus zieht den Fluß entlang der Appelkai. Das Attentat wurde vor der letzten Brücke (im Hintergrund), wo die Franz-Joseph-Straße auf den Appelkai stößt, ausgeführt. Das große weiße Gebäude im Mittelgrunde links ist die Franz-Josephs-Kaserne, das von Pappeln umgebene Gebäude der Konak. ([1]) [Gedicht]: ([1]) [4 Abb.]: (1)Graf Leopold v. Berchthold, österreichisch-ungarischer Minister des Äußern. (2)Kronprinz Alexander von Serbien, Oberbefehlshaber der serbischen Streitkräfte im Kampfe gegen Österreich-Ungarn. (3)Erzherzog Friedrich, der neue Generalinspekteur der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee. (4)Der serbische Ministerpräsident Paschitsch. (2) [4 Abb.]: (1)v. Putnik, serbischer Generalstabschef. (2)Freiherr v. Hötzendorf, österreichisch-unagrischer Generalstabschef. (3)v. Krobatin, österreichisch-ungarischer Kriegsminister. (4)Stefanowitsch, serbischer Kriegsminister. (3) [Abb.]: Das Attentat auf den Erzherzog-Thronfolger Franz Ferdinand von Österreich und seine Gemahlin in Sarajewo am 28. Juni 1914. ([4]) [Abb.]: Der Gottesdienst am Bismarckdenkmal in Berlin am 2. August 1914. ([5]) [Abb.]: Wilhelm II., Deutscher Kaiser, König von Preußen. .Wir sind im tiefsten Frieden in des Wortes wahrhafter Bedeutung überfallen worden. Dem Gegner werden wir zeigen, was es heißt, Deutschland in so niederträchtiger Weise zu reizen, und nun empfehle Ich Euch Gott. (Aus der Ansprache Kaiser Wilhelms vom Balkon des königl. Schlosses zu Berlin am Abend des 31. Juli.) (6) [Abb.]: Franz Joseph I., Kaiser von Österreich und König von Ungarn. In dieser ernsten Stunde bin Ich Wir der ganzen Tragweite Meines Entschlusses und Meiner Verantwortung vor dem Allmächtigen bewußt. Ich habe alles geprüft und erwogen. Mit ruhigem Gewissen betrete Ich den Weg, den die Pflicht mir weist. Ich vertraue auf Meine Völker, die sich in allen Stürmen stets in Einigkeit und Treue um Meinen Thron geschart haben und für die Ehre, Größe und Macht des Vaterlandes zu schwersten Opfern immer bereit waren. Ich vertraue auf Österreich-Ungarns tapfere und von hingebungsvoller Begesiterung erfüllte Wehrmacht. Un Ich vertraue auf den Allmächtigen, daß er Meinen Waffen den Sieg verleihen werde. (Aus dem Manifest des Kaisers Franz Joseph: An meine Völker!) (7) [Abb.]: Der Zeppelinkreuzer "Z VI" bombadiert Lüttich in der Nacht vom 6. August. ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Reservisten auf dem Marsche zum Bahnhof. (2)Bei der Abfahrt auf dem Bahnhof. (10) [Abb.]: Der Abschied vom Hausgenossen. ([11]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (12) Die patriotischen Kundgebungen in der Reichshauptstadt. (12) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte des deutsch-französischen Kriegschauplatzes. ([13]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bewachung eines Tunnels durch österreichisches Militär. (2)Bewachung von Eisenbahnen und Brücken an der österreichisch=serbischen Grenze. (14) Kriegszustand und Mobilmachung. (14) Sicherung der Wege und Bahnen. (15) Unsere Gegner. (15) [Abb.]: Französischer Wachtposten vor einem Signalapparat auf dem Bahnhof St. Lazare. (15) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte der deutsch-russischen Grenze. ([16]) [Abb.]: Das Aufhalten eines Verdächtigen Automobils an der oberschlesischen Grenze. ([17]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine russische Schützenlinie. (2)Französische Infanterie zum Angriff vorgehend. (18) Die Schlacht bei Mülhausen. (19) [Abb.]: Typen vom belgischen Heer. Feldartillerie. Infanterie. (Feldanzug) Regiment Chaffeurs à cheval. Grenadier-Reg. (Tambour). Regiment des Guides (Trompeter). Lancier-Regiment. Geniertruppe (Mineur). Carabinier-Regiment. Im Hintergrund: Reitende Artillerie (Offiziere). General (kleiner Anzug). Jäger zu Pferde (Offizier). 2. Lancier-Regiment (Offizier, Feldanzug). (19) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Stadt Mühlhausen im Oberelsaß, der Schauplatz des ersten deutsch-französischen Zusammenstoßes, durch den ein französisches Armeekorps und eine Divison von ihrem Stützpnkt Belfort nach Süden abgedrängt wurden. (2)Die Stadt Markirch im Elsaß-Lothringen, Kreis Rappoltsweiler, die noch vor der Kriegserklärung von den längst vorbereiteten französischen Truppen überrumpelt und nebst den Ortschaften Gottesthal, Metzeral, sowie dem Schluchtpaß vorübergehend besetzt wurde, obwohl die französische Regierung die Innehaltung einer unbesetzten Zone von 10 km zugesagt hatte. (20) Der Sturm auf Lüttich. (21) [2 Abb.]: (1)General der Infanterie v. Emmich, der den Sturm auf Lüttich persönlich befehligte und die glänzende Waffentat der Eroberung der Festung vom Kaiser durch Verleihung des Ordens pour le mérite ausgezeichnet wurde. (2)Ansicht von Lüttich. (21) [Karte]: Brialmontisches Fortin (nach Schröter, Moderne Festungen). (22) [Abb.]: Ansicht der Festung Namur. (22) Namur. (23) [Abb.]: Die verheerende Wirkung eines deutschen 42-cm-Geschosses auf das Panzerfort Lancin der Festung Lüttich. (23) [Karte]: Die Festung Lüttich und ihre Forts. (24) [Gedicht]: Zwischen Metz und den Vogesen. 20. August 1914. (24) [Abb.]: Die Heldentat des deutschen Minenlegers "Königin Luise" vor der Themsemündung am 8. August. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 2 (Heft 2) ([25]) [Abb.]: Ankunft der ersten gefangenen Franzosen in Stuttgart. ([25]) [Abb.]: In Berlin vor dem königlichen Schloss nach der Schlacht bei Metz. ([27]) [Abb.]: Anreitende russische Kavallerie wird von drei deutschen Infanteristen beschossen. (28 - 29) [Brief]: Am 1. August nachmittags veröffentlichte der "Reichsanzeiger" in einer Sonderausgabe folgenden kaiserlichen Erlaß: (31) [2 Abb.]: (1)Schwestern vom Roten Kreuz beim Kochen von Krankenkost. (2)Deutsche Verwundete werden in Automobilen in Stuttgarter Lazarette überführt. (32) [Tabelle]: die Mobilmachungstage waren im ganzen Reiche die gleichen. Es hieß da: (32) [Abb.]: Abschied der Königin Charlotte von Württemberg von einem Lazarettrupp des Württembergischen Landesvereins vom Roten Kreuz. (33) Illustrierte Kriegsgeschichte. (34) Das Gefecht bei Lagarde. (34) [Abb.]: Eroberung der ersten französischen Fahne und der der ersten Geschüzte bei Lagarde. ([35]) Die Beschießung von Libau durch den kleinen Kreuzer "Augsburg" am 2. August. (36) Drei gegen fünfzig. (36) [Abb.]: Bedrohung verhafteter Deutscher durch belgische Behörden. ([37]) Minensperrung in der Themse. Die Beschießung von Libau. (38) Auf dem Weg zur Grenze. (38) [8 Abb.]: (1)General der Infanterie v. Moltke, Chef des deutschen Generalstabs. (2)Generaloberst Herzog Albrecht von Württemberg. (3)Generaloberst Großherzog Friedrich II. von Baden. (4)Generalfeldmarschall Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern. (5)Großadmiral Prinz Heinrich von Preußen, Generalinspekteur der Marine. (6)Admiral v. Pohl, Chef des Admiralstabs der Marine. (7)Vizeadmiral Friedrich v. Ingenohl, der neue Chef der Hochseeflotte. (8)Großadmiral v. Tirpitz, Staatssekretär des Reichsmarineamts. (38) [8 Abb.]: (1)Generalleutnant v. Falkenhayn, Kriegsminister. (2)Generaloberst v. Bülow. (3)E. Freiherr v. d. Goltz, Generalfeldmarschall und Gouverneur von Belgien. (4)Gottlieb Graf v. Häfeler, Generalfeldmarschall, (5)General der Infanterie v. Heeringen. (6)Generaloberst v. Prittwitz und Gassron. (7)Generaloberst v. Eichhorn. (8)General der Infanterie v. Kluck. (39) Zur Schlacht bei Metz. (40) [Abb.]: In Erwartung der Abfahrt. (40) Belgische Ausschreitungen gegen die Deutschen. (40) Vom Roten Kreuz. (41) [Abb.]: Eine auf der Fahrt zum Kriegschauplatz befindliche Truppe hält auf freier Strecke. (41) Der Sturm auf Schabatz. (42) Belfort. (42) [Abb.]: Strassenkampf in Schabatz. ([43]) [Abb.]: Blick auf die Festung Belfort. (44) [Abb.]: Plan von Belfort und Umgebung. (44) [Abb.]: Landung englischer Truppen in Nordfrankreich. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1915 Heft 3 (Heft 3) ([45]) [Abb.]: Generaloberst von Beneckendorff und Hindenburg, der Held von Gilgenburg. ([45]) [Abb.]: Das Einbringen der ersten französischen Geschütze in Strassburg. ([47]) [Abb.]: Vernichtung einer russischen Kavalleriebrigade durch deutsche Infanterie. (48 - 49) [5 Brief]:(1) Der Kaiser an den Zaren: Vom 28. Juli, 10 Uhr 45 nachm. (2)Der Zar an den Kaiser: Peterhof, Palais, 29. Juli, 1 Uhr nachm. (3) Der Kaiser an den Zaren: Vom 29. Juli, 6 Uhr 30 nachm. (4)Der Kaiser an den Zaren: Vom 30. Juli, 1 Uhr vorm. (5)Der Zar an den Kaiser: Peterhof, 30. Juli, 1 Uhr 20 nachm. (50) [Abb.]: Der ostpreusische Kriegschauplatz. (51) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (52) Die Schlacht bei Ortelsburg und Gilgenburg. (52) [Abb.]: Flüchtende englische Kavallerie bei St. Quentin. ([53]) Die ersten eroberten Geschütze in Strassburg. (54) Bei St. Quentin. (55) Die Bewaffnung der französischen Feldartillerie. (55) [Abb.]: König Wilhelm II. von Württemberg besichtigt eines der bei Longwy erbeuteten französischen Feldgeschütze. (55) [Abb.]: Ungarischer Bajonettangriff auf russische Infanterie in der Schlacht bei Krasnik ([56 - 57]) Poincaré. (58) [2Abb.]: (1)Albert I., König der Belgier. (2)Georg V., König von Grossbritannien und Irland. (58) Albert (58) [2 Abb.]: (1)Nikolaus II., Kaiser von Russland. (2)Raymond Poincaré, Präsident der Französischen Republik. (58) [2 Abb.]: (1)Grossfürst Nikolai Nikolajewitsch, Generalissimus der russischen Armee. (2)General Joffre, Oberbefehlshaber der französischen Armee. (59) Georg V. (59) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generalfeldmarschall Sir John French, Oberbefehlshaber der englischen Expeditionstruppen, die zur Verstärkung des französischen und des belgischen Heeres nach dem Festland entsandt wurden. (2)Lord Kitchener, der neue englische Kriegsminister, der die Aufgabe hat, das englische Landheer zu reorganisieren. (59) Nikolaus II. Alexandrowitsch (60) Die gegnerischen führenden Generale. (60) [Abb.]: Festnahme eines zur Notlandung gezwungenen feindlichen Fliegers. ([61]) Von unseren kühnen Fliegern. (62) Die Riesenschlachten der österreichisch=ungarischen Armee. (62) Generaloberst von Beneckendorff und Hindenburg (63) [Abb.]: Karte des österreichisch=russischen Kriegschauplatzes. (63) Landung englischer Truppen auf dem Kontinent. (63) Die Befestigungen von Paris. (64) [Abb.]: Plan von Paris. (64) [Karte]: Karte vom westlichen Kriegschauplatz. (64) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 4 (Heft 4) ([65]) [Abb.]: Das erste Gefecht der Einundachtziger. ([65]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rast ostpreussischer Flüchtlinge. (2)Erfrischung ostpreussischer Flüchtlinge durch das Rote Kreuz. (68) [Abb.]: Russische Kosaken plündern und brennen ein Dorf nieder. ([69]) [Abb.]: Im Kampf gegen französische Gebirgstruppen bei Epinal. ([73]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (74) Die Landwehr in den Vogesen. (74) Prinz Friedrich Karl von Hessen und die "81 er". (75) [Abb.]: Schülerinnen der höheren Mädchenschule des Direktors Richter in Berlin beim Stricken von Strümpfen für die im Felde stehenden Soldaten. (75) Sanitätshunde. (76) [Abb.]: Von den Kämpfen der österreichischen Gebirgsbrigaden auf dem montenegrinischen Kriegschauplatz. ([77]) Deutsche Flieger über Paris. (78) Die Kämpfe auf dem montenegrinischen Kriegschauplatz. (79) [Abb.]: Unsere Kriegs=Sanitätshunde. (79) Ostpreussische Flüchtlinge. (79) [Abb.]: Der Kriegschauplatz im Südwesten. (80) [Abb.]: Verpflegunsstation im Aufmarschgebiet. ( - ) [Abb.]: Deutsche Flieger über Paris. ([81]) Die Attacke bei Perwez. (82) [Abb.]: Ansicht von Antwerpen. Blick von der Kathedrale auf Stadt. (82) [Abb.]: Attacke deutscher Ulanen gegen französische Dragoner bei Perwez. ([83]) [Abb.]: Plan von Antwerpen und Umgebung. (84) Die Festung Antwerpen. (84) [Gedicht]: Das Lied vom Hass. (84) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 5 (Heft 5) ([85]) [2 Abb.]: (1)General Viktor Dankl. (2)General Moritz Ritter v. Aussenberg, der Sieger von Zamosc. ([85]) [Abb.]: Russische Verwundete in deutscher Verpflegung. (88) [Abb.]: Im Kampf mit Franktireurs. ([89]) [Abb.]: Eroberung russischer Geschütz durch deutsche Kavallerie in den Kämpfen bei Soldau. (91) [Abb.]: Wasserversorgungswagen. (93) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (93) Die Verpflegung unserer Heere. (93) [2 Abb.]: (1)Fahrbare Feldküche. (2)Abkochen im Biwak. (94) [Abb.]: Rast im Heerlager mit den Proviant= und Bagagenwagen. (95) Die Nacht von Andenne. (Ein Kampf mit Franktireurs.) (96) [Abb.]: Gefangennahme meuchelmörderischer belgischer Bauern. (97) [Abb.]: Die deutschen Maschinengewehre in der Schlacht bei Löwen. ([98 - 99]) Die Kämpfe bei Löwen. (100) [Abb.]: Das Rathaus von Löwen, das bei dem Brande der Stadt unversehrt blieb. (101) Von der Schlacht bei Longuyon (101) [Abbl.]: Eines der erbeuteten russischen Maschinengewehre mit russischem Vorspann wird in Berlin am 2. September eingebracht. (102) Die Generale Dankl und v. Aussenberg. (102) [Abb.]: Blick über den Pariser Platz in Berlin während des Einholens eroberter Geschütze. - Im Hintergrund das Brandenburger Tor. Am 2. September wurden die ersten in der Reichshauptstadt eingetroffenen erbeuteten französischen, belgischen und russischen Geschütze, Maschinengewehre und Trophäen unter feierlichem Glockengeläute und Salutschüssen deutscher Artillerie eingebracht und im Schlosshof aufgestellt. ([103]) [Karte]: Karte vom westlichen Kriegschauplatz. (Südliche Hälfte). ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 6 (Heft 6) ([105]) [Abb.]: Österreich=ungarische Infanterie besetzt ein Dorf an der serbischen Grenze. ([105]) [Abb.]: Österreich=ungarische Infanterie=Patrouille im kalksteinreichen Grenzgebiet. (107) [Abb.]: Attacke österreichischer Ulanen auf russische Infanterie in der Schlacht bei Zamosc. ([108 - 109]) [Abb.]: Der nordwestliche Kriegschauplatz. (111) [Abb.]: Von deutschen Truppen mit Maschinengewehren heruntergeschossener französischer Flieger bei Lunéville. (112) [Abb.]: Ein Kampf in den Lüften. ([113]) [Abb.]: Deutsches Massengrab bei Lauterfingen nach der Schlacht vom 16. August. (115) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (116) Die Schlacht bei Zamosc. (116) [Abb.]: Unser freiwilliges Automobilkorps in Feindesland. ([117]) [Abb.]: Lastselbstfahrer der Verkehrstruppe. (118) Selbstfahrer im Kriegsdienst. (118) Brief eines Verwundeten. (119) [Abb.]: Ein Kraftwagenzug. (119) [Abb.]: Das Grenadier=Regiment Königin Olga (1. Württembergisches) Nr. 119 vor einem brennenden Dorf. (120) Ein Kampf in den Lüften. (120) Mein erstes Gefecht. (121) [Abb.]: Während des Feuers der Artillerie hat sich die Infanterie vor das Dorf zurückgezogen. (121) [Abb.]: ".Mit Inbrunst werden Liebesgaben verzehrt." (122) Gebirgskrieg in Serbien. (122) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Landsturmmann als Bahnwache in Feindesland. (2)"Spanischer Reiter", Eisengitter zur Strassensperrung für Autos und Räder. (123) Wie es auf Helgoland aussieht. (124) [Abb.]: Helgoland (124) [Abb.]: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern auf dem Schlachtfeld bei Saarburg. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914 Heft 7 (Heft 7) ([125]) [Abb.]: Das neueste Heft der "Illustrierten Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914" im Lazarett. ([125]) [Abb.]: Eroberung französischer Geschütze durch deutsche Kavallerie. ([127]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Dorf Rouvres bei Stain nach den Kämpfen zwischen Longwy und Verdun. (2)Dorf Romain bei Longwy an der französisch=belgischen Grenze. (128) [Abb.]: Reserveinfanterieregiment vor dem Gefecht bei Mittersheim in Lothringen (Kreis Saarburg). (129) [Abb.]: Der Donaumonitor "Körös" im Kampf gegen die Belgrader Festungswerke. (130) [Abb.]: Österreich=ungarische Artillerie an der serbischen Grenze. ([131]) [Abb.]: Semlin a. d. Donau (132) [Abb.]: Verbrüderung der deutschen Skukariktruppen mit den österreich=ungarischen Soldaten in Wien. (133) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (134) Von der Schlacht bei Saarburg. (134) Übergang über die Maas. (135) [Abb.]: Deutsche Truppen überschreiten die Maas bei Méziéres. ([136 - 137]) Die Kirche in St. B . . . . e. (138) Kriegsneurosen. (138) [Abb.]: Von den Belgiern zerstörte Maasbrücke bei Lüttich. (139) Die Seekämpfe bei Helgoland und Hoek von Holland. (140) [Abb.]: Vorpostengefecht bei Helgoland. (140) Die Feldpost. (140) [Abb.]: Vernichtung der englischen Panzerkreuzer "Aboukir", "Hogue" und "Cressy" durch das deutsche Unterseeboot "U 9" am Morgen des 22. September etwa 20 Seemeilen nordwestlich von Hoek van Holland. ([141]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Aushilfs=Feldpostwagen. (2)Ein Etappenwagen der Feldpost. (142) [Abb.]: Deutsche Feldpost nimmt vor der Abfahrt von vorbeimarschierenden Truppen Briefe in die Heimat mit. (143) [Abb.]: Dumdumgeschosse. (144) Die Dumdumgeschosse unserer Feinde. (144) [Karte]: Karte vom serbisch=montenegrinischen Kriegschauplatz. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 8 (Heft 8) ([145]) [Abb.]: Mittagsmahl einer deutschen Truppe bei Mercy=le=Haut im Departement Meurthe=et=Moselle im nordöstlichen Frankreich. ([145]) [Abb.]: Erstürmung des Boussois vor Maubeuge. ([148 - 149]) [Abb.]: Maubeuge und Umgebung nach einer französischen Skizze. (150) [Abb.]: Die Panzerkreuzer "Goeben" und "Breslau" vor Messina. In der Nacht zum 6. August gelang es den Panzerkreuzern "Goeben" und "Breslau", mit abgeblendeten Lichtern aus dem Hafen von Messina auszulaufen und die englische und französische Flotte zu durchbrechen. (151) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine von den Russen niedergebrannte Strasse in Hohenstein. (2)Ruinen eine an der deutsch=russischen Grenze gelegenen Städtchens. (152) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Infanterie lagert auf dem Marktplatz in Johannisburg. (2)Das Innere eines von den Russen zerstörten Geschäftshauses in Gerdauen, Ostpr. (153) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte (154) Die Eroberung von Maubeuge. (154) [Abb.]: Erbeutete russische Geschütze vor dem Arsenal in Wien. (155) Das moderne Unterseeboot. (155) [Abb.]: Auf dem Schlachtfeld bei Czernowitz. ([156 - 157]) [Abb.]: Das Periskop dient in einem Unterseeboot zur Beobachtung der Vorgänge auf der Wasseroberfläche. (158) Wie die Russen an der deutschen Grenze gehaust haben. (158) Aus der Vier=Tage=Schlacht bei Baubecourt. Brief eines verwundeten Mittkämpfers. (159) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Held von "U 9", Kapitänleutnant Weddigen, erhielt das Eiserne Kreuz 1. und 2. Klasse. (2)Das kühne deutsche Unterseeboot U 9, in der Mitte zwischen zwei anderen Unterseebooten, das am 22. September drei englische Panzerkreuzer vernichtete. (159) An der Grenze der Bukowina. (160) Das bedrohte Tsingtau. (161) [Abb.]: Beim Auswerfen von Schützengräben. (161) 2 [Abb.]: (1)Tsingtau mit Umgebung (2)Prinz Heinrich von Preussen mit dem Gouverneur von Tsingtau, Kapitän z. S. Meyer=Waldeck. (162) [2 Abb.]: (1)Tsingtau. (2)Eine Abteilung der Matrosenartillerie in Tsingtau. (163) Die Kämpfe um Nancy. (164) [2 Abb.]: (1)Gesamtansicht von Nancy. (2)Skizze von Nancy und Umgebung. (164) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 9 (Heft 9) ([165]) [Abb.]: Die ehemalige deutsch=russische Grenze Endtkuhnen-Kibarty: Zollhaus Kibarty. ([165]) [Abb.]: Wirkung einer deutschen Granate am Burgunder Tor in Longtwy. (166) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Kaiser in Beuveille am 31. August 1914. (2)Von Pionieren wiederhergestellte Brücke über die Maas bei Stenay. (167) [Abb.]: Übergabe der Festung Longwy. ([168 - 169]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Truppen in Brüssel. Im Hintergrund der Lunapark. (2)Auf dem Platz Sainctelette in Brüssel. Deutsche Soldaten sorgen für die Feldküche. ([171]) [Abb.] Verfolgung der russischen Armee nach der Schlacht bei Tannenberg. ([173]) [Abb.]: Russische Gebirgsartillerie. (174) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (174) Etwas von der russischen Armee. (174) [Abb.]: Truppen vom 8. Ostsibirischen Schützenregiment. (174) [3 Abb.]: (1)Russische Artillerieoffiziere im Feldlager an der ostpreussischen Grenze. (2)Ein russisches Kosakenregiment beim Abzug durch eine ostpreussische Grenzstadt. (3)Gefangene von der Njemenarmee werden nach den deutschen Festungen abgeführt. (175) [Abb.]: Die niederlage der Serben im Kampf an der Save. (176 - 177) Die Übergabe der Festung Longwy. (176 - 177) [Abb.]: Übersichtskarte des österreichisch=serbischen Kriegschauplatzes. (178) Ein zurückgeworfener Einfall der Serben. (178) [6 Abb.]: (1)Erzherzog Franz Salvator verabschiedet sich von den Ärzten und Offizieren des Roten Kreuzes vor ihrer Abfahrt aus Wien nach dem Kriegschauplatz. (2)Fahnenweihe des ersten Honved=Infanterie=Regiments in Budapest. (3)Abschied der nach Galizien fahrenden ungarischen Soldaten (4)Rückkehr leichtverwundeter ungarischer Soldaten nach der Schlacht bei Lemberg. (5)Ankunft serbischer Kriegsgefangener in Budapest. (6)Gefangene verwundete algerische und französische Soldaten. ([179]) [Abb.]: Die Kathedrale von Reims. (180) Das Heldengrab bei Pewlingen. (180) [Abb.]: Einzug deutscher Husaren in Reims. ([181]) Reims. (182) [Abb.]: Steilfeuergeschütze der Fussartillerie, aus gedeckter Stellung feuernd. (182) [Abb.]: In die Luft geworfene Panzerdecken eines Forts, die umgekehrt zurückfielen (183) "Die fleissige Berta". (183) [Abb.]: Die mehrere Meter starke Betondeckung eines belgischen Forts, die ebenso wie die beweglichen Panzertürme durch einen Schuss der deutschen 42=cm=Haubitzen zerstört wurde. Der Schuss drang bis zur Munitionskammer durch, so dass das ganze Fort in die Luft flog. (184) [Gedicht]: Ein Vater seinen ausmarschierenden beiden Söhnen. (184) [Abb.]: Einzug der deutschen Truppen in Brüssel. Aufmarsch auf dem Marktplatz vor der Parade. - Links Rathaus, rechts Gildenhäuser. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 10 (Heft 10) ([185]) [Abb.]: Generaloberst v. Kluck. ([185]) [2 Abb]: (1)Die Zitadelle in Lüttich von deutschen Truppen bewacht. (2)Ein Blick in das innere der Zitadelle von Lüttich. (186) [Abb.]: Deutsche Soldaten vor dem Hauptbahnhof in Lüttich. (187) [2 Abb.]: (1)Stimmungsbild aus den Strassen von Brüssel. (2)Rast deutscher Soldaten in Schaerbeek bei Brüssel. ([188]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Feldöfen auf der Grande Place in Brüssel. (2)Deutsche Maschinengewehre in Schaerbeek bei Brüssel. ([189]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Soldatenpatrouille auf dem Boulevard Anspach in Brüssel. (190) [Abb.]: Gefecht bei Tirlemont. (191) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Strassensperre hinter Gravelotte. (2)Kaserne der 15. Ulanenregiments in Saarburg, in der sich die Franzosen verschanzt hatten, nach der Beschiessung. (192) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ausgebrannte Häuser bei der Kirche in Bruderdorf bei Saarburg, aus denen Freischärler auf deutsche Truppen geschossen hatten. (2)Innere Ansicht der von den Franzosen verwüsteten und geplünderten alten Reichsbank in Saarburg. ([193]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (194) Mit dem Rad auf den Schlachtfeldern von Saarburg. (194) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Wagen mit Leichtverwundeten in Stenay. (2)Der deutsche Kronprinz im Gespräch mit dem Kommandierenden General des XVI. Armeekorps in Romagne=fous=Montfaucon am 20. September 1914. (195) König Ludwig III. begrüsst seine Bayern. (196 - 197) [Abb.]: König Ludwig III. begrüsst seine siegreichen Truppen in der Nähe von Cháteau=Salins am 13. September 1914. (196 - 197) Die Schlacht an den masurischen Seen. (196 - 197) [Abb.]: Deutsche Truppengepäckwagen auf der Petersburger Strasse in Suwalki. (198) Bericht eines bei Ausbruch des Krieges in England zurückgehaltenen Deutschen. (198) [Abb.]: Wasserträger in Suwalki (198) [Abb.]: Die Grodnoer Reservearmee wird in der Schlacht bei Lyck geschlagen. ([199]) [Abb.]: Schauplatz der Kämpfe im Osten an den masurischen Seen. (200) Generaloberst v. Kluck. (200) [Abb.]: Deutsche Soldaten in einer russischen Droschke in Suwalki. (201) Die österreichisch=ungarischen Kraftfahrhaubitzen. (201) Krieg und Volkswirtschaft. (201) [Abb.]: Stehen gebliebene Wand eines von den Russen zerstörten Gehöftes bei Lyck. (201) [Abb.]: Ein schweres Geschütz wird durch Motorkraft befördert. (202) Hindenburg und die Masurischen Seen. (203) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch=ungarische Truppen mit ihren 30,5=cm=Kanonen in Brüssel. (2)Eine der österreichisch=ungarischen Motorkanonen vor der Artilleriekaserne in Brüssel. (203) Englische Kriegsgefangene. (204) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englische Kriegsgefangene im Munsterlager. (2)Gefangene Engländer und Franzosen im Sennelager bei Paderborn. (204) [Abb.]: Beschiessung von Antwerpen. Der Anblick ist von Westen nach Osten gegeben, von wo aus die Beschiessung erfolgte und wo das Gelände von vielen sich kreuzenden Bahndämmen durchzogen ist. Vor der Stadt liegen die inneren Forts, von denen man die Schüsse aufblitzen sieht. Im Vordergrund eine zur Aufklärung vorgesandte Ulanenabteilung. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 11 (Heft 11) ([205]) [Abb.]: Aus der Schlacht bei Sadweitschen. Das Generalkommando beobachtet im Feuer schwerer Artillerie den Fortgang der Schlacht; im Hintergrund einschlagende Granaten. ([205]) [Abb.]: Aus der Schlacht bei Sadweitschen. Der Beobachtungsposten im Fesselballon meldet telephonisch dem Generalkommando, dass unser linker Flügel von einer feindlichen Batterie in der Flanke bedroht wird. Ein Ordonnanzoffizier schreibt die Meldung nieder, die dann sofort an das Generalkommando weitergegeben wird. (206) [Abb.]: Fesselballon als Beobachtungsstation über einem der masurischen Seen; im Vordergrund Fernsprechwagen. (207) [Abb.]: Der afrikanische Besitz der Grossmächte. (208) [Abb.]: Die " roten Teufel". ([209]) [ 6 Abb.]: Unsere Soldaten im Felde: Wie sie sich zu helfen wissen. (1)Morgenwäsche. (2)Rasieren im Felde. (3)Ungewohnte Arbeit. Deutsche Soldaten beim Stopfen ihrer Socken vor einem Hause in Belgien. (4)Abziehen des Rasiermessers am Gewehrriemen. (5)Beim Frühstück auf der Schulbank. (6)Melken einer Kuh. ([211]) [Abb.]: Stellung der 3. Kompanie des Reserve=Infanterie=Regiments Nr. 121 vom 1.-11. September bei St.=Dié. (212) [Abb.]: Der Turbinenkreuzer "Dresden" jagt den englischen Riesendampfer "Mauretania". ([213]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (214) Die Schlacht bei Soissons. (214) [Abb.]: Eine neue französische Aeroplan=Mitrailleuse, wie solche während des jetzigen Krieges von unseren Feinden verwendet werden. Man hat diese Aufnahme als Postkarte von französischen Flugzeugen auf deutschem Gebiet abgeworfen, um die Grenzbevölkerung in Schrecken zu versetzen. (214) Die neuen Kriegsmittel. (215) [Abb.]: Eingegrabene deutsche Artillerie im Feuer. (215) [Abb.]: Nachtangriff in der Schlacht bei Soissons gegen die Engländer. ([216 - 217]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Militärflieger im Aufklärungsdienst. (218) Feldpostbrief aus den Vogesen. (219) [3 Abb.]: (1)Unsere Feldtelefunkenstation in Feindesland. (2)Legen einer Feldtelegraphenleitung durch serbisches Militär. (3)Eine deutsche Feldtelephonleitung. (219) Dampferjagd auf hoher See. (220) [3 Abb.]: (1)Verankerte Minen. (2)Galvanische Schlagmine. Schema der Lage der galvanischen Strömung. (3)Die gebräuchlichste Art der Seeminen. (220) [Abb.]: Die Wirkung von Minen. (221) Die tapferen Bosniaken. (221) Der Fall von Antwerpen. (221) [Abb.]: Einrückendes bosnisches Regiment auf dem Weg zum Bahnhof. (222) Die Schlacht bei Sadweitschen. (222) Generalleutnant v. Stein. (223) [2 Abb.]: (1)General v. Beseler, leitete den Angriff auf Antwerpen. (2)Zerstörte Kirche vor Antwerpen. (223) [Abb.]: Mag ringsum noch so stark die Lüge sein: Die Wahrheit siegt, sie ist - von Stein! (224) [Lied]: Der Honvedhusar. Ein Reiterlied aus Österreich=Ungarn grosser Zeit. (224) [Abb.]: Tätigkeit einer Sanitätskolonne auf dem Schlachtfelde. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 12 (Heft 12) ([225]) [Abb.]: Generalleutnant v. Stein. ([225]) [Abb.]:Untergang eines französischen Kriegschiffes bei Cattaro. (226) [Abb.]: Die Bucht von Cattaro. (227) [Abb.]: Leutnant v. R. Matthes erobert mit seinem Zuge eine feindliche Batterie bei Rongiville in der Nähe von St. Dié. ([228 - 229]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Lublin. (2)Lemberg. (230) [Abb.]: Der Kriegschauplatz in Galizien und Russisch=Polen. ([231]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Divissions=Brückentrain im Anmarsch. (2)Von unseren Pionieren errichtete Schiffbrücke. (232) [Abb.]: Übergang über die Meurthe. ([233]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Baccarat nach der Räumung seitens der Franzosen. (2)Zerstörtes Franktireurdorf an der Meurthe. (234) [Abb.]: Batterie Galopp! Artillerie zum Angriff vorgehend. (235) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (236) Über die Meurthe. (236) [6 Abb.]: (1)Strasse in Mecheln. Die Belgier schossen auf die Stadt, um unsere Truppen zu vertreiben. Links die Kathedrale, die nur leicht beschädigt ist, rechts das Gildehaus. (2)Von feindlichen Granaten zerstörtes Haus. (3)Unsere Blaujacken als Feuerwehrleute bei den Aufräumungsarbeiten und dem Löschen in den Vororten Antwerpens. (4)Die Wirkung der Geschosse bei einer Villa in des Nähe von Vilvorde in Belgien. (5)Die Wirkung von Schrapnellen.Die Eisenbahnschienen haben sich unter der Wucht des Schusses vollständig verbogen. (6)Ein zerschossener Panzerturm, der zur Deckung feindlicher Kanonen diente und von einem Schuss unserer schweren Geschütze vollständig abgedeckt wurde. Unser Bild zeigt den zerschossenen Panzerturm in der Festung Maubeuge. ([237]) Ein Seekampf vor Cattaro. (238) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch=ungarisches Automobil im Dienste der Verpflegung auf dem russischen Kriegschauplatz.(2)Sanitätsautomobil, geöffnet. (238) [Abb.]: Leichtverwundete werden durch Mitglieder des Roten Kreuzes zum Lazarett geführt. (239) Kriegsanitätswesen. (239) [Abb.]: Ein deutscher Verwundetentransport in Conflans (Französisch=Lothringen). (240) [2 Abb.]: (1)Leiterwagen zum Fortschaffen von acht Schwerverwundeten. (2)Tätigkeit der freiwilligen Sanitätskolonne bei Ankunft Verwundeter. (241) Ein Schwabenstreich. (241) [Abb.]: Abfeuern einer Breitseite von einem englischen Flaggschiff. (242) Kriegseindrücke in Ostfrankreich. (242) [Abb.]: Zum Einsetzen in die Lafette fertiges Rohr einer englischen Schiffskanone. Der Preis einer solchen Kanone beträgt etwa 200 000 Mark. (243) [Abb.]: Zerschossene Silbermünzen aus dem Brustbeutel eines Gefreiten. Die Geldstücke retteten dem Getroffenen das Leben. (244) Englische Schiffsgeschütze. (244) [Abb.]: Der deutsche kleine Kreuzer "Emden" beschiesst Madras. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 13 (Heft 13) ([245]) [Abb.]: Im eroberten Fort Wavre St. Catherine vor Antwerpen. Soldaten auf den erbeuteten belgischen Geschützen. ([245]) [3 Abb.]: Serben in österreichisch=ungarischer Gefangenschaft. (1)Serbische Bauern von der bosnischen Grenze, wo Spionage im grössten Umfang getrieben wurde. (2)Gefangene serbische Komitatschi (Freischärler) in einem österreichisch=ungarischen Gefangenenlager. (3)Von Österreich=Ungarn eingebrachte serbische Gefangene. (246) [Abb.]: Bilder vom russisch=polnischen Kriegschauplatz. (1)Eingedeckter Unterschlupf, aus dem die Russen von den österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen vertrieben wurden. (2)Gefangene Russen beim Brettspiel in einem österreichisch=ungarischen Gefangenenlager. (3)Halb in die Erde gegrabenes russsisches Feldlager. (247) [Abb.]: Rückzug russischer Kolonnen über die bukowinische Grenze b ei Nowosielica. ([248 - 249]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russischer militärischer Grenzposten. (2)Erbeutete russische Feldküchen. (250) [2 Abb.]: (1)Insterburg, das die Russen zwei Wochen lang besetzt hielten. Partie an der Angerapp. (2)Deutsche Infanterie in einem Kriegslager an der russischen Grenze. (251) [3 Abb.]: (1)Ostpreussische Trümmerstätte nach dem Abzug der Russenhorden. (2)Ein durch die Russen in Brand gesteckter und vernichteter deutscher Güterzug an der Ostgrenze. (3)Ruinen eines von den Russen in Brand gesteckten ostpreussischen Rittergutes bei Tannenberg. (252) [Abb.]: Erkundungsfahrt nach Russland auf einer Tenderlokomotive. (253) [Abb.]: Fregattenkapitän v. Müller, Kommandant der "Emden". (254) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (254) Der deutsche Kreuzer "Emden". (254) Der Kampf des 1. bayrischen Armeekorps bei Rommelfingen und Rieding. (255) [Abb.]: Russische Haubitzen in der Schanze. (255) [Abb.]: Das 1. bayrische Armeekorps in der Schlacht bei Rommelfingen und Rieding. Das 1. bayrische Armeekorps hatte den Befehl, seine Stellung zwischen Rommelfingen und Rieding entscheidend zu verteidigen. In der Nacht vom 19. zum 20. August traf der Befehl ein, am kommenden Tage zum allgemeinen Angriff auf der ganzen Linie überzugehen. Das Bild zeigt das Scheitern des französischen Angriffs und das Vorgehen unserer Truppen gegen die Höhen dicht westlich Saaraltdorf. Das in der Talmulde gelegene Dorf brennt bereits mehrfach. Das französische 8. und 13. Armeekorps wurde an diesem Tage geworfen. (256 - 257) Die Teilnahme unserer Marine am Landkriege. (258) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Matrosen auf dem Durchmarsch durch Brüssel. (2)Die Stellungen der deutschen und französischen Truppen in der Schlacht bei Saarburg. (258) Aus der Nordmark des Reiches. (258) [Abb.]: Ein warmes Frühstück auf Feldwacht vor Antwerpen. Offiziere und Mannschaften vom Seebataillon und der Marinedivision (259) Beim Vormarsch über Montfaucon. (260) Vom westlichen Kriegschauplatz: General v. Gotzler während der Schlacht bei Montfaucon. (260) [Abb.]: Durchzug deutscher Truppen durch Montfaucon. ([261]) [Abb.]: Von deutschen Pionieren wiederhergestellte Eisenbahnbrücke bei Piwianowice. (262) Der Pionier in Feindesland. (262) Was kostet ein Weltkrieg? (262) [Abb.]: Pioniere beim Bau einer durch belgische Soldaten zerstörten Brücke bei Visé. (263) Toul. (264) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein erbeuteter französischer Munitionswagen. Nach einer Aufnahme vom Kriegschauplatz. (2)Die Festung Toul mit ihren Forts. (264) [Gedicht]: Landsturmmanns Abschied. (264) [Abb.]: Leutnant Mayer von den reitenden Jägern fällt als erster deutscher Offizier auf seinem Patouillenritt in den Vogesen. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 14 (Heft 14) ([265]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Soldten verteilen Brot an die arme Bevölkerung Mechelns. ([265]) [Abb.]: Rast im Strassengraben. Oben auf der Strasse: Die Feldküche in Tätigkeit. (267) [4 Abb.]: (1)Wachtposten am Abhang des Donon. (2)Patrouille im Klein=Auto auf dem Donon. (3)Grandfontaine bei Schirmeck mit Gipfel des Donon im Hintergrund. (4)Der Tempel auf dem Gipfel des Donon. (268) [Abb.]: Kampf um den Donon. ([269]) [3 Abb.]: Aus dem Lagerleben der österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen. (1)Feldbäckerei. (2)Feldmetzgerei. (3)Raststation an der russischen Grenze. ([271]) [Abb.]: Durchziehende Infanterie vor Dieuze am Bergaviller Torhaus. (272) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (272) Musson, Baranzy, Signeulr. (272) [2 Abb.] (1)Nach der Schlacht von Dieuze-Saarburg. Auf der Höhe das Dorf Oberstinzel. Dahinter die bayrische Artillerie=Stellung, von wo aus die Saareckmühle an dem von den Franzosen besetzten Walde in Brand geschossen wurde. (2)Nach der Schlacht von Dieuze-Saarburg. Blick von der Höhe von Oberstinzel auf die Waldungen in der Richtung Dieuze. Diese waren weithin von Franzosen besetzt. Die Höhen - Saarburg=Finstingen - hielten bayrische Infanterie und Artillerie, die nach dem Gefecht siegreich vordrangen. Im Vordergrund eine deutsche Artilleriescheinstellung, markiert durch Wasserleitungsröhren. ([273]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Herzog Albrecht von Württemberg und General v. Schenck während eines Gefechtes. (2)Zum Artikel Russon, Baranzy, Signeulr. (274) Die Offizierfernpatrouille der Kavallerie. (275) [Abb.]: Gefecht bei Musson-Baranzy. (275) [Abb.]: Vernichtung einer montenegrinischen Brigade bei Foca. ([276 - 277]) Der Sieg über die Montenegriner bei Foca. (278) Am Donon. (278) [4 Abb.]: (1)Eine Flüchtlingswohnung im Freien in der Nähe von Antwerpen. (2)Erste Ankunft des neutralen Zuges von Eschen aus Holland, mit dem die ersten belgischen Flüchtlinge wieder zurückkamen. (3)Zerstörtes Haus in Berchem bei Antwerpen. Die Wirkung einer 18=cm=Granate. (4)Der verbarrikadierte Hauptbahnhof in Antwerpen. Hinter den Säcken stehen zwei Maschinengewehre. ([279]) Die Schlacht bei Kirlibaba. (280) Die Schlacht von Dieuze. (280) [Abb.]: Was die belgischen Soldaten in Antwerpen zurückgelassen haben. Bekleidungsstücke und zertrümmertes Hausgerät liegen in wirrem Durcheinander auf den Strassen. (281) Moderne Festungen. (281) [3 Abb.]: (1)Der Fortgürtel der Festung Mamur, deren Aussenbefestigung aus einem Gürtel von neun Panzerforts bestand. Die Einnahme erlangte am 25. August. (2)Versenkbare Panzertürme in den belgischen Forts: 1. Panzerkuppel mit Schnellfeuergeschützen, die zum Verschwinden eingerichtet sind. 2. Panzerturm in Schussbereitschaft. 3. Panzerturm mit möglichst geringer Angriffsfläche. 4. Vorpostenhaus im Festungsgelände. 5. Fort mit Panzerturm, aus der Ferne gesehen. (3)Versenkbare Panzertürme in den belgischen Forts: 1. Ein durch Buschwerk versteckter Geschützturm. 2. Panzerturm 3. 22=cm=Festungsgeschütze in einem drehbaren Panzerturm. 4. 22=cm=Festungsgeschütze in Panzerung und Betoneindeckung. 5. Drehbarer Panzerturm mit Schnellfeuergeschützen. (282 - 283) [2 Abb.]: (1)Durchschnitt eines zwischen zwei belgischen Forts gelegenen Zwischenwerkes mit den Verteidigungsmassnahmen und den Hindernissen, die die deutschen Truppen im Sturm zu nehmen hatten. 1. Ein Fort von der Seite gesehen. 2. Sturmkolonne mit Wurfbrücken zur Überwindung der Drahthindernisse. 3. Ausgedehntes Drahthindernis. 4. Elektrische Mine, aus der der anstürmende Gegner während des Überschreitens mit einem Steinregen überschüttet wird. 5. Zweites kleines Drahthindernis. 6. Infanterie=Feuerstellung mit Eindeckung und schusssicheren Unterständen. 7. Feldgeschütze in ausgebauter Batterie mit Schutzräumen und Munitionsdepots. 8. Flankierendes Maschinengewehr in gedeckter Stellung. 9. Feldhaubitzstellung. 10. Stellung der Belagerungsgeschütze. 11. Verbindungsgraben mit Zufuhrgraben. (2)Durchschnitt eines Panzerforts von Lüttich mit drehbarem Panzergeschütz. Ein solches Panzerfort galt bisher wegen seiner Beton= und Panzerdeckung wie auch infolge der ausgedehnten Drahthindernisse und hohen Böschungen im Vorfeld als uneinnehmbar. (284) Von der Ostgrenze Galiziens. Ein tapferer Infanterist. (284) [Abb.]: Nach der Belagerung der Festung Mamur: Die Besetzung durch deutsche Truppen. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 15 (Heft 15) ([285]) [Abb.]: In den Vogesen: Eine bayrische Infanteriekolonne mit französischem Schlachtvieh, das zum Ziehen des Wagens benutzt wird. ([285]) [Abb.]: Fuhrkolonnen auf dem Markt in Goldap, im Hintergrunde eine abrückene Fuhrkolonne. (286) [Abb.]: Etappenstrasse auf dem Kriegschauplatz. Auf der linken Seite Gepäckkolonne, rechts marschierende Infanterie. Die Mitte der Strasse ist für den Autoverkehr freigehalten. (287) [Abb.]: Eingreifen der Artillerie in der Schlacht bei Allenburg-Nordenburg-Angerburg. (288 - 289) [6 Abb.]: Fremdländische Hilfstruppen auf dem westlichen Kriegschauplatz. (1)Allgerische Schützen. (2)Indische Reiterei auf dem Marsch. (3)Turko und Franzose im Gefangenenlager zu Friedrichsfeld. (4)Zwei in englischen Diensten stehende indische Offiziere. (5)Einmarsch eines kanadischen Rifleregiments in London. (6)Schwarze Senegaltruppen. ([291]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (292) In der Etappe. (292) [Abb.]: Der Kriegschauplatz in Belgien und Nordwestfrankreich. (292) [Abb.]: Angriff deutscher Kavallerie bei Hazebrouck am 10. Oktober 1914. ([293]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Vorhut in St. Amand auf dem Vormarsch nach Lille. (294) Die Reiterschlacht bei Lille. (294) Die Schlacht bei Wehlau-Allenburg-Nordenburg-Angerburg. (295) [Abb.]: Deutsche Vorposten tränken ihre Pferde in St. Amand. (295) [Abb.]: Eroberung einer Fahne in der Schlacht bei Zamosc. (296 - 297) Eroberung einer Fahne bei Zamosc. (296 - 297) Fremdländische Hilfsvölker unsrer Gegner. (296 - 297) [Abb.]: Drei Brüder, die sich freiwillig beim Feldartillerieregiment Nr. 76 meldeten und nicht nur bei der gleichen Batterie, sondern sogar beim gleichen Geschütz als Fahrer dienen. (298) Bei Montigny. (298) [Abb.]: Der älteste Bürgergardist in Budapest, der 73jährige Fuhrmann Ludwig Weiss. In Budapest bildete sich unter der Führung des Grafen Andrassy eine "Bürgergarde", die nach einer kurzen militärischen Ausbildung den Wachdienst über öffentliche Bauten, Brücken, Krankenhäuser usw. zu versehen hat. Die Budapester Bürgergarde oder, wie sie amtlich genannt wird, das "f r e i w i l l i g e W a c h k o r p s" setzt sich aus militärdienstfreien Bürgern der ungarischen Hauptstadt zusammen, die sich freiwillig melden und den Dienst freiwillig versehen. Die erste, bereits ausgebildete Truppe hat im Oktober einige wichtige Wachposten übernommen. Zweck der Bürgergarde ist, durch Übernahme des Wachdienstes dem aktiven Militär zu ermöglichen, sich auf den Kriegschauplatz zu betätigen. (298) [Abb.]: Russischer Angriff auf einen österreichisch=ungarischen Proviantzug auf der Bahnlinie Lemberg-Grodek wird von einem k. u. k. Infanterieregiment mit dem Bajonett abgewiesen. (299) Ein österreichisch=ungarischer Proviantzug bei Lemberg. (300) Untergang des englischen Kreuzers "Hawke". (300) Die Tätigkeit unserer Pioniere. (300) [Abb.]: Der englische Kreuzer "Hawke" wird von einem deutschen Unterseeboot in den Grund gebohrt. ([301]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wiederherstellung eines zerstörten Tunnels durch unsere Truppen. (2)Aufschütten von Befestigungen bei Lierre. Im Vordergrund Feldpostbriefe schreibende Soldaten. ([302]) [2 Abb.]: Deutsche Pioniere beim Neubau einer durch die Belgier zerstörten Eisenbahnbrücke. (1)Errichtung der hölzernen Brückenpfeiler. (2)Eiserne Brückenträger werden mittels Dampfkran über die Holzpfeiler gelegt. ([303]) [Abb.]: Unsere Pioniere beim Bau einer Umgehungsbahn. (304) [Gedicht]: Penny und Blut. (304) [Abb.]: Aushebung des Landsturms in einem ungarischen Dorfe. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 16 (Heft 16) ([305]) [Abb.]: Generaloberst v. Bülow. ([305]) [6 Abb.]: (1)Schwieriges Überschreiten der von den Belgiern zerstörten Eisenbahnstrecke bei Merxem. (2)Die Feldpoststelle in Antwerpen. (3)In Merxem bei Antwerpen halfen unsere Marinesoldaten, die daselbst den Überwachungsdienst ausübten, den Flüchtlingen in jeder Weise und trugen ihnen bis zu den Wagen das schwere Gepäck. (4)Die neue elektrische Bahn Brüssel-Antwerpen, die hauptsächlich dem Verwundetentransport dient. (5)Die telegraphische Verbindung zwischen Antwerpen und Brüssel wird von den Deutschen wiederhergestellt. Das Bild wurde in dem ganz zerstörten Dorfe Waelhem aufgenommen. (6)Bewohner von Berchem bei der Wiederherstellung ihrer zerstörten Wohnungen: ein Zeichen, dass sie sich unter dem Schutz der Deutschen geborgen fühlen. ([307]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Artillerie zwingt die englische Flotte an der belgischen Küste zum Rückzug. (308 - 309) [Abb.]: Transport eines Flugzeuges. (310) [Abb.]: Die Kaserne in Maubeuge, deren Fenster zum Teil noch mit Sandsäcken verbarrikadiert sind. (311) [Abb.]: Das Innere der Festung Longwy, in der ein grosser Bombenvorrat von den Franzosen zurückgelassen wurde. (312) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (312) Zu den Kämpfen bei Longwy. (312) [Abb.]: Aus den Kämpfen bei Lonwy. ([313]) [Abb.]: Longwy am 27. August 1914 nach der Belagerung. (314) Die Einberufung der ungarischen Landwehr und des Landsturms. (315) Deutsch=französische Schützengrabenkorrespondenz. (315) [Abb.]: Der grosse Marktplatz in Longwy mit erbeuteten Geschützen. (315) [Abb.]: Kundgebung vor dem Gebäude des Festungskommandos in Przemysl nach glücklich überstandener Belagerung. Der Festungskommandant und Verteidiger der Stadt, Exzellenz v. Kusmanek, bringt ein dreifaches Hoch auf den Kaiser aus. (316) Belagerung und Entsatz von Przemys. (316) [Abb.]: Die Russen im vergeblichen Ansturm auf das Aussenfort Duckowiczky der Festung Przemys. ([317]) [Abb.]: Berliner Wiedergabe des von Generalfeldmarschall Freiherrn v.d. Goltz erlassenen Aufrufs an die Bevölkerung des in deutsche Verwaltung übergegangenen belgischen Gebietes. (318) Generaloberst Karl v. Bülow. (319) [Abb.]: Die Zitadelle von Namur mit zerstörter Brücke. (319) Deutsche Artillerie an der belgischen Küste. (320) [Abb.]: Ankunft Leichtverwundeter auf Lazarettkähnen in Berlin. (320) Mit Liebesgaben an die Front. (320) [3 Abb.]: (1)Soldaten bei der Morgenwäsche im Alarmquartier. (2)In gedeckter Haubitzenstellung vor dem Feind. (3)Unser Liebesgabenauto im Alarmquartier. (321) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Maschinengewehre auf dem Dache eines Hauses zur Abwehr feindlicher Flieger. (2)Eine österreichisch=ungarische Maschinengewehrabteilung in Gefechtsbereitschaft. ([322]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Französische Alpenjäger mit Maschinengewehr in den Bergen. (Der Lauf des Gewehrs liegt frei, ohne Kühlwassermantel; er hat nur Luftkühlung und erscheint daher weniger dick als bei den deutschen und österreichisch=ungarischen Maschinengewehren.) (2)Französisches Maschinengewehr auf einem Automobil in Tätigkeit. ([323]) [Abb.]: Maschinengewehrabteilung auf dem Marsch. (324) Maschinengewehre. (324) [Abb.]: Begegnung Kaiser Wilhelms II. mit dem deutschen Kronprinzen bei dem Dorfe Sorbey am 2. September 1914. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 17 (Heft 17) ([325]) [Abb.]: Honvedhusaren verfolgen die bei Lancut geschlagenen russischen Truppen. ([325]) [Abb.]: Ausmarsch türkischer Truppen aus Konstantinopel. (326) [3 Abb.]: (1)General Enver Pascha, türkischer Kriegsminister und Generalissimus der türkischen Streitkräfte. (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Hermann v. Kuzmanek, der heldenmütige Verteidiger von Przemysl. (3) General der Infanterie Svetozar Boroevic v. Bojna, der Führer der 3. österreichisch=ungarischen Armee, die bei Przemysl siegreich gegen die Russen kämpfte. (327) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bordeux vom Zollamt aus gesehen. (2) Wegeskizze. Zu dem Artikel: Das Schlachtfeld von Noers (328) [Abb.]: Das Schlachtfeld südlich von dem brennenden Dorfe Noers mit Front nach St. Laurent und Grand Failly. Links die Strasse Noers-Laurent, von der links sich die Stellungen des Grenadierregiments Königin Olga, rechts die Stellungen des Kaiser=Regiments befanden. ([329]) [Abb.]: Eine von den Russen zerstörte Eisenbahnsterecke auf dem Wege nach Warschau wird von einer deutschen Patrouille untersucht. (331) [Abb.]: Rast einer Brückentrainabteilung in Russisch-Polen. (332) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (332) Das Schlachtfeld von Noers*). (332) [2 Abb.]: Infanterie im strömenden Regen vor Kielce in Russisch=Polen mit Aufklärungspatrouillen. (2)Artilleriemunitionskolonne in Russisch=Polen (333) Honvedhusaren bei Lancut. (334) Kämpfe an der schleschisch=russischen Grenze. (334) Die Millionenschlacht an der Marne und Aisne. (334) [Abb.]: Strassengefecht in einem Dorfe Russisch=Polens. ([335]) [Abb.]: Abwehr eines französischen Kavallerieangriffs an der Marne. ([336 - 337]) Begegnung Kaiser Wilhelms mit dem Kronprinzen bei Sorbey. (339) [Abb.]: Feldküche während der Fahrt in Feindesland. Die Mahlzeit wird während der Fahrt in der Feldküche angesetzt, so dass die Truppen schon unterwegs oder sofort bei der Ankunft am Ziel mit warmer Nahrung versehen werden können. Zur Verhütung des Anbrennens hängt der Kochtopf in einem mit Öl gefüllten Kessel. (339) Die Generale Hermann v. Kuzmanek und Svetozar Boroevic v. Bojna. (340) Die Gesundheit des Soldaten im Felde. (340) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldbacköfen, im Hintergrunde die grossen wasserdichten Zelte, in denen der Brotteig hergerichtet wird. (2)Bäckereikolonne im Felde. Einige der Feldbäcker sind gerade beim Mittagessen. Die Backöfen werden alle vier Stunden neu mit Brot beschickt. (341) [Karte): Karte des russisch=türkischen Kriegschauplatzes. ([342]) [Abb.]: Die türkischen Kreuzer "Sultan Yawus Selim" und "Midilli" beschiessen den russischen Hafen Odessa am Schwarzen Meer. ([343]) [Abb.]: Deutsche, österreichische und ungarische Soldaten in einem österreichischen Lazarett. (344) Enver Pascha und das Eingreifen der Türkei in den Weltkrieg. (344) [Gedicht]: Emden. (344) [Abb.]: Die Seeschlacht bei Coronel. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 18 (Heft 18) ([345]) [Abb.]: General v. Francois, Führer der achten Armee, im Gespräch mit General v. Briefen auf der Landstrasse nach Sarajewo in Russisch=Polen an der ostpreussischen Grenze. ([345]) [Abb.]: Das 34. Landwehr=Infanterieregiment rastet auf dem Marsche nach Suwalki vor einem polnische Gehöft. (346) [Abb.]: Der Eingang zu dem Dorfe Filipowo in Russisch=Polen. Im Vordergrunde Mannschaften vom 3. Landsturmbataillon. (347) [Abb.]: Erstürmung des Forts Camp des Romains. ([348 - 349]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ostpreussische Landsturmpatrouille, die sich zum Schutz gegen die Kälte mit Decken versehen hat.(2)Blockhaus an der deutsch=russischen Grenze, in dem eine Landsturmwache untergebracht ist. (350) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wasserschöpfen an einem galizischen Brunnen für die grosse Wäsche. (2)Österreichisch=ungarische Soldaten in Galizien beim Wäschereinigen. (351) [2 Abb.]: (1)Plan der Festung Warschau mit Umgebung. (2)Eine Strasse in Sosnowice an der polnisch=galizischen Grenze. (352) [Abb.]: Die Wiedererstürmung der Höhe Magiera durch die österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen am 20. Oktober 1914. Die Tiroler Landeschützen zeichneten sich hierbei durch einen Heldenmut ohnegleichen aus und lösten eine Aufgabe, die drei Regimentern gestellt war. ([353]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (354) Unser Seesieg bei Coronel. (354) Die russischen Festungen. (354) [ 2 Abb.]: (1) Vizeadmiral Graf v. Spee, der Chef des deutschen Kreuzergeschwaders, das an der chilenischen Küste ein englisches Geschwader vernichtete (2)Zum Seesieg bei Coronel: Das Wirkungsfeld unserer Kreuzer im Stillen Ozean. (355) Der Sturm auf Dixmuiden. (356) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Abteilung deutscher Soldaten am Strande von Ostende. (2)Unsere Blaujacken graben auf der Kurpromenade in Ostende die Küstenbatterien ein. (356) Aus deutschen Schützengräben. (356) [Abb.]: Unsere Freiwilligen in den Kämpfen an der Yser bei Nieuport am 10. November 1914. (Achtmal hintereinander wiederholter Bajonettangriff auf französische Artillerie und Maschinengewehre.) ([357]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Infanterie hebt einen Schützengraben aus. (2)Eine Ruhepause im Schützengraben. (358) Tiroler Landeschützen erstürmen die Höhe bei Magiera. (359) [Abb.]: Wie sich ein findiger Batteriechef im Schützengraben wohnlich einzurichten wusste. (359) Der Sturm auf Camp des Romains. (360) [Abb.]: Österreichisch=ungarische Infanterie auf dem Durchmarsch in Medjedje an der bosnisch=serbischen Grenze. (360) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hofarkaden in der zum Reservelazarett eingerichteten Universität Wien. (2)Österreichisch=ungarische Fuhrparkkolonne mit deutscher Militärbedeckung. (361) Das Elsass im Kriege. (362) [Abb.]: Offizierspatrouille in den Strassen einer elsässischen Stadt kurz nach der Kriegserklärung. (362) [2 Abb.]: (1)Thann im Oberelsass, vom Raugenkreuz gesehen, mit dem umgestürzten Turm der Engelsburg rechts. Im Hintergrunde der Rossberg. (2)Rotenbacher Kopf (Südvogesen) mit dem Steilabfall nach der deutschen Seite; rechts ein Stück des Grenzgrabens. (363) [2 Abb.]: (1)Grenzkamm bei Hohneck (Elsass). (2)Vogelschaukarte zu den Kämpfen im Oberelsass und in den Vogesen. (364) [Abb.]: Zusammenbruch der Attacke afrikanischer Jäger unter dem Feuer deutscher Landwehr bei Mühlhausen am 20. August 1914. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914. Heft 19 (Heft 19) ([365]) [Abb.]: König Wilhelm II. von Württemberg (X) verabschiedet sich von den Offizieren seiner siegreichen Truppen im Felde. ([365]) [Abb.]: Eine Sotnie des Nertschinski=Kosakenregiments. (366) [Abb.]: Russische Kosaken. (367) [Abb.]: Erstürmung eines französischen Schützengrabens zwischen der Aisne und dem Argonner Wald. ([368 - 369]) [Abb.]: Die 27 bei der Reiterattacke bei Tagsdorf (Oberelsass gefangen genommenen Chaffeurs d´Afrique (afrikanische Jäger) auf dem Abmarsch vom Bezirkskommando in Lörrach zum Bahnhof. (371) [Abb.]: Wegeskizze zum Pionierüberfall bei Brandeville (372) Illustrierte Kriegsberichgte. (372) Ein Todesritt afrikanischer Jäger im Oberelsass. (372) [Abb.]: Vernehmung russischer Gefangener durch einen deutschen Generalstabsoffizier und einen Dolmetscher in Soldap. (372) [Abb.]: Pionierüberfal bei Brandeville. (373) Zwischen der Aisne und dem Argonner Wald. (374) [Abb.]: Englische Marineinfanterie bei den Kämpfen am Yserkanal. (374) Der Pionierüberfall bei Brandeville. (375) [Abb.]: Gefangene Turkos von der Kampffront bei Nieuport. (375) Das Heldenmädchen von Rawaruska. (376) [Abb.]: Abwehr eines Durchbruchversuchs der französischen Ostarmee im Vorgelände der Festung Spinal. ([377]) [Abb.]: Rosa Zenoch, die Heldin von Rawaruska. (378) Ein Durchbruchsversuch der französischen Ostarmee. (378) [Abb.]: Aus Frankreich zurückgekehrte Deutsche begeben sich in die in Singen bereitgestellten Unterkunftsräume. (378) Aus Frankreich zurück. (379) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch=ungarische Regimenter vor dem Abmarsch nach dem russisch=galizischen Kriegschauplatz. (2)Österreichisch=ungarischen Vorposten bei Frampol in Russisch=Polen. (379) Das Schwarze Meer und der Kaukasus. (380) [2 Abb.]: (1)Zwei Typen persischer Kosaken, die, als tapfer bekannt, im jetzigen Kriege gegen Russland zu Felde ziehen. (2)Türkische Kavallerie. (380) [2 Abb.]: (1)Senussi, die bisher gegen Italien gekämpft haben, ziehen auf die Verkündigung des Heiligen Krieges hin über die ägyptische Grenze, um gegen die Engländer zu kämpfen. (2)Eine Gruppe Kaschkainomanden, die jetzigen Kämpfer gegen die Engländer und Russen in Persien. (381) Kosaken. (382 - 383) [Abb.]: Die Kreuzer "Gneisenau" und "Scharnhorst" beschiessen Papeete, die Hauptstadt von Tahiti (382 - 383) [Abb.]: Rast nach einem Gefecht in der Nähe von Verdun. (384) Verdun. (384) [Abb.]: Die Festung Verun und ihre Forts. (384) [Abb.]: Der grosse Marktplatz in Mecheln mit Tausenden von belgischen Soldaten, die bei der Eroberung Antwerpens gefangen genommen wurden. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Heft 20 (Heft 20) ([385]) [Abb.]: Generaloberst v. Moltke, zu Beginn des Krieges Chef des Generalstabs der deutschen Armee. ([385]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Erzherzog Friedrich und Conrad v. Hötzendorf nehmen im Hauptquartier eine Meldung entgegen. (2)Österreichisch=ungarische Truppen in ihren in die Erde eingegrabenen Höhlenwohnungen bei Diszkovica. (387) [3 Abb.]: (1)Eine österreichisch=ungarische Batterie in gedeckter Feuerstellung (2)Französische Artillerie und französische Flugmaschine im Felde. (3)Schwere Feldhaubitzen im Argonnenwald beschiessen die feindlichen Stellungen. Links und rechts im Vordergrund Flechtkörbe zum Herbeischaffen der Geschosse. (388 - 389) [Abb.]: Feldtelephon im Schützengraben. (390) [Abb.]: Eine Artillerie=Telephonstation im Strassengraben. Sämtliche Befehle werden den zurückliegenden Batterien oft auf 2-3000 Meter telephonisch übermittelt. (391) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (391) Zu den Kämpfen in den Argonnen. (391) [Abb.]: Karte des Kriegschauplatzes: Toul-Verdun-Reims. ([392]) [Abb.]: Erstürmung eines Bauerngehöfts in den Argonnen. ([393]) Wie Ulanen und Husaren zwei französische Kavalleriebrigaden vernichteten. (394) [2 Abb.]: (1)In weit vorgeschobener Stellung durch das Feldtelephon in Verbindung mit dem Kommando. (2)Prinz Leopold von Bayern (X), der Führer der Bayern vor Verdun, kehrt von einer Truppenbesichtigung in sein Hauptquartier zurück. (394) [Abb.]: Aus der Verteidigungstellung von Toul übergelaufene französische Soldaten werden durch bayrische schwere Reiter als Gefangene abgeführt. (395) Unsere Haubitzen. (395) [Abb.]: Die Vernichtung zweier französischer Kavalleriebrigaden durch deutsche Reiter am 4. Oktober 1914. ([396 - 397]) Generaloberst v. Moltke. (398) [Abb.]: In jeder Familie unseres deutschen Vaterlandes befindet sich heute wohl eine Karte vom Kriegschauplatz. Mit regem Interesse verfolgt alt und jung, wie auf unserem Bilde, die allgemeine Kriegslage und freut sich, wenn unsere Truppen weiter in Feindesland vorrücken. (398) Die Operationsziele der Türkei. (399) [Abb.]: Karte des türkisch=ägyptischen Kriegschauplatzes. (399) Das Gefecht bei Soldau. (400) [Abb.]. Blick auf Tiflis im Kaukasus. (400) [6 Abb.]: (1)Gefangene Russen auf dem Bahnhof Eydtkuhnen. (2)Das Dorf Wirballen; Zugang von der Gefechtslinie aus. (3)Fliegende Händler in Eydtkuhnen. (4)Durch Granaten zerstörtes Haus in Pillkallen. (5)Kochkisten auf erbeuteten Russenkarren. Das Essen wird über dem Feuer angekocht und dann in die Kochkisten gestellt. (8)Truppenkolonnen auf dem Marsch. Den Schluss bildet die Feldküche. ([401]) Das Telephon im Kriege. (402) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Schlachtfeld bei Soldau wird von deutschen Landsturmmännern nach Gefallenen abgesucht. (2)Deutsche Infanterie zieht auf dem Marsche nach Mlawa durch das von den Russen zerstörte Städtchen Soldau. (402) [Abb.]: Russische Kavallerie wird von deutscher Infanterie in den Kämpfen bei Soldau am 18. November 1914 zurückgeworfen. ([403]) [Abb.]: Feldkriegskasse eines bayrischen Armeekorps, die einen Wert von mehreren Millionen Mark darstellt. Die Regimenter sowie die höheren Verbände führen grosse Kriegskassen mit sich, da die Überweisungen der Löhne und Gehälter an die Truppen regelmässig in bar erfolgen. (404) Frieden mitten im Krieg. (404) [Abb.]: Ein Zeppelinkreuzer über Antwerpen. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15 Hef 21 (Heft 21) ([405]) [Abb.]: Panzerturm auf Fort Lierre, den ein Schuss eines 42=cm=Mörsers völlig blosslegte. ([405]) [Abb.]: Maschinengewehre und Infanterie im Schützengraben beim Angriff auf Fort Wavre bei Antwerpen. (406) [Abb.]: Strassenbild aus Lierre nach der Beschiessung. (407) [Abb.]: Im Kampf um Lihons. ([408 - 409]) [Abb.]: Von englischen Seesoldaten und belgischen Artilleristen bediente Panzerkanonen auf den Wällen der Forts von Antwerpen. (410) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englische Soldaten in Laufgräben vor Antwerpen. Im Vordergrund ein Maschinengewehr. (2)Englische und belgische Verwundete verlassen die Laufgräben vor Antwerpen. Vorn ein Engländer, der durch eine Granate schwer am Kopf verwundet ist. (411) [Abb.]: Eine von den Engländern auf ihrer Flucht verlassene Artilleriestellung vor Antwerpen. (412) [Abb.]: Wegnahme englischer Geschütze vor Antwerpen. ([413]) [Abb.]: Vom Einzug der deutschen Truppen in Antwerpen. Im Hintergrund die berühmte Kathedrale, auf deren höchster Kreuzblume ein wagemutiger Krieger eine grosse deutsche Flagge hisste. (414) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (414) Die Gefechte bei Curtigny und Lihons. (414) [Abb.]: Vom Einzug der deutschen Truppen in Antwerpen. Im Hintergrund das Mansee de S.een. (415) Überfall eines sächsischen Liebesgabentransports. (416) Englische Artillerie vor Antwerpen. (416) [Proclamation]: (416) [Abb.]: Überfall eines sächsischen Liebesgabentransports. ([417]) [Abb.]: Serbische Gefangene. (418) Feldzeugmeister Potiorek und der Feldzug gegen Serbien. (418) [ 2 Abb.]: (1)Feldzeugmeister Oskar Potiorek, der siegreiche Oberbefehlshaber der österreichisch=ungarischen Balkanarmee. (2)Truppenlager in Serbien. (419) Der Maasübergang der 26. Infanteriedivision. (419) [Abb.]: Wegeskizze zum Maasübergang der 26. Infanteriedivision. (420) [Abb.]: Der Maasübergang der 26. Infanteriedivision. ([421]) Eine Eilbotenfahrt in der Nähe von Przemysl. (422) [Abb.]: Zurückkehrende Bewohner von Antwerpen zeigen den deutschen Wachtposten ihre Pässe vor. (422) Die Granate, das Schrapnell und ihre Zünder. (423) [3 Abb]: (1)Landleute bringen von der Militärbehörde verlangtes Getreide, das von dieser sofort bei Übernahme bezahlt wird. (2)Unsere Feldgrauen bei einer russischen Teeverkäuferin. (3)Zwei Landsturmleute beim Obstkaufen. (423) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutscher Landsturmmann auf Wachtposten in Winterausrüstung. Zum Schutz gegen die Kälte sind die Posten mit Schafpelzen und Ohrenschützern versehen. (2)Verkleinerte Wiedergabe einer von Generalfeldmarschall v. Hindenburg eigenhändig geschriebenen Feldpostkarte an die Verwundeten in der Prof. Riedingerschen Privatklinik in Würzburg. (424) [Abb.]: Beschiessung Belgrads durch österreichisch=ungarische Monitore. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Heft 22 (Heft 22) ([425]) [Abb.]: Fort Boussois bei Maubeuge. ([425]) [Abb.]: Österreichisch=ungarische Sappeure beim Festungsbau. (426) [Abb.]: Bau einer Seilhängebrücke zum Überqueren von Schluchten im Gebirge durch Pioniere der österreichisch=ungarischen Armee. (427) [Abb.]: Kavallerieschlacht bei Kolo am 6. November 1914. ([428 - 429]) [Abb.]: Übersetzen deutscher Truppen über die Schelde. Die Schiffe im Flusse waren zuvor durch Eisenbrücken verbunden, um den Belgiern und Engländern zur Flucht zu dienen. (430) [Abb.]: Die deutschen Truppen auf dem Wege von Antwerpen nach Gent und Ostende. Der Übergang über die schmale Brücke in Vilvorde dauerte siebeneinhalb Stunden. (431) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die berüchtigte Ernagora zwischen Virpazar und Antivari. (2)Die montenegrinische Grenzfeste Virpazar am Scutarisee. ([432]) [Abb.]: Wegnahme des montenegrinischen "Langen Tom" bei Bileca. (433) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Festung Belgrad. (2)Mühlenwache in Masny-St.Pierre (Nordfrankreich)- (434) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (435) Beschiessunglund Erstürmung Belgrads. (435) [Abb.]: Ein deutsches Motorboot mit Maschinengewehr auf einer Patrouillenfahrt. (435) Das Treffen bei Kolo. (436) [Abb.]: General v. Rennenkampf. (436) [Abb.]: Der Sturm auf Chevillecourt am 20. September 1914. ([437]) General v. Rennenkampf. (438) Von den tapferen Schwaben. (438) Die von Schneckenbusch. (439) [Abb.]: Das erste Kriegerdenkmal 1914 auf dem Dünkelsberg bei Saarburg. Zur Erinnerung an die im Kriege gegen Frankreich bisher gefallenen Kameraden errichtet vom Landsturm=Infanteriebataillon Neustadt a. d. H. (439) Die "technischen Truppen" Österreich=Ungarns. (440) Französische Fliegerpfeile. (440) Saphis auf Feldwache. (440) [Abb.]: Algerische Spahis und Chasseurs d`Afrique im Oberelsass auf Feldwache im Morgengrauen. ([441]) Die Eroberung des "Langen Tom". (442) 2 [Abb.]: (1)Deutscher Mars=Doppeldecker (auch im englischen Heere vertreten). (2)Deutscher L.=V.=G.=Renn=Eindecker mit deutschem Gnomemotor. Vertritt den Typ der schnellen französischen Eindecker. (442) Die Flugzeuge der kriegführenden Staaten. (443) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutscher Albatros=Militär=Doppeldecker mit Mercedesmotor. (2)Deutscher Jeannin=Eindecker 1914. (Verbesserte Taube.) (443) [2 Abb.]: (1)Fliegerleutnant Caspar und der Beobachtungsoffizier Oberleutnant Roos werden bei ihrer Rückkehr vom ersten Flug nach England von der Mannschaft ihrer Fliegerabteilung begrüsst. (2)Stahlpfeile aus einem französischen Flugzeug. (444) [Abb.]: Erstürmung von Valjevo durch die Österreichisch=ungarischen Balkanstreitkräfte. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Heft 23 (Heft 23) ([445]) [Abb.]: Auf Vorposten im Schnee in Westflandern. ([445]) [Abb.]: Vom Kriegschauplatz in Westflandern: Der Schauplatz der erbitterten Kämpfe um Vecelaere. (446) [Abb.]: Das Rathaus in Ypern. Infolge der Überschwemmung der Küstengebiete um Nieuport ist Ypern zum Mittelpunkt der schweren Kämpfe in Westflandern geworden, in deren Verlauf auch das altertümliche Rathaus schwer gelitten hat. Die Stadt, einst Sitz ausgebreiteter Tuchfabrikation, zählt etwa 20 000 Einwohner und liegt an der kanalisierten Yperlée. Sie war schon in früheren Jahrhunderten, während der Kriege mit Frankreich und Spanien, der Schauplatz häufiger Belagerungen und Beschiessungen. (447) [Abb.]: Sturmangriff des achten preussischen Jägerbataillons auf englische Schutzgräben am 30. Oktober 1914 bei Zandvoorde in der Schlacht bei Ypern. ([448 - 449]) [Abb.]: Aus den Kämpfen am Yserkanal: Mit Stroh ausgelegte deutsche Stellung bei Nieuport, hinter aufgeworfener Erddeckung. (450) [3 Abb.]: (1)Unterkunfsthütte einer Schweizer Grenzwacht. (2)Signalposten auf einem Berggipfel an der Schweizer Grenze. (3)Schweizer Grenzposten. (451) [Abb.]: Drahtverhau auf dem östlichen Kriegschauplatz zur Verhinderung des feindlichen Vorgehens. (452) [Abb.]: Verteidigungstellung bei Tapiau. ([453]) [Abb.]: Der erste Brief nach Hause aus Lodz. (454) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (454) Feldpostbrief aus der Schlacht bei Lodz. (454) Die Erstürmung von Valjevo. (455) [Abb.]: In den Kämpfen um Lodz gefangene Russen, darunter auch Leibkosaken des Zaren (an ihren hohen Mützen kenntlich). (455) [Abb.]: Die Beschiessung von Zeebrügge durch deutsche Kriegschiffe am 23. November 1914. (456 - 457) Der Sturm auf Zandvoorde. (456 - 457) Das Bombardement von Zeebrügge. (456 - 457) Die Schweizer an der Grenze. (458) [Abb.]: Deutsche Kavallerie reitet über eine Brücke des Kais in Ostende. (458) [Abb.}: Eine Abteilung des deutschen Seebataillons in den Dünen von Ostende. Oben ein Telephonist in Tätigkeit. ([459]) Der Tag von Vailly. (460) Der polnische Winter. (460) [Abb.]: Der Sturm auf Vailly. ([461]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Mühseliger Transport eines österreichisch=ungarischen Munitionswagens auf grundlosen Wegen. (2)Inneres eines verlassenen serbischen befestigten Lagers nördlich von Glusci. (3)Infanterielager österreichisch=ungarischer Truppen an der russischen Grenze. (462 - 463) Die Verteidigung der Deimestellung bei Tapiau. (462 - 463) [Abb.]: Auszug von Kriegsfreiwilligen aus Berlin am 30. November 1914. (464) [Gedicht]: Wir Mütter. (464) [Abb.]: Die Einnahme von Lodz am 6. Dezember 1914. (464) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. (Heft 24) ([465]) [Abb.]: Vertreibung der Russen aus den Karpathenpässen. ([465]) [Abb.]: Österreichisch=ungarische Feldbahn mit deutscher Begleitmannschaft in Russisch=Polen. (466) [3 Abb.]: (1)General vom Mackensen. (2)General Ludendorff. (3)General v. Morgen. (467) [2 Abb.]: (1)Besetzung der kleinen französischen Ortschaft Cunel vor Verdun durch deutsche Truppen. (2)Das von den Deutschen besetzte Epinonville im Departement Meuse wurde vollständig zerstört; links die Überreste der Kirche. ([468]) [Abb.]: Sprengung unterminierter französischer Schützengräben bei Chauvoncourt, einem Vorort von St.=Mihiel, auf dem jenseitigen Ufer der Maas. ([469]) [Abb.]: Beobachtungsposten der schweren Gardeartillerie mit Scherenfernrohr. Auf dem östlichen Kriegschauplatz. (470) [Abb.]: Soldaten mahlen sich ihr Mehl zum Brotbacken selbst. (471) [2 Abb.]: (1)Strasse in Lodz. (2)Gesamtansicht von Lodz. (472) [Abb.]: Typen der von unseren Truppen in Polen gefangenen Russen: Baschkiren, Kirgisen und Tataren. (473) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (474) Die Vertreibung der Russen aus den Karpathenpässen. (474) Die Sprengung französischer Schützengräben bei Chauvoncourt. (474) [6 Abb.]: Österreichisch=ungarische Truppen im winterlichen Karpathengelände. (1)Schutzhütten in den Karpathen. (2)Vorzügliche Deckung der Truppen in den Karpathen. Die Höhlen im Schnee sind durch Gänge miteinander verbunden. (3)Feind in Sicht. (4)Geschützstand diesseit des Pruth. Auf der anderen Seite der Hügelkette lagern Russen. (5)Notbrücke in der Bukowina. (6)Wetterfeste Pferdestände am Pruth. ([475]) [Abb.]: Die verbündeten deutschen und österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen in den Kämpfen bei Czenstochau am 25. November 1914. ([476 - 477]) Die Kämpfe bei Czenstochau. (478) [Abb.]: Nachtquartier dreier deutscher Soldaten im Hof eines russischen Bauernhauses bei Ziechanow in Russisch=Polen. (478) Die Generale v. Mackensen, Ludendorff und v. Morgen, Hindenburgs erfolgreiche Mitkämpfer in Polen. (478) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine deutsche Infanteriekolonne marschiert bei bitterer Kälte gegen Ziechanow nördlich von Warschau. (2)Proviantausgabe an deutsche Truppen in der Gegend von Ziechanow. (479) [Abb.]: Unsere Artillerie in Charpentry bei Varennes. (480) Artilleriepatrouille. (480) [Abb.]: Vorgeschobener Artillerieposten. ([481]) Schützengräben. (482) [3 Abb.]: (1)Entwicklung der Schützengräben. Fig. 1. Liegender und stehender Schütze. Fig. 2. knieender und stehender Schütze. Fig. 3. Stehender Schütze mit Umgang. (2)Entwicklung der Schützengräben.Fig. 4. Der deutsche einfache und der Schützengraben mit Umgang. Fig. 5. Schützengraben mit Eindeckung. (3)Entwicklung der Schützengräben.Fig. 6, In einem Strassengraben hergestellter Schützengraben bei Dirmuiden. (482) Die Schlacht um Lodz. (483) [Abb.]: Deutscher Schützengraben auf dem östlichen Kriegschauplatz. (483) [2 Abb.]: (1)Als Schmuckgegenstände gefasste Geschossteile. Nach Entwürfen von Otto Zahn in Pforzheim. (2)Ein deutscher Soldat teilt seine Suppe mit hungrigen belgischen Kindern. (484) Kriegsgedenkschmuck. (484) [Abb.]: Ein nächtlicher Angriff auf die englischen Stellungen an der Yser. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Heft 25 (Heft 25) ([485]) [Abb.]: Deutsche und österreichisch=ungarische Truppen in treuer Waffenbrüderschaft auf dem Marsch in Russisch=Polen. ([485]) [2 Abb.]:(1) Panorama von Daressalam. (2)Ansicht von Lome: Blick über die Stadt. (487) [3 Abb.]: (1)Eine Kompanie der Schutztruppe von Deutsch=Ostafrika in Daressalam. (2)Schutztruppenkommando Soppo. (3)Viktoria mit grossem und kleinem Kamerunberg. (488 - 489) [2 Abb.]: Patrouille im Überschwemmungsgebiet am Yserkanal. (2)Der westflandrische Ort Ramscapelle in dem Überschwemmungsgebiet am Yserkanal bei Nieuport. (490) [Abb.]: Strasse in der von den Engländern, Belgiern und Franzosen mit äusserster Hartnäckigkeit verteidigten Satdt Nieuport. (491) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (492) Marschtage. (492) [Abb.]: Wegeskizze zum Artikel: Marschtage. (492) [Abb.]: Rast des Infanterieregiments Kaiser Friedrich Nr. 125 vor St. Juvin. ([493]) [Abb.]: Karte der Dardanellenfestungen. (494) Aus den Kämpfen an der Yser. (495) [2 Abb.]: (1) Die wichtigsten Kriegsverdienstorden Deutschlands und Österreich=Ungarn. I. 1. Der Orden Pour le Mérite. 2. Das Eiserne Kreuz. 3. Der bayrische Militär=Max=Josephs=Orden. 4. Der sächsische Militär=St.=Heinrichs=Orden. 5. Der württembergische Militär=Verdienstorden. 6. Der badische Militär=Karl=Friedrichs=Orden. 7. Der hessische Philippsorden. 8. Der Maria=Theresia=Orden (Österreich=Ungarn). (2)Die wichtigsten Kriegsverdienstorden Deutschlands und Österreich=Ungarns. II. 9 u. 9a. Das Mecklenburg=Schwerinsche Militärverdienstkreuz. 10. Das Verdienstkreuz für Frauen und Jungfrauen (Preussen). 11. Der bayrische Militärverdienstorden. 12. Die österreichisch=ungarische Tapferkeitsmedaille. 13. Das preussische Militärehrenzeichen. (495) Die Dardanellenfestungen. (495) [Abb.]: Gefangennahme des Gouverneurs von Warschau, Baron v. Korff, durch Metzer Dragoner in der Nähe von Kutno. ([496 - 497]) Die Gefangennahme des Gouverneurs von Warschau. (498) [Abb.]: 15=cm=Gechütz beim Abfeuern. (498) Artilleriewirkung. (498) [Abb.]: Das Artilleriefeuer. 1. Wirkung des Schrapnells mit Streuungskegel. 2. "Rafale=Feuer" - der Feuerüberfall, den die französische Feldartillerie gegen Infanterieangriffe anwendet. 3. Haubitzfeuer aus verdeckter Stellung sowie unwirksames Flachbahnfeuer. 4. Wirkung einer Granate gegen lebende Ziele hinter Deckungen. 5. Wirkung einer Granate mit Aufschlagzünder gegen Panzertürme im Bogenschuss des Steilfeuergeschützes sowie im Flachbahnschluss, der ohne Wirkung bleibt. - Die Artillerie verwendet nach der verschiedenen Art und Lage der Ziele verschiedene Geschütze und Geschosse. Lebende, sich bewegende und ungedeckte Ziele werden mit Flachbahngeschützen, den F e l d k a n o n e n (Abb. 1 und 2). Ziele hinter oder unter feldmässigen Deckungen (Abb. 3 und 4), die nur von oben zu treffen sind, werden durch Steilfeuergeschütze mit mässigem Bogenschuss, die leichten H a u b i t z e n , bekämpft; gegen sehr widerstandsfähige wagerechte Deckungen, z. b. Panzertürme (Abb. 5), wird aus Steilfeuergeschützen mit stark gekrümmter Flugbahn, den s c h w e r e n H a u b i t z e n und M ö r s e rn, gefeuert. Die Steilfeuergeschütze schiessen meist aus verdeckter Stellung. Als Geschoss kommt gegen alle lebenden, nicht dicht hinter Deckungen oder unter Eindeckungen befindlichen Ziele (Schützenlinien, Kolonnen) das S c h r a p n e l l zur Anwendung, das zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt vor oder über dem Ziel platzt und durch seine Füllkugeln und Sprengteile, die sich in einem Streuungskegel in der Flugbahnrichtung ausbreiten, auf das Ziel wirkt (Abb. 1 und 2). Gegen lebende Ziele hinter Deckungen oder unter schwachen Schutzwehren wird die G r a n a t e mit B r e n n z ü n d e r benutzt, deren zahlreiche Sprengstücke nach dem Platzen nach allen Seiten mit verheerender Wirkung fortgeschleudert werden. Zum Zerstören widerstandsfähiger Ziele werden die G r a n a t e n mitA u f s c h l a g z ü n d e r im Bogenschuss der Steilfeuergeschütze verwendet (Abb. 4 und 5), die weniger durch ihr Gewicht und ihre Geschwindigkeit als durch die Kraft ihrer Sprengladung wirken. ([499]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der österreichisch=ungarische Thronfolger Karl Franz Joseph (X) im Felde. (2)Deutsche und österreichisch=ungarische Generalstbsoffiziere im Hauptquartier. (500) Aus dem österreichisch=ungarischen Hauptquartier. (501) [Abb.]: Der österreichisch=ungarische Kriegsminister, Exzellenz Krobatin (X), im Hauptquartier. (501) Englisch=indischer Truppentransport verlässt den Hafen von Port Said. (501) Deutsche und österreichisch=ungarische Kriegsorden. (502 - 502) [Abb.]: Englisch=indischer Truppentransport verlässt, von zwei französischen Linienschiffen der Charlemagneklasse begleitet, nachdem er Kohlen gefasst hat, den Hafen von Port Said. (502 - 502) [Abb.]: Eisbrecher auf der Angerapp bei Mühle Kisselen. Im Hintergrund eine von den Russen erbaute Notbrücke. (504) [Einband]: ( - ) [Einband]: ( - )

Funding Information: This work was conducted in part using the resources of the Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. KS, BL, CH were supported by the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01EB017230, and T32EB001628, and in part by ViSE/VICTR VR3029 and the National Center for Research Resources, Grant UL1 RR024975-01. This work was also possible thanks to the support of the Institutional Research Chair in NeuroInformatics of Université de Sherbrooke, NSERC and Compute Canada (MD, FR). MP received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754462. The Wisconsin group acknowledges the support from a core grant to the Waisman Center from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (IDDRC U54 HD090256). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, NIH NIBIB 1R01EB029272-01, and a Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. LF acknowledges the support of the Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2025. SW is supported by a Medical Research Council PhD Studentship UK [MR/N013913/1]. The Nottingham group's processing was performed using the University of Nottingham's Augusta HPC service and the Precision Imaging Beacon Cluster. JPA, MA and SMS acknowledges the support of FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia within CINTESIS, R&D Unit (reference UID/IC/4255/2013). MM was funded by the Wellcome Trust through a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship [213722/Z/18/Z]. EJC-R is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, Ambizione grant PZ00P2 185814/1). CMWT is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship (215944/Z/19/Z) and a Veni grant from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) (17331). FC acknowledges the support of the National Health and Medical Research Council ofAustralia (APP1091593 and APP1117724) and the Australian Research Council (DP170101815). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. D.B. was partially supported by NIH NIMH T32-MH103213 to William Hetrick (Indiana University). CL is partly supported by NIH grants P41 EB027061 and P30 NS076408 "Institutional Center Cores for Advanced Neuroimaging. JYMY received positional funding from the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation (RCH 1000). JYMY, JC, and CEK acknowledge the support of the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, and the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program. C-HY is grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 109-2222-E-182-001-MY3) for the support. LC acknowledges support from CONACYT and UNAM. ARM acknowledges support from CONACYT. LJO, YR, and FZ were supported by NIH P41EB015902 and R01MH119222. AJG was supported by P41EB015898. NM was supported by R01MH119222, K24MH116366, and R01MH111917. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 785907 & 945539 (HBP SGA2 & SGA3), and from the ANR IFOPASUBA- 19-CE45-0022-01. PG, CR, NL and AV were partially supported by ANID-Basal FB0008 and ANID-FONDECYT 1190701 grants. We would like to acknowledge John C Gore, Hiromasa Takemura, Anastasia Yendiki, and Riccardo Galbusera for their helplful suggestions regarding the analysis, figures, and discussions. Funding Information: This work was conducted in part using the resources of the Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. KS, BL, CH were supported by the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01EB017230, and T32EB001628, and in part by ViSE/VICTR VR3029 and the National Center for Research Resources, Grant UL1 RR024975-01. This work was also possible thanks to the support of the Institutional Research Chair in NeuroInformatics of Universit? de Sherbrooke, NSERC and Compute Canada (MD, FR). MP received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk?odowska-Curie grant agreement No 754462. The Wisconsin group acknowledges the support from a core grant to the Waisman Center from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (IDDRC U54 HD090256). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, NIH NIBIB 1R01EB029272-01, and a Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. LF acknowledges the support of the Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany?s Excellence Strategy ? EXC 2025. SW is supported by a Medical Research Council PhD Studentship UK [MR/N013913/1]. The Nottingham group's processing was performed using the University of Nottingham's Augusta HPC service and the Precision Imaging Beacon Cluster. JPA, MA and SMS acknowledges the support of FCT - Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia within CINTESIS, R&D Unit (reference UID/IC/4255/2013). MM was funded by the Wellcome Trust through a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship [213722/Z/18/Z]. EJC-R is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, Ambizione grant PZ00P2 185814/1). CMWT is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship (215944/Z/19/Z) and a Veni grant from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) (17331). FC acknowledges the support of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP1091593 and APP1117724) and the Australian Research Council (DP170101815). NSF OAC-1916518, NSF IIS-1912270, NSF IIS-1636893, NSF BCS-1734853, Microsoft Faculty Fellowship to F.P. D.B. was partially supported by NIH NIMH T32-MH103213 to William Hetrick (Indiana University). CL is partly supported by NIH grants P41 EB027061 and P30 NS076408 ?Institutional Center Cores for Advanced Neuroimaging. JYMY received positional funding from the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation (RCH 1000). JYMY, JC, and CEK acknowledge the support of the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, and the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program. C-HY is grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 109-2222-E-182-001-MY3) for the support. LC acknowledges support from CONACYT and UNAM. ARM acknowledges support from CONACYT. LJO, YR, and FZ were supported by NIH P41EB015902 and R01MH119222. AJG was supported by P41EB015898. NM was supported by R01MH119222, K24MH116366, and R01MH111917. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 785907 & 945539 (HBP SGA2 & SGA3), and from the ANR IFOPASUBA- 19-CE45-0022-01. PG, CR, NL and AV were partially supported by ANID-Basal FB0008 and ANID-FONDECYT 1190701 grants. We would like to acknowledge John C Gore, Hiromasa Takemura, Anastasia Yendiki, and Riccardo Galbusera for their helplful suggestions regarding the analysis, figures, and discussions. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 ; White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same intended white matter pathways, which directly affects tractography results, quantification, and interpretation. In this study, we aim to evaluate and quantify the variability that arises from different protocols for bundle segmentation. Through an open call to users of fiber tractography, including anatomists, clinicians, and algorithm developers, 42 independent teams were given processed sets of human whole-brain streamlines and asked to segment 14 white matter fascicles on six subjects. In total, we received 57 different bundle segmentation protocols, which enabled detailed volume-based and streamline-based analyses of agreement and disagreement among protocols foreach fiber pathway. Results show that even when given the exact same sets of underlying streamlines, the variability across protocols for bundle segmentation is greater than all other sources of variability in the virtual dissection process, including variability within protocols and variability across subjects. In order to foster the use of tractography bundle dissection in routine clinical settings, and as a fundamental analytical tool, future endeavors must aim to resolve and reduce this heterogeneity. Although external validation is needed to verify the anatomical accuracy of bundle dissections, reducing heterogeneity is a step towards reproducible research and may be achieved through the use of standard nomenclature and definitions of white matter bundles and well-chosen constraints and decisions in the dissection process. ; Peer reviewed