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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Huvinahalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 853 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 95 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 44 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 26 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 68 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 16 per cent area.  An area of about 94 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 13 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is low (4.5 ppm) and 70 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 79 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 109(13) 294(35) Sapota 148(17) 206(24) Maize 68(8) 335(39) Pomegranate 148(17) 241(28) Bajra 192(23) 340(40) Guava 77(9) 265(31) Groundnut 66(8) 535(63) Jackfruit 148(17) 195(23) Sunflower 108(13) 169(20) Jamun 53(6) 290(34) Cotton 72(8) 331(39) Musambi 148(17) 241(28) Red gram 108(13) 169(20) Lime 148(17) 241(28) Bengalgram 10(1) 410(48) Cashew 77(9) 240(28) Chilli 108(13) 144(17) Custard apple 202(24) 606(71) Tomato 108(13) 155(18) Amla 192(23) 616(72) Brinjal 144(17) 536(63) Tamarind 53(6) 217(25) Onion 96(11) 434(51) Marigold 99(12) 304(36) Bhendi 96(11) 585(69) Chrysanthemum 99(12) 304(36) Drumstick 157(18) 397(47) Jasmine 99(12) 258(30) Mulberry 182(21) 472(55) Crossandra 99(12) 153(18) Mango 53(6) 168(20)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 48 farmers were sampled in Huvinhalu micro watershed among them 14 (29.17%) were marginal farmers, 16 (33.33 %) were small farmers, 12(25 %) were semi medium farmers, 4 (8.33 %) were medium farmers and 2 (4.17 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 231 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 140(60.61%) men and 91 (39.39%) were women. The average family size of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 6 small and semi medium farmers were 5, medium farmer was 3.  The data indicated that 52 (22.51%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 98 (42.42%) were in 16-35 years of age, 63 (27.27%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (7.79%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Huvinhalu had 28.14 per cent illiterates, 40.69 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.66 per cent of them had both middle school, 10.39 per cent them had high school education, 5.63 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.87 per cent of them had degree education and 5.63 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 93.75 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 6.25 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.59 per cent of the household members, 26.41 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.87 per cent were general labours, 0.43 percent were retired, 21.65 per cent of them were students, 1.73 per cent of them were housewives and 3.90 per cent were children housewives. In case of landless households 85.71 per cent were general labourers and 14.29 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 32.10 per cent were agriculturist and agricultural labour, 29.63 per cent of them were students and 2.47 of them were housewives and children respectively. In case of small farmers 42.47 per cent of them were agriculturist, 35.62 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 17.81 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 59.65 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 10.53 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 15.79 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 46.15 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 23.08 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 23.08 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 0.43 per cent of them participated in Raitha Sangha and 99.57 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 68.75 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 10.42 per cent of the households possess Pucca house, 12.50 per cent of the 2 households possess Semi Pacca house and 4.17 per cent of them possess Thatched house.  The results showed that, 2.08 per cent of the households possess radio, 87.50 per cent of the households possess TV, 79.17 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 8.33 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 52.08 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 95.83 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of radio was Rs. 2000, television was Rs. 6214, mixer grinder was Rs. 2039, bicycle was Rs. 2300, motor cycle was Rs. 36961 and mobile phone was Rs. 2481.  About 22.92 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 47.92 per cent of them possess plough, 4.17 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 2.08 per cent of the households possess tractor, 54.17 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 66.67 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18545; the average value of plough was Rs. 2586, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 50000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4326 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 120.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25 per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.58 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 8.33 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 2.08 per cent possess goat.  In case of landless farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock and 50 per cent of the households possess goat. In marginal farmers, 14.29 per cent of households possess both bullock and buffalo and 35.71 per cent possess local cow, in case of small, 25 per cent of the households possess bullock, 18.75 per cent possess local cow and 6.25 per cent possess buffalo. In case of semi medium farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock, crossbred cow and local cow correspondingly, 8.33 per cent of the households possess buffalo. In medium farmers 25 per cent of the households possess bullock and 75 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 7.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.73.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.21, average own labour (women) was also 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 6.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.93. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.94, average own labour (women) was 1.31, average hired labour (men) was 7.56 and average hired 3 labour (women) available was 7.88. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.17, average own labour (women) was 1.33, average hired labour (men) was 7.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.08. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.25, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 8.75 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.75.  The results indicated that, 47.92 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 52.08 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Huvinhalu micro watershed possess 36.67 ha (57.54%) of dry land and 27.07 ha (42.46%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.88 ha (96.06%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (3.94%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.23 ha (68.63%) of dry land and 5.59 ha (31.37 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.56 ha (59.49%) of dry land and 9.92 ha (40.51%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.15 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 299,823.44 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 391,477.27. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 485,702.58 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 265,547.47 for dry land Rs. 697,033.28 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 192,217.90 for dry land and Rs. 362,938.78 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 233,018.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 39.58 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 36.98 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.40 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 5.60 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 10.32 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 11.04 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 27.36 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (7.30 ha), banana (0.81 ha), Bangalore brinjal (1.34 ha), chilly (0.85 ha), cotton (0.85 ha), groundnut (3.08 ha), maize (36.28 ha), onion (0.40ha), redgram (4.45 ha), sorghum (1.32ha), sunflower (0.45 ha) and tomato (0.81ha). Marginal farmers had grown bajra, cotton, maize, redgram and sunflower. Small farmers had grown bajra, 4 chilly, groundnut, maize, redgram, onion and sorghum. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, banana, Bangalore brinjal, groundnut, maize, redgram and tomato. Medium farmers had grown bajra, maize and redgram.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Huvinhalu micro watershed was found to be 70.67 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 91.77 per cent, in small farmers it was 80.15, in semi medium farmers it was 71.65 and in medium farmers it was 48.58 per cent.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings respectively. 50 per cent of the landless farmers, 85.71 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of the small farmers, 41.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers possess both bank account and savings respectively.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the landless, 71.43 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small, 33.33 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 37993.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37035.30. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -958.10, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 50118.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from Banana cultivation was Rs. 98081.69, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.96.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 51780.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 59369.72, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.15.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 34462.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47272.73. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 12810.63, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 47748.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91348.83. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 43599.94, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32941.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36543.32. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 3601.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 69961.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280.00. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. -10681.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 59054.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52928.57. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -6125.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 19047.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30875.00. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 11827.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.62.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 39672.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58593.89. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 18921.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 24675.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27056. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 2380.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1.  The results indicated that, 43.75 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Similarly 28.17 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in landless farmer, the average income from wage was Rs.20000, in marginal farmers, the average income from service/salary was Rs.4285.71, wage was Rs.24714.29, agriculture was Rs.29821.43 and dairy farm was Rs.357.14. In small farmers, the average income from business was Rs.1250, wage was Rs.18000, agriculture was Rs.39287.50 and dairy farm was Rs.2957.50. In semi medium farmer, the average income from wage was Rs.15833.33, agriculture was Rs.61283.33 and dairy farm was Rs.4308.33. In medium farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.7750, and agriculture was Rs. 81,250.  The results indicated that, in landless famers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 12500. In marginal farmers, the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.50000, wage was Rs.9428.57, agriculture was rs.14000 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In small farmers, the average expenditure from business was Rs.10000, wage was Rs.8866.67, agriculture was Rs.18875 and dairy farm was Rs.6000. In semi medium farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.10300, agriculture was Rs.30833.33 and dairy farm was Rs.4300. In case 6 medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.4666.67 and agriculture was Rs.42500.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 9 coconut, 2 lemon and 4 mango tree in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 2 teak trees, 150 neem trees, 7 tamarind tress and 37 banyan trees in their field and also grown 1 Neem tree in the backyard.  The results indicated that, banana, chilly, cotton; groundnut, maize, onion, sunflower and tomato crops were sold to an extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, redgram and sorghum crops were sold to an extent of 88.39 per cent, 96.23 per cent and 55.56 per cent.  The results indicated that, 4.17 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 54.17 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 62.50 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.08 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 12.50 per cent of the households have cart load as a mode of transport, 100 per cent of them have used tractor and 2.08 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 56.25 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 64.29 percent of marginal farmers, 62.50 per cent of small farmers, 41.67 per cent of semi medium farmers and 75 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 91.67 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 10.42 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 97.92 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 22.92 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 7.14 per cent of marginal, 31.25 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium and 25 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 95.83 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 4.17 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 35.42 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 28.57 percent 7 of the marginal, 31.25 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 25 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 97.92 per cent, 33.33 per cent, 25 per cent, 43.75 per cent, 2.08 per cent, 45.83 per cent, 33.33 per cent and 22.92 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 2.08 per cent, 66.67 per cent, 62.50 per cent, 45.83 per cent, 43.75 per cent, 31.25 per cent, 50 per cent and 12.50 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, oilseed and vegetables were market surplus for 6.25 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 47.92 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.83%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (33.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.58%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.92%), high rate of interest on credit (29.17%), low price for the agricultural commodities (27.08%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (41.67%), inadequate extension services (2.08%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.17%), less rainfall (77.08%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (47.92 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Naregallu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 869 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 89 per cent is covered by soils and 11 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 82 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 19 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 70 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 31 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 58 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 77 per cent soil are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) and an area of about 12 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 11 per cent area.  An area of about 81 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is low (>23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 37 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 52 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 46 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 39 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 53 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 225(26) 540(62) Sapota 116(13) 18(2) Maize 80(9) 648(75) Pomegranate 116(13) 506(58) Bajra 116(13) 622(72) Guava 116(13) 18(2) Groundnut 61(7) 129(15) Jackfruit 116(13) 18(2) Sunflower 187(22) 434(50) Jamun 61(7) 473(54) Cotton 173(20) 592(68) Musambi 187(22) 434(50) Red gram 116(13) 463(53) Lime 187(22) 434(50) Bengalgram 162(19) 603(69) Cashew 133(15) - Chilli 116(13) 128(15) Custard apple 270(31) 496(57) Tomato 116(13) 112(13) Amla 133(15) 632(73) Brinjal 97(11) 610(70) Tamarind 61(7) 474(54) Onion 97(11) 36(4) Marigold 116(13) 649(75) Bhendi 97(11) 573(66) Chrysanthemum 116(13) 649(75) Drumstick 133(15) 488(56) Jasmine 116(13) 199(23) Mulberry 133(15) 286(33) Crossandra 116(13) 249(29) Mango 61(7) 75(9)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SURVEY  The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Naregallu-1 micro watershed among them 11 (31.43%) were marginal farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were small and semi medium farmers, 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) large farmers.  The data indicated that there were 181 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 111 (61.33 %) men and 70 (38.67 %) were women. The average family size of marginal, small farmers and semi medium farmers were 5, medium farmer was 6 and large farmer was 7.  The data indicated that 23 (12.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (48.62 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (27.62 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (11.05 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of household's heads were practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicated that the Naregallu-1had 28.18 per cent illiterates, 29.83 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.10 per cent of them had middle school, 25.41 per cent them had high school education, 6.08 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent them had diploma education, 7.73 per cent of them had degree education and 1.10 per cent of the household members had other education.  The results indicated that agriculture was the occupation for 23.76 per cent of the household members, 59.67 per cent were agricultural labourers, 14.36 per them were students and 1.10 per cent of them were children and housewives respectively. In case of marginal farmers 26 per cent were agriculturist, 60 percent was in agricultural labour and 12 per cent of them were students. In case of small farmers 22 per cent of them were agriculturist, 60 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 16 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 23.81 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 54.76 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 19.05 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 25 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 62.50 per cent of them were in agricultural labour and 12.50 per cent of them were students. In case of large farmers 20 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 66.67 per cent of them were in agricultural labour and 6.67 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 100 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house.  The results showed that, 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 5.71 per cent of the households possess DVD player, 74.29 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.43 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 85.71 per cent of the households possess motor 2 cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Car, 2.86 per cent of the households possess landline phone, 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop.  The results showed that the average value, television was Rs.23281, DVD/VCD Player was Rs. 1600, mixer grinder was Rs.1903, refrigerator was Rs.11000, bicycle was Rs.1050, motor cycle was Rs.32882, Car was Rs. 300000, landline phone was Rs. 500, mobile phone was Rs.1507 and computer/laptop was Rs. 12500.  The results showed that, about 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households equally possess seed/fertilizer drill, power tiller, tractor, thresher, groundnut decorticator, chaff cutter and earth remover/duster, 11.43 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 14.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 51.43 per cent of the households possess weeder and 20 per cent of the households possess harvester.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.26666; the average value of plough was Rs. 2200, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3500, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 273250, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 150000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 2600, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3000, the average value of weeder was Rs. 42, the average value of harvester was Rs. 74, the average value of thresher was Rs. 25, the average value of groundnut decorticator was Rs. 18000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 2100 and the average value of Earth remover/Duster was Rs. 20000.  The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.29 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  In case of marginal farmers, 9.09 per cent of the households possess both bullock and local cow respectively and 18.18 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. In case of small farmers, 22.22 per cent of households possess equally bullock and buffalo and 11.11 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 11.11per cent of the households possess bullock and 22.22 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. In medium farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess local cow. 50 per cent of the large farmers possess bullock and crossbred cow respectively.  The data regarding the average labour availability in Naregallu-1 micro watershed is presented in Table 14. The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available was 1.18, average hired labour (men) available was 17.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 19.37. 3  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.09, average own labour (women) was also 1.18, average hired labour (men) was 9.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.18. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.22, average own labour (women) was 1.22, average hired labour (men) was 15.22 and average hired labour (women) available was 15.89. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.44, average own labour (women) was 1.11, average hired labour (men) was 22.22 and average hired labour (women) available was also 22.22. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.75, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 29.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 33. In large farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 0, average hired labour (men) was 35 and average hired labour (women) available was 40.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 94.29 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Naregallu-1 micro watershed possess 1.80 ha (3.75 %) of dry land and 46.27 ha (96.25 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 1.80 ha (36.95 %) of dry land and 3.08 ha (63.05%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.17 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.87 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 10.07 ha (100%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.07 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 443049.32 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 490456.62. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 443049.32 for dry land and Rs. 1655321.93 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1004178.43 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 473656.08 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 297709.93 for irrigated land. In large farmers the average land value was Rs. 99411.77 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 23 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 65.71 per cent of the farmers and 5.71 per cent of the farmers were using canal for irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 68.88 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 3.08 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 7.17 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 12.88 ha of irrigated land, medium farmers were having 10.06 4 ha of irrigated land and large farmers having 13.08 ha irrigated land. On an average there were 46.26 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown coriander (0.40 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), cowpea (0.88 ha), groundnut (0.50ha), Sorghum (1.24 ha), maize (38.21 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), bajra (0.81 ha), red gram (1.62ha) and sunflower (2.98 ha) in kharif season. Also grown 2.27 ha of cowpea and 3.33 ha sunflower in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown coriander, groundnut, Maize, Bajra, cowpea and sunflower. Small farmers have grown cowpea and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, maize, paddy, cowpea and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown cotton, maize and red gram. Large farmers have grown only maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Naregallu-1 micro watershed was found to be 85.70 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 88.19, in semi medium farmers it was 87.80, in medium farmers it was 64.04 per cent and in large farmers it was 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 36122.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46683. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 10560.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 41582.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62427.57. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 20844.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 42196.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42237.00. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 40.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.0.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 33136.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22466.85. The net income from Cowpea cultivation was Rs. -10669.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.68.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 54187.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 96239.63. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 42051.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 32861.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51830.19. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 18968.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 20210.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31377.85. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11167.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 60504.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23053.33. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -37451.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.38.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for coriander was Rs. 71385.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from coriander cultivation was Rs. 39764.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 24308.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 22003.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicated that, 83 tons of dry fodder was available for 44 days and 46 tons of green fodder was available for 26 days in studied micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Similarly 22.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The table indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 72,685.71, business Rs. 2,857.14, wage Rs. 285.71, agriculture Rs. 102,091.43, non farm income Rs. 428.57 and dairy farm Rs.857.14.  The results indicated that the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 2,428.57, business Rs. 1,714.29, agriculture Rs. 33,114.29 and dairy farm Rs. 171.43. On an average the expenditure was Rs. 11,005.24.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 13 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 25 Neem trees, 8 tamarind tress, 2 banyan trees and 2 peeple trees in their field and also grown 2 Neem trees in the backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra, coriander, cotton, cowpea, sorghum, paddy, Red gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 56.32 per cent.  The results indicated that, 5.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 85.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to regulated market, 34.29 percent of the households have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society and 5.71 percent of the households sold their produce in contract marketing arrangement. 6  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of them have used cart, 128.57 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 65.71 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 34.29 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households and 88.57 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 27.27 per cent of marginal, 55.56 per cent of small, 22.22 per cent of semi medium, 25 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the sampled household's possessed APL card, 60 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 14.29 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 36.36 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 55.56 per cent of the semi medium, 25 percent of the medium farmers and 50 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses and milk were adequate for 100 per cent, 11.43 per cent and 22.86 respectively. Oilseed, vegetables and fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent of the households correspondingly.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk and egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, 11.43 per cent, 8.57 per cent, 11.43 per cent, 57.14 per cent and 54.29 per cent of the household.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 8.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (31.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), high rate of interest on credit (2.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (5.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), less rain fall (100%) and source of agri. Technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (85.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gunnahalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 80 per cent is covered by soils, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 22 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 61 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 49 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 31 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 70 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3- 9.0) and 10 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 75 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 77 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 75 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 49(8) 223(38) Sapota 1(<1) 37(6) Maize - 271(47) Pomegranate 1(<1) 176(30) Bajra 31(5) 225(39) Guava - 38(6) Groundnut 3(1) 45(8) Jackfruit 1(<1) 37(6) Sunflower 24(4) 146(25) Jamun 31(5) 98(17) Cotton 24(4) 248(42) Musambi 24(4) 153(26) Red gram 1(<1) 121(21) Lime 24(4) 153(26) Bengalgram 23(4) 249(43) Cashew - 70(12) Chilli 28(5) 26(5) Custard apple 54(9) 258(44) Tomato 28(5) 13(2) Amla 31(5) 281(48) Brinjal 30(5) 319(54) Tamarind - 92(16) Onion 3(1) 114(19) Marigold - 272(47) Bhendi 3(1) 345(59) Chrysanthemum - 273(47) Drumstick 1(<1) 169(29) Jasmine - 134(23) Mulberry 1(<1) 181(31) Crossandra - 112(19) Mango - 12(2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (53.71%) men and 81 (46.29%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 6, semi medium farmers' was 5.73 and medium farmers' was 6. The data indicated that, 32 (18.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (46.86%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (26.29%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.57 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Gunnahalli had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 1.14 per cent functional literates, 28 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.43 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.86 per cent of them had high school education, 8.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.14 per cent of them did ITI, 5.14 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing Masters.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.23 per cent of the household heads were involved in other occupation.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 54.29 per cent of the household members, 20.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.57 per cent had household industry, 17.14 per cent of them were student, 1.71 per cent of them were housewife and 1.71 per cent of them were in private services.  The results show that 3.43 per cent of the households participated in user groups and 96.57 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 2.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 6.67 per cent of small farmers, and 7.14 per cent of medium farmers have participated in user group.  The results indicate that 19.35 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 22.58 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house and 45.16 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 93.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 12.90 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess tempo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess auto, 6.45 per cent of the households possess landline, and 77.42 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs.5896, mixer grinder was Rs.2981, motor cycle was Rs.45000, mobile phone was Rs.2430, Auto was Rs.80000, tempo was Rs.200000 and bicycle was Rs.8800.  About 16.13 per cent of the households possess plough and bullock cart, 12.90 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.48 per cent of them posses sprayer, 6.45 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 64.52 per cent of them possess weeder.  The average value of plough was Rs.1541, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.2666 the average value of tractor was Rs. 6,05,000 and the average value of 2 sprayer was Rs.4454, the average value of bullock cart Rs.21600, and the average value of weeder Rs.84.  The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 32.26 per cent of the households possess local cow, 16.13 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 6.45 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.96, average own labour (women) available was 1.79, average hired labour (men) available was 16.88 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.21.  About 67.74 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 62.50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small, 63.64 per cent of semi medium and 71.43 per cent of medium farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, only 1 (2.38%) person migrated among the samples households in the micro watershed that belonged to medium farm household and he has migrated on average of 500 Kms and the average duration was 6 months.  Job/work was the reason for migration and construction of house was the major positive consequence of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Gunnahalli micro watershed possess 22.64 ha (45.89%) of dry land and 26.70 ha (54.11%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.19 ha (64.37%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (35.63%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.84 ha (70.37%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (29.63%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 7.49 ha (42%) of dry land and 10.34 ha (58%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.11 ha (40.26%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.53 ha (59.74%) of irrigated.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 339,989.27 and average value of irrigated was Rs.509,201. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,321,586 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 364,000 for dry land and Rs. 864,500. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 267,027 for dry land and Rs. 473,698 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 153,552 for dry land and Rs. 384,320 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  There was only 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.84 per cent of the farmers, open well were the source of irrigation for 6.45 per cent of the farmers and tank was the source of irrigation for 3.23 per cent of the farmers. 3  The depth of bore well was found to be 64.09 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.97 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.21 hectares, small farmers had 1.62 hectares, semi medium farmers had 10.81 hectares and medium farmers had 12.15 hectares.  Farmers have grown Bajra (3.64 ha), Beetle leaf (0.08 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), Cotton (2.43 ha), Groundnut (4.45 ha), Jowar (0.1 ha), Maize (27.13 ha), Pearl millet (4.23 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha) and Sunflower (1.21 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, maize, pearlmillet. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize, redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, beetle leaf, cotton, groundnut, maize, pearl millet and Bengal gram. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, cotton, maize, pearl millet, red gram and sunflower.  The cropping intensity in Gunnahalli micro watershed was found to be 67.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 94.06 per cent, for small farmers it was 84.38 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 72.42 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 58.27 per cent.  The results indicate that, 22.58 per cent of the households possess bank account. Around 12.50 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  Around 25 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives and 83.33 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, and medium farmers have on an average availed Rs.80000, Rs.30000, and Rs.175000 respectively.  The main purpose of borrowing credit from both institutional and non-institutional sources was agricultural production for all households.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38694. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49993.59. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11299.59, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 50404.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82607.78. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32202.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24133.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32595.49. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 8462.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 44855.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30257.50. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -14598.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67. 4  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58095.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 121039.88. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 62944.55, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for beetroot was Rs. 118697.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from beetroot cultivation was Rs. -7547.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 36736.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20840.63. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -15895.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33033.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -18213.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.45.  The results indicated that, dry fodder available in the micro watershed was 120 tons and it was available for 51 days. Green fodder available was 82 tons and it was available for 24 days. 51.61 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 45.16 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Only 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 36825 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs.70600, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 106370 and for medium farmers it was Rs.106885.  The average annual expenditure in the micro watershed is Rs. 9320.74. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3312.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 16760, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10363.64 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 9234.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 54 coconut, and 4 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 2 coconut trees in their backyard.  Households have planted 115 neem trees, 11 tamarind trees, 3 pongamia trees and 9 banyan trees.  The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 37.50 per cent of marginal, 9.09 semi medium, and 14.29 medium farmers.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1580.65 for land development, Rs. 290.32 for irrigation facility, Rs.1064.52 for improved crop production and Rs. 467.74 for improved livestock management.  Loan from bank is the major source of investment for 12.9 per cent of households and own funds were the source of investment for 9.68 per cent for land development. For irrigation facility 6.45 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank. For improved crop production 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan, 6.45 per cent depend on own funds, 3.23 per cent depend on soft loans and for improved livestock management 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan. 5  The results indicated that, bajra, beetroot, Bengal gram, cotton, groundnut, maize, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.71 per cent.  About 70.97 per cent of the households sold their produce to agents/traders, about 25.81 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, another 22.58 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 12.90 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Around 9.68 per cent of the households have carried head loads, 25.81 per cent have used cart, 70.97 per cent have used tractor and 25.81 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 22.58 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems and were interested in soil testing i.e. 37.50 per cent of marginal farmers and 20 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond, 3.23 per cent have adopted bore well recharge pit and 16.13 per cent of the households are following summer ploughing.  The results indicated that 22.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, and 16.13 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.39 per cent of the households, bore well for 22.58 per cent, open well for 3.23 per cent, lake/tank for 9.68 per cent and canal was the source of drinking water for 19.35 per cent of the households.  Around 77.42 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel, 3.23 per cent used kerosene, 3.23 per cent used biogas and another 16.13 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.77 per cent of the households in micro watershed and for 3.23 per cent kerosene lamp was the major source of light. 25.81 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 11.11 per cent of marginal, 11.11 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL and 6.45 per cent did not possess PDS card.  Around 58.06 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 50 percent of the marginal, 60 per cent of the small, 72.73 per cent of the semi medium and 42.86 percent of the medium farmers. 6  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 58.06 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 48.39 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 80.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 19.35 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.87 per cent, egg were adequate for 58.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 51.61 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds were market surplus for 29.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 9.68 per cent, and fruits were market surplus for 3.23 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.13 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.48%), high rate of interest on credit (58.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (3.23%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (38.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (12.90%), less rainfall (96.77%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) (29.03%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Irakallaguda microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 654 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soil, 8 per cent by rock out crops, 150cm) soils.  About 2 per cent is sandy (loamy sand) at the surface, 37 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 48 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 32 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 83 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 85 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 8 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 78 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 19 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 53 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 58 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 77 (12) 210 (32) Pomegranate 46(7) 227(35) Maize 52 (8) 255 (39) Guava 46(7) 177(27) Bajra 143(22) 247(38) Jackfruit 46(7) 177 (27) Redgram 46(7) 147 (22) Jamun - 243(37) Bengal gram 28(4) 244(37) Musambi 71 (11) 202(31) Groundnut 46(7) 383 (59) Lime 71(11) 202 (31) Sunflower 71 (11) 147 (23) Cashew 49(7) 191(29) Cotton 25(4) 263 (40) Custard apple 190(29) 292(45) Chilli 125(19) 112(17) Amla 165(25) 317 (49) Tomato 128(20) 109(17) Tamarind - 111(17) Drumstick 86(13) 223 (34) Marigold 46(7) 240(37) Mulbery 86(13) 299(46) Chrysanthemum 46(7) 240(37) Mango - 86(13) Jasmine 46(7) 191(29) Sapota 46 (7) 177(27) Crossandra 46(7) 216(33) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 113 (54.59%) men and 94 (45.4%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, small farmer were 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, medium farmers were 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22.  There were 32 (15.24%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (39.52%) were in 16- 35 years of age, 35.24 (35.24 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (10%) were above 61 years of age.  The Irakallaguda had 18.10 per cent illiterates, 4.76 per cent functional literates, 18.1 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.10 per cent of them had middle school education, 27.62 per cent of them had high school education, 10 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.95 per cent of them had diploma, 0.95 per cent of them had ITI, 5.24 per cent of them had degree education and 6.19 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 87.86 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 10.20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 64.76 per cent of the household members, 9.05 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.95 per cent were general labours, 3.81 per cent of them were in private sector and 13.8 per cent of them were students.  The results shows that 2.86 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.95 per cent of them participated in user groups and 96.19 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 4.5 per cent of landless farmers have participated in self help groups and 95.24 per cent have not participated in any local institutions. Marginal farmers participated in self help group (12.50%) and user groups (12.5%).  The results indicate that 16.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 79.59 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 4.08 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 6.12 per cent of the households possess radio, 77.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.35 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 32.65 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 36.73 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 83.37 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of radio was Rs.366, television was Rs.3828, mixer grinder was Rs.1312, was Rs.837, motor cycle was Rs.37333 and mobile phone was Rs.2139.  About 18 per cent of the households possess plough, 4.08 per cent of them possess tractor and 6.12 per cent of the households possess sprayer. The average value of 2 plough was Rs.759, the average value of tractor was Rs. 475000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.2666.  The results indicate that, 6.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 10.20 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 10.20 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 10.20 per cent of the households possess sheep and 4.08 per cent of the households possess goat.  Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.78, average hired labour (men) available was 4.44 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.11.  The results indicate that, 34.38 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 65.63 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, 5 (2.38%) persons were migrated from the micro watershed which includes 9.52 persons from landless category and 3 persons from marginal farmers' category.  People have migrated on average of 353.33 kms and average duration was months 11.33. Landless have migrated 260 kms and on an average 12 months in a year. Marginal farmers have migrated 400 kms and on an average 11 months in a year.  Job/work was the reason for migration for all the migrants.  Improved quality of the life was the major Positive consequences of migration for 100 per cent of the persons migrated from landless households, 33.33 per cent of migrated from marginal farm households.  Households of the Irakallaguda micro watershed possess 32.11 ha (60.93%) of dry land and 21.33 ha (39.10%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 560644 and average value of irrigated was Rs.697749.  There were 16 live bore wells and 11 dry bore wells among the sampled households in Irakallaguda micro watershed and one defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source for 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 30 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of medium farmers. The results revealed that bore well was major irrigation source for 32.65 per cent of the households.  Marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.88 hectares, small farmers had 2.51 hectares, semi medium farmers had 20.39 hectares of irrigated land and medium farmers had 5.22 hectares of irrigated land.  Farmers have grown arecanut (0.45 ha), chilly (0.4 ha), coconut (0.61ha), cotton (10.34ha), groundnut (17.92 ha), horsegram (0.81 ha) and ragi (5.17ha). Marginal farmers have grown arecanut (0.45 ha), cotton (1.74ha), ground nut (5.32 ha), and 3 ragi (3.76ha). Small farmers have grown cotton (1.88ha), ground nut (3.72ha), and ragi (1.42 ha). Semi medium farmers have grown chilly (0.4 ha), coconut (0.61 ha), cotton (2.31ha), ground nut (7.76 ha), horsegram (0.81 ha) and ragi (0.2ha). Medium farmers have grown cotton (4.41ha). Large farmers have grown groundnut (1.11ha).  The cropping intensity in Irakallaguda micro watershed was found to be 41.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 41.53 per cent, for small farmers it was 39.31 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 42.42 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 34.21 per cent and large farmers had 40.49 per cent.  The results indicate that, 95.92 per cent of the households possess bank account and 59.18 per cent of them have savings. With respect to category wise account, 100 per cent of land less, 90.91 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, semi medium, medium and large farmers possesses bank account. With respect to savings, 80 per cent of land less, 63.64 per cent of marginal, 30 per cent of small, 55.56 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had savings in the bank account.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of landless, 62.64 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 66.37 per cent semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 79.31 per cent have availed loan in commercial banks, 3.45 per cent have availed loan in cooperative bank, 10.43 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives, 3.45 per cent have availed loan from moneylender and 24.41 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  Landless, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers have availed Rs.120000, Rs.137857, Rs. 113000, Rs.196666, Rs. 215000 and Rs.10000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 72.41 per cent of the households have borrowed loan (institutional source) for agriculture and 3.45 per cent of them have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. Half of the land less have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. 78.57 per cent of marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small farmers, 83.33 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers availed loan for agriculture production. About 50 per cent of small and landless have availed loan for animal husbandry.  The results indicate that, agriculture was the main propose for which credit (private source) is borrowed for 60 per cent of the households which includes 60 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers. About 10 per cent of them borrowed credit for Bore well/irrigation related equipments which includes 50 per cent of Semi medium farmers. About 10 per cent of them borrowed credit for Construction-cattle shed which includes 20 per cent of marginal farmers. 4 Landless have borrowed loan for household consumption and 20 per cent of marginal farmers have borrowed for education.  The results indicate that, 70.83 per cent of the households have repaid institutional source credit partially which includes 100 per cent of landless, 66.67 per cent of marginal farmers, 50 per cent of small farmers, 80 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers. The data also shows that 29.17 per cent of the farmers have not repaid which includes 33.33 per cent of marginal and 50 per cent of small farmers.  Results indicated that 90.91 per cent of the households have paid private source credit partially which includes 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal and large farmers, and 50 per cent of small farmer. About 9 per cent of the households have not paid which includes 50 per cent of marginal farmers.  The results indicate that, 54.17 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 4.17 per cent of them opined that credit has higher rate of interest, 29.17 per cent opined that credit was easily accessible and 12.50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent have opined that credit was easily available, 9.09 opined that credit helped them to perform timely agricultural operations. The results revealed that 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, small and large farmers opined that credit was easily available. About 50 per cent of marginal farmers opined that credit helped them to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 18902. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11699.64. The net income from ground nut cultivation was Rs. -7203.0, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.62.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 12205. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18965. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 6760. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for ragi was Rs. 13661. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 15882. The net income from ragi cultivation was Rs. 2221, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 47444. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20430. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -27013. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.6.  The results indicate that, 28 tones of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 142 days in a year. About 7 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 18 days in a year.  The results indicate that, 18.37 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 22.73 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, 50 5 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers. The data revealed that only 6.12 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate which includes 4.55 per cent of marginal and 22.22 per cent of semi medium farmers.  Sampled households have grown 496 coconut trees among them marginal farmers have grown 70, small farmers have grown 50 and semi medium farmers have grown 366.  The results indicate that, households have planted teak, 4 Neem trees, 8 tamarind, 81 Pongamia and 1 banyan trees. Marginal farmers have planted 2 Neem, 3 tamarind, 47 Pongamia trees and 1 banyan tree. Small farmers have planted 4 tamarinds. Semi medium farmers have planted 2 Neem, 1 tamarind and 4 Pongamia trees. Medium farmers have planted 30 Pongamia trees.  The results indicated that for land development 8.16 per cent depends on loan from bank, 65.31 per cent depends on own funds and 2.04 per cent depends on soft loan. For irrigation facility, 30.61 per cent expects government subsidy, 8.16 per cent anticipates loan from bank and 6.12 per cent depends on own funds. For improved crop production, 2.04 per cent depends on government subsidy, 14.29 per cent depends on loan from bank and 6.12 per cent through own funds. For iimproved livestock management, 8.16 per cent expects government subsidy and loan from bank and 14.29 per cent depends own funds.  Arecanut, chilly, cotton, groundnut, horsegram and redgram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Ragi was sold 60.26 per cent of total production.  The results indicated that, 2.04 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to agents/traders includes 4.55 per cent of marginal farmers. About 8 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants includes 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 50 per cent of the medium farmers. About 10 per cent of the households have sold in regulated markets includes 4.55 per cent of marginal farmers, 10 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers. About 4.08 per cent of the households have sold the agricultural produce to contract markets, which includes 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that 2.04 per cent of the households have use head load as mode of transport, 12.24 per cent have used cart, 65.31 per cent have used tractor, 4.08 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, the results indicated that, 26.53per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 36.36 per cent of marginal farmers, 30 per cent of small farmers, 11.11 per cent of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of medium farmers have faced soil and water erosion problem. 6  The results indicated that, 89.90 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent large farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 61.22 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 89.90 per cent of the households about 8 per cent of the households have adopted mulching. Contour cultivation was adopted by 48.98 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 7 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good, 23.0 per cent opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 43.0 per cent of the households opined that bunds are severely damaged and 27 per cent opined that the bunds required full replacement.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 95.92 per cent includes 100 per cent of landless, 95.45 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers.  Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed. Kerosene was major source of light for 4.08 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that,91.84 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 68.18 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 95.92 per cent of the households sampled possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.31%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (67.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (63.27%), high rate of interest on credit (73.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (81.63%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (81.63%), inadequate extension services (63.27%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (87.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hasgal-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 508 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soil, 24 per cent by rock outcrops and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 17 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 44 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 10 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 68 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 53 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(7) 101(20) Sapota 34(7) 77(15) Maize 34(7) 101(20) Pomegranate 34(7) 130(25) Bajra 54(11) 145(28) Musambi 34(7) 130(25) Groundnut 54(11) 155(31) Lime 34(7) 130(25) Sunflower 34(7) 73(14) Amla 54(11) 246(48) Redgram 34(7) 73(14) Cashew - 112(22) Bengal gram 54(11) 87(17) Jackfruit 34(7) 77(15) Cotton - 135(27) Jamun - 164(32) Chilli 34(7) 48(10) Custard apple 54(11) 246(48) Tomato 34(7) 48(10) Tamarind - 87(17) Brinjal 20(4) 215(42) Mulberry 34(7) 232(45) Onion 20(4) 215(42) Marigold 34(7) 101(20) Bhendi 20(4) 215(42) Chrysanthemum 34(7) 101(20) Drumstick 34(7) 140(27) Jasmine 34(7) 48(9) Mango - 34(7) Crossandra 34(7) 48(9) Guava 34(7) 77(15)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 125 (53.42%) men and 109 (46.58%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.1, marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 5.06, semi medium farmers' was 4.4 and medium farmers' was 6.4.  The data indicated that, 52 (22.22%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (41.03%) were in 16-35 years of age, 67 (28.63%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (8.12 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hasgal-2 had 26.92 per cent illiterates, 0.85 per cent functional literates, 34.62 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.68 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.53 per cent of them had high school education, 6.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.85 per cent did diploma, 0.43 per cent of them did ITI, 2.14 per cent of them had degree education and 0.43 per cent were in masters.  The results indicate that, 76 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 4 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 20 per cent were general labourers, 2 per cent of them were housewives and 2 per cent of them were children.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.72 per cent of the household members, 8.12 per cent were agricultural laborers, 12.39 per cent were general labour, 2.56 per cent were in private, 23.50 per cent were students, 1.71 per cent were housewives and 2.14 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 74 per cent of the households possess Katcha house 4 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 84 per cent of the households possess TV, 56 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 46 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 4 per cent of them possess landline and 88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.7571, mixer grinder was Rs.1846, bicycle was Rs. 3347, motor cycle was Rs.37315, landline phone was Rs.3333 and mobile phone was Rs.1653.  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34 per cent of them possess plough, 2 per cent of them possess tractor, 22 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 80 per cent of them possess weeder, 4 per cent of them possess harvester, 2 per cent of them possess thresher, 10 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2 per cent of them possess JCB/Hitachi. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.21200, plough was Rs.1016, the average value of tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2844, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3300, the average value of harvester was Rs.6942, the average value of thresher was Rs.50000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2800, and the average value of weeder was Rs.77.  The results indicate that, 36 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16 per cent of the households possess local cow, 6 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 4 per cent of them possess sheep, 2 per cent of the households possess goat and 2 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 8.85, average own labour (women) available was 5.55, average hired labour (men) available was 11.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.79.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hasgal-2 micro watershed possess 42.85 ha (64.97%) of dry land and 23.11 ha (35.03%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.80 ha (84.35%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (15.65%). Small farmers possess 18.34 ha (91.39%) of dry land and 1.73 ha (8.61%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.38 ha (37.95%) of dry land and 13.70 ha (62.05%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (62.53%) of dry land and 6.79 ha (37.47%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293003 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 514763. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 470674 for dry land and Rs.1347272 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 414210 for dry land and Rs. 925526 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 155120 for dry land and Rs. 474298 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123500 for dry land and Rs.382717 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 28 per cent of the farmers, and open well was the source of irrigation for 2 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.14 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.83 meters. 3  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 3.72 ha, 13.91 ha and 5.51 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.62 ha), cotton (1.78 ha), groundnut (5.15 ha), horsegram (1.21 ha), maize (21.74 ha), navane (1.70 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), redgram (1.62 ha), sorghum (2.18 ha), tomato (0.89 ha), and watermelon (2.91 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, watermelon and groundnut. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, navane, paddy and watermelon. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, paddy, sorghum, tomato, watermelon and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, horsegram, paddy, redgram sorghum and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hasgal-2 micro watershed was found to be 98.20 per cent. In case of marginal and semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of small farmers it was 101.67 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 87.23 per cent.  The results indicate that, 62 per cent of the households have bank account and 40 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 44 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 31.82 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from cooperative bank, 22.73 per cent availed loan from grameena bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from money lenders and 36.36 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs.19285, Rs.90714, Rs.104285, and Rs.50000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agricultural production which accounted for 63.64 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 18.18 per cent of the households borrowed for social functions, 9.09 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed and 9.09 per cent borrowed for household consumption.  The results indicated that 80 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources, 13.33 per cent of the households partially paid and 6.67 per cent of the households fully repaid their loan.  Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources, 9.09 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and 9.09 per cent of the households fully paid their loans. 4  The results indicate that, around 46.67 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 40 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 9.09 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 27.27 per cent opined that the rate of interest was high in non institutional source of credits.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 37771.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70523.07. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 32751.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.87.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 46621.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67059.85. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20438.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 16260.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23523.81. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 7263.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32823.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38634.10. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5810.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22880. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20415.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 2464.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 18070.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46930. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 28859.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.6.  The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 19107.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 10532.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 53952.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 1264061.94. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 1210109.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:23.43.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 29826.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 84288.75. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 54461.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.83.  the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 41184.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71007.93. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 29823.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.72. 5  the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 24868.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 158304.54. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 133435.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.37.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 34 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 88,100 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,218.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 107,086.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 167,966.67, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 134,600.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,539.89. For landless households it was Rs. 7,100, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,611.85, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,368.06, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 16,080.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconuts and 27 mangoes in their fields. They have also grown 5 coconut and 1 mango tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 23 teak trees, 79 neem trees, 4 tamarind trees, 2 acacia trees and 1 peepul tree in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 1,280, for irrigation facility Rs. 260, for improved crop production Rs. 720 and for improved livestock management Rs. 420.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 16 per cent of the households for land development, 4 per cent for irrigation facility, 12 per cent for improved crop production and 14 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of funds for 2 per cent of the households for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, maize, navane, paddy, redgram, tomato and watermelon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 77.37 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 30 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 38 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 24 per cent of the farmers have sold through agents/traders and 8 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 84 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 2 per cent have used truck and 12 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 12.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 33.33 6 per cent of small farmers, 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers and 60 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 58 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 96 per cent used fire wood and 8 per cent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 86 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 42 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 50 per cent of the marginal, 26.67 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 96 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 2 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 54 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 56 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 16 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56 per cent, fruits were adequate for 52 per cent, milk was adequate for 90 per cent, eggs were adequate for 84 per cent and meat was adequate for 66 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 4 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 46 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 42 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40 per cent, milk was inadequate for 6 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 6 per cent and meat was inadequate for 24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 58 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (72%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (54%), low price for the agricultural commodities (52%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56%), less rainfall (20%), inadequate extension services (44%), and source of agri-technology information (newspaper/TV/mobile) (12%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Handrahalu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 442 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area of about 99 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface at the surface.  About 78 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 18 per cent has nearly level sloping (0-1%) and 81 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 68 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 31 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 3 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 63 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 33 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 14 per cent and 85 per cent are high (>20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 96 per cent area, 3 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in soils.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in entire area of about 99 per cent.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 2 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 174 (39) 229 (52) Sapota - - Maize - 392 (89) Pomegranate - 305(69) Bajra - 392 (89) Musambi 122 (27) 183 (42) Groundnut - - Lime 122 (27) 183 (42) Sunflower 122 (27) 177 (40) Amla - 408 (93) Red gram - 251 (57) Cashew - - Bengalgram 174 (39) 229 (52) Jackfruit - - Cotton 174 (39) 12 (3) Jamun - 199 (45) Chilli - - Custard apple 174 (39) 235 (53) Tomato - - Tamarind - 205 (46) Brinjal - 409 (93) Mulberry - 162 (37) Onion - - Marigold - 403 (91) Bhendi - 409 (93) Chrysanthemum - 290 (66) Drumstick - 305 (69) Jasmine - 104 (24) Mango - - Crossandra - 177 (40) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF STUDY  Results indicated that 32 farmers were sampled in Handrahalu-3 micro watershed among them 2 (6.25%) were landless, 8 (25%) were marginal farmers, 9 (28.13%) were small farmers, 10 (31.25%) were semi medium farmers and 3(9.38%) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 74 (54.81%) men and 61 (45.19%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers was 4, marginal farmers were 4, small farmers were 3.33, semi medium farmers were 4.80 and medium farmers were 5.67.  The data indicated that, 28 (20.74%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 59 (43.70%) were in 16-35 years of age, 34 (25.19%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (10.37%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Handrahalu-3 had 25.93 per cent illiterates, 1.48 per cent functional literates, 32.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 17.78 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.37 per cent of them had high school education, 3.70 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.22 per cent of them did ITI, 1.48 per cent of them had degree education and 0.74 persons were doing masters.  The results indicate that, 81.25 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 6.25 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers and 3.13 per cent of the households were students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 22.22 per cent of the household members, 14.63 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.96 per cent were general laborers, 20 per cent of them were student and 2.96 per cent of them were children's. In case of landless farmers, 25 per cent were agricultural labour, 50 per cent of them were general laborers and 12.50 per cent were in private service and were housewives respectively. In case of marginal farmers 25 per cent were agriculturists, 50 agricultural labours and 12.50 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 30 per cent were agriculturists, 43.33 agricultural labours and 26.67 per cent were students. In case of semi medium farmers 58.33 per cent were agriculturists, 20.83 per cent of them were doing agriculture, 54.17 per cent were agriculture labours and 25 per cent were students. In case of medium farmers 17.65 per cent were agriculturists, 58.52 per cent were agricultural labours and 17.65 per cent were students.  The results show that 100 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 3.13 per cent of the households possess thatched house and Pucca house respectively and 93.75 per cent of the households possess Katcha house.  The results shows that 87.50 per cent of the households possess TV, 9.38 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 71.88 per cent of the households possess Mixer 2 grinder, 6.25 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 68.75 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 28.13 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 6.25 per cent of the households possess auto and 87.50 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.2533, that the average value of DVD/VCD Player was Rs.933, the average value of mixer grinder was Rs.473, the average value of refrigerator 9000, the average value of bicycle was Rs. 669, the average value of motor cycle was Rs.24755, the average value of Auto was Rs.58500 and the average value of mobile phone was Rs.1354.  About 46.88 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 46.88 per cent of them possess plough, 3.13 per cent of them possess tractor, 43.75 per cent of them posses sprayer, 56.25 per cent of them possess weeder, 37.50 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 3.13 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2046, bullock cart was Rs.12400, tractor was Rs.250000, sprayer was Rs.2342, weeder was Rs.19, chaff cutter was Rs.1441 and earth remover/duster was Rs.8000.  The results indicate that, 43.75 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 15.63 per cent of the households possess local cow, 12.50 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 9.38 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  Results showed that in case of landless 50 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, in marginal households, 50 per cent possess bullocks, 12.50 per cent possess local cow and 25 per cent possess buffalo. In case of small farmers, 22 per cent of the households possess bullock and 11.11 per cent possess local cow, cross bread cow and buffalo respectively. In case of semi medium farmers, 60 per cent of households possess bullock, 30 per cent of households possess local cow, 20 per cent possess cross bread cow. In case of medium farmers, 66.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 6.74, average own labour (women) available was 6.52, average hired labour (men) available was 24.85 and average hired labour (women) available was 27.57.  The data indicated that in case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1.38, average hired labour (men) was 3.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 3.25. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.44, average own labour (women) was 1.11, average hired labour (men) was 6 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.22. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.80, average own labour (women) was 1.70, average hired labour (men) was 6.60 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.10. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour 3 (women) was 2.33, average hired labour (men) was 9 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.  The results indicate that, 93.75 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate which includes 100 per cent of the marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers respectively.  The results indicate that, households of the Handrahalu-3 micro watershed possess 51.68 ha (88.08%) of dry land and 7 ha (11.92%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.01 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.17 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium possess 19.28 ha (81.54%) of dry land and 4.37 ha (18.46%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 13.21 ha (83.40 %) of irrigated land, 2.63 ha (16.60%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 183,750.98 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 357,142.86. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 458,514.94 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 190,488.43 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 186,610.70 for dry land and Rs. 457,831.33 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 68,085.76 for dry land and Rs. 190,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 12.50 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 54.36 meters.  The results indicate that, small farmers had irrigated area of 4.37 hectares and medium farmers had 2.63 hectares. On an average there were 7 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (26.19 ha), greengram (11.42 ha), sunflower (9.31ha), sorghum (6.01ha), wheat (2.63 ha), Bengal gram (1.78 ha) and bajra (1.37 ha) in kharif season. Farmers also grown onion (2.51 ha), sunflower (2.14 ha), sorghum (8.42 ha), maize (5.64 ha), Bengal gram (5.56 ha) and cotton (2.93 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, sunflower, Bengal gram, sorghum and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, green gram, sunflower, Bengal gram, sorghum and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, green gram, sunflower, sunflower and bajra. Medium farmers have grown maize, green gram, wheat, Bengal gram and cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Handrahalu-3 micro watershed was found to be 87.64 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 106.14 per cent, for small farmers it was 91.03 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 90.89 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 72.10 per cent.  The results indicate that, 43.75 per cent of the households possess both bank account and savings correspondingly. 4  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of landless, 25 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 70 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 7.14 per cent have availed loan from friends/ relatives. The results indicated that, land less farmers have availed Rs. 10000.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30366.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31685.56. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 1319.14, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 40775.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27194.66. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -13580.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 13154.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18405.48. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 5250.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 35865.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63438.51. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 27573.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.77.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 27463.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31779.38. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 4315.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 20733.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60315.65. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 39581.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.91.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 30122.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53332.44. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 23209.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.77.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 16713.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50605.60. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 33892.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.03.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for wheat was Rs. 18954.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42560.00. The net income from wheat cultivation was Rs. 23605.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.25.  The results indicate that, 15.63 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 34.38 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.50 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 5  The data regarding the average annual gross income in Handrahalu-3 micro watershed is indicated that in case of landless the average income from wage was Rs.37500 and from dairy farm was Rs.17500. In case of marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.24000, business was Rs.15375, wage was Rs.4000, agriculture was Rs.44325, non farm income was Rs.1500 and dairy farm was Rs.8640.In small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.23866.67, business was Rs.17222.22, wage was Rs.2666.67, agriculture was Rs.114900 and non farm income was Rs.6777.78. In case of semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.22200, business was Rs.14500, wage was Rs.11340, agriculture was Rs.114900, non farm income was Rs.600 and dairy farm was Rs.3276. in medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.2000, agriculture was Rs.177566.67 and non farm income was Rs.5333.33.  The results indicate that in case of landless, the average annual expenditure from wage and dairy farm was Rs.25000 respectively.  In case of marginal farmers the average annual expenditure from business was Rs.26500, agriculture was Rs.16664.29 and dairy farm was Rs.7500. In case of small farmers, the average annual expenditure from service/salary was Rs.22500; business was Rs.18000 and agriculture was Rs.46750. In semi medium farmers the average annual expenditure from business was Rs.20000, wage was Rs.2500, agriculture was Rs.58800 and dairy farm was Rs.8000. In case of medium farmers the average annual expenditure from agriculture was Rs.100000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut and 1 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 7 coconut trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 29 neem trees, 4 tamarind trees and 8 banyan trees.  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, cotton, green gram, onion, sunflower and wheat were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Sorghum and Maize was sold to the extent of 60.98 per cent and 98.15 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, about 65.62 per cent of the households sold their produce to regulated market and another 28.13 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 28.57 per cent have used cart, 71.43 per cent have used tractor and 22.86 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 40.63 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 40.63 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 93.75 per cent of the households and 3.13 per cent of the households were dependent on open well and canal/nala for drinking water. 6  The results indicated that, 90.63 percent used fire wood, and another 9.38 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 96.88 per cent of the households in micro watershed and 3.13 per cent of the households were using kerosene lamp as a source of light.  The results indicated that, 53.13 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 62.50 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 40 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 84.38 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 9.38 per cent did not possess BPL card and 3.13 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card. The results indicated that, 40.63 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs and meat was adequate for 90.63 per cent, 15.63 per cent, 6.25 per cent, 12.50 per cent, 3.13 per cent, 12.50 per cent, 9.38 per cent and 3.13 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed, vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 6.25 per cent, 84.38 per cent, 68.75 per cent, 50 per cent and 90.63 per cent of the households. Milk and egg were inadequate for 68.75 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk and egg were market surplus for 25 per cent, 34.38 per cent, 9.38 per cent, 3.13 per cent and 6.25 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 31 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (69%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31%), high rate of interest on credit (13%), low price for the agricultural commodities (19%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (9%), Inadequate extension services (9%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88%), less rainfall (94%) and inadequate extension services (91%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-2microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 550ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86per cent is covered by soils, 17 per cent byrock outcrops and 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11soil series and 21soil phases (management units) and 4land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m)in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%)lands.  An area of about 8 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and71 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 30per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),21 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and2 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 51 per cent area,26per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 2 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 57 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 10 per cent area.  Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 24 (4) 21 (4) Pomegranate 18 (3) 167 (30) Maize 24 (4) 21 (4) Guava 18 (3) 167 (30) Bajra 43 (8) 172 (31) Jackfruit 18 (3) 167 (30) Red gram 18 (3) 26 (5) Jamun - 179 (33) Bengalgram - 75 (14) Musambi 18 (3) 167 (30) Groundnut 38 (7) 251 (46) Lime 18 (3) 167 (30) Sunflower 18 (3) 26 (5) Cashew 24 (4) 209 (38) Cotton - 45 (8) Custard apple 43 (8) 323 (59) Chilli 24 (4) 21 (4) Amla 43 (8) 323 (59) Tomato 24 (4) 21 (4) Tamarind - 23 (4) Drumstick 18 (3) 129 (23) Marigold 24 (4) 21 (4) Mulberry 18 (3) 318 (58) Chrysanthemum 24 (4) 21 (4) Mango - 18 (3) Jasmine 24 (4) 21 (4) Sapota 18 (3) 167 (30) Crossandra 24 (4) 21 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared for the4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 87 (55.77%) men and 69 (44.23%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.3, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 24 (15.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 70 (44.87%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (32.69%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.05 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-2 had 30.77 per cent illiterates, 28.21 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.33 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.79 per cent of them had high school education, 7.69 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.64 per cent of them did ITI and 2.56 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 78.95 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 13.16 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 2.63 per cent were general labourers and 2.63 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.95 per cent of the household members, 23.72 per cent were agricultural laborers, 7.05 per cent were general labour, 1.28 per cent had household industry, 4.49 per cent were in private, 19.87 per cent were students and 0.64 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 98.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and only 1.28 per cent of the households participated in self help group.  The results indicate that 2.63 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 92.11 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.26 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 86.84 per cent of the households possess TV, 68.42 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 68.42 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 28.95 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.2696, mixer grinder was Rs.1444, bicycle was Rs. 1038, motor cycle was Rs.31000 and mobile phone was Rs.1005.  About 10.53 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 23.68 per cent of them possess plough, 21.05 per cent of them posses sprayer, 97.37 per cent of them possess weeder and 23.68 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15500, plough was Rs.1692, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3077, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2888, and the average value of weeder was Rs.33. 2  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 10.53 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 5.26 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, average own labour (women) available was 1.31, average hired labour (men) available was 6.72 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.36.  The results indicate that, 44.74 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 39.47 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, only 1.92 per cent of the population migrated from the micro watershed, which included 5.26 per cent of landless farmers and 4.44 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicate that, the average distance of migration was 800 kms and average duration was 5 months.  The results indicate that, job/wage/work was the main purpose for migration.  The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of the households opined that their quality of life improved as a result of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-2 micro watershed possess 91.77 ha (84.24%) of dry land and 17.18 ha (15.76%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.01 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 22.30 ha (96.50%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.12 ha (11.45%) of dry land and 16.37 ha (88.55%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 64.35 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 72,977.06 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 399,832.71. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 431,586.03 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,620.69 for dry land and Rs. 617,500 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 141,682.60 for dry land and Rs. 389,067.76 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 258,000 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 3 functioning and 3 defunctioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 21.05 per cent of the farmers, open well was the source of irrigation for 7.89 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.57 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.43 meters. 3  The results indicate that, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha and 20.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (24.21 ha), paddy (7.77 ha), navane (4.66 ha), groundnut (2.43 ha), bajra (2.06 ha), mango (3.36 ha), sugarcane (1.36 ha), brinjal (0.81 ha), ladies finger (0.81 ha) and bengal gram (0.81 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, navane and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, navane, bajra and Bengal gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, paddy, navane, groundnut, mango, sugarcane, brinjal and ladies finger. Large farmers have grown maize only.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-2 micro watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent. In case of marginal and small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 99.40 per cent, and large farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 5.41 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.51 per cent availed loan from friends/relatives, 35.41 per cent availed loan from money lender, 35.14 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank and 10.81 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, landless, marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers have availed Rs.81000, Rs.47500, Rs.46125, Rs.79636 and 135000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was social functions which accounted for 50 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 15 per cent of the households borrowed for agricultural production, 25 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed, 5 per cent have borrowed for health care and another 5 per cent have borrowed for purchase of vehicle.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan and 18.18 per cent of the households did not repay their loan. 4  The results indicate that, around 93.33 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 6.67 per cent of the households said that the credit was easily accessible.  The results indicate that, around 18.18 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirements, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 4.55 per cent opined that the interest rate was higher in non-institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24971.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28026.25. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 3054.83, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 27364.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 7646.45. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 594.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 100090.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 310099.43. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 210008.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.1.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 29944.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95589. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 65644.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.19.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53586.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80670.20. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27083.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 35169.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 103740. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 68570.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95.  The total cost of cultivation for Ladies finger was Rs. 31310.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 113620. The net income from Ladies finger cultivation was Rs. 82309.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.63.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 110481.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 477827.40. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 367345.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.32. 5  The results indicate that, 15.79 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.26 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also around 23.68 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.63 per cent of the households opined that green fodder is inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 114,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 82,850, for small farmers it was Rs. 112,442.19, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 271,250, and for large farmers it was Rs.148000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,585.06. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,937.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,343.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,624.01, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 17,500.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut, and 830 mango trees in their fields.  42.11 per cent of the households showed interest towards cultivation of horticultural crops.  The results indicate that, households have planted 64 neem trees and 9 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 6,237.99, for irrigation facility Rs. 2,132.65, for improved crop production Rs. 684.32 and for improved livestock management Rs. 2,894.74.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 55.26 per cent of the households for land development, 36.84 per cent for irrigation facility, 5.26 per cent for improved crop production and 5.26 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of investment for 5.26 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, all crops were marketed to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 92.11 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.63 per cent have sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 5.26 per cent have used truck and another 5.26 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 31.58 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of marginal farmers, 56.25 per cent of small farmers and 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 6  The results indicated that, 28.95 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding and 42.11 per cent of the households adopted summer ploughing.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the structures needed full replacement.  The results indicated that 31.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the government and another 39.47 per cent is constructed by other agencies.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 76.32 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 18.42 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 94.74 per cent used fire wood and 10.53 per cent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 25 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.63 per cent possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 26.32 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 78.95 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 15.79 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 28.95 per cent, fruits were adequate for 21.05 per cent, milk was adequate for 73.68 per cent and eggs were adequate for 73.68 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 21.05 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 73.68 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 63.16 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 65.79 per cent, milk was inadequate for 13.16 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 23.68 per cent and meat was inadequate for 63.16 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.32 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (73.68%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.26%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.53%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.53%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.53%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (63.16%), less rainfall (73.68%) and inadequate extension services (57.89%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Abbagiri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 721 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent by rock out crops,150 cm).  An area of about 9 per cent has sandy surface, 64 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 27 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 81 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 0.75%) in 75 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 43 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 12 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 55 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 39 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 9 (1) 140(19) Pomegranate - 174(24) Maize 9 (1) 140(19) Guava - 147(20) Bajra 9 (1) 275(38) Jackfruit - 147(20) Redgram - 30(4) Jamun - 117(16) Bengal gram 9(1) 158 (22) Musambi - 174 (24) Groundnut - 325 (45) Lime - 174 (24) Sunflower - 57(8) Cashew - 309(43) Cotton - 149 (20) Custard apple - 562 (78) Chilli - 122(17) Amla - 562(78) Tomato 9(1) 113(15) Tamarind 38(5) Drumstick - 143 (20) Marigold - 122(20) Mulbery - 470(65) Chrysanthemum - 122(20) Mango - - Jasmine - 122 (17) Sapota - 147(20) Crossandra - 149(20) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Results indicated that 34 farmers were sampled in Abbagiri micro watershed among them 7 (20.59%) were marginal farmers, 15 (44.12 %) were small farmers, 4 (11.76 %) were semi medium farmers, 2 (5.88%) were medium farmers, 1(2.94%) was large farmer and 5 (14.71 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 142 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 79 (55.63%) men and 63 (44.37 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 3, marginal farmers and small farmers were 4, semi medium and medium farmers were 5 and large farmer was 10. On an average the family size was 4.  The data indicated that 20 (14.08%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (51.41 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 36 (25.35 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (9.15 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Abbagiri had 40.14 per cent illiterates, 0.70 per cent were functional literates, 26.06 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.56 per cent of them had both middle school, 14.79 per cent them had high school education, 4.93 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.70 per cent of them had degree education and 2.11 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 35.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 8.82 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 45.07 per cent of the household members, 30.99 per cent were agricultural labourers, 7.75 per cent were general labours, 0.70 percent were in private sector, 12.68 per cent of them were students and 2.86 per cent of them were children. In case of landless households 14.29 per cent were agricultural labours, 64.29 per cent were general labourers and 21.43 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 39.29 per cent were both agriculturist and agricultural labour, 3.57 per cent of both were in private and 14.29 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 56.14 per cent of them were agriculturist, 22.81 per cent of them were agriculture labour, 3.51 per cent were general labour and 14.04 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 27.27 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 54.55 per cent were agriculture labour and 13.64 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 45.45 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 54.55 per cent of them were agriculture labours. In large farmers 100 per cent of them were doing agriculture.  The results showed 100 per cent of the farmers have not participated in any local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 17.65 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and 32.35 per cent of them possess Thatched house.  The results showed that, 82.35 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.65 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 35.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess Auto and 91.18 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 7178, mixer grinder was Rs.1630, bicycle was Rs.1375, motor cycle was Rs.30416, Auto was Rs. 300000 and mobile phone was Rs.1537.  Results showed about 23.53 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent of them possess plough, 2.94 per cent of the households possess tractor, 32.35 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 91.18 per cent of the households possess weeder, 2.94 per cent of the households possess harvester and 11.76 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17975; the average value of plough was Rs. 929, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3125, the average value of weeder was Rs. 64, the average value of harvester was Rs. 48000 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 3000.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 35.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.82 per cent of the households possess sheep and 2.94 per cent of the households possess goat.  The data indicated that in case of marginal farmers, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullock and 42.86 per cent of household possess local cow. In case of small farmers, 46.67 per cent of households possess bullock, 26.67 per cent possess local cow, 13.33 per cent of the households possess sheep and 6.67 per cent possess goat. In case of semi medium farmers, 75 per cent of the households possess bullock and 50 per cent possess local cow. In medium farmers 50 per cent of the household possess bullock and 100 per cent of them have possess local cow. In case of large farmers 100 per cent of the farmers have possess bullock, local cow and sheep respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, average own labour (women) available was 1.61, average hired labour (men) available was 8.34 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.79.  The data showed that in case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1, average own labour (women) was also 1.67, average hired labour (men) was 7.86 and average hired labour (women) available was also 3 7.86. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.73, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 8.87 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.40. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.25, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 9.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.75. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2.50, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 5 and average hired labour (women) available was 5. In large farmers average own labour men available was 4, average own labour (women) was 4, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Abbagiri micro watershed possess 33.19 ha (51.34 %) of dry land and 31.46 ha (48.66 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.98 ha (91.11 %) of dry land and 0.49 ha (8.89%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 19.29 ha (93.38 %) of dry land and 1.37 ha (6.62 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (30.94 %) of dry land and 4.52 ha (69.06 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.90 (81%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (19%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 23.47 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 307,206.44 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 724665.73. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 481,951.22 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 310,952.58 for dry land Rs. 1,023,076.96 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 296,400 for dry land and Rs. 531,182.79 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 173841.64 for dry land and was Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers the average land value was Rs. 340068.97 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 26.47 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 22.32 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of small farmers there was 1.37 ha of irrigated land, in case of semi medium farmers there was 3.71 ha of irrigated land, medium farmers were having 1.62 ha of irrigated land and large farmers were having 6.48 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 13.17 ha of irrigated land. 4  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (8.66 ha), maize (21.52 ha), paddy (2.66 ha), groundnut (4.86 ha), navane (0.88 ha), red gram (1.29 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha) in kharif season. Also grown groundnut (1.28 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra, groundnut and paddy. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, paddy, navane, red gram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra and maize. Large farmers have grown groundnut and paddy.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Abbagiri micro watershed was found to be 80.20 per cent. In case of marginal, semi medium and large farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers the cropping intensity was 87.02 per cent and in medium farmers it was 43.75 per cent.  The results indicated that, 91.50 per cent of the households have bank account and 50 per cent of the households have savings. Among marginal farmers 40 percent of them possess bank account and 20 per cent possess savings. 100 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 57.14 per cent of them possess savings. Semi medium farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account and 66.67 per cent possess savings. Medium category of farmers possesses 100 per cent of bank account and 50 per cent of them possess savings. 100 per cent of large farmers possess bank account.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of landless, 57.14 per cent of marginal, 66.67 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 52.63 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 26.13 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank and 21.05 per cent have availed loan from money lender.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers have availed Rs.152500, Rs. 128000, Rs. 260000, Rs. 360000 and Rs. 300000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 147894.74.  The results indicated that, 89.47 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, agriculture production, income generating activities, purchase-vehicle and social functions like marriage reasons were the purpose for which marginal, small and semi medium farmers borrowed loan from private credit. About 25 percent of loan was taken for agriculture production, income generating activities, purchase-vehicle and social functions like marriage respectively.  Results indicated that 10 per cent of the households have repaid their institutional credit partially, 80 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 10 percent of the households have fully paid their loan. 5  Results indicated that 75 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially and 25 percent of the households have unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 45 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 25 per cent of farmers opined that higher rate of interest and 5 per cent of them opined that they forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time respectively.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 21127.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26854.61. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 5727.07, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.27.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 22389.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26497.78. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 4107.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 47014.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 106400.81. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 59386.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 46981.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63906.15. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 16924.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 31003.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55575.00. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 24571.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 22829.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16311.32. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -6517.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 29.41 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in case of landless, the average income from business Rs. 8000 and wage Rs. 52000. In case marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.8571.43, business was Rs.11428.57, wage was Rs.5000, agriculture was Rs.44471.43 and dairy farm was Rs.3660.71. In small farmers, the average income from service/salary was Rs.11000, wage was Rs.18666.67, agriculture was Rs.43133.33, dairy farm was Rs.533.33 and goat farming was Rs.6000. In semi medium farmers the average income from business was 6 Rs.28750, wage was Rs.10000 and agriculture was Rs.72200. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.9000, agriculture was Rs.67500 and dairy farm was Rs.1500. In case of large farmers the average income from wage was Rs.10000, agriculture was Rs.130000 and goat farming was Rs.60000.  The results indicated that, in case of land less, the average expenditure from business Rs. 20000 and wage Rs. 30000. In marginal farmers, the average expenditure from business was Rs.30000, wage was Rs.1500, agriculture was Rs.23000 and dairy farm was Rs.5250. In small farmers, the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.32500, wage was Rs.5714.29, agriculture was Rs.20642.86, dairy farm was Rs.333.33 and goat farming was Rs.20000.In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from business was Rs.60000, wage was Rs.5000 and agriculture was Rs.28750. In medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.2000, agriculture was Rs.27500 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In case of large farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.2000, agriculture was Rs.50000 and goat farming was Rs.5000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 23 coconut trees and 17 mango trees in their field and also planted 2 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 23 teak trees, 38 neem trees, 3 tamarind tress, 2 pongamia and 4 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1117.65 for land development, Rs. 294.14 in irrigation facility, Rs.823.53 for improved crop production and Rs.264.71 for improved livestock management.  The result showed that small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1066.67 for land development, Rs.800 for improved crop production and Rs.200 for improved livestock management. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5500 for land development, Rs. 2500 in irrigation facility, Rs.4000 for improved crop production and Rs.1500 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that for 14.71 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for land development, 5.88 per cent of the households were dependent on soft loans for irrigation facility. For improved crop production 5.88 per cent of the households were dependent on own funds and 8.82 per cent of them dependent on soft loan. For improved livestock management 8.82 per cent of the households were dependent on own funds.  The results indicated that, maize and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, groundnut, paddy and red gram were sold to the extent of 90.20 per cent, 93.64 per cent, 90.83 per cent and 71.43 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 5.88 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 73.53 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant,14.71 percent of the households sold their produce in 7 regulated markets and 8.82 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing Society.  The results indicated that 2.94 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 55.88 per cent of them have used tractor and 44.12 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 42.86 percent of marginal farmers, 33.33 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers, 50 percent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 100 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.02 per cent households and 2.94 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, semi medium, medium and large farmers and 13.33 small farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 60 per cent of the landless, 14.29 percent of the marginal, 33.33 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium, medium and large farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 94.12 per cent, 67.65 per cent, 23.53 per cent, 44.12 per cent, 47.06 per cent, 52.94 per cent, 64.71 per cent and 50 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, 32.35 per cent, 73.53 per cent, 55.88 per cent, 52.94 per cent, 47.06 per cent,35.29 per cent and 50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households experienced by lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint and wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (67.65%), inadequacy of irrigation water (58.82%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (73.53%), low price for the agricultural 8 commodities (79.41%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%), inadequate extension services (55.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.29%), less rainfall (8.82%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.94 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chik Sulikeri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 540 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 93 per cent is covered by soils, 5 per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 36 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 54 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 23 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 13 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping(1-3% slope) lands and 7 per cent area of microwatershed has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands.  An area of about 52 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 41 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 0.75%) in 15 per cent area.  An area of about 93 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 33 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 16 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 25 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 24(4) 188(35) Sapota 15(3) 65(12) Maize 15(3) 198(37) Pomegranate 15(3) 97(18) Bajra 37(7) 235(44) Guava 15(3) 65(12) Groundnut 37(7) 227(42) Jackfruit 15(3) 65(12) Sunflower 24(4) 60(11) Jamun - 111(20) Cotton 9(2) 204(38) Musambi 24(4) 88(16) Red gram 15(3) 69(13) Lime 24(4) 88(16) Bengalgram 13(2) 218(40) Cashew 13(2) 52(9) Chilli 15(3) 151(28) Custard apple 59(11) 294(54) Tomato 15(3) 151(28) Amla 59(11) 294(54) Brinjal 36(7) 216(40) Tamarind - 61(11) Onion 36(7) 164(30) Marigold 15(3) 198(37) Bhendi 36(7) 216(40) Chrysanthemum 15(3) 198(37) Drumstick 28(5) 136(25) Jasmine 15(3) 166(31) Mulberry 28(5) 155(29) Crossandra 15(3) 141(26) Mango - 29(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMU s by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 37 farmers were sampled in Chik Sulikeri micro watershed among them 5(13.51%) were landless, 4 (10.51%) were marginal farmers, 15 (40.54%) were small farmers, 7 (18.92%) were semi medium farmers, 5 (13.51%) were medium farmers and 1 (2.70%) were large farmers.  The data indicated that there were 101(59.06%) men and 70 (40.94%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal, small, medium and large farmers' was 5b and semi medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 29 (16.97%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 80 (46.78%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (29.82%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11(6.43 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chik Sulikeri had 37.43 per cent illiterates, 44.44 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.17 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.43 per cent of them had high school education, 5.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.17 per cent of them did diploma, 2.34 per cent of them had degree education and 1.75 persons were doing others.  The results indicate that, 91.89 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 8.11 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.73 per cent of the household members, 51.46 per cent were agricultural laborers, 20.47 per cent were students and 1.17 housewives and children. In case of landless farmers, 21.43 per cent were doing agriculture, 64.29 per cent were agricultural laborers, and 14.29 per cent were housewives. In case of marginal farmers 26.32 per cent were agriculturists, 31.58 per cent were agricultural laborers and 36.84 per cent were students. In case of small farmers, 28.99 per cent were agriculturists, 53.62 per cent were agricultural laborers and 17.39 per cent were students. In case of semi medium farmers, 25.64 per cent were agriculturists, 48.72 per cent were agricultural laborer and 23.08 per cent were students. In case of medium farmers, 20 per cent were agriculturists, another 60 per cent were agricultural laborers and 20 per cent were students. In large farmers 20 per cent were agriculturists, another 40 per cent were agricultural laborers and 40 per cent were students.  The results show that 100 per cent of the populations in the micro watershed have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 13.51 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 75.68 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 10.81 per cent of them possess Pucca house.  The results shows that 89.19 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 32.43 per cent of the households possess 2 bicycle, 37.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 97.30 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.4151, mixer grinder was Rs.1396, motor cycle was Rs.1500 and mobile phone was Rs.31285 and mobile was Rs.1472.  The data showed that, about 10.81 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 18.92 per cent of them possess plough and sprayer, 94.59 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.70 per cent of them possess harvester and chaff cutter respectively.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18250, plough was Rs.1250, the average value of weeder was Rs. 23, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4571, the average value of harvester was Rs.45000 and the average value of chaff cutter Rs.3000.  The results indicate that, 16.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 24.32 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.70 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep respectively. In case of marginal households, 25per cent possess local cow. Among small farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock and 26.67 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 14.29 per cent of households possess bullock, 28.57 per cent of households possess local cow and 14.29 per cent of households possess buffalo. In medium farmers 20 per cent local cow and in large farmers 100 per cent of the household possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 9.19, average own labour (women) available was 5.66, average hired labour (men) available was 8.05 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.13.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 31, average own labour (women) was 16, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.25. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.81, average own labour (women) was 1.69, average hired labour (men) was 9.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.63. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 25, average own labour (women) was 15.71, average hired labour (men) was 11.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.57. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.20, average own labour (women) was 2.60, average hired labour (men) was 9 and average hired labour (women) available was 10. In case of large farmers, average own labour men available was 1, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 8. 3  The results indicate that, 8.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 94.59 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chik Sulikeri micro watershed possess 22.83 ha (35.54%) of dry land and 41.42 ha (64.46%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.06 ha (80.95%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (19.05%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.89 ha (77.44%) of dry land and 4.05 ha (22.56%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 6.88 ha (52.80%) of dry land and 6.15 ha (47.20%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 12.52 ha (100%) of irrigated land, large farmers possess 3.64 18.21 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 262,672.81 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 183,427.89. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 435,882.36 for dry land and was Rs. 1,029,166.63 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 251,893.94 for dry land and Rs. 592,800. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 232,470.59 for dry land and Rs. 325,000 for irrigated land. In case of medium and large famers, the average irrigated land value was Rs. 215,546.22 and Rs. 220,000 respectively.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 16 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 45.95 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 77.04 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers were having 0.40 ha irrigated land, small farmers were having 3.24 ha of irrigated land, semi medium were having 9.39 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers had irrigated area of 12.52 ha and large farmers were having 1.62 ha of irrigated land respectively. On an average there was 27.17 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown groundnut (17.05 ha), maize (12.55 ha), bajra (4.05 ha), paddy (3.68 ha), navane (3.24 ha), mango (1.62 ha), sorghum (1.30 ha), horsegram (1.21 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), cotton (0.81 ha) and tomato (0.40 ha) in kharif season and also grown groundnut (1.21 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, navane and tomato. Small farmers have grown groundnut, bajra, paddy, navane, horsegram and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, bajra, navane and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize and paddy. Large farmers have grown mango.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chik Sulikeri micro watershed was found to be 88.79 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 98.36 per cent, for small farmers it was 99.54 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 4 89.11 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 72.90 per cent and in large farmers it was 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 86.49 per cent of the households have bank account and 86.49 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 86.49 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31771.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34174.67. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 2403.04, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.08.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 35771.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48158.68. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 12387.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 27138.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33379.73. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 6240.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 14751.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32604. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 17852.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.21.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 43450.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 73850.81. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 30400.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 48854.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 25245.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 45006.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 53793.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 19144.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25177.99. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 6033.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 30875.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 203775. The net income from 5 mango cultivation was Rs. 172899.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.6.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 141928.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 137399.96. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -4528.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicate that, 21.62 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.51 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Around 2.70 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that, in landless farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 103,000, in marginal farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 27,500 and agriculture was Rs.42837.50. In small farmers, the average annual gross income from service/salary was Rs. 2000, wage was Rs.22333.33, agriculture was Rs.71713.33 and dairy farm was Rs.5060.67.In semi medium farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 32,142.86, agriculture was Rs. 71,542.86 and dairy farm was Rs. 1,285.71. In medium farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 19400 and agriculture was Rs. 298400 and dairy farm was Rs. 600. In large farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 10000 and agriculture was Rs. 30000.  The results indicate that, in land less farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs. 42000. In marginal farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.8333.33 and agriculture was Rs. 23,750. In small farmers the average annual expenditure from service/salary was Rs.20000, wage was Rs.9000, agriculture was Rs.32266.67 and dairy farm was Rs.6600. In semi medium farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.9500, agriculture was Rs.31428.57 and dairy farm was Rs.2000. In medium farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.9,250, agriculture was Rs. 59,000 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In large farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.5000 and agriculture was Rs.10000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 areca nut, 11 coconut and 607 mango trees in their field and also planted 2 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 3 teak trees and 43 neem trees in their field and 1 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7243.24 for land development, Rs. 2513.51 in irrigation facility and 162.16 for improved crop production. Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7000 for land development. Small farmers have an average 6 investment capacity of Rs. 7866.67 for land development, Rs. 3066.67 in irrigation facility and Rs.400 for improved crop production. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8571.43 for land development and Rs. 3285.71 in irrigation facility. Medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10,400 for land development and Rs. 3,200 in irrigation facility. large farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10,000 for land development and Rs. 8,000 in irrigation facility.  The results indicate that, for land development, 31.58 per cent of the farmers were dependent on government subsidy and 42.11 per cent of the farmers were dependent on loan from bank. For irrigation facility 15.79 per cent of the farmers were dependent on government subsidy and loan from bank respectively. For improved crop production 2.63 per cent of the farmers were dependent on loan from bank.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, maize, mango, navane, paddy, sorghum and tomato crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 95.50 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 8.11 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in agent/traders. 91.89 per cent farmers also sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 2.70 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, and 97.30 per cent have also used tractor.  The results indicated that, 62.61 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small farmers, 57.14 per cent of semi medium farmers, 80 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 75.68 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 89.19 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 10.81 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, marginal, medium and large farmers, 13.13 per cent of small farmers and 28.57 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 97.30 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.70 per cent did not possess PDS card. 7  The results indicated that, 64.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.30 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 54.05 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 35.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 48.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 78.38 per cent, milk was adequate for 54.05 per cent, eggs were adequate for 54.05 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.41 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.70 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 45.95 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 56.76 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 45.95 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 24.32 per cent, milk was inadequate for 13.51 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 16.22 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 75.68 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (64.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (29.73%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.22%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (43.24%), high rate of interest on credit (8.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (16.22%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (13.51%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (24.32%), less rainfall (40.54%) inadequate extension services (24.32%) and source of agri technology information (13.51). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gasaladoddi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 536 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 80 per cent is covered by soil, 17 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 36 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 8 per cent sandy, 54 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 18 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 17 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 72 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 3 per cent is gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 22 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 58 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 37 per cent is slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5), 37 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 5 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 1 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 80 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 68 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 32 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 3(1) 121(21) Sapota 5(1) 118(22) Maize - 161(30) Pomegranate 5(1) 134(25) Bajra 33(6) 252(46) Musambi 9(2) 131(24) Groundnut 39(7) 254(47) Lime 9(2) 131(24) Sunflower 3(1) 51(9) Amla 39(7) 286(53) Redgram - 54(10) Cashew 5(1) 140(26) Bengal gram 3(1) 157(29) Jackfruit 5(1) 118(22) Cotton 3(1) 120(22) Jamun - 140(26) Chilli - 107(19) Custard apple 42(8) 283(52) Tomato - 107(19) Tamarind - 21(4) Brinjal 39(7) 152(28) Mulberry 5(1) 212(40) Onion 33(6) 141(26) Marigold - 123(22) Bhendi 33(6) 157(29) Chrysanthemum - 123(22) Drumstick 5(1) 106(20) Jasmine - 107(19) Mango - 18(3) Crossandra - 110(20) Guava 5(1) 118(22)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that, 47 farmers were sampled in Gasaladoddi microwatershed among them 10 (21.28%) were marginal farmers, 15 (31.91 %) were small farmers, 14 (29.79 %) were semi medium farmers, 3 (6.38%) were medium farmers and 5 (10.64 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 259 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 137 (52.90%) men and 122 (47.10 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 4, marginal farmer was 6, small, semi medium and medium farmers were 5.  The data indicated that 59 (22.78%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 128 (49.42 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (20.08 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20(7.72%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Gasaladoddi had 28.96 per cent illiterates, 35.14 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.97 per cent of them had middle school, 13.13 per cent them had high school education, 5.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.77 per cent of them had ITI education and masters and 1.93 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 78.72 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 8.51 per cent of them were agricultural labour, 6.38 per cent of the household heads were general labours and 2.13 per cent were in government service.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 66.80 per cent of the household members, 3.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.70 per cent were general labours, 0.39 per cent were in government service,0.77 per cent housewives, 1.93 per cent were children and 23.17 per cent of them were students. In case of landless farmers, 23.81 per cent were agricultural labour and 33.33 per cent were general labour and student respectively. In case of marginal farmers 65.08 per cent of them were doing agriculture, 3.17 per cent of them were agriculture labour and 26.68 per cent of them were students. In small farmers 71.08 per cent of them were doing agriculture and 27.71 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 79.49 per cent of them were agriculturist, and 14.10 per cent of them were students. In medium farmers 78.57 per cent of them were agriculturist and 14.29 per cent of them were doing other work.  The results showed that 100 per cent of households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 40.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 29.79 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 4.26 per cent of the households possess Pacca house.  The results showed that, 85.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 78.72 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 29.79 per cent of the households possess 2 bicycle, 40.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 95.74 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 6,475, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,305, bicycle was Rs. 1,285, motor cycle was Rs. 38,600 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,408.  Results showed that about 31.91 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 40.43 per cent of them possess plough, 2.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 23.40 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 78.72 per cent of the households possess weeder and 2.13 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 27,733; the average value of plough was Rs. 1,354, the average value of tractor was Rs. 700,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4,272, the average value of weeder was Rs. 30 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 3,000.  The results indicated that, 38.30 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 27.66 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.13 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep respectively. 40 per cent of the marginal farmers possess bullock. In case of small farmers, 40 per cent of the households possess bullock and 3.33 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of households possess bullock and 42.86 per cent possess local cow. In case of medium farmers, 66.67 per cent of the households possess local cow and 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock and buffalo respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 10.68, average own labour (women) available was 6.73, average hired labour (men) available was 10.73 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.12.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was also 1.80, average hired labour (men) was 9.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.60. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 13.73, average own labour (women) was 8.47, average hired labour (men) was 11.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.20. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.23, average own labour (women) was 2.08, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.08. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 61, average own labour (women) was 34.67, average hired labour (men) was 15 and average hired labour (women) available was 15.  The results indicated that, 85.11 per cent of the household opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.13 per cent of them opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, 1 person was migrated from micro watershed that belonged to marginal farmer category. Total migration in the micro watershed was only 0.39 per cent. 3  The results indicated that, people have migrated on an average of 10 Kms and average duration was 10 months. Semi medium farmers have migrated 10 kms and on an average for 10 months.  The results indicated that, job/work was the only reason for migration for all the migrants.  The results indicated that, households of the Gasaladoddi microwatershed possess 30.84 ha (53.50%) of dry land and 26.80ha (46.50%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.14ha (80.79%) of dry land 1.22ha (19.21%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 15.28 ha (83.26%) of dry land and 3.07ha (16.74%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.42 ha (40%) of dry land and 15.63ha (60%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.88ha (100%) of the irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 340,354.33 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 522,198.73. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 855,748.04 for dry land and Rs. 1,390,397.36 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 242,028.60 for dry land Rs. 1,106,455.88 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 230,303.03 for dry land and Rs. 498,989.90 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 159,823.53 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 10 defunctioning and 22 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, there were 1 defunctioning and 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 46.81 per cent of the farmers and 2.13 per cent were using open well as a source of irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 42.78 meters and open well was 0.65 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 1.22 per cent of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 3.07 ha of irrigated land, in case of semi medium farmers there was 19.04 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.07 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 29.41 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown maize (31.01ha), groundnut (7.90 ha), bajra (4.14 ha), cotton (1.88 ha), paddy (3.33 ha), sunflower (2.51 ha) and cotton (0.40 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown maize and paddy. Small farmers have grown maize, groundnut, bajra, sunflower and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, groundnut, bajra and paddy. Medium farmers have grown maize, groundnut and bajra. 4  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Gasaladoddi microwatershed was found to be 76.96 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 93.37, in semi medium farmers it was 65.16 and in medium farmers it was 72.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, 70.21 per cent of the households have bank account. 80 percent of landless, 100 marginal, 66.67 per cent small and 64.29 semi medium farmers possess bank account respectively.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of landless, 60 per cent of marginal, 6.67 per cent of the small and 28.57 per cent of semi medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 5.56 per cent have availed loan from friends/relatives and money lender respectively.  The results indicated that, landless farmers availed Rs.25000. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 2777.78.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32578.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33910.98. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 1332.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 76846.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75018.72. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -1827.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 92106.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37235.25. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. -54871.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.4.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 27964.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20417.92. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -7546.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.73.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 19607.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53768.81. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 34161.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.74.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 59113.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88920. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 29806.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 58431.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91584.65. The net income from 5 paddy cultivation was Rs. 33153.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The results indicated that, 68.09 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 19.15 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 52800. In marginal farmers the average income from business was Rs.2000, wage was Rs. 37,500 and agriculture was Rs. 29,340. In small farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 25,866.67, agriculture was Rs. 64,640 and dairy farm was Rs. 500. In semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 15,714.29, wage was Rs. 15,928.57, agriculture was Rs. 85,357.14 and dairy farm was Rs. 1,142.86. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 11,666.67, agriculture was Rs. 95,000 and dairy farm was Rs.1833.33.  The results indicated that, in marginal farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.12000 and goat farming was Rs.8000. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 1,166.67, agriculture was Rs. 33,933.33 and dairy farm was Rs. 500. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 50,000, wage was Rs. 1,833.33, dairy farm was Rs. 1,125 and agriculture was Rs. 35,142.86. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 7,000, agriculture was Rs. 40,000 and dairy farming was Rs. 1250.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 2 cocoa, 65 coconut, 2 guava and 16 mango trees in their field and also planted 2 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 51 teak, 85 neem, 3 tarmind trees and 5 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4276.60 for land development, Rs. 1425.53 in irrigation facility, Rs.2808.51 for improved crop production and Rs.829.79 for improved livestock management.  Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5800 for land development, Rs.3700 for improved crop production and Rs.800 for improved livestock management. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3733.33 for land development, Rs. 1600 in irrigation facility, Rs.2800 for improved crop production and Rs.400 for improved livestock management. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6214.29 for land development, Rs. 3071.43 in irrigation facility, Rs.3785.71 for improved crop production and Rs.1785.71 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, for land development, 40.43 per cent of the farmers were depending on government subsidy and 2.13 per cent were depending on loan from the bank. 19.15 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy 6 for irrigation facility. Similarly for improved crop production, 42.55 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy and 2.13 per cent were depending on loan from the bank and 21.28 per cent were depending on loan from the bank for improved live stock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, paddy and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut and maize were sold to an extent 95.38 per cent and 99.88 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 6.38 percent of the households have sold their produce to agents/ traders and regulated market respectively and 100 per cent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that 6.38 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 80.85 per cent of them have used tractor and 36.17 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 46.81 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 80 percent of marginal farmers, 40 per cent of small farmers and 57.14 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 63.83 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing including 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 73.33 per cent of the small farmers and 64.29 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 2.13 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 59.57 per cent and 44.68 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 17.02 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 20 per cent of marginal, 13.33 per cent of small, 7.14 per cent of the semi medium and 33.33 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 93.62 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2.13 per cent of the sampled households does not possessed BPL card and 4.26 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 23.40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 20 per cent of the landless, 30 percent of the marginal, 13.33 per cent of the small, 14.29 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 97.87 per cent, 87.23 per cent, 25.53 per cent, 82.98 per cent, 2.13 per cent, 72.34 per cent, 48.94 per cent and 44.68 per cent respectively. 7  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed; vegetables, fruits and milk were inadequate for 4.26 per cent, 10.64 per cent, 40.43 per cent, 10.64 per cent, 65.96 per cent and 21.28 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil problem was experienced by 29.79 per cent of the households, and wild animal menace on farm field was experienced by 61.70 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases was experienced by 63.83 per cent of the farmers, inadequacy of irrigation water was experienced by 25.53 per cent of the households, high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was experienced 55.32 per cent and high rate of interest on credit was experienced by 17.02 per cent of the farmers, low price for the agricultural commodities was experienced by 42.55 per cent of the farmers, lack of marketing facilities in the area was experienced 34.04 per cent of the households, inadequate of extension services experienced by 38.30 per cent of the households, lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market was experienced by 53.19 per cent of the households, less rainfall was experienced by 36.17 per cent and of the farmers and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) 4.26 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkabagnalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 680 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 82 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent area is covered by mining/industrial, 1 per cent area is covered by rock lands and 11 per cent is covered by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 73 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 9 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 33 per cent area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 76 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in 1 per cent area, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 31 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) and 13 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 16 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 90(13) 275(40) Sapota 84(12) 317(47) Maize 75(11) 291(43) Pomegranate 84(12) 317(47) Bajra 286(42) 171(25) Guava 1(<1) 400(59) Groundnut 131(19) 419(62) Jackfruit 84(12) 317(47) Sunflower 66(10) 243(36) Jamun 37(5) 301(44) Cotton 66(10) 275(40) Musambi 84(12) 293(43) Red gram 66(10) 219(32) Lime 84(12) 293(43) Bengalgram - 318(47) Cashew 40(6) 361(53) Chilli 120(18) 246(36) Custard apple 286(42) 264(39) Tomato 120(18) 246(36) Amla 286(42) 264(39) Brinjal 243(36) 197(29) Tamarind 37(5) 82(12) Onion 154(23) 287(42) Marigold 65(10) 301(44) Bhendi 154(23) 287(42) Chrysanthemum 65(10) 301(44) Drumstick 84(12) 318(47) Jasmine 65(10) 301(44) Mulberry 84(12) 410(60) Crossandra 65(10) 277(41) Mango 37(5) 47(7)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Chikkabagnalu micro indicated that 30 farmers were sampled in Chikkabagnalu micro watershed among them 6 (20%) were marginal farmers, 8 (26.67%) were small farmers, 9(30%) were semi medium farmers, 6(20%) were medium farmers and 1(3.33%) landless farmer was also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 150 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 92 (61.33%) men and 58 (38.67 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 5, marginal farmers were 5, small farmers were 7, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 4. On an average the family size was 5.  The data indicated that 26(17.33%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (46%) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.67%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Chikkabagnalu had 34 per cent illiterates, 26 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.33 per cent of them had both middle school, 13.33 per cent them had high school education, 7.33 per cent of them had PUC education, 2 per cent them had ITI education, 4.67 per cent of them had degree education and 3.33 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 93.33 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.33 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 50.67 per cent of the household members, 17.33 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.67 per cent were general labours, 0.67 per cent household industry, 1.33 percent were in government service, 0.67 per cent of them were in private sector, 22 per cent of them were students, 3.33 per cent of them were children and 1.33 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 20 per cent were agricultural labourers, 60 per cent were general labourers and 20 per cent were household industry. In case of marginal farmers 42.86 per cent were agriculturist, 21.43 percent was in agricultural labour and 25 per cent of them were students. In case of small farmers 54.72 per cent of them were agriculturist, 20.75 percent was in agricultural labour and 18.87 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 43.24 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 21.62 per cent were agricultural labourers and 24.32 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 70.37 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 25.93 per cent of them were students and 3.70 per cent were housewives.  The results showed that 0.67 per cent of them participated in user groups and 99.33 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless, marginal, semi medium and medium farmers were found to have no participation 2 in any local institutions. Small farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicated that 43.33 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 20 per cent of the households possess Pucca house, 33.33 per cent of the households possess Semi Pacca house and 3.33 per cent of them possess Thatched house. 100 percent of the landless farmers possess Katcha house.  The results showed that, 86.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 3.33 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 63.33 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 10 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 36.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.33 per cent of the households possess Auto and 96.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.5673; DVD/VCD Player was Rs. 2000, mixer grinder was Rs.1647, bicycle was Rs.3000, motor cycle was Rs.44545, Auto was Rs. 300000 and mobile phone was Rs.2022.  The results indicated that about 23.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 43.33 per cent of them possess plough, 13.33 per cent of the households possess tractor, 40 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 3.33 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 56.67 per cent of the households possess weeder and 3.33 per cent of the households possess harvester.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 14921; the average value of plough was Rs. 1573, the average value of tractor was Rs. 351250, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3958, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 200, the average value of weeder was Rs. 213 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 100.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 7.87 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.97.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was also 1.17, average hired labour (men) was 8.83 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.83. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.88, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 10.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.75. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.11, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 7.78 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.56. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.33, average hired labour (men) was 5 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.33. 3  The results indicated that, 73.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 26.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Chikkabagnalu micro watershed possess 11.59 ha (27.32 %) of dry land and 30.82 ha (72.68%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.08 ha (67.41%) of dry land and 1.01 ha (32.59%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.65 ha (55.41 %) of dry land and 3.74 ha (44.59 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (19.85 %) of dry land and 11.44 ha (80.15 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (12.15 %) of dry land and 14.63 (87.85%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 345,092.56 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 387,934.60. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 623,495.16 for dry land and Rs. 1,289,558.23 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 322,735.19 for dry land Rs. 657,597.40 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 401,910.16 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and was Rs. 245,975.65 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 30 functioning and 8 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 96.66 per cent of the farmers and 3.33 per cent of the households were using tank as a source of irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 68.15 meters and tank was 2.54 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 1.01 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 54.25 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 11.12 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.88 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown banana (0.40ha), groundnut (4.05ha), maize (19.14ha), paddy (1.62ha), bajra (0.81ha), red gram (1.31ha) in kharif season and also grown red gram (0.44 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown banana, groundnut and maize. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, paddy and red gram and medium farmers grown groundnut, paddy and maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Chikkabagnalu micro watershed was found to be 75.56 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 83.55, in semi medium farmers it was 88.05 and in medium farmers it was 60.77 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, 93.33 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings respectively. Among marginal farmers 100 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 87.50 per cent of small farmers possess both bank account and savings correspondingly. Semi medium farmers possess 100 per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and medium category of farmers also possess 100 per cent of bank account and also savings correspondingly.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of marginal, 12.50 per cent of small, 22.22 per cent of the semi medium and 66.67 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 20 per cent have availed loan from Cooperative Bank and Grameena Bank, and 10 per cent have availed loan from Friends/Relatives and money lender respectively.  The results indicated that the average amount availed from marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmer were Rs.74250, Rs. 24750, Rs. 28400 and Rs. 71250 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 54,235.29.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 10 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for land purchase.  The results indicated that, agriculture production and household consumption were the purpose for which marginal and small farmers borrowed loan from private credit. About 25 percent of loan was taken for agriculture production and 75 per cent of the farmers taken loan for household consumption.  Results indicated that 40 per cent of the households have repaid their institutional credit partially, 50 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 10 percent of the households have fully paid their loan.  . Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially.  The results indicated that 30 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 10 households were opined that easy accessibility of credit and 60 per cent of the farmers did not give any opinion on credit.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 56355.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40014.00. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -16341.49, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 44337.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40198.74. The net income from 5 maize cultivation was Rs. -4138.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 58309.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55266.25. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -3042.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 60025.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91159.47. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 31133.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 288143.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 247000. The net income from Banana cultivation was Rs. -41143.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 34365.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58404.41. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 24038.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and inadequate respectively. Similarly 60 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 6.67 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicated that, in case of landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 120000, in marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.61666.67, wage was Rs.15500, agriculture was Rs.32100 and dairy farm was Rs. 8400. In case of small farmers average income from service/salary was Rs. 25000, Wage Rs.12500, agriculture was Rs. 62375 and goat farming was Rs.3750. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 13444.44, agriculture was Rs. 84888.89 and dairy farming was Rs.5222.22. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 17166.67, agriculture was Rs. 137583.33 and dairy farming was Rs. 11333.33. Over all, the average income from the salary was Rs.19000, wage was Rs.17900, agriculture was Rs.76036.67, dairy farm was Rs.5513.33 and goat farming was Rs.1000.  The results indicated that, in case of landless, the average expenditure from wage Rs. 50,000. In case of marginal farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.140000, wage was Rs.14750, agriculture was Rs.19666.67 and dairy farm was Rs. 30000. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.37500, wage was Rs.11000, agriculture was Rs.38125 and goat farming was Rs.5000. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.7125, agriculture was Rs.50000 and dairy farm was 6 Rs.8333.33. Similarly in medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 12000, agriculture was Rs.80000 and dairy farm was Rs.7875.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 57 coconut trees, 12 mango trees and 3 Sapota trees in their field.  The results indicated that, 3.33 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 16.67 per cent medium farmers.  The results indicated that, households have planted 77 neem trees, 2 tamarind tress, 6 acacia trees and 5 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, Bajra, coriander, cotton, cowpea, groundnut, sorghum, paddy, red gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only maize was sold to the extent of 56.32 per cent.  The results indicated that, 30 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 50 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 30 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 3.33 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 3.33 per cent of the households have used head load as a mode of transport, 6.67 per cent of them have used cart, 90 per cent have used tractor and 10 per cent of them have used truck.  The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 66.67 percent of marginal farmers, 75 per cent of small farmers, 55.56 per cent semi medium farmers and 83.33 percent medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 66.67 per cent of marginal, 62.50 per cent of small, 44.44 per cent of semi medium and 83.33 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest towards soil testing.  The results indicated that, 83.33 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 23.33 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 6.67 per cent, 76.67 per cent of them were using bore well and 16.67 per cents of the households were using lake/tank for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 93.33 per cent of the households and 3.33 per cent of the households were using kerosene lamp.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 16.67 per cent of marginal, 12.50 per cent of small, 22.22 per cent of semi medium and 16.67 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility. 7  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 6.67 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 46.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 16.67 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 33.33 per cent of the semi medium and 16.67 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 96.67 per cent, 46.67 per cent, 53.33 per cent, 43.33 per cent, 73.33 per cent, 36.67 per cent, and 23.33 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 3.33 per cent, 53.33 per cent, 26.67 per cent, 40 per cent and 13.33 of the households. Fruits, egg and meat were inadequate for 23.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 3.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (40%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (13.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.67%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (6.67%), high rate of interest on credit (60%), low price for the agricultural commodities (6.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (26.67%), less rainfall (93.33%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper /TV/Mobile) (63.33 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 586 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soil and 11 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 12 per cent loamy (sandy clay loam) and 77per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 71per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 5 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 84 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 1% is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 3% is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 6% is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 4% is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 7% is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 20% is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 49% is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 9 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 36 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 39 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 51 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 181(31) 236(40) Sapota 4(1) 23(4) Maize 4(1) 402(68) Pomegranate 4(1) 436(74) Bajra 4(1) 391(66) Musambi 70(12) 370(63) Groundnut - 75(13) Lime 70(12) 370(63) Sunflower 70(12) 347(59) Amla 4(1) 484(82) Redgram 4(1) 254(43) Cashew - 27(5) Bengal gram 177(30) 240(41) Jackfruit 4(1) 23(4) Cotton 181(31) 236(40) Jamun 4(1) 166(29) Chilli 4(1) 28(5) Custard apple 181(31) 307(52) Tomato 4(1) - Tamarind 4(1) 190(32) Brinjal - 464(79) Mulberry 4(1) 380(65) Onion - 52(9) Marigold 4(1) 413(70) Bhendi - 465(79) Chrysanthemum 4(1) 413(70) Drumstick 4(1) 461(78) Jasmine 4(1) - Mango 4(1) 10(2) Crossandra 4(1) 206(35) Guava - 27(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Belur-4 micro watershed among them 14 (40%) were marginal farmers, 11 (31.43%) were small farmers, 3 (8.57%) were semi medium farmers, 2 (5.71%) were medium farmers and 5 (14.29%) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there was a population of 158 in the studied micro watershed. Among them 91 (57.59%) were men and 67 (42.41%) were women. The average family size of landless farmers was 4.4, marginal and medium farmers were 4.5, small farmer was 4.54, semi medium farmer was 4.3 and medium farmer was 5.  The data indicated that 26 (16.46%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (43.04%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (31.01%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Belur-4 had 27.85 per cent illiterates, 27.85 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.43 per cent of them had middle school, 22.15 per cent of them had high school education, 9.49 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.63 per cent them had Diploma education and 5.70 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 45.57 per cent of the household members, 17.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 10.13 per cent were general labours, 1.27 percent were in private sector and 25.95 per cent of them were students. In case of landless households 4.55 per cent were agriculturists, 72.73 per cent were general labourers and 22.73 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 42.86 per cent were agriculturist, 28.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.59 percent was in private service and 26.98 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 70 per cent of them were agriculturist, 4 per cent were agricultural labourers and 26 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 61.54 per cent of the family members were agriculturists and 38.46 per cent were students. In case of medium farmers 10 per cent of the family members were agriculturists, 70 per cent were agriculture labour, 10 per cent were in private service and 10 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 0.63 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank and 99.37 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 20 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 57.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.71 per cent of the households possess Pucca house. 2  The results showed that, 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 71.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 65.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1824, bicycle was Rs.3173, motor cycle was Rs.30250, auto was Rs.35000 and mobile phone was Rs.2124.  Results showed that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess both power tiller, 17.14 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of the households possess weeder and 8.57 per cent possess tractor, harvester and chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.19600; the average value of plough was Rs. 1229, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 366666, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3166, the average value of weeder was Rs. 136, the average value of harvester was Rs. 16400 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2666.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow. Around 14.29 per cent of the marginal farmers and 33.33 per cent of the semi medium farmers possess bullock, 27.27 per cent of small farmers and 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers possess local cow. Medium farmers and landless farmers did not possess any livestock.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.60, average own labour (women) available was 1.27, average hired labour (men) available was 12.90 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.37.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.57, average own labour (women) was also 1.29, average hired labour (men) was 10.36 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.71. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.64, average own labour (women) was 1.27, average hired labour (men) was 15.45 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.82. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.33, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 18.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 15. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.5, average hired labour (men) was 8.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Belur-4 micro watershed possess 23.16 ha (66.76%) of dry land and 11.53 ha (33.24%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.87 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.28 ha (88.77%) of dry 3 land and 1.68 ha (11.23%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.78 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.07 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 353,967.14 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 407,476.31. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 536,516.39 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 218,251.07 for dry land and Rs. 714,216.85 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 423,126.34 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 312,866.67 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 19.59 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of small farmers there was 1.68 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 3.64 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.07 ha of irrigated land. On an average there was 11.40 ha irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown maize (12.66 ha), onion (3.77 ha), cotton (3.77 ha), sunflower (3.64 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), red gram (0.89 ha), bajra (0.81 ha) and navane (0.40 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, onion, sorghum, cotton, sunflower, groundnut, red gram, bajra and navane. Small farmers have grown maize, onion, sorghum and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown onion and cotton. Medium farmers have grown maize and cotton.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Belur-4 micro watershed was found to be 95.02 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 99.32, in semi medium farmers it was 100 and in medium farmers it was 73.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and 57.14 per cent possess savings. Among marginal farmers 100 percent of them possess bank account and 71.43 per cent possess savings. 90.91 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 72.73 per cent of them possess savings. In case of semi medium farmers 100 percent of them possess bank account and 66.67 per cent possess savings. Medium category of farmers possesses 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 78.57 per cent of marginal, 90.91 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium and 50 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. 4  The results indicated that, 41.67 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank and commercial bank respectively. 4.51 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 12.50 per cent availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs. 95,272.73, Rs. 90,500, Rs. 115,000 and Rs. 45,000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 92,833.33.  The results indicated that, 95 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 5 per cent for animal husbandry.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  Results indicated that 10 percent of the households have paid their institutional credit partially, 85 per cent of the household unpaid their loan and 5 per cent of the households fully paid their loan.  Results indicated that 75 percent of the households have paid their private credit partially and 25 per cent of the household unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 45 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 50 per cent of them opined that higher rate of interest and 5 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement.  The results indicated that 5 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement and 50 per cent of them opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 25715.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55575.00. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 29859.30, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.16.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 22941.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23763.09. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 821.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 19778.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31619.74. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11841.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 50306.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55219.94. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4913.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 54111.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30875.00. The net income from 5 navane cultivation was Rs. -23236.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37865.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80897.65. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 43031.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 39372.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 105261.80. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 65888.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.67.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 29680.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47277.63. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 17596.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra and Red gram was Rs. 26449.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57427.50 The net income from Bajra and Red gram cultivation was Rs. 30978.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate respectively.  The results indicated that, in land less farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.270800. In case of marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.33071.43, agriculture was Rs. 38,221.43 and dairy farm was Rs. 214.29. In case of small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 18,727.27, wage was Rs. 36,181.82 and agriculture was Rs. 56,122.73. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.10000, agriculture was Rs. 135,733.33 and dairy farm was Rs. 6,750. In medium farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs. 25,000 and agriculture was Rs. 560,000.  The results indicated that, in case of land less the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.65000, In marginal farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.24107.14, agriculture was Rs.23714.29 and dairy farm was Rs.500. In small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.80000, wage was Rs.28900 and agriculture was Rs.33727.27. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.24000, agriculture was Rs.69666.67 and dairy farm was Rs.10000. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.10000 and agriculture was Rs.85000.  The results indicated that, households have planted 4 teak trees, 71 neem trees, 10 tarmind trees, 1 acacia tree and 1 Banyan trees in their field and also planted 404 neem trees in their back yard. 6  The results indicate that, households have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 1485.71 for land development, Rs.400 for irrigation facility, Rs.1000 for improved crop production and Rs.200 for improved livestock management. Marginal farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 2285.71 for land development, Rs.571.43 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1500 in improved crop production and Rs.285.71 for improved live stock management. Small farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.727.27 for land development, Rs.545.45 for improved crop production and Rs.272.73 for livestock management. Medium farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.6000 for land development, Rs.3000 for irrigation facility and Rs.4000 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that for 17.14 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for land development respectively. For irrigation facility 5.71 per cent of household were dependent on loan from the bank. 17.14 per cent of the household were depending on loan from bank for improved crop production. 8.57 per cent of the household were dependent on loan from bank for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, navane, onion, red gram, sorghum and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, 80 percent of the households have sold their produce to regulated market and 8.57 per cent of the household sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of households used cart as mode of transport, 71.43 per cent of households used tractor as mode of transport and 11.43 per cent used truck for transportation of their produce.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 21.43 percent of marginal and 50 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 97.14 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the household used LPG as source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of the landless, 35.71per cent of marginal, 27.27 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. 7  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 7.14per cent of the marginal farmers, 27.27 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 50 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the household respectively. Pulses and egg were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the household respectively. Oilseed and vegetables were adequate for 2.86 per cent of the household respectively. Fruits and meat were adequate for 8.57 per cent and 62.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, egg and meat were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, 97.14 per cent, 94.29 per cent, 91.43 per cent, 2.86 per cent and 37.14 per cent of the household respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (68.57%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (65.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (82.86 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86 per cent is covered by soil and 14 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 75 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 6% is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 76 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 4% is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 68 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 18 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 21 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 96(19) 165(32) Sapota 15(3) 143(28) Maize 15(3) 246(48) Pomegranate 47(9) 251(49) Bajra 125(24) 247(48) Musambi 96(19) 202(39) Groundnut - 237(46) Lime 96(19) 202(39) Sunflower 96(19) 91(17) Amla 47(9) 371(72) Redgram 15(3) 170(33) Cashew 47(9) 111(22) Bengal gram 81(16) 180(34) Jackfruit 15(3) 143(28) Cotton 81(16) 180(34) Jamun - 218(43) Chilli 15(3) 143(27) Custard apple 128(25) 290(56) Tomato 15(3) 65(12) Tamarind - 208(41) Brinjal 47(9) 227(44) Mulberry 47(9) 174(34) Onion 47(9) 46(9) Marigold 15(3) 246(47) Bhendi 47(9) 227(44) Chrysanthemum 15(3) 246(47) Drumstick 47(9) 186(36) Jasmine 15(3) 106(20) Mango - 59(11) Crossandra 15(3) 67(12) Guava 15(3) 143(28)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that, 35 farmers were sampled in Belur-1 micro watershed among them 8 (22.86%) were marginal farmers, 6 (17.14 %) were small farmers, 7 (20 %) were semi medium farmers, 8 (22.86%) were medium farmers, large farmers 1(2.86%) and 5 (10.20 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 194 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 100 (51.55%) men and 94 (48.45%) were women. The average family size of landless farmers was 4, marginal and medium farmers were 5, small and semi medium farmer was 6 and large farmer was 11. On an average the family size was 5.  The data indicated that 49 (25.26%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (39.18 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (27.84 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.73%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Belur-1 had 28.35 per cent illiterates, 30.41 per cent of them had primary school education, 14.43 per cent of them had middle school, 11.86 per cent them had high school education, 5.15 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.03 per cent them had Diploma education, 0.52 had ITI education, 3.61 per cent of them had degree education, 1.03 per cent of them had masters education and 3.61 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 59.79 per cent of the household members, 6.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.52 per cent were general labours, 1.03 percent were in private sector, 24.74 per cent of them were students, 3.61 per cent of them were children and 3.09 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 5 per cent were agriculture, 50 per cent were agriculture labour, 5 per cent were general labour and 15 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 76.74 per cent were agriculturist, 2.33 percent were in private service and 16.28 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 57.14 per cent of them were agriculturist and 40 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 62.12 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 2.33 per cent were in private service, 20.93 per cent of them were students, 4.65 per cent were housewives and 6.98 per cent were children. In case of medium farmers 59.52 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 4.76 per cent were agriculture labour, 2.38 per cent were children and 33.33 per cent of them were students. In case of large farmers 81.82 per cent were doing agriculture, 9.09 per cent were both agriculture labour and students respectively. 2  The results showed that 0.52 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank and 99.48 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Only small farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicated that 57.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 45.71 per cent of the households possess Pucca house. 100 per cent of the land less farmers possess thatched house and 100 per cent of the large farmers possess Pucca house.  The results showed that, 100 per cent of the households possess TV and Mixer grinder respectively. 8.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value television was Rs. 6257, mixer grinder was Rs.1485, bicycle was Rs.3000, motor cycle was Rs.34583 and mobile phone was Rs.1376.  The results indicated that about 20 per cent of the households possess both bullock cart and plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess both power tiller and tractor respectively. 17.14 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 88.57 per cent of the households possess weeder and 2.86 per cent of the households possess thresher.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18000; the average value of plough was Rs. 1500, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 5000, the average value of weeder was Rs. 26 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 20000.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess.  In case of marginal farmers, 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock and 25 per cent of the household possess local cow, 12.50 per cent household possess buffalo and sheep respectively. In case of small farmers, 33.33 per cent of households possess bullock, 66.67 per cent possess local cow and 16.67 per cent of the households possess sheep. In case of semi medium farmers, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock, 28.57 per cent of the household possess local cow and 16.67 per cent of the households possess sheep. In case of medium farmers 12.50 per cent of the household possess bullock and 50 per cent of the household possess local cow. In large farmers 100 per cent of the household possess bullock, local cow and sheep respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.84, average hired 3 labour (men) available was 7.30 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.20.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.88, average own labour (women) was also 2.13, average hired labour (men) was 7.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 7. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.17. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.43, average own labour (women) was 1.86, average hired labour (men) was 7.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 7. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.63, average own labour (women) was 1.63, average hired labour (men) was 7.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.50. In case of large farmers, average own labour men available was 5, average own labour (women) was 4, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Belur-1 micro watershed possess 24.79 ha (42.06 %) of dry land and 34.15 ha (57.94 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.74 ha (62.59 %) of dry land and 1.63ha (37.14%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.05 ha (78.65 %) of dry land and 1.64 ha (21.35 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.38 ha (26.89 %) of dry land and 9.17 ha (73.11%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 12.63 ha (45.34%) of dry land and 15.22 ha (54.66%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 6.48 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 318325.99 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 494643.91. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 949999.98 for dry land and Rs. 2690098.94 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 396256.68 for dry land Rs. 1216748.79 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 294682.25 for dry land and Rs. 610145.56 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 150416.67 for dry land and Rs. 256060.61 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers the average land value was Rs.154375 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 15 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 42.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 36.66 meters. 4  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 1.88 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 1.62 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 8.10 ha of irrigated land, medium farmers were having 8.10 ha of irrigated land and large farmers having 3.24 ha of irrigated land. On an average there was 22.93 ha irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (4.57 ha), brinjal (0.40 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), cotton (4.13 ha), groundnut (1.38 ha), maize (23.32 ha), onion (1.21 ha) and sugar cane (1.21 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize and onion. Semi medium farmers have grown brinjal, cotton, maize and onion. Medium farmers have grown bajra, chilly, cotton, maize, onion and sugar cane. Large farmers have grown cotton, maize and onion.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Belur-1 micro watershed was found to be 55.74 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 99.63 per cent, in small farmers it was 99.70, in semi medium farmers it was 62.75, in medium farmers it was 39.99 per cent and in case of large farmers the cropping intensity was 53.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.86 per cent possess savings. Among marginal farmers 100 percent of them possess bank account. 100 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 12.50 per cent of them possess savings. Semi medium, medium and large category of farmers possesses 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the landless, 62.50 per cent of marginal, 66.67 per cent of small, 42.86 per cent of the semi medium and 62.50 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs. 25400, Rs. 42500, Rs. 16666.67 and Rs. 110000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 49833.33.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 9.09 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, higher rate of interest and forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time respectively.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 26836.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30613.70. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 3777.63, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.14. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23553.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35161.80. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 11607.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.49.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 19910.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 276640. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 256729.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:13.89.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 104680.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 109091.66. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4411.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 54847.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 56302.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.03.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 44525.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104092.86. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 59566.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 48293.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 126793.33. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 78499.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.63.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sugar cane was Rs. 28816.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from sugar cane cultivation was Rs. 69983.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.43.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicated that, in land less farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.29000. In case of marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.15250, agriculture was Rs.41625, dairy farm was Rs.2250 and goat farming was Rs.3750. In case of small farmers the average income from wage was Rs.20000, agriculture was Rs.47500 and dairy farm was Rs.2833.33. In semi medium farmers the average income from business was Rs.12857.14, wage was Rs.17142.86, agriculture was Rs.113000 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In medium farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.17142.86, agriculture was 6 Rs.46000 and dairy farm was Rs.9375. In large farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.35000, agriculture was Rs.170000 and was Rs.8000.  The results indicated that, in marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.14000, Rs.14166.67, Rs.38142.86 and Rs.56000 respectively. In medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was rs.21714.29 and dairy farm was Rs.7000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 21 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 8 teak trees, 60 neem trees and 1 Peeple trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 9371.43 for land development, Rs.2857.14 for irrigation facility, Rs.5514.29 for improved crop production, Rs.457.14 for improved livestock management and Rs.85.71 for orchard development and maintenance. Marginal farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 9500 for land development, Rs.2750 for irrigation facility, Rs. 5625 in improved crop production and Rs.750 for improved live stock management. Small farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.9666.67 for land development, Rs.3333.33 for irrigation facility, Rs.5833.33 for improved crop production, Rs.833.33 for livestock management and Rs.500 for orchard development/maintenance. Semi medium farmers have additional investment capacity of Rs.11571.41 for land development, 3428.57 for irrigation facility and Rs.7285.71 for improved crop production. Medium farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.11250 for land development, Rs.3000 for irrigation facility, Rs.6250 for improved crop production and Rs.625 for improved livestock management. Large farmers have an additional investment capacity of Rs.23000 for land development, Rs.10000 for irrigation facility and Rs.12000 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that for 74.29 per cent and 14.29 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank and soft loan for land development respectively. For irrigation facility 28.57 per cent of household were dependent on loan from the bank and 8.57 per cent of the household were dependent on soft loan. 62.86 per cent and 14.29 of the household were depending on loan from bank and soft loan for improved crop production respectively. 8.57 per cent of the household were dependent on loan from bank for improved livestock management.2.86 per cent of the household were dependent on loan from bank for orchard development/maintenance.  The results indicated that, brinjal, chilly; cotton and onion crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, groundnut and maize crops were sold to the extent of 82.50per cent, 96 per cent and 96.92 per cent. 7  The results indicated that, 100 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of households used tractor as a mode of transport and 25.71 per cent of the household used truck.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 100 percent of marginal, small, semi medium farmers and large farmers and 87.50 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel and 20 per cent of the household used LPG as source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 51.43 per cent of the households and 42.86 per cent of the household were using bore well as a source of drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium, 8.33 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 25 per cent of the marginal farmers, 16.67 per cent of the small farmers, 12.50 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 percent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the household respectively. Vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 97.14 per cent, 80 per cent, 37.14 per cent and 14.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 25.71 per cent, 2.86 per cent, 62.86 per cent, 5.71 per cent, 62.86 per cent and 80 per cent of the household respectively.  The results indicated that, oilseed and fruits were inadequate for 62.86 per cent and 14.29 per cent of the household respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (54.29%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (68.57%), 8 inadequate extension services (48.57 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%) and less rain fall (14.29%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 636 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 100 per cent is covered by soils and 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 2 per cent has sandy soils, 17 per cent has loamy soils and 78 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) and 89 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 27 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 70 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 18 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 21 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 11 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 21 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 25 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 7 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 3 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 10 (2) 360 (57) Sapota 10 (2) 113 (18) Maize - 369 (58) Pomegranate 10 (2) 314 (49) Bajra 70 (11) 340 (54) Musambi 10 (2) 314 (49) Groundnut 70 (11) 193 (30) Lime 10 (2) 314 (49) Sunflower 10 (2) 273 (43) Amla 70 (11) 500 (79) Red gram 10 (2) 264 (41) Cashew 10 (2) 124 (20) Bengalgram - 370 (58) Jackfruit 10 (2) 113 (18) Cotton 10 (2) 360 (57) Jamun 10 (2) 304 (48) Chilli 10 (2) 77 (12) Custard apple 70 (11) 500 (79) Tomato 10 (2) 77 (12) Tamarind 10 (2) 224 (35) Brinjal 71 (11) 453 (71) Mulberry 11 (2) 472 (74) Onion 71(11) 170 (27) Marigold 10 (2) 360 (57) Bhendi 71 (11) 453 (71) Chrysanthemum 10 (2) 360 (57) Drumstick 10 (2) 420 (66) Jasmine 10 (2) 159 (25) Mango 10 (2) 204 (32) Crossandra 10 (2) 87 (14) Guava 10 (2) 113 (18)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that 51 farmers were sampled in Hosahalli-1micro watershed among them 20(39.22%) were marginal farmers, 9 (17.65 %) were small farmers, 14(27.45 %) were semi medium farmers, 3 (5.88 %) were medium farmers and 5 (9.80 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that, there were 150(56.18%) men and 117 (43.82 %) were women. The average family size of landless and marginal farmer was 5, small and medium farmer was 4 and semi medium farmers were 7. On an average the family size was 5.  The data indicated that 61 (22.85%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 116 (43.45 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 67 (25.09 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 23(8.61%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Hosahalli-1had 26.22 per cent illiterates, 25.09 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.99 per cent of them had both middle school, 18.73 per cent them had high school education, 7.12 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.75 per cent them had Diploma education, 2.62 per cent of them had degree education, 0.37 per cent of them had masters education and 8.61 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 50.98 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 37.25 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour, 9.80 per cent of the household heads were general labour and 1.96 per cent of the household heads were in private service.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.58 per cent of the household members, 28.84 per cent were agricultural labourers, 5.62 per cent were general labours, 0.37 percent were in government service, 1.87 per cent of them were in private sector, 20.60 per cent of them were students, 5.24 per cent of them were children and 4.12 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 4 per cent were general labourers, 60 per cent of the household were general labour and 16 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 36.17 per cent were agriculturist, 27.66 percent was in agricultural labour, 2.86 per cent of them were in government service and 25.53 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 48.57 per cent of them were agriculturist, 14.29 percent was in agricultural labour and students. In case of semi medium farmers 32 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 41 per cent of them were general labour and 17 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 30.77 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and agriculture labour respectively and 38.46 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 100 per cent of the farmers have not participated in any local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 35.29 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 17.65 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 19.61 per cent of the households possess Pacca house and 1.96 per cent of them possess Semi Pucca house.  The results showed that, 94.12 per cent of the households TV, 78.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 9.80 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 41.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 96.08 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 8062, mixer grinder was Rs.1700, bicycle was Rs.2200, motor cycle was Rs.32454 and mobile phone was Rs.2014.  The data showed that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 21.57 per cent of them possess plough, 1.96 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, power tiller, tractor and harvester respectively. 17.65 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 88.24 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17500; the average value of plough was Rs. 1545, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 2000, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4888, the average value of weeder was Rs. 107 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 100.  The results indicated that, 13.73 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.65 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 1.96 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, sheep and cow respectively.  In case of marginal farmers, 5 per cent of the households possess bullock, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow, 15 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5 per cent of the households possess goat. In small farmers 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullock and buffalo respectively. In semi medium farmers, 21.43 per cent of the households possess bullock, 50 per cent of the households possess local cow and 35.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo. In case of medium farmers 66.67 per cent of the households possess bullock and 33.33 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and sheep respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.98, average own labour (women) available was 1.48, average hired labour (men) available was 8.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.07.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.65, average own labour (women) was also 1.30, average hired labour (men) was 7.05 3 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.15. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.44, average own labour (women) was 1.11, average hired labour (men) was 10.56 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.56. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.86, average own labour (women) was 2.07, average hired labour (men) was 9.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.43. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 5.67 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 1.96 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Hosahalli-1micro watershed possess 29.69 ha (54.32 %) of dry land and 24.97 ha (45.68 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 12.20 ha (93.14 %) of dry land and 0.90ha (6.86%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.90 ha (73 %) of dry land and 2.55 ha (27%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.59 ha (45.55 %) of dry land and 12.66 ha (54.45 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.86 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 520,124.03 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 576,373.36. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 717,070.33 for dry land and Rs. 1,780,180.25 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 376,436.11 for dry land Rs. 959,033.27 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 386,969.81 for dry land and Rs. 627,765.34 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 270,684.94 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 8 functioning and 11 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 52.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 39.82 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.90 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 2.46 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 12.59 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 4.86 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 20.81 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (7.73 ha), banana (2.55 ha), Bengal gram (3.20 ha), cotton (2.13 ha), drumstick (0.49 ha), groundnut (4.69 4 ha), maize (25.48 ha), red gram (4.33 ha), sorghum (2.47 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, red gram and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, banana, cotton, groundnut, maize and sorghum. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, banana, Bengal gram, cotton, drumstick, groundnut, maize, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown bengal gram, groundnut and maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Hosahalli-1micro watershed was found to be 76.18 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 90.63 per cent, in small farmers it was 100, in semi medium farmers it was 78.02 and in medium farmers it was 41.30 per cent.  The results indicated that, 49.02 per cent of the households have bank account and 19.61 per cent of the household possess savings. Among marginal farmers 55 percent of them possess bank account and 25 percent of the households possess savings. 55.56 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 33.33 per cent of the households possess savings. In semi medium farmers, 57.14 per cent of them possess bank account and 7.14 savings per cent of them possess and in medium category of farmers possess 33.33 per cent of bank account and also savings correspondingly.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of marginal, 44.44 per cent of small, 28.57 per cent of the semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 50 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank and 7.14 per cent have availed loan from money lender.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.36600, Rs. 102500 and Rs. 56250 and Rs.50000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed was Rs. 62000.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of loan was taken for health care.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have unpaid their institutional credit.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially.  The results indicated that 30.77 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 69.23 per cent of them opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32799.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 129330.43. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 96530.89, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.94.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36239.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44053.21. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 7813.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 56153.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 113354.28. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 57200.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 42168.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30875.00. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs-11293.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.73.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 37564.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56195.79. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 18630.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 26051.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41911.68. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 15859.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 38511.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75028.14. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 46253.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.61.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 143187.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 491750.31. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 348562.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.43.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 42028.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23304.69. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -18723.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.55.  The results indicated that, 37.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder were adequate.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 29000. In marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was 6 Rs.12500, wage was Rs. 19350, agriculture was Rs. 51301 and dairy farm was Rs. 1708. In small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 28444.44, wage was Rs. 6666.67, agriculture was Rs. 83044.44 and dairy farm was Rs. 2777.78. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 15714.29, agriculture was Rs. 68200 and dairy farm was Rs.6434.29. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 11666.67 and agriculture was Rs. 75333.33.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 15000. In marginal farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 63333.33, wage was Rs. 14,205.88, agriculture was Rs. 19,636.36 and dairy farm was Rs. 6,250. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 92,500, wage was Rs. 13,000, agriculture was Rs. 53,888.89 and dairy farm was Rs. 12,000. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 8,785.71, dairy farm was Rs. 9,600 and agriculture was Rs. 47,142.86. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.4000 and agriculture was Rs. 56,666.67.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 9 coconut trees in their field and also planted 1 coconut tree in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 55 neem trees, 8tamarind tress, 3 silver oak trees and 1 banyan trees in their field and also grown 1 Neem tree in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3725.49 for land development, Rs. 980.39 in irrigation facility, Rs.2372.55 for improved crop production and Rs.607.84 for improved livestock management.  Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3800 for land development, Rs. 450 for irrigation facility, Rs.2350 for improved crop production and Rs.350 for improved livestock management. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2000 for land development, Rs.1666.67 for improved crop production and Rs.555.56 for improved livestock management. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6,142.86 for land development, Rs. 2,500 for irrigation facility, Rs. 3,785.71 for improved crop production and Rs. 1,142.86 for improved livestock management. Medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,333.33 for land development, Rs. 2,000 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,000 for improved crop production and Rs. 1,000 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, loan from the bank was the source of funds to, 39.22 per cent of the households for land development, 17.65 per cent of the households for irrigation facility, 41.18 per cent of the households for improved crop production and 19.61 per cent of the households for improved livestock management. 7  The results indicated that, Bajra, banana, bengal gram, cotton, drumstick, groundnut, red gram, sorghum and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only maize was sold to the extent 97.75 per cent respectively. Results also obtained that, the average price of bajra was Rs.1457.14/q, Banana was Rs.657.50/q, Bengal gram was Rs.3750/q, cotton was Rs.4250/q, drumstick was Rs.3500/q, groundnut was Rs.3700/q, maize was Rs.1132.80/q, red gram was Rs.4542.86/q, Sorghum was Rs.3225/q and Sunflower was Rs.2500/q.  The results indicated that, 13.73 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 25.49 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 23.53 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 47.06 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 13.73 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 56.86 per cent of them have used tractor and 39.22 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 45 percent of marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 33.33 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 92.16 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 7.84 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 68.63 per cent and 31.37 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 98.04per cent of the households and 1.96 per cent of the households were using kerosene lamp.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 35 per cent of marginal, 22.22 per cent of small, 35.71 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 98.04 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 1.96 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 27.45 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 20 per cent of the landless, 30 percent of the marginal, 33.33 per cent of the small, 14.29 per cent of the semi medium and 66.67 percent of the medium farmers. 8  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent, 84.31 per cent, 23.53 per cent, 35.29 per cent, 1.96 per cent, 96.08 per cent, 84.31 per cent and 45.10 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat were inadequate for 15.69 per cent, 78.43 per cent, 68.63 per cent, 66.67 per cent, 3.92 per cent and 39.22 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 60.78 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (33.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (21.57%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (37.25%), high rate of interest on credit (35.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.39%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.39%), inadequate extension services (56.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.78%), less rainfall (31.37%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (13.73 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nirligi-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 684 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soils and 15 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 12 per cent has loamy soils and 73 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 50 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 26 per cent are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 59 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1.0 ppm) in soils.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 32 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 36 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 193 (28) 78 (11) Sapota 54 (8) 41 (6) Maize 54 (8) 217 (32) Pomegranate 54 (8) 216 (32) Bajra 89 (13) 206 (30) Musambi 168 (25) 102 (15) Groundnut 68 (10) 248 (36) Lime 168 (25) 102 (15) Sunflower 168 (25) 101 (15) Amla 95 (14) 465 (68) Red gram 54 (8) 217 (32) Cashew - 27 (4) Bengalgram 139 (20) 200 (29) Jackfruit 54 (8) 41 (6) Cotton 160 (23) 111 (16) Jamun 21 (3) 226 (33) Chilli 54 (8) 41 (6) Custard apple 233 (34) 326 (48) Tomato 54 (8) 41 (6) Tamarind 21 (3) 263 (38) Brinjal 6 (1) 487 (71) Mulberry 89 (13) 327 (48) Onion - 317 (46) Marigold 54 (8) 216 (32) Bhendi - 492 (72) Chrysanthemum 54 (8) 216 (32) Drumstick 54 (8) 439 (64) Jasmine 54 (8) 41 (6) Mango 21 (3) 92 (13) Crossandra 54 (8) 156 (23) Guava 33 (5) 62 (9)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Nirligi-1 micro watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were marginal farmers, 10 (28.57 %) were small farmers, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers, 12 (34.29%) were medium farmers, 1(2.86%) was large farmer and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 170 population households in the studied micro watershed. Among them 85 (50%) men and 85(50 %) were women. The average family size of landless, marginal, small and large farmers was 5, semi medium and medium farmer was 6.  The data indicated that 39 (22.94%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (42.94 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (4.12%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Nirligi-1 had 23.53 per cent illiterates, 32.35 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.18 per cent of them had middle school, 11.76 per cent of them had high school education, 12.94 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.18 per cent of them had diploma and ITI education, 4.12 per cent of them had degree education and 0.59 per cent them had masters.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.86 per cent of them were general labour, in government service and housewives respectively.  The results indicated that agriculture was the occupation for 51.18 per cent of the household members, 10.59 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.59 per cent of them were general labour, in government service, housewives and children's respectively. 4.71 per cent were in private service and 30 per cent were students. In case of landless farmers, 45.45 per cent were agricultural labour and students respectively. In case of marginal farmers 55 per cent were agriculturist, 10 percent was in private service and 25 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 65.79 per cent of them were agriculturist, 2.63 per cent of them were private service and 31.58 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 64.71 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 11.76 per cent were in private service and 23.53 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 56.52 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 10.14 per cent of them were general labours, 1.14 per cent were in government service, 4.35 per cent were in private service and 26.09 per cent were students. In case of large farmers 25 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, agriculture labour and 50 per cent of them were students. 2  The results showed that 1.76 per cent of the household participated in self help group, 0.59 per cent of the households participated in user group and 97.65 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 34.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 42.86 per cent of the household possess thatched house and 22.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house.  The results showed that, 94.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 91.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 42.86 per cent of the household possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.4757; the average value of television was mixer grinder was Rs.1312, the average value of television was bicycle was Rs. 1333, the average value of television was motor cycle was Rs.34333 and the average value of television was mobile phone was Rs.1569.  Data showed that 25.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 31.43 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess power tiller and tractor, 17.14 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 100 per cent of the households possess weeder, 2.86 per cent of them possess thresher and 11.43 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18222; the average value of plough was Rs. 970, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 600000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4666, the average value of weeder was Rs.30, the average value of thresher was Rs.15000 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 3000.  The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the household possess cross bread cow and buffalo respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.47, average hired labour (men) available was 10.87 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.77.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.75, average own labour (women) was also 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 9.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.50. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.20, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 15.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.40. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was 1.33, average hired labour (men) was 14 and average hired labour (women) available was also 14. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2.08, average own labour 3 (women) was 1.67, average hired labour (men) was 7.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.92. In large farmers average own labour men available was 1, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.  The data showed that, in case of landless farmers 20 per cent of the household possess bullock and local cow. In case of marginal farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess bullock. In case of small farmers, 50 per cent of households possess bullock. In case of semi medium farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess cross bread cow. In medium farmers, 41.67 per cent of the households possess bullock, 50 per cent of the household possess local cow and 8.33 per cent of the household possess buffalo.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Nirligi-1 micro watershed possess 29.29 ha (43.12%) of dry land and 38.64 ha (56.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.65 ha (84.52 %) of dry land and 0.49ha (15.48%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.90 ha (94.10 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (5.90%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 0.41 ha (11.31%) of dry land and 3.24 ha (88.69%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.48 ha (12.55%) of dry land and 31.21 ha (87.45%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 8.85 ha (75.33%) of dry land and 2.90 ha (24.67 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 225,259.29 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 408,356.92. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 527,938.93 for dry land and Rs. 1,029,166.63 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 186,005.65 for dry land and Rs. 741,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,937,254.94 for dry land and was Rs. 586,625 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 178,501.79 for dry land and was Rs. 371,573.08 for irrigated land. In large farmers the average land value was Rs. 135,590.12 for dry land and Rs. 172,486.04 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 10 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 28.57 per cent of the farmers, 5.71 per cent of households were using canal as a source of irrigation and 2.86 per cent of the farmers were using tank for irrigation.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.49 ha of irrigated land and semi medium farmers were having 1.21 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers having 28.57 ha irrigated land. On an average there were 30.57 ha of irrigated land. 4  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (4.20 ha), cotton (6.88 ha), groundnut (5.75 ha), maize (30.73 ha), navane (2.43 ha), onion (3.32 ha), red gram (1.34 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha) in kharif season. Marginal and small farmers have grown groundnut, maize, onion and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton and onion. Medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize and onion. Large farmers have grown bajra and navane.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Nirligi-1 micro watershed was found to be 72.63 per cent. In case of marginal and small farmers cropping intensity was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 99.56 per cent, in medium farmers it was 61.06 per cent and in case of large farmers it was 74.53 per cent.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 42.86 per cent of having savings. Among land less farmers 100 per cent of the household possess bank account; marginal farmers 100 percent of them possess both bank account and 75 per cent of the household possess savings. 100 per cent of small, farmers possess per cent of bank account and 90 per cent possess savings, in semi medium farmers 100 per cent of the farmers possess bank account and 66.67 per cent savings, in case of medium farmers 100 per cent of the farmers possess bank account and 8.33 per cent of them possess savings and large category of farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers and 66.67 per cent of the medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 23.08 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 3.85 per cent have availed loan from Cooperative Bank, money lender and SHGs/CBOs respectively. 38.46 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank and 15.38 per cent of the household's availed loan from friends/relatives.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers have availed Rs. 130000, Rs. 79000, Rs. 178333.33, Rs. 66,250 and Rs.50000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 94807.69.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, 85.71per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 14.29 per cent of the household barrowed money for household consumption.  . Results indicated that 82.35 percent of the households have unpaid their institutional loan and 17.65 per cent of them fully paid their institutional loan. 5  Results indicated that 14.29 percent of the households have partially paid their private credit and 85.71 per cent of the households have unpaid their private credit.  The results indicated that 23.53 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 11.76 per cent opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that 14.29 per cent of the households were opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement and 28.57 per cent opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34996.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26639.98. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -8356.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 27652.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 94691.73. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 67039.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.42.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 30764.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50101.70. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 19337.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.63.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 161340.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30924.25. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -130415.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.19.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 11505.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 10724.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.93.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 19733.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38835.54. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 19101.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 37429.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104434.69. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 67005. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.79.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 26987.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50388. The net 6 income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 23400.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.87.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that the in case of landless farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.28000 and dairy farm was Rs.600, in marginal farmers, average income from service/salary was Rs.3750, business was Rs.60000, wage was Rs.27500 and agriculture Rs. 46950. In case of small farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 81700 and agriculture was Rs.47610. In semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.33333.33, wage was Rs.6000 and agriculture was Rs.97666.67. Medium farmer's average income from service/salary was Rs.5000, business was Rs.1666.67, wage was Rs.15666.67, agriculture was Rs.99166.67 and dairy farm was Rs.4416.67. Similarly in large farmers the average income from wage was Rs.20000 and agriculture was Rs.110000.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal, the average annual expenditure from business was Rs. 170000 and agriculture was Rs.26750. In case of small farmers the average annual expenditure from agriculture was Rs. 25300. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.55666.67 and dairy farm was Rs. 17000. In medium farmers the average annual expenditure from business was Rs.12000 and agriculture was Rs.45818.18.In large farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs. 50000.  The results indicate that, households have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 3285.71 for land development and Rs. 1600 in irrigation facility, Rs.1742.86 for improved crop production and Rs.142.86 for improved livestock management. Marginal farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 2500 for land development and Rs. 2000 in improved crop production. Medium farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.7500 for land development, Rs.4000 for irrigation facility, Rs. 4416.67 for improved crop production and Rs. 416.67 for improved livestock management. Large farmers have an average additional investment of Rs.15000 for land development and have an investment capacity of Rs. 8000 for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that for 5.71 per cent and 20 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank and soft loan for land development respectively. For irrigation facility 14.29 per cent of household were dependent on loan from the bank and 5.71 per cent of the household were dependent on soft loan. 11.43 per cent of the household were depending on loan from bank and soft loan for 7 improved crop production respectively. 2.86 per cent of the household were dependent on loan from bank for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, groundnut, navane, onion, red gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only maize was sold to the extent of 93.79 per cent.  The results indicated that, 88.57 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 22.86 percent of the households have sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of households used tractor as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 25 percent of marginal farmers, 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers, 100 percent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, 91.43 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel, 2.86 per cent of the household used kerosene and 25.71 per cent of the household used LPG as source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 60 per cent of the households and 40 per cent of the household were using bore well as a source of drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium, 8.33 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 20 per cent of the landless and 100 percent of the marginal, small, semi medium, medium farmers and large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the household respectively. Oilseed were adequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 77.14 per cent of the households, milk were adequate for 88.57 per cent of the households, egg were adequate for 57.14 per cent of the households and meat were adequate for 25.71 per cent of the household. 8  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the household. Oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, 22.86 per cent, 74.29 per cent, 5.71 per cent, 42.86 per cent and 71.43 per cent of the household respectively.  . The results indicated that, oilseed and fruits were inadequate for 40 per cent and 25.71 per cent of the household respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (57.14%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (48.57%), high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (57.14 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (48.57%) and less rain fall (11.43%) . ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project