Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. The problem of legal education and formation of the appropriate level of legal awareness in modern Ukraine becomes significantly relevant, urgent, thus requires drastic measures, the successful implementation of which largely influences the progress of public administration in the country. The purpose of legal and educational process is the formation of legal knowledge, ideas, beliefs in the necessity, correctness, fairness of legal regulations not only at the level of legal awareness, but at the behavioural level as well. We consider an increase in the level of legal and ethical culture of civil servants as one of the priorities in legal education in the current conditions. Recent research and publications analysis. The latest research on legal education issues carried out by legal scholars was analysed, as well as the works of A. Hetman, Î. Danylian, V. Tatsii, who consider politological, political science, philosophy, law and sociology aspects of legal education. The doctoral thesis research of O. Poliakova "Theoretical and Methodological Principles of Formation and Development of Legal Education in Ukraine: Public Administration Aspect" (2018) was analysed as related to the field of public administration.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. To determine the purpose, tasks and content of legal education, to substantiate new approaches to the organization of legal education in the field of public administration, to find out the main tasks and optimization directions of legal education in current conditions.Paper main body. Legal education may be defined as purposeful activities of the state, public organizations, individuals to share legal experience, systematic influence on human consciousness and behaviour in order to form the respective positive ideas, views, values, guidelines to ensure compliance, implementation and use of legal norms. It is established that in modern Ukraine legal knowledge is available to the population in all educational, scientific and cultural institutions, as well as in libraries. Public authorities and local self-government bodies, state and non-state institutions, establishments are involved in legal education and legal education activities. However, human rights were massively violated by the state authorities during the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine in 2014, so now we may say that common perception does not define law as the basic social and cultural value.In the formation of the rule of law and civil society the level of legal education is especially important for civil servants, the motivation of their legal behavior, because it is they who accept such decisions that determine the future of Ukraine and the fate of its citizens. Following the adoption of new legislation in the field of civil service regulation, an appropriate number of competent officials capable of performing managerial tasks and functions should be formed, while respecting human rights and the possibility of their implementation. Thus, this is evident that educational activities perform the leading role in this process. Responsibility for the actions, ability to reconcile the interests of different subjects and to resolve conflict situations, effectively protect the rights and freedoms of citizens and create opportunities for their implementation are the measure of legal education level of the state power bodies. That is why, the speciality of the legal education of civil servants is its closer combination with moral and ethical education. The system of legal education cannot be imposed artificially, without taking into consideration mental, social and economic, spiritual factors of Ukrainian society. In a democratic society, the application of certain mechanisms of legal education involves conduction of expert evaluations and public discussions. To provide legal education in modern Ukraine at the state level work must be carried out in the following areas of building a highly culturedenvironment: the argument of the state legal policy and development of the general concept of legal education of citizens; ensuring the atmosphere of respect to the legislation of Ukraine and counteraction to the corruption; improvingthe general level of morality of the population; the development of the Ukrainian legal science and increasing the importance and place of legal education in the country; formation of a multi-level system of legal education and training; the popularization of legal knowledge and skills, awakening interest in people of our state to legal knowledge and opportunitiesobtaining it; the application ofadvertising methods; the training of relevant professionals, experts in the fieldof legal education.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Legal education work should be aimed at fostering respect for the honor and dignity of man and citizen as the task of any right, and above all the right and opportunity to express their own point of view and the right to be heard as an equal participant in public relations. Legal education shall cover all segments of the population, especially civil servants at all levels, who exercise state power in the country and are obliged to provide an appropriate model of a quality level of legal culture for ordinary citizens. ; Розглянуто поняття, зміст, суб'єкти та об'єкт правового виховання. Охарактеризовано його мету та забезпечення правовиховного впливу в управлінській діяльності державних службовців. Визначено кризові умови, які безпосередньо впливають на процес правового виховання та розглянуто завдання і напрями оптимізації правового виховання в сучасних умовах.

Problem setting. The development of the Ukrainian state is stipulated by the interaction of various external and internal factors that affect the socio-economic development of the country. These and other influences act from the outside, and objectively influence social processes in Ukraine. Because of this, the problem of the efficiency of public financial management comes to the fore, which in the new economic environment becomes of particular importance. The effectiveness of managerial actions, in this case, should be aimed at the effective use of public funds following their rational allocation, thus determining the main vectors of further development of the Ukrainian state. Recent research and publications analysis. Public finance management is the subject of research of many domestic and foreign scholars. In particular, there are interesting the works of such researchers as O. Dluhopolskyi, T. Yefymenko, O. Kyrylenko, S. Klimova, G. Kotina, I. Malyi, R. Allen, W. Crandall, V. Fritz, D. Kaufmann, A. Kraay, M. Mastruzzi, Minh Le T. and others. In their works, scholars study the main theoretical and practical aspects of public finance management, the features of their rational redistribution because of democratic processes and decentralization transformations in a given state. However, the rapid development of the world community and the changes that are taking place in Ukraine as a result of these transformations stipulate the necessity of deep and thorough research taking into consideration the economic conditions that are formed under the influence of global disturbances.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The article aims at substantiating the areas of improving the efficiency of public finance management in the new economic environment, basing on a study of the category of efficiency in public finance management, analysis of problems related to the distribution and redistribution of public funds in Ukraine.Paper main body. The effectiveness of public financial management should be seen as the ability of the government system to act in such a way as best to meet the requirements and challenges of the external environment, ensuring sufficient, rational and economically sound use of financial resources for the internal environment. Today, it is doubtful to say that public financial management in Ukraine is quite adequate, as there are too many problems in this area that need attention and immediate solution by public authorities: budget programs in modern realities provide for the financing of public institutions instead of financing services, which are provided by these institutions; ineffective system of control, monitoring and audit of the use of state funds, in particular, by the public in the absence of unique indicators for assessing the goals set in the process of using funds; high level of corruption of state authorities, which directly affects the procedures for distribution and use of state funds; high rates of public debt and budget deficit are evidences of a significant imbalance in the public finance system; macroeconomic and budgetary planning and forecasting often deal with political bias and biased data, poor forecast execution, and weak information and software; insufficient legal, institutional and methodological support of the public finance management process.These and other problems in the field of public finance management directly affect the socio-economic development of the Ukrainian state and its positioning on the world stage. In particular, this is evidenced by such an indicator as the Index of Economic Freedom, as well as the negative dynamics of the budget deficit in Ukraine in recent years.To this end, reform measures should be introduced in the field of public administration, which can be grouped into such areas as legal, institutional, organizational and technological. Regulatory and legal support of public finance management needs particular attention, as the measures presented in the Public Financial Management System Reform Strategy for 2017 – 2020 need a logical continuation in the new strategy. Accordingly, methodological support should be improved through the use of the latest methods and systems for assessing the effectiveness of public finances. The organizational direction should increase the transparency of the management system by improving the work of specialized analytical modules and information systems. The technological direction is based on the digitalization of public services, which is gaining more and more positions in the field of public administration.These areas are interrelated and designed to address the main tasks of improving public finance management, efficient use of financial resources of the state, reducing the budget deficit and further effective budgetary, tax and administrative reforms in the state.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In current conditions, there are many unresolved problems in the state, which are related to the inefficient use of state funds and, on this basis, in the decline of public confidence in the authorities. Suggested directions of improving the efficiency of public financial management in the new economic environment reflect the necessity to change the legal, institutional, technological and organizational environment in Ukraine in the process of public financial management, due to the real need to take into account environmental changes and respond flexibly to challenges, which again and again arise in new conditions of the national and world economy functioning. ; Розглянуто особливості управління публічними фінансами в нових економічних умовах. Проаналізовано категорію ефективності у сфері управління публічними фінансами. Розглянуто проблеми, які пов'язані із ефективним розподілом та перерозподілом державних коштів в Україні. Обґрунтовано напрями підвищення ефективності управління публічними фінансами в нових економічних умовах.

Problem setting. The development of the Ukrainian state is stipulated by the interaction of various external and internal factors that affect the socio-economic development of the country. These and other influences act from the outside, and objectively influence social processes in Ukraine. Because of this, the problem of the efficiency of public financial management comes to the fore, which in the new economic environment becomes of particular importance. The effectiveness of managerial actions, in this case, should be aimed at the effective use of public funds following their rational allocation, thus determining the main vectors of further development of the Ukrainian state. Recent research and publications analysis. Public finance management is the subject of research of many domestic and foreign scholars. In particular, there are interesting the works of such researchers as O. Dluhopolskyi, T. Yefymenko, O. Kyrylenko, S. Klimova, G. Kotina, I. Malyi, R. Allen, W. Crandall, V. Fritz, D. Kaufmann, A. Kraay, M. Mastruzzi, Minh Le T. and others. In their works, scholars study the main theoretical and practical aspects of public finance management, the features of their rational redistribution because of democratic processes and decentralization transformations in a given state. However, the rapid development of the world community and the changes that are taking place in Ukraine as a result of these transformations stipulate the necessity of deep and thorough research taking into consideration the economic conditions that are formed under the influence of global disturbances.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The article aims at substantiating the areas of improving the efficiency of public finance management in the new economic environment, basing on a study of the category of efficiency in public finance management, analysis of problems related to the distribution and redistribution of public funds in Ukraine.Paper main body. The effectiveness of public financial management should be seen as the ability of the government system to act in such a way as best to meet the requirements and challenges of the external environment, ensuring sufficient, rational and economically sound use of financial resources for the internal environment. Today, it is doubtful to say that public financial management in Ukraine is quite adequate, as there are too many problems in this area that need attention and immediate solution by public authorities: budget programs in modern realities provide for the financing of public institutions instead of financing services, which are provided by these institutions; ineffective system of control, monitoring and audit of the use of state funds, in particular, by the public in the absence of unique indicators for assessing the goals set in the process of using funds; high level of corruption of state authorities, which directly affects the procedures for distribution and use of state funds; high rates of public debt and budget deficit are evidences of a significant imbalance in the public finance system; macroeconomic and budgetary planning and forecasting often deal with political bias and biased data, poor forecast execution, and weak information and software; insufficient legal, institutional and methodological support of the public finance management process.These and other problems in the field of public finance management directly affect the socio-economic development of the Ukrainian state and its positioning on the world stage. In particular, this is evidenced by such an indicator as the Index of Economic Freedom, as well as the negative dynamics of the budget deficit in Ukraine in recent years.To this end, reform measures should be introduced in the field of public administration, which can be grouped into such areas as legal, institutional, organizational and technological. Regulatory and legal support of public finance management needs particular attention, as the measures presented in the Public Financial Management System Reform Strategy for 2017 – 2020 need a logical continuation in the new strategy. Accordingly, methodological support should be improved through the use of the latest methods and systems for assessing the effectiveness of public finances. The organizational direction should increase the transparency of the management system by improving the work of specialized analytical modules and information systems. The technological direction is based on the digitalization of public services, which is gaining more and more positions in the field of public administration.These areas are interrelated and designed to address the main tasks of improving public finance management, efficient use of financial resources of the state, reducing the budget deficit and further effective budgetary, tax and administrative reforms in the state.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In current conditions, there are many unresolved problems in the state, which are related to the inefficient use of state funds and, on this basis, in the decline of public confidence in the authorities. Suggested directions of improving the efficiency of public financial management in the new economic environment reflect the necessity to change the legal, institutional, technological and organizational environment in Ukraine in the process of public financial management, due to the real need to take into account environmental changes and respond flexibly to challenges, which again and again arise in new conditions of the national and world economy functioning. ; Розглянуто особливості управління публічними фінансами в нових економічних умовах. Проаналізовано категорію ефективності у сфері управління публічними фінансами. Розглянуто проблеми, які пов'язані із ефективним розподілом та перерозподілом державних коштів в Україні. Обґрунтовано напрями підвищення ефективності управління публічними фінансами в нових економічних умовах.

Доведено важливість забезпечення економічної безпеки держави та протидії негативному впливу загроз, що їй можуть зашкодити. Охарактеризовано сутність економічної безпеки держави і її важливість для національної безпеки в цілому. Визначено основні суб'єкти і об'єкти економічної безпеки держави. Доведено важливість виокремлення ключових загроз в розрізі основних складових економічної безпеки держави. Сформовано основні наукові погляди на складові економічної безпеки держави. В результаті проведеного дослідження, виділено основні складові економічної безпеки держави: зовнішньоекономічна, фінансова, екологічна, інвестиційно-інноваційна та соціально-демографічна. Розподілено вплив ключових загроз на економічну безпеку України через її основні складові. Запропоновано основні заходи щодо протидії негативному впливу загроз економічній безпеці України, серед яких: тісна співпраця з міжнародними організаціями, подолання корупції, покращення добробуту населення та відновлення інвестиційної привабливості в регіонах країни. ; The state of national security of Ukraine means the protection of the vital interests of a person and citizen, society and the state, which ensures sustainable development of the society, timely identification, prevention and neutralization of real and potential threats to national interests. An integral component of national security is the economic security of the state. The economy of Ukraine has gone through a thorny path, which included significant obstacles to achieving stability and balance. Recent events in the country have created new factors, a negative impact that helps to reduce economic security as a single socio-economic system, and the state as a whole. Strengthening economic security, today can be seen both at the micro and the macro level. Whether it is a single enterprise, through the formation of appropriate departments of economic security, it seeks to protect its own interests or a state that, at the macro level, takes measures to protect its national economic interests. Recent events in the country have led to an increase in the negative impact of both internal and external threats. But besides this, political and economic instability in the country led to the formation of new threats. Given the level of significance of new threats and dangers, the issue of studying the problems of identifying threats that have the greatest impact on the economic security of the state and highlighting the main measures to counteract this influence is of particular relevance. Paying tribute to the scientific achievement of leading domestic economists, it should be noted that today's changes in both the external and internal environment of the state require a new assessment and identification of the most influential threats and key countermeasures. The main goal of the study is to identify the main threats to the economic security of the state and measures to counter their influence. The importance of ensuring the economic security of the state and counteracting the negative impact of threats is proved, it can be harmed. The main subjects and objects of economic security of the state are identified. The economic security of the state is a comprehensive but at the same time large-scale system that includes a number of components, each of which has its own characteristics of the level of sensitivity to the negative impact of threats. Therefore, before highlighting the main threats to the economic security of the state, it is necessary to highlight its key components. The importance of highlighting key threats in the context of the main components of the economic security of the state is proved. The basic scientific views on the components of the economic security of the state are formed. As a result of the study, the main components of the economic security of the state are identified: foreign economic, financial, environmental, investment-innovative and socio-demographic. The influence of key threats on the economic security of Ukraine is distributed through its main components. The list of key threats to Ukraine's economic security identified by us in terms of its main components is not exhaustive and can be expanded. However, in our opinion, it is precisely the threats that were presented today that pose the greatest danger to the national economic interests of our state. Given the significant number of components of the economic security of the state, we can talk about a comprehensive danger in case of escalating the negative impact of the main threats. In Ukraine, problems can be traced for each of the components identified by us. The basic measures are proposed to counter the negative impact of threats to the economic security of Ukraine, among which are: close cooperation with international organizations, overcoming corruption, improving the welfare of the population and restoring investment attractiveness in the regions of the country. The economic security of the state includes a significant number of components that are interconnected and at the same time independent systems with their own elements. However, in parallel with this, they also suffer from the negative impact of threats and therefore, in our opinion, the definition of the main threats should be considered in the context of each component of the economic security of the state.

Effective investment activity of the business entity is a platform for the successful development of not only the micro level, but also the macro level.Management of investment activity is often determined by state, regional and sectoral development strategies.The pace of economic growth (GDP) is a key factor that affecs the decision of economic entities to invest.An analysis of the dynamics of the nominal GDP of Ukraine was made and trends in its growth were determined, GDP growth rates for the period from 2005 to 2018 were determined, the share of gross accumulation in the GDP structure was calculated. The analysis of this information allows us to conclude that nominal GDP has a tendency to increase, but the share of gross accumulation in GDP ranges from 14.1% to 28.2% over the analyzed period.This will make it possible to make a strategic decision on managing investment activities in a decentralized environment. Management of investment activity should be distinguished at macro and micro levels. We have found that the effectiveness of such kind of activity directly depends on the favorable investment climate and macroeconomic regulation, as well as the long-term and short-term periods of its implementation.Conditions of investment activity of the economic entity can be determined by using the next algorithm: assessment of the investment strategy; determination the most attractive ways of profitable capital investments for providing sustainable development of enterprises; valuation of investment resources; risk and efficiency calculation of investment projects; Identification of factors that influence the deviation of the actual results of the investment activity from the planned; assessment of the achieving the target indicators after the realization of investment projects as well as assessment of possible reserves to improve the results.One should agree that important factors of investment attractiveness in Ukraine are: low level of corruption, transparent and clearly defined legislative and regulatory frameworks and political stability.When investing, the management of each enterprise is obliged to develop the investment strategy of the enterprise, choose the forms and objects of investment, search for sources of financing, choose investors and participants of the investment process, develop, analyze and evaluate investment projects, control the results of investment activity.The main tasks of management of investment activity of an enterprise should be: maximizing the investment profit; minimizing the investment risk; finding ways to improve investment processes.Influence of the industry features of management of investment activity on the business entity are revealed.By improving information security, strategic planning, evaluation of organization, control, regular monitoring of investment projects and implementation of financial and economic calculations, it is possible to achieve high efficiency of management of the investment activity of the business entity.Having a clear organization of the process of managing the investment activity of the economic entity can be argued about the system of its effective functioning in conditions of decentralization. ; Ефективна інвестиційна діяльність господарюючого суб'єкта є платформою для успішного розвитку не лише мікрорівня, а й макрорівня.Менеджмент інвестиційної діяльності часто визначають вектори як державної так і регіональної та галузевої стратегії розвитку.Додатній темп економічного зростання ВВП є ключовим чинником, що впливає на рішення суб'єктів господарювання щодо здійснення інвестування.Проведено аналіз динаміки номінального ВВП України та визначено тенденції до його зростання, визначено темпи приросту ВВП за 2005-2018 рр., розраховано частку валового нагромадження у структурі ВВП. Аналіз цифрової інформації дозволяє нам зробити висновки, про те, що номінальний ВВП має тенденцію до зростання, проте частка валового нагромадження у ВВП коливається від 14,1 % до 28,2% протягом аналізованого періоду.Це дасть змогу прийняття стратегічне рішення щодо управління інвестиційною діяльністю в умовах децентралізації. Управління інвестиційною діяльністю варто розмежувати на макро- та мікрорівнях. Нами встановлено, що ефективність даної діяльності прямо залежить від сприятливого інвестиційного клімату та макроекономічного регулювання, а також довгострокового та короткострокового періодів її здійснення.Стан інвестиційної діяльності господарюючого суб'єкта можна визначити за допомогою алгоритму: оцінювання інвестиційної стратегії; визначення привабливих напрямків для ефективного вкладення капіталу з метою сталого розвитку підприємств, зважування вартості джерел інвестиційних ресурсів; вибір розрахунку ризику та ефективності інвестиційних проектів; оперативному виявленню чинників, які впливають на відхилення фактичних результатів інвестування від запланованих; визначення міри досягнення цільових показників після впровадження інвестиційних проектів, а також можливих резервів покращення результатів.Варто погодитись, що важливими чинниками інвестиційної привабливості в Україні є: низький рівень корупції, прозорі та чітко визначені законодавча та нормативна бази, політична стабільність.При інвестуванні керівництво кожного підприємства зобов'язане вирішувати завдання щодо розробки інвестиційної стратегії підприємства, вибирати форми та об'єкти інвестування, шукати джерела фінансування, вибирати інвесторів та учасників інвестиційного процесу, розробляти, аналізувати та оцінювати інвестиційні проекти, здійснювати контроль за результатами інвестиційної діяльності.Перспективними завданнями управління інвестиційною діяльністю підприємства повинні стати: максимізувати інвестиційний прибуток господарюючого суб'єкта; мінімізувати інвестиційний ризик суб'єкта господарювання; знайти напрями покращення інвестиційних процесів.Виявлено галузеві особливості управління інвестиційною діяльністю на господарюючого суб'єкта. За рахунок покращення інформаційної забезпеченості, стратегічного планування, оцінки організації, посилення контролю, постійного моніторингу інвестиційних проектів, здійснення фінансово-економічних розрахунків можна досягнути високої ефективності управління інвестиційною діяльністю господарюючого суб'єкта.Маючи чітку організацію процесу управління інвестиційною діяльністю господарюючого суб'єкта можна стверджувати про систему її ефективного функціонування в умовах децентралізації.

The main aim of the article is to encourage the reader to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of a public expert monopoly in conducting forensic expertise. In such article the obvious advantages of conducting forensic expertise by public expert institutions are stated in order to get scientifically substantiated and based on modern data of science and technology practice of conducting forensic expertise. The practice includes developed network of public expert institutions in the regions, a wide range of forensic expertise being conducted, research departments of state expert institutions, system of advancement of forensic experts; system of development of new and improvement of existing expert methods; informational records and collections in the DNDEKTS and NDECTS system at the head offices of the NP in the regions and in the city of Kyiv; state financing and provision of technical tools and materials with expert research etc.At the same time, the disadvantages of such a model of the organization of judicial expert justice's support are stated: the lack of competition among court experts; the abuse in the form of giving deliberately false conclusions to cover up someone's misuse or concealing crimes; the limitation of the parties of the court proceedings in the dispositive right to provide evidences at one's one discretion; the artificial limitation of possibilities to discover the circumstances of the proceedings (using of all possibilities to establish the truth in the case).It is concluded that the model of judicial expert support of legal proceedings in Ukraine, that is established by «judicial reform» (Law No. 2147-VIII in the wording that will come into force on March 18, 2018) is a milestone in its historical development, which certainly should be modified depending on its effectiveness and the demand of the society, public, professional and state institutions. So public forensic expert monopoly is not an ideal model of forensic expert support of justice because of corporate and political interests, corruption component, abuse of forensic experts etc. Therefore, it will undergo a review and transformation. ; Целью статьи является побуждение к размышлениям о преимуществах и недостатках государственной монополии на исполнение судебных экспертиз.Констатировано очевидные преимущества выполнения судебных экспертиз в системе государственных экспертных учреждений с точки зрения цели получения научно обоснованного заключения експерта, основывающегося на современных данных науки, техники, ремесла: развитая сеть государственных экспертных учреждений в регионах, широкий круг выполняемых видов судебных экспертиз; научно-исследовательские подразделения государственных экспертных учреждений; система повышения квалификации судебных экспертов; система разработки новых и усовершенствования существующих экспертных методик информационно-справочные учеты и коллекции в системе ГНИЭКЦ и НИЭКЦ при ГУ НП в областях и г. Киеве; государственное финансирование и обеспечение техническим инструментарием и расходными материалами для экспертных исследований и т. п.В то же время названы и недостатки такой модели организации судебно-экспертного обеспечения правосудия: отсутствие конкуренции между судебными экспертами; злоупотребления судебных экспертов в форме дачи заведомо ложных заключений для прикрытия чьих-то злоупотреблений или для сокрытия преступлений; ограничения сторон судебного процесса в диспозитивном праве свободного предоставления доказательств; искусственное ограничение возможностей познания обстоятельств производства (использование всех возможностей для установления истины по делу).Сделан вывод, что закрепленную «судебной реформой» (Законом № 2147-VІІІ – вступит в силу 18.03.2018 г.) модель судебно-экспертного обеспечения судопроизводства в Украине является этапом в историческом его развитии, который, естественно, должен видоизменяться в зависимости от ее эффективности и запроса общества, общественных, профессиональных и государственных институтов. По причинам корпоративных и политических интересов, коррупционной составляющей, злоупотреблений судебных экспертов и т. д. государственная судебно-экспертная монополия не является идеальной моделью судебно-экспертного обеспечения правосудия. Поэтому она будет пересматриваться и трансформироваться. ; Викладено роздуми про переваги й недоліки державної монополії на виконання судових експертиз.Констатовано очевидні переваги виконання судових експертиз у системі державних експертних установ з точки зору мети отримання науково-обґрунтованого висновку експерта, такого, що ґрунтується на сучасних даних науки, техніки, ремесла: розвинена мережа державних експертних установ у регіонах, широке коло виконуваних видів судових експертиз; науково-дослідницькі підрозділи державних експертних установ; система підвищення кваліфікації судових експертів; система розробки нових та удосконалення існуючих експертних методик; інформаційно-довідкові обліки та колекції в системі ДНДЕКЦ та НДЕКЦ при Головних управліннях НП в областях та м. Києві; державне фінансування та забезпечення технічним інструментарієм та видатковими матеріалами для експертних досліджень тощо.Водночас окреслено й недоліки такої моделі організації судово-експертного забезпечення правосуддя: відсутність конкуренції між судовими експертами; зловживання судових експертів у формі давання завідомо неправдивих висновків для прикривання чиїхось зловживань або для приховування злочинів; обмеження сторін судового процесу у диспозитивному праві вільного надання доказів; штучне обмеження можливостей пізнання обставин провадження (використання всіх можливостей для встановлення істини в справі).Зроблено висновок, що закріплена «судовою реформою» (Законом № 2147-VІІІ в редакції, що набуде чинності 18.03.2018 р.) модель судово-експертного забезпечення судочинства в Україні є етапом в історичному його розвитку, який, природно, мав би видозмінюватися залежно від її ефективності та запиту суспільства, громадських, професійних та державних інституцій. З причин корпоративних і політичних інтересів, корупційної складової, зловживань судових експертів тощо державна судово-експертна монополія не є ідеальною моделлю судово-експертного забезпечення правосуддя. Тому вона зазнаватиме перегляду та трансформації.

Викладено роздуми про переваги й недоліки державної монополії на виконання судових експертиз.Констатовано очевидні переваги виконання судових експертиз у системі державних експертних установ з точки зору мети отримання науково-обґрунтованого висновку експерта, такого, що ґрунтується на сучасних даних науки, техніки, ремесла: розвинена мережа державних експертних установ у регіонах, широке коло виконуваних видів судових експертиз; науково-дослідницькі підрозділи державних експертних установ; система підвищення кваліфікації судових експертів; система розробки нових та удосконалення існуючих експертних методик; інформаційно-довідкові обліки та колекції в системі ДНДЕКЦ та НДЕКЦ при Головних управліннях НП в областях та м. Києві; державне фінансування та забезпечення технічним інструментарієм та видатковими матеріалами для експертних досліджень тощо.Водночас окреслено й недоліки такої моделі організації судово-експертного забезпечення правосуддя: відсутність конкуренції між судовими експертами; зловживання судових експертів у формі давання завідомо неправдивих висновків для прикривання чиїхось зловживань або для приховування злочинів; обмеження сторін судового процесу у диспозитивному праві вільного надання доказів; штучне обмеження можливостей пізнання обставин провадження (використання всіх можливостей для встановлення істини в справі).Зроблено висновок, що закріплена «судовою реформою» (Законом № 2147-VІІІ в редакції, що набуде чинності 18.03.2018 р.) модель судово-експертного забезпечення судочинства в Україні є етапом в історичному його розвитку, який, природно, мав би видозмінюватися залежно від її ефективності та запиту суспільства, громадських, професійних та державних інституцій. З причин корпоративних і політичних інтересів, корупційної складової, зловживань судових експертів тощо державна судово-експертна монополія не є ідеальною моделлю судово-експертного забезпечення правосуддя. Тому вона зазнаватиме перегляду та трансформації. ; The main aim of the article is to encourage the reader to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of a public expert monopoly in conducting forensic expertise. In such article the obvious advantages of conducting forensic expertise by public expert institutions are stated in order to get scientifically substantiated and based on modern data of science and technology practice of conducting forensic expertise. The practice includes developed network of public expert institutions in the regions, a wide range of forensic expertise being conducted, research departments of state expert institutions, system of advancement of forensic experts; system of development of new and improvement of existing expert methods; informational records and collections in the DNDEKTS and NDECTS system at the head offices of the NP in the regions and in the city of Kyiv; state financing and provision of technical tools and materials with expert research etc.At the same time, the disadvantages of such a model of the organization of judicial expert justice's support are stated: the lack of competition among court experts; the abuse in the form of giving deliberately false conclusions to cover up someone's misuse or concealing crimes; the limitation of the parties of the court proceedings in the dispositive right to provide evidences at one's one discretion; the artificial limitation of possibilities to discover the circumstances of the proceedings (using of all possibilities to establish the truth in the case).It is concluded that the model of judicial expert support of legal proceedings in Ukraine, that is established by «judicial reform» (Law No. 2147-VIII in the wording that will come into force on March 18, 2018) is a milestone in its historical development, which certainly should be modified depending on its effectiveness and the demand of the society, public, professional and state institutions. So public forensic expert monopoly is not an ideal model of forensic expert support of justice because of corporate and political interests, corruption component, abuse of forensic experts etc. Therefore, it will undergo a review and transformation. ; Целью статьи является побуждение к размышлениям о преимуществах и недостатках государственной монополии на исполнение судебных экспертиз.Констатировано очевидные преимущества выполнения судебных экспертиз в системе государственных экспертных учреждений с точки зрения цели получения научно обоснованного заключения експерта, основывающегося на современных данных науки, техники, ремесла: развитая сеть государственных экспертных учреждений в регионах, широкий круг выполняемых видов судебных экспертиз; научно-исследовательские подразделения государственных экспертных учреждений; система повышения квалификации судебных экспертов; система разработки новых и усовершенствования существующих экспертных методик информационно-справочные учеты и коллекции в системе ГНИЭКЦ и НИЭКЦ при ГУ НП в областях и г. Киеве; государственное финансирование и обеспечение техническим инструментарием и расходными материалами для экспертных исследований и т. п.В то же время названы и недостатки такой модели организации судебно-экспертного обеспечения правосудия: отсутствие конкуренции между судебными экспертами; злоупотребления судебных экспертов в форме дачи заведомо ложных заключений для прикрытия чьих-то злоупотреблений или для сокрытия преступлений; ограничения сторон судебного процесса в диспозитивном праве свободного предоставления доказательств; искусственное ограничение возможностей познания обстоятельств производства (использование всех возможностей для установления истины по делу).Сделан вывод, что закрепленную «судебной реформой» (Законом № 2147-VІІІ – вступит в силу 18.03.2018 г.) модель судебно-экспертного обеспечения судопроизводства в Украине является этапом в историческом его развитии, который, естественно, должен видоизменяться в зависимости от ее эффективности и запроса общества, общественных, профессиональных и государственных институтов. По причинам корпоративных и политических интересов, коррупционной составляющей, злоупотреблений судебных экспертов и т. д. государственная судебно-экспертная монополия не является идеальной моделью судебно-экспертного обеспечения правосудия. Поэтому она будет пересматриваться и трансформироваться.

Depuis de décenies, la République démocratique du Congo (RDC), dans son processus de développement très souvent favorisait l'entreprise publique c'est-à-dire de l'Etat au détriment de l'entreprise privée. C'est seulement plus tard et cela vers la fin des années 90 du Vingtième siècle qu'au regard des contre performances enregistrées par les entreprises de l'Etat, le pouvoir public a accordé un intérêt à la promotion de l'initiative privée particulièrement des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME), en les accordant des diminutions douanières et fiscales pour leur apparition. Le développement économique des pays en voie de développement comme la République démocratique du Congo nécessite la présence de plusieurs PME et PMI à cause des avantages économiques et sociaux qu'elles présentent notamment: la création d'emplois, la réduction de la pauvreté, la mise en valeur des matières premières locales, l'assurance de l'autosuffisance alimentaire, etc. Alors depuis quelques années des nombreux pays prennent de plus en plus conscience de l'importance décisive des PME sur le développement et la diversification de la production industrielle ainsi que la réalisation des objectifs fondamentaux de développement. A l'avènement vers la fin des années quatre-vingt-dix (XXème siècle) du processus de démocratisation de la République démocratique du Congo, nous avons assisté malheureusement aux pillages qui ont causé la destruction de l'outil économique du pays, en accentuant ainsi le chômage qui était déjà à un niveau inquiétant et réduisant davantage le pouvoir d'achat de la population. Ce dernier temps, nous assistons à un phénomène nettement contradictoire qui est celui de l'apparition des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME)/ petites et moyennes industries (PMI) à travers toute l'entendue du territoire du pays et cela pourrait s'expliquer par le souci de la population qui voit s'amenuiser son pouvoir d'achat avec la disparation des emplois, de créer un moyen de substitution pour sa survie. ; For decades, the Democratic Republic of Congo in the process of developing its economy largely favored public companies at the expense of private companies. Only later, especially in the late 90s of the twentieth century, the public authorities in the promotion of private initiative, in particular small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), decided to pay part of the taxes and apply tax relief for the majority of owners of private companies. The economic development of developing countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo is dependent on the presence of SMEs due to the economic and social benefits they bring, including: creation of new jobs, poverty reduction, promotion of local raw materials, food self-sufficiency, etc. In recent years, many countries noted the growing importance and awareness, notably authorities on the impact of small and medium-sized enterprises in the development and diversification of industrial production. In the late 90s of the twentieth century. With the beginning in such a huge country's process of democratization, we have seen many destructive actions such as looting of the national wealth, which caused the destruction of the economic base of the country, thus increasing unemployment, which already at that time was as at an alarming level, as well as reducing the purchasing power of the population. In recent years, one can observe the phenomenon of the increasing poverty of society, despite the emergence of an almost throughout the country for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and increase their numbers. The reasons for this state of affairs should be sought in the growing corruption, instability of the political situation of the country, the nature of ethnic conflicts and fears of society for the reduction in purchasing power and the loss of jobs, create a replacement factor of survival. ; Od dziesięcioleci Demokratyczna Republika Konga w procesie rozwoju swojej gospodarki w przeważającym stopniu faworyzowała przedsiębiorstwa publiczne kosztem przedsiębiorstw prywatnych. Dopiero w późniejszym okresie, zwłaszcza pod koniec lat 90. XX wieku, władze publiczne w ramach promowania prywatnej inicjatywy, a w szczególności małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP), zwracały część zapłaconych podatków i stosowały ulgi podatkowe dla większości właścicieli przedsiębiorstw prywatnych. Rozwój gospodarczy krajów rozwijających się, takich jak Demokratyczna Republika Konga uzależniony jest od obecności MŚP ze względu na korzyści gospodarcze i społeczne, jakie ze sobą niosą, w tym m.in.: tworzenie nowych miejsc pracy, zmniejszenie ubóstwa, promowanie lokalnych surowców, samowystarczalności żywnościowej, itd. W ostatnich latach w wielu krajach zauważa się wzrost znaczenia i świadomości, zwłaszcza władz w zakresie wpływu małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw na rozwój i dywersyfikację produkcji przemysłowej. Pod koniec lat 90. XX w. wraz z rozpoczynającym się w tak olbrzymim kraju procesem demokratyzacji, można było zaobserwować wiele destruktywnych działań takich jak grabieże majątku narodowego, które spowodowały zniszczenie bazy ekonomicznej kraju, a tym samym zwiększenie bezrobocia, które już wówczas kształtowało się na zastraszającym poziomie, jak również zmniejszenie siły nabywczej ludności. W ostatnich latach można zaobserwować zjawisko coraz większego ubóstwa społeczeństwa, pomimo pojawienia się niemalże na terytorium całego kraju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP) i wzrostu ich liczby. Przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy należy upatrywać w rosnącej korupcji, braku stabilizacji sytuacji politycznej kraju, konfliktach natury etnicznej i obawach społeczeństwa dotyczących zmniejszenia siły nabywczej wraz z uratą pracy.

The situation of conflict of interest may appear in activity of every professional irre­spective of affiliation to public, private or nongovernmental sector. The consequences of conflict of interests is biased, subjective and nontransparent decision, improper fulfillment of prescribed duties, falling standards and decreased public trust not just in politicians or civil servants but in public institutions and government. The notion of conflict of interests varies but in this paper the following definition is used. Conflict of interest is a situation in which a person (in this paper politician or public official) has a private or other interest which is such as to influence, or appear to influence, the impartial and objective performance of his / her official duties. Research of this problem can be described as moving from legalistic towards more general understanding. The topic is interdisciplinary and can be analyzed from the political science, public administration, ethics or management perspective. Analy­ses of the practice allowed researchers to distinguish the third type of such conflict of interest – the apparent conflict-to the existing or potential conflict of interests. De­velopment of society and changed surrounding of government activity increased the potential risk areas (gift giving, hospitality, bribery, contracts, trading information, etc.) for such situation to appear. In the past few decades increasing perceptions of falling ethical standards in legislatures, executive or ordinary public officials activity (scandals, misbehavior) have led in many advanced democracies to the introduction of ethics frameworks for elected or appointed officials. In order to give priority to public interest and properly perform public duties some regulation can be applied. 1) Prohibitions on the perform­ance of certain functions, and/or the holding of certain positions or certain interests by public officials. 2) The establishment of duties of public officials to declare inter­ests they have, either generally or in specific cases. 3) Exclusion or self-exclusion of public officials from participation in decision-making processes or matters where they are subject to a conflict of interest. These regulations are generally established and implemented through three main instruments: civil service legislation, conflict of interest legislation and codes of ethics / codes of conduct. The historical development of Lithuanian society in XIX and XX century was not in favor to develop clear sense of drawing the line between public and private interest but during the interwar Lithuanian Republic period few attempts to prohibit such conflict of interest were taken. The legislation prohibited holding a few offices and to employ relatives. Some current Lithuanian legislation directly some indirectly (Public Service Act, Seimas' Statute, etc.) try to control similar situation which may turn into corrupt acti-vity or misuse of public office for private or other interests. The first special legisla­tion prohibiting conflict of interests was issued in 1997. The Law on the Compatibil­ity of Public and Private Interests in the Public Service underwent three main correc­tions. The analysis of this legislation allows concluding that the main weakness was not corrected. The usage of the term "adjust" instead of "separation" might be under­stood as a compromise instead of taking the stricter position dealing with the issue. The Law seeks "to adjust private and public interests, to ensure that priority is given to public interests, to strengthen impartiality of decisions and to prevent corruption in public service" and applies to both public servants and politicians. Meanwhile in other countries legislative has more ambitious goal to ensue public interest priority. The analyses of seventeen codes of ethics and codes of conduct existing in vari­ous Lithuanian public institutions showed that their authors paid some attention to this issue. Some codes refer to existing legislation; some describe general principles for conduct or try to explain how to behave in such uneasy situations. There are fundamental differences between elected officials and civil servants which have major implications for conflict of interest regulation first of all due to their different roles, term of service. Some Lithuanian legislation regulating conflict of interests apply to politicians and civil servants, some differ. As in other democra­cies activity of civil servants are more regulated (Public service act, law on Pub­lic administration, Ethical rules of conduct, etc.). But existing legislation does not change the situation and can not increase public trust if is not understood and properly implemented. ; Šio straipsnio tikslas yra išanalizuoti teisinį interesų konflikto re­guliavimą Lietuvoje. Trumpai pristačius interesų konflikto ir su šia etikos bei teisės problema susijusias sąvokas, išskyrus interesų konflikto formas ir rūšis, pereinama prie Lietuvos atvejo analizės. Trumpą istorinį ekskursą į tarpukario Lietuvos teisinį šios problemos reguliavimą keičia dabartinio Lietuvos Respublikos viešųjų ir privačių interesų derinimo valstybinėje tar­nyboje įstatymo analizė. Trys įstatymo redakcijos leidžia aptikti jo pokyčius ir juos vertinti platesniu mastu. Taip pat skiriama dėmesio šiai problemai ap­tarti Lietuvos viešojo sektoriaus etikos kodeksuose. Bandymai užkirsti kelią interesų konflikto situacijoms atsirasti vertinami ne tik šio, bet ir kitų teisės aktų kontekste. Analizė leidžia teigti, kad Lietuvoje, kaip ir kitose Vakarų demokratijose, valstybės tarnautojų veikla kilus interesų konfliktui yra labiau kontroliuojama nei politikų.

The programme for a revitalization of Africa through the New Partnership for Africa?s Development (NEPAD) project is determined by the need of the African continent to overcome its historic heritage and a rather unfavourable current situation, and to become part of the globalisation processes that had spread throughout the world in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. After a brief clarification of the terminology included in the very title of the above project, the author identifies and analyses the important characteristics of the current situation in the continent, which has been and still is conditioned by the marginalisation and isolation of the continent from the main streams and processes that had been expanding throughout the world over the past decades. Assessing that the underdevelopment and poverty are the essence of the problem, the subliming factor of all other negative trends and the main cause of the continent?s marginalisation in the world?s economic, political and civilizational developments, the main point of the analysis is actually focused on finding the causes of this situation. In that context, the legitimacy of colonialism, the consequences of the globalisation process in the African continent, the link between domestic and external factors in the cause-and-effect connection with the negative development of the continent are being analysed. The analysis of the important factors of the present and the future of the continent includes and identifies the historic and current advantages of the continent, which are also the realistic foundation on which the revitalization project rests on, such as natural and human resources and the richness of Africa?s culture, which has largely contributed to the diversity of the global cultures. In the section on the contents and objectives of the programme for a revitalization of Africa, the author points out several essential characteristics, underlining that the programme is a part of the African leaders themselves, that it is the authentic product of their awareness that without their own responsibility for the fate of Africa?s peoples the problems that those countries are faced with will not be overcome. Since the purpose of the programme for a revitalization is to include the continent in the globalisation processes its implementation depends directly on the support and assistance of the international community and the international agencies and organizations particularly of the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Namely, the global partnership for Africa?s development is directly correlated with the preservation of the global stability. A continuation of Africa?s marginalisation in the globalisation process would be a serious threat to both the world stability and the globalisation process itself, which would be incomplete without the inclusion of all of the world countries. With an identification and analysis of the main priorities of the Programme and of the mechanisms and responsibilities for its implementation, the author concludes that NEPAD?s implementation will be successful only if it becomes the property and a true concern not only of the leaders but also of all African peoples united in their diversity. The author analyses the historic and current external and internal factors that had caused the present situation in the continent, and identifies the potential natural, human and other resources. The programme for a revitalization also encourages the raising of self-consciousness of the segments of society at large about the realistic potentials of the African peoples, thus gaining also a mobilizing character. The author believes that the drawing up of the Plan of Action and its inclusion in the Programme is a rather positive side of the programme for a revitalization assessing it as a strategic mechanism for obtaining sustainable development in the 21st century. The Plan of Action identifies establishment of peace and stability, democratisation of the systems in African countries and formation of uncorrupted and competent governments, that would work in the interest of the people and not in the interest of certain groupings or individuals, as important conditions for the implementation of the strategy. The author also points out the basic sector priorities that the Plan of Action stipulates: overcoming infrastructural differences between certain sectors, investing in information and communication technologies development of electric power supply industries, transport and water supply. The development of human resources implies a poverty reduction, advancement of education system, upgrading of intellectual elite, development of health systems, agriculture, culture, science and technology. In the section on "Controversies, challenges and problems in the process of programme realization," the author tries to consider the Programme? vision, contents and objectives within the milieu of Africa?s present reality and the main development tendencies in the international scene, which would to a large degree determine the frameworks, scope and results of the Programme?s attainment in practice. In view of the diversity of cultures and traditions beliefs and religions, different historic heritage, and with this different external influences, disproportionate degree of economic and overall social development, conflicts within and among certain states, the tradition of unconstitutional rulers and rules, corruption and a series of other factor the author concludes that the project, basically substantial and progressive, will be faced with a number of challenges, dilemmas and difficulties, which would make its implementation uncertain, inconsistent and time-consuming.

Two major approaches on how to address women's land security can be identified: reforming the formal legal sector, and embracing informal community practices. However, through research conducted among Kenya's agricultural communities, the authors find that these systems formal, informal, or hybrid are underpinned (and undermined) by the same local power dynamics that control and ultimately prevent women from obtaining land, leaving all of these systems inadequate in ensuring women's access to land. Community leaders play a key role not only as local power brokers, decision makers, and protectors of local practices, but also as gatekeepers to the formal system. Thus, their decisions to support local power dynamics and limit access to the formal system essentially supporting traditions? in lieu of rights can effectively deny women access to their land rights. Based on these findings, the authors argue that the policy debate must shift away from pitting formal legislative approaches against support for 'customary' systems. With economic and political contexts influencing individuals, the debate must look at the social context within communities, whose members must be pressed to reject attempts to 'hijack' custom and legitimize abusive, self-serving behavior. This problem needs to be tackled using the same avenues that currently promote the marginalization of women, that is, the sociocultural value systems that determine which behavior, arguments, and actions are legitimate in a community. By working with existing positive values, the justice system used formal or informal becomes less important and a lasting, positive change on women's access to land rights might be achieved.

The race to replace Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi, who perished in a plane crash last month, is on, with snap elections taking place this Friday. There are distinct world views on display, with the two anti-Western candidates clearly favored by Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei.This is the third time the Islamic Republic has held snap elections. The first occurred in July 1981 following the impeachment of Abulhasan Banisadr. The second snap election took place in October 1981 after the assassination of Banisadr's successor, Mohammad Ali Rajai.Of the 287 seven people who registered to run in the elections, the Guardian Council — a 12-body member that vets the presidential candidates — has approved six candidates. Candidate Ghazizadeh Hashemi dropped out of the race Wednesday, without endorsing any other candidate.Five of the candidates — discussed below — are from the conservative camp and Masoud Pezeshkian is the only reformist candidate. The Council also disqualified prominent politicians namely Ali Larijani, the former speaker of Majlis, and Eshaq Jahangiri, former President Hassan Rouhani's vice president. So who is who in these elections and what do they stand for?Mohammad-Bagher QalibafQalibaf Is a former commander of IRGC's Air Force, and the Law Enforcement Forces (LEF), and a veteran of the Iran-Iraq war. He previously served as the mayor of Tehran for 12 years, and is a third-time presidential candidate.Qalibaf who wholds a PhD in Political Geography, is currently serving as the speaker of the Iranian parliament, the Majlis. Unlike other hardliner candidates in the race, he has underscored the impact of economic sanctions on Iran, vowing to lift the sanctions in a "step-by-step" approach. Qalibaf has attempted to brand himself as a pragmatic technocrat, and the "strongman" of the race.Some reports, though unconfirmed, suggest that his advisors have already approached European officials, suggesting that when Khamenei dies, Qalibaf can be Iran's "strongman." Latest polls indicate that 14.7% of voters support Qalibaf, a 5 percent drop from last week. Qalibaf remains a controversial figure, because of his role in the crackdown of student movements in the 1990s, and corruption and embezzlement.Masoud PezeshkianMasoud Pezeshkian is the only reformist candidate in the presidential race. A veteran of the Iran-Iraq war, he attended medical school after the conflict, specializing in cardiac surgery.Pezeshkian is a former minister of health under reformist president Khatami, and served as the Deputy Speaker of the parliament from 2016 to 2020. He is one of the leading contenders in this race, with 24.4% of voters supporting him. This marks an increase from last week, when his support was at 19.8%.Pezeshkian supports the JCPOA, and has strongly criticized hardliners over the nuclear agreement with the West Former presidentMuhammad Khatami and former foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif have openly supported Pezeshkian, with the latter publicly campaigning for him.For Pezeshkian, the greatest challenge is the issue of voter turnout, as many have boycotted the elections. Current polls indicate an upward movement with 46.0 voter participation. It is noteworthy that Iranian hardliners were historically more successful in elections when the voter turnout was low. Both Raisi and former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won the presidency when the voter turnout was relatively low.Mostafa PourmohammadiThe only cleric among the contenders, Pourmohammadi is a conservative candidate who has emerged as the phenomenon of this race, often portraying himself more "reformist" than Pezeshkian. Pourmohammadi previously served as the minister of interior underAhmadinejad, and justice minister for Rouhani (2013-2017). His career is marred by his reported involvement in the mass execution of political prisoners and MEK sympathizers in 1988.But Pourmohammadi has tried to rebrand himself as more reformist than Pezeshkian. During the debates, he openly criticized Jalili and the hardliners for their inability to prevent the passage of UN Security Resolutions against Iran. He has also expressed his support for the JCPOA, vowing to remove the sanctions, although like other candidates he has offered no specific policy solutions.Despite his "rebranding" approach, Pourmohammadi's polls do not look optimistic. Pourmohammadi's odds for a win seem very low, with polls varying from 0.7% to 2% of voters supporting him. His dropout in favor of Pezeshkian could help him run against Saaed Jalili.Saeed JaliliJalili is the leading hardline candidate in the race. A veteran of the Iran-Iraq war who lost part of his right leg in the conflict, he holds a PhD in Political Science from Imam Sadeq University, a key institution for educating revolutionary youth. He is a career foreign ministry official who also served as Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, and Iran's nuclear negotiator from 2007-2013.It was during his tenure as the negotiator that the most severe and damaging UN Security Council resolutions were adopted against Iran. Jalili is known for his philosophical monologues in negotiations, and his live debates have not been much different.On foreign policy, Jalili has long been a strong critic of engagement with the West, which he has called a "threat," and argues that there is much more opportunity for Iran in the non-Western world. Jalili is a strong contender and some conservative outlets have called on other hardliners to drop out to support him. Polls indicate that Jaili is trailing Pezeshkian with 24% of the votes.Alireza Zakani(EDITOR'S NOTE: Zakani dropped out of the race on Thursday after this article was published). Zakani is a conservative politician who is currently serving as the conservative mayor of Tehran. He previously served as a representative of Tehran in Majlis, and chaired the Special Overview Commission on JCPOA, but remained a strong critic of the nuclear agreement.Zakani also ran in the presidential elections of 2021 but dropped out of the race. During the televised debates, Zakani rejected the "begging diplomacy," in dealing with foreign nations, asserting that "Iran must become self-reliant to earn international respect."While he has admitted to the impact of sanctions, his approach prioritizes "neutralizing" the sanctions. Zakani's tenure as the mayor of Tehran is marred with the establishment of Hijab-Baan or the Guardians of Hijab at Tehran's metro stations after the Mahsa Movement faded. Zakani is the second "cover candidate" who is likely going to withdraw, especially since his chances of success are very low. Polls indicate that a mere 1.7% of voters support his candidacy.What issues will matter to voters?The June 28 elections in Iran revolve around the economy, foreign relations, and social freedoms. In reality, this is a battle between those who wish for an outward-looking Iran that engages with the world, and those who seek an isolated Iran.All candidates have acknowledged the severe economic problems at home, but their approach to resolving the issue is fundamentally different. While Qalibaf, Pourmohammadi, and Pezeshkian have called for nuclear diplomacy to lift the sanctions, Jalili and Zakani have openly criticized engagement, instead emphasizing domestic opportunities.It seems, however, that Khamenei has picked his side. In an unusual move, just days before the elections, Khamenei criticized those politicians who seek relations with the U.S., saying that if they succeed in this election, they should not turn to those who pursue relations with America."Those who are attached to America and think that without America's favor, nothing can be achieved in the country, will not be good partners for you," he added.Pezeshkian, who favors improved relations with the U.S., faces dire challenges of voter turnout and Khamenei's anger, who has long been skeptical of relations with Washington. If no conservative candidate drops out and the votes are split among them, a second round between Jalili and Pezeshkian, who offer two fundamentally different worldviews, would determine the fate of the presidency.

The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) will succeed the Myanmar interim strategy note (FY13-14) and be the first full country strategy for Myanmar since 1984. This CPF comes at a time of great opportunity for Myanmar; over the three year period covered in this CPF, the reforms initiated in 2011 have the potential to bring Myanmar into a new era of peace and prosperity. Myanmar s history, ethnic diversity, and geography combine into a unique set of development challenges and opportunities, including (i) emergence from a long period of international isolation; (ii) widespread poverty, despite rich land, water, and mineral resource endowments; (iii) a strategic location in the fastest-growing region in the world; (iv) the role of the military and associated groups in the economy; and (v) long standing armed conflict and ethnic and religious tensions. Myanmar is on a path of fundamental transformation, seeking to address all these challenges and opportunities simultaneously. Along with unique opportunities, the CPF supported program will also face substantial risks. Political risks associated with the elections in late 2015 include a polarization among stakeholders, policy discontinuity, and a slow-down of reforms. The national peace process to resolve decades-old conflicts remains fragile. On the economic front, risks include vulnerability to volatile oil and gas prices, spending pressures, an underdeveloped financial sector, and a weak regulatory framework, while overall capacity constraints may limit the country s ability to effectively manage macro-financial shocks. The design of the WBG program will help manage and mitigate these risks, and the WBG will regularly review risks and opportunities and adapt the CPF during implementation as warranted. A performance and learning review planned for late FY16 will facilitate the adaptation of the WBG program to country developments as needed.

This synthesis paper is based on a review of three countries in West Africa-Burkina Faso, Mali, and Mauritania where state owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to play an important role and Governments have embarked on a number of public sector reforms are intended to have a positive impact on SOEs. SOE governance practices and problems are having strong similarities in all of the countries reviewed. These commonalities can be ascribed to the fact that all of the countries are transitioning from centrally controlled economic and political traditions to more liberal economies and to a more democratic government. All are facing challenges with implementing the legal structures left behind from colonial times. The data that is available shows that wholly-owned and state controlled SOEs under perform. Many are technically insolvent and survive only through government support. Their performance is not only poor in the financial area but also in the provision of needed social services. The country studies link the poor performance of SOEs, in particular wholly-owned SOEs, to their governance practices. Long-lasting reforms are not simply a matter of plugging holes in the legislative or institutional framework. Corporate governance is the result of a complex interplay of law, practice, institutions and culture. Action plans need to take into account incentives and the political, social and cultural context of corporate governance in the country in addition to the legal framework. Indeed, SOE governance is a system and making it work better requires a systems approach. Most reform plans in the past have focused on one or another element of SOE governance, which might explain why many have fallen short of hopes and expectations. Systems approaches, on the other hand, are important in complex organizations (such as SOEs) whose success depends upon the interaction and cooperation of other organizations and institutions. This synthesis paper presents the objectives and the methodology used in carrying out the reviews followed by a discussion of the features and importance of SOEs in each of the countries studied. It then segues into a discussion on the performance of SOEs which is supplemented by case studies of both successful and unsuccessful SOEs and key lessons learned the paper then presents the current Government initiatives for reform and the remaining challenges and recommendations. The paper concludes with suggestions on how to implement the recommendations based on examples from other countries that have embarked on comprehensive governance reforms for the SOE sector.

In its report to the September 22, 2008 meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (AHLC), the World Bank noted that the Palestinian Authority (PA), Israel, and the international donor community made some progress on the three parallel conditions for Palestinian economic revival, albeit to different degrees. The report notes the dramatic impact of Israel s recent three-week offensive in Gaza and analyzes the variety of recovery and reconstruction schemes being explored by the donor community. We find that these have not yet led to any significant impact on the ground due to the continued closure imposed on Gaza. The devastation in Gaza, coupled with a fluid political environment in both the PA and Israel, has made it necessary for this report to revisit the fundamentals of donor support to the PA in view of the long-term goal of establishing an economically viable Palestinian state independent of external aid. Examination through this lens reveals a fundamentally flawed picture.