Suchergebnisse

Este artículo tiene como principal objetivo la presentación de los resultados obtenidos en el Proyecto del Plan Nacional I+D+i CSO 2011-29195: La radiotelevisión pública local en Andalucía: situación actual e incidencia social. El proyecto tiene como objetivos principales: 1) conocer la realidad de los medios de comunicación públicos locales (radios y televisiones locales) de la comunidad andaluza, para comprobar en qué medida estos medios sirven para propiciar una mayor participaciónciudadana; 2) conocer los contenidos que ofertan las emisoras municipales de radio y televisión en Andalucía, teniendo en cuenta, preferentemente, aquellos que responden a los criterios de servicio público. En este sentido, se presentarán los resultados obtenidos, correspondientes a la provincia de Cádiz. En el nivel cuantitativo se ha elaborado un cuestionario dividido en seis grandes apartados (ficha técnica, programación y contenidos, recursos humanos, equipamiento e instalaciones y financiación) que se ha administrado telefónicamente a los responsables de cada una de las emisoras de la provincia. En el plano cualitativo, se ha aplicado la metodología del estudio de casos para analizar cuatro emisoras representativas de las radios públicas locales gaditanas. A la vista de los resultados, una de las principales conclusiones del estudio apunta a la posibilidad de considerar a estos medios públicos locales como termómetros de la calidad democrática de la sociedad andaluza, en general, y de las localidades en las que se ubica cada uno de estos medios, en particular. Los medios públicos locales, también denominados medios del tercer sector, se sitúan en un juego de fuerzas que amplia o limita las posibilidades de participación y de deliberación de la ciudadanía. Los resultados del proyecto apuntan en varios sentidos: 1) a un predominio de las fuerzas del mercado a la hora de orientar las políticas y las prácticas comunicativas de los medios públicos locales de Andalucía; 2) a una infrautilización de los medios públicos locales por parte del poder político local, que no termina de aprovechar las potencialidades de servicio público y de participación ciudadana de estos medios; 3) a un escaso empoderamiento comunicativo de la ciudadanía (Chaparro, 2007), que solamente en un reducido número de las localidades estudiadas está aprovechando estos medios para ejercer cotidianamente sus derechos en el campo comunicacional. ; The main objective of this article is to present the results obtained in the Project of the National Plan I + D + i CSO 2011-29195: Local public broadcasting in Andalusia: present situation and social impact. The project, which bears the same title as the present paper, has as main objectives: 1) know the reality of the local public media (local radio and television) of Andalusia, to check to what extent they serve to promote a greater citizen participation; 2) know the contents that the local radio and television offer in Andalusia, considering preferably, who answer the criteria of «public service». In this sense, we will present the results obtained in the province of Cadiz. At the quantitative level there a questionnaire has been developed and divided in six main sections (Specification sheet, programming and contents, human resources, equipment and facilities and financing) that has been administered by telephone to those responsible for each of the radio stations in the province. In qualitative terms, a case study methodology has been applied to analyze four representative stations of local public radio of Cadiz. In view of the results, one of the conclusions is the possibility of considering these local public media as thermometers of democratic quality of Andalusian society in general, and the locality where each is located such media, in particular. The local public media, also called Third Sector media, are placed in a game of forces which broad or limit the possibilities of citizens' participation and deliberation. The results of the project point to several directions: 1) a predominance of market forces at the time of guide policies and communicative practices of local public media of Andalusia; 2) a underuse of local public media by the local political power, which not ending exploit the potentials of public service and citizen participation of this medias and 3) a poor «communicative empowerment of citizenship» (Chaparro, 2007), which only in a small number of studied localities is leveraging these medias to exercise daily their rights in communication field.

This article is historico-analytical type concerning to the investigation of art basis for multimedia video design, particular research of the field of art – video art: it is origin, the main stages of development and modern aesthetic direction. In the work is analyzed the influence of video art on the process of formation and development of multimedia video design. The relevance of this theme is the need to in-depth study of the origins of modern art in design, including the study of philosophical and artistic background multimedia video design. In this case, video art is regarded as the one of origins of the art. Nam June Paik was one of the first artists who use the term "video art". Usually he is associated with the occurrence of this type of art. He was inspired by the composer John Cage and Fluxus founder George Maciunas. Fluxus is an international network of artists, composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media and disciplines in the 1960s. The artists tried to merge the art and life and achieve a more democratic approach to art. Pike was in a creative search for new artistic concepts and reconsidered the possibilities of the performance, electronic technologies and modern philosophy in the fine art. Nam June Paik used powerful magnets to create distortions of the television image and demonstrated the vulnerability of the video image to outside interference. By utilizing a magnetized ring, he interfered with the internal electronic circuitry of the device, and in turn, generated unique swirling vortexes. Pike called this invention "Demahnetayzer". Nam June Paik built a computer that could mix images, and he used Chromakey techniques (colour separation overlay) to superimpose parts of one image over another creating bizarre montages. Chromakey works by selecting a colour from the first image, usually blue, that is then replaced by an image from another source. The new waves of video artists, who were inspired of Nam June Paik, were proposed new format of traditional art – the video art. Seeing this methodology as essential for transfiguring social reality Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, and others developed programs centered on the electronic alteration of the standard television signal and or the physical manipulation of the TV set. Wolf Vostell was another pioneer of video art. He began to interfere with the television set itself. Vostell's strategical approach incorporated the decollage technique. Vostell noticed the word "Decollage" in the cover of the newspaper, where was posted an article about the crash, and used it to explain the concept of his works. He used fragments of reality such as torn posters and photographs to show the destructive aspect of life. Vostell looked at reality through the prism of the political press, magazine pictures and television, and projected it onto large screens. Since the 1970s, artists paid particular attention to optical devices and illuminators as integral imaging elements. The early works of American video artist Mary Lucier "Dawn Burn" (1975) and "Bird's Eye" (1978) demonstrated experiments with optical camera features. A famous American artist Bill Viola, skillfully showed in the video installation "Decay Time" (1974), how the video image had formed with the help of lighting. Video art artists of 80s are embodied in their works different kinds of music. For example, French video artist Robert Cahen experimented with electro-acoustic, noise and synthesized music. So at the initial stage of development video art is manifested as a complex phenomenon with different stylistic directions. Today there are three aesthetic areas of the modern video art: documentary, audio-visual and conceptual. We should also highlight to the development of video art in our country. In the early 90's of the 20th century post-Soviet community begins to discover the new genre of art – the video art. The early period of Ukrainian video art is called "Games with a camera". According Ukrainian art critic and curator Oleksandr Soloviov, this title is very accurate, because Ukrainian artists have know about video art for a long time, but did not have the basics of working with a camera as an artistic tool, and they were looking for their own "video expressiveness". ; Стаття має історико-аналітичний характер щодо дослідження мистецького підґрунтя му- льтимедійного відеодизайну, зокрема дослідження мистецької сфери відео-арту: його появи, основних етапів розвитку та сучасних естетичних напрямів. Аналізується характер впливу даного мистецького жанру на процес становлення та розвитку мультимедійного відеодизайну. Особлива увага приділяється розвитку відео-арту на вітчизняних теренах.

In "a very strange guide" of Bahia, Jorge Amado proposes a self-definition that can also be used to explain an aspect, not secondary, of the narrative work by Leonardo Sciascia and Andrea Camilleri: "They tell what they lived, the hero of their books is the people, their goal is to achieve the future". Sciascia, to talk about his first work (which will be entitled Le parrocchie di Regalpetra), uses the term "cronaca" (that appears in the title of the chapter "Cronache scolastiche"): chronicles of a village – Regalpetra – a place the writer knows very well, in its social and historical physiognomy, which he can write about, because he lived it. Camilleri, in the same way, not only in historical, civil, and crime novels, but also in writings of minor narrative structure, when not occasional, as may be the pages that describe some aspects of Porto Empedocle, in which the author explicitly qualifies herself as a witness ("I saw from my terrace"). Both Italian writers tell what they know – each with their own narrative strategy and with their own world view – and constitute the people as the hero of their books. More complex is to say if they consider (as the Brazilian writer) that the goal to be achieved is the future, and what it would mean, for one and the other, the idea of future: which its political and social tone is, which (and several) moods compose the concept, destined to innervate vivid narrative pages. ; Nella "guida ben strana" di Bahia, Jorge Amado propone un'autodefinizione che può essere impiegata anche per spiegare un aspetto, non secondario, dell'opera narrativa di Leonardo Sciascia e Andrea Camilleri: "Racconta quel che sa per averlo vissuto, eroe dei suoi libri è il popolo, la sua meta da raggiungere è l'avvenire". Per dire del suo primo scritto (che prenderà il titolo Le parrocchie di Regalpetra), Sciascia impiega il termine "cronaca" (che compare nel titolo del capitolo "Cronache scolastiche"): cronache di un paese – Regalpetra – che lo scrittore conosce a fondo, nella fisionomia storica e sociale, e in relazione al quale può scrivere in quanto sa per averlo vissuto. Allo stesso modo Camilleri, nei romanzi storici e civili come in quelli polizieschi, ma anche in scritti di minore strutturazione narrativa, se non addirittura occasionali, come possono essere le pagine che descrivono alcuni aspetti di Porto Empedocle, implicitamente o esplicitamente si qualifica come testimone ("vidi dal mio balcone"). Anche i due scrittori italiani raccontano quello che sanno, dunque, e – ciascuno con la propria strategia narrativa e con la visione del mondo che gli appartiene – costituiscono il popolo quale eroe dei loro libri. Più complesso dire se (come lo scrittore brasiliano) ritengano che la meta da raggiungere sia l'avvenire e che cosa poi significhi, per l'uno e per l'altro, l'idea di avvenire: di quali tonalità politiche e sociali si colori, da quali (e diversissimi) umori sia composto quel concetto, destinato a innervare vivide pagine narrative. ; No "bem um estranho guia" da Bahia, Jorge Amado propõe uma autodefinição que também pode ser utilizada para explicar um aspecto nada secundário da obra narrativa de Leonardo Sciascia e Andrea Camilleri: "Narra o que sabe por tê-lo vivido, herói de seus livros é o povo, sua meta a alcançar é o porvir". Para falar de seu primeiro escrito (que se intitulará Le parrocchie di Regalpetra), Sciascia utiliza o termo "cronaca" (que aparece no título do capítulo "Cronache scolastiche"): crônicas de um lugarejo – Regalpetra – que o escritor conhece a fundo, em sua fisionomia histórica e social, e com relação ao qual pode escrever, pois sabe por tê-lo vivido. Da mesma maneira, Camilleri – nos romances históricos e civis, assim como nos policiais, mas também em escritos de menor estruturação narrativa, se não mesmo ocasionais, como podem ser as páginas que descrevem alguns aspectos de Porto Empedocle – implícita ou explicitamente se qualifica como testemunha ("vi de meu terraço"). Também os dois escritores italianos contam o que sabem, portanto, e – cada qual com a própria estratégia narrativa e com a visão do mundo que lhes pertence – constituem o povo como herói de seus livros. Mais complexo é dizer se (como o escritor brasileiro) consideram que a meta a ser alcançada seria o porvir, e o que afinal significaria, para um e para outro, a ideia do porvir: de que tonalidades políticas e sociais se colore, de quais (e diversíssimos) humores é composto o conceito, destinado a estimular vívidas páginas narrativas.

The development of modern architecture or the modern architecture for development the hispanic Caribbean antillas 1950-1965. Once assumed the validity of the principies of modern architecture and the revaluation of its production in Latin America, this work is presented as a study of its occurrence in the Hispanic Caribbean Antillas. lt proposes a comprehensive and simultaneous vision that links three islands of the Caribbean with international modernity and with the most authentic local one, in a period and sources of greater development. Addresses the process of its occurrence in Cuba, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, three countries of their main islands, linked not only for its geographical position, but also by an historical and cultural ties that span for its architecture. lt is based on the recognition of the fact of the quality of the projects accomplised under the criteria of modem architecture in the mid-twentieth century. The coincidence of their realization with the pursuit of an ideal state of development of the young nations links them to important historical events and attributes its dissemination to governmental impulse through a modern social project of social concem that lead to group them under the name of "Architecture for Development " The motivation of the research focuses on the study of cases that are related to the achievement of the progressive goal, under the discourse of development plans, public and social works and the modern criteria that define them. The perennial quest for social development and the consideration of the validity of the use of modern principies determine the relevance of its deepening. The work is structured in three main blocks that refer to the title of the thesis; first ''The development of modern architecture" that will address the introduction of modernity, the incidences of assimilation and development a second block notes and links work plans and programs with the momentum of modernity; and a third block "Modern architecture for development' that explores aspects of the project that led to the modern Caribbean architecture linked to reform plans as a particular geographical conditions. ; Asumida la vigencia de los postulados de la modernidad arquitectónica y la revalorización de su producción en Latinoamérica,este trabajo se plantea como un estudio de su acontecer en el Caribe hispano antillano. Plantea una visión abarcadora y simultanea que relaciona tres islas del Caribe con la modernidad internacional y con la local más auténtica ,en el periodo y en los focos de mayor desarrollo .Aborda el proceso de su acontecer en Cuba, República Dominicana y Puerto Rico, tres paises de sus islas mayores relacionados no sólo por su posición geográfica, sino además por unos vínculos históricos y culturales que abarcan por tanto su arquitectura. Parte del hecho de reconocer la calidad de los proyectos realizados bajo los criterios de la arquitectura moderna a mediados del siglo XX. La coincidencia de su ejecución con la búsqueda de un estado ideal de desarrollo de las jóvenes naciones los vincula a importantes acontecimientos históricos y atribuye su difusión al impulso estatal a través de un proyecto moderno de carácter social que conducen a agruparlos bajo la denominación de "Arquitectura para el Desarrollo". La motivación de la investigación se centra en el estudio de los casos que se relacionan con la consecución del objetivo progresista. Bajo el discurso de los planes de desarrollo, obras públicas o sociales y de los criterios modernos que los definen.La perenne búsqueda de desarrollo social y la consideración de la vigencia del empleo de los postulados modernos determinan la pertinencia de su profundización. El trabajo se estructura en tres principales bloques que remiten al titulo de la tesis :en primer lugar "El desarrollo de la arquitectura moderna" que tratará la introducción de la modernidad, las incidencias de su asimilación y desarrollo; un segundo bloque que señala y relaciona unos planes de obra y programas de desarrollo con el impulso de la modernidad; y un tercer bloque "La arquitectura moderna para el desarrollo" que profundiza en los aspectos del proyecto que determinaron la arquitectura moderna caribeña vinculada a unos planes de reforma y a unas condiciones geográficas particulares . ; Postprint (published version)

The objective of this background paper is to provide a succinct description of the land tenure situation in Cambodia and, on that basis, discuss the needs smallholder farmers have for land, projected up to the year 2030. The main problem it examines lies at the intersection between, on one hand, the demographic increase in the rural smallholder population and its associated need for land in the future (the demand side) and, on the other hand, the possibility offered by the different land tenure regimes to meet this demand (the supply side); the central question focuses on how supply can meet demand.By looking first at how much land is available under different categories (the supply side), the paper succinctly presents and maps the different land tenure regimes with updated statistics and discusses their main outcomes and shortcomings. On that basis, we present a preliminary assessment of land distribution by main land tenure systems in Cambodia. The land under cultivation by smallholders represents 19 percent of the total area of the national territory and is itself sub-divided into agricultural land with land titles (systematic land registration, 6 percent and land covered by the Order 01, 6 percent), under Social Land Concession arrangements (1 percent) and untitled (6 percent). The forest cover includes forest concessions (10 percent), Community Forestry (2 percent), Protected Areas and Protection Forests (20 percent) and an unclassified forest cover area (14 percent). Economic Land Concessions under operation represent 12 percent while cancelled concessions represent 2 percent of the total territory. The actual tenure of a large non-forested area (14 percent) remains undetermined and further updates are needed to shed light on this issue. The paper suggests that the central problem of the current Cambodian land reform is its ineffectiveness in coordinating the processes of land rights security and formalization in lowland and upland areas, although both regions are closely linked through land-driven migration movements that have intensified over the past 20 years. This has been particularly contentious given the fact that in a parallel process, and driven by a strong, state-based political economy, large land deals have been concentrated in the uplands of the entire country along processes that are exclusionary in nature. The overlap of competing land claims has created a widespread conflict situation in all uplands region of the country. By looking at how much land is needed for family farmers in the future (the demand side), the paper anticipates the land requirements of smallholder farmers by 2030 based on the projected demographic increase in the economically active population in rural Cambodia and on two sets of scenarios i) the transfer of unskilled labour from the agricultural to the secondary and tertiary sectors (industries and services) and ii) the provision of land for smallholder farmers. The analysis suggests that by the year 2030, the transfer of unskilled labour from agriculture to the secondary and tertiary sectors will lag behind the demographic increase in the active rural population. With 2015 as a baseline, the scenarios suggests that by 2030 smallholder farmers will need an additional land area ranging from 320,600 ha (+10 percent in relation to the actual area at the present time) to 1,962,400 (+64 percent), with an average desirable scenario of 1,622.000 ha based on an allocation of 1ha per active labourer (in accordance with the present social concession policy) and on the continuation of the present transfer rate of unskilled manpower from agriculture to the secondary and tertiary sectors (i.e. the transfer of 40.000 workers per year). So the question that needs to be formulated does not revolve around whether or not the rural population will need land in the future, but rather around how this can occur. Along these lines, the paper discusses different options, which are not mutually exclusive, to allocate this land without further impact on the forest cover: i) by redistribution of land from cancelled Economic Land Concessions, ii) through a firmer recognition of swidden agriculture inside Protected Areas, iii) through a far more ambitious Social Land Concession programme and iv) through further reform of the forest concession system. The paper concludes by stressing the need for relevant ministries to engage in open and constructive research-based discussion so that these options can materialize into concrete actions. ; Peer reviewed

Abstrak – Artikel ini membahas tentang penegakan hukum mengenai hak asasi manusia di indonesia berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 39 tahun 1999. Adapun penulis memilih judul ini karena hingga saat ini penegakan hukum khususnya terkait dengan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia masih kurang maksimal utamanyadikarenakan sampai saat ini Negara Indonesia masih dalam zona transisi yang masih diwarnai dengan ketidak pastian hukum. Pokok permasalahan dalam artikel ini adalah:bagaimana penerapan hukum pada pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia, Lembaga manakah yang mengadili para pelanggar Hak Asasi Manusia, apakah sarana penyelesaian yang dipakai dalam kasus pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia, serta bagaimanakah prinsip hukum Islam tentang Hak Asasi Manusia. Kesimpulan dari permasalahan yang di bahas adalah Penerapan hukum kepada pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia ini berpedoman pada Undang- Undang No. 26 Tahun 2000 tentang pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia, di mana dalam Undang-undang tersebut disebut tentang pengadilan ad hoc yang dipakai untuk mengadili para pelanggar Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Lembaga yang mengadili para pelanggar Hak Asasi Manusia adalah pengadilan Ad Hoc Hak Asasi Manusia, yang tidak beda dengan pengadilan biasa, khususnya pengadilan pidana. Sebab pada hakekatnya pengadilan pidana juga mengadili pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia yang bersifat khas adalah bahwa pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia berkaitan dengan kesepakatan internasional. Untuk menyelesaikan kasus pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia yang terjadi di wilayah Indonesia yaitu melalui pengadilan Ad Hoc apabila waktu terjadinya pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia sebelum Undang- Undang No. 26 Tahun 2000 tentang pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia dan apabila terjadinya pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia tersebut setelah Undang-undang ini maka diselesaikan melalui pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia dan apabila terjadinya pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia tersebut sebelum Undang-undang ini dapat juga diselesaikan melalui alternatif penyelesaian yaitu melalui Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi yang ditetapkan oleh Undang-Undang. Hak Asasi Manusia menurut prinsip Islam tidak dapat terlepas dari Al Qur'an dan As Sunnah karena dari kedua sumber tersebut menjadi suatu kaidah-kaidah petunjuk dan bimbingan bagi seluruh umat manusia. Metodologi yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif, dimana akan menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif, berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Kata Kunci – Penegakan Hukum, Hak Asasi Manusia, Indonesia Abstract – This article discusses the enforcement of human rights in Indonesia based on Law No. 39 of 199. The authors chose this title because until now, law enforcement, especially related to human rights in Indonesia is still less than the maximum mainly due to the current State of Indonesia still in the transition zone which is still marked by legal uncertainty. The main problem in this article are: how the application of the law on human rights violations, the Institute Which prosecute human rights violators, whether the means of settlement which is used in cases of human rights violations in Indonesia, as well as how the principles of Islamic law on Human Rights. The conclusion of the issues discussed is the application of the law to human rights violations in Indonesia is guided by the Law No. 26 of 2000 on Human Rights Court, where in the Act called on an ad hoc court used to prosecute human rights violators in Indonesia. Institution who prosecute the violators of Human Rights is the Ad Hoc Human Rights, which no different to ordinary courts, particularly criminal court. Cause, essentially criminal courts also prosecute violations of human rights that is typical is that of human rights violations related to international agreements. To resolve the case of human rights violations that occur in Indonesia is through the courts if the timing of the Ad Hoc Human Rights violations before Law No. 26 of 2000 on Human Rights Court, and if the violation of Human Rights after this Law then resolved through a court of Human Rights and if the violation of Human Rights before this Act can also be resolved through an alternative solution, namely through Commission the truth and Reconciliation Commission established by the Act.Human Rights in accordance with the principles of Islam can't be separated from the Qur'an and sunnah because of these two sources into a rules instructions and guidance for all mankind. The methodology used in this research is normative, which will use a descriptive study with normative juridical approach, based on the legislation in force. Keywords – Law Enforcement, Human Rights, Indonesia

Defence date: 20 December 2016 ; Examining Board: Professor Luca Molà, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Fernando Marías, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Real Academia de la Historia (External Supervisor); Professor Peter Cherry, Trinity College Dublin; Professor Simon Ditchfield, University of York ; Awarded the James Kaye Memorial Prize for the Best Doctoral Thesis in History and Visuality 2018 ; This dissertation explores the modes of representation used by the ecclesiastical elites of early modern Catholicism to negotiate their roles as religious leaders, political ministers, cultural patrons and members of the aristocracy in the European courts. It examines the religious and artistic patronage of Cardinal Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas (Aranda de Duero, 1546 – Toledo, 1618) during the reign of Philip III of Spain. Archbishop of Toledo, Inquisitor General and uncle of the king's favourite minister, the Duke of Lerma, Sandoval was the leading ecclesiastic of the Spanish Monarchy and one of the richest and most powerful patrons of his time. Located at the crossroads between historical and art historical studies, this dissertation bridges this historiographical disjuncture by proposing an integrated approach that combines methodologies from the fields of art history, court studies and cultural history. The patronage of material and visual culture is here analysed as the result of the constant negotiation between Sandoval's individual self and the wider contexts to which he belonged. Six chapters scrutinize a rich array of visual and material sources, together with manuscript and printed documents collected from over thirty archives, reconstructing the socio-political and religious contexts in which Cardinal Sandoval operated. In examining the family conflicts and political tensions encountered by post-Tridentine prelates, I demonstrate how the patronage of sacred art, holy relics, monastic institutions and religious texts operated beyond their fundamentally devotional objectives. This dissertation contributes to our understanding of early modern political culture by showing how religious and artistic patronage was a fundamental practice for shaping the rhetoric of piety with which ecclesiastical patrons negotiated their reputation. ; Figures 8, 51-57, 147-149, 170-171, and 215-216 (corresponding with pages 402, 427-433, 489-491, 507, and 535-536), have been intentionally removed for copyright reasons. To view these images please refer to the printed version of this dissertation. Titles of the figures are below: • Figure 8. Alonso de la Fuente Montalbán, "Genealogía y Ascendencia del Illustrissimo señor don Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, Cardenal y Arçobispo de Toledo", anteequem 1608, fol. 11. Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 9-398. At page 402 • Figure 51. Portico of the Sagrario Chapel. ©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 427 • Figure 52. West wall of the Sagrario Chapel.©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 428 • Figure 53. North wall of the Sagrario Chapel.©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 429 • Figure 54. East wall of the Sagrario Chapel.©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 430 • Figure 55. South wall of the Sagrario Chapel. ©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 431 • Figure 56. Dome of the Sagrario Chapel. ©Matilde Grimaldi. At page 432 • Figure 57. General scheme of the pictorial decoration of the Sagrario Chapel. At page 433 • Figure 147. Giovanni Battista Mucanzio, "Smi. D. N. Papae Acomnium S. R. E. Cardinalium nunc viventium. Elogia",*1615, Rome, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, FB IV, 201. At page 489 • Figure 148. Giovanni Battista Mucanzio, "Smi. D. N. Papae Acomnium S. R. E. Cardinalium nunc viventium. Elogia",*1615, fol. 37r. Rome,Archivio Segreto Vaticano, FB IV, 201. At page 490 • Figure 149. Giovanni Battista Mucanzio, "Smi. D. N. Papae Acomnium S. R. E. Cardinalium nunc viventium. Elogia",*1615, fol. 36v. Rome, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, FB IV, 201. At page 491 • Figure 170. Cardinal Sandoval y Rojas, lead medal, 1616 Madrid, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, 1993_80_431e3eID001. Photo: Ángel Martínez Levas (N.I.(1993/80/431e3). At page 507 • Figure 171. Our Lady of El Sagrario, Lead medal, 1616. Madrid, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, 1993_80_431e3eID002. Photo: Ángel Martínez Levas((N.I.(1993/80/431e3). At page 507 • Figure 215. Angelo Nardi, The Crowning with Thorns, c. 1619-1620. Alcalá de Henares, San Bernardo. At page 535 • Figure 216. Angelo Nardi, The Miracle of the Five Loaves and Two Fishes, c. 1619-1620. Alcalá de Henares, San Bernardo. At page 536

The development of modern architecture or the modern architecture for development the hispanic Caribbean antillas 1950-1965. Once assumed the validity of the principies of modern architecture and the revaluation of its production in Latin America, this work is presented as a study of its occurrence in the Hispanic Caribbean Antillas. lt proposes a comprehensive and simultaneous vision that links three islands of the Caribbean with international modernity and with the most authentic local one, in a period and sources of greater development. Addresses the process of its occurrence in Cuba, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, three countries of their main islands, linked not only for its geographical position, but also by an historical and cultural ties that span for its architecture. lt is based on the recognition of the fact of the quality of the projects accomplised under the criteria of modem architecture in the mid-twentieth century. The coincidence of their realization with the pursuit of an ideal state of development of the young nations links them to important historical events and attributes its dissemination to governmental impulse through a modern social project of social concem that lead to group them under the name of "Architecture for Development " The motivation of the research focuses on the study of cases that are related to the achievement of the progressive goal, under the discourse of development plans, public and social works and the modern criteria that define them. The perennial quest for social development and the consideration of the validity of the use of modern principies determine the relevance of its deepening. The work is structured in three main blocks that refer to the title of the thesis; first ''The development of modern architecture" that will address the introduction of modernity, the incidences of assimilation and development a second block notes and links work plans and programs with the momentum of modernity; and a third block "Modern architecture for development' that explores aspects of the project that led to the modern Caribbean architecture linked to reform plans as a particular geographical conditions. ; Asumida la vigencia de los postulados de la modernidad arquitectónica y la revalorización de su producción en Latinoamérica,este trabajo se plantea como un estudio de su acontecer en el Caribe hispano antillano. Plantea una visión abarcadora y simultanea que relaciona tres islas del Caribe con la modernidad internacional y con la local más auténtica ,en el periodo y en los focos de mayor desarrollo .Aborda el proceso de su acontecer en Cuba, República Dominicana y Puerto Rico, tres paises de sus islas mayores relacionados no sólo por su posición geográfica, sino además por unos vínculos históricos y culturales que abarcan por tanto su arquitectura. Parte del hecho de reconocer la calidad de los proyectos realizados bajo los criterios de la arquitectura moderna a mediados del siglo XX. La coincidencia de su ejecución con la búsqueda de un estado ideal de desarrollo de las jóvenes naciones los vincula a importantes acontecimientos históricos y atribuye su difusión al impulso estatal a través de un proyecto moderno de carácter social que conducen a agruparlos bajo la denominación de "Arquitectura para el Desarrollo". La motivación de la investigación se centra en el estudio de los casos que se relacionan con la consecución del objetivo progresista. Bajo el discurso de los planes de desarrollo, obras públicas o sociales y de los criterios modernos que los definen.La perenne búsqueda de desarrollo social y la consideración de la vigencia del empleo de los postulados modernos determinan la pertinencia de su profundización. El trabajo se estructura en tres principales bloques que remiten al titulo de la tesis :en primer lugar "El desarrollo de la arquitectura moderna" que tratará la introducción de la modernidad, las incidencias de su asimilación y desarrollo; un segundo bloque que señala y relaciona unos planes de obra y programas de desarrollo con el impulso de la modernidad; y un tercer bloque "La arquitectura moderna para el desarrollo" que profundiza en los aspectos del proyecto que determinaron la arquitectura moderna caribeña vinculada a unos planes de reforma y a unas condiciones geográficas particulares . ; Postprint (published version)

Este artículo tiene como principal objetivo la presentación de los resultados obtenidos en el Proyecto del Plan Nacional I+D+i CSO 2011-29195: La radiotelevisión pública local en Andalucía: situación actual e incidencia social. El proyecto tiene como objetivos principales: 1) conocer la realidad de los medios de comunicación públicos locales (radios y televisiones locales) de la comunidad andaluza, para comprobar en qué medida estos medios sirven para propiciar una mayor participaciónciudadana; 2) conocer los contenidos que ofertan las emisoras municipales de radio y televisión en Andalucía, teniendo en cuenta, preferentemente, aquellos que responden a los criterios de servicio público. En este sentido, se presentarán los resultados obtenidos, correspondientes a la provincia de Cádiz. En el nivel cuantitativo se ha elaborado un cuestionario dividido en seis grandes apartados (ficha técnica, programación y contenidos, recursos humanos, equipamiento e instalaciones y financiación) que se ha administrado telefónicamente a los responsables de cada una de las emisoras de la provincia. En el plano cualitativo, se ha aplicado la metodología del estudio de casos para analizar cuatro emisoras representativas de las radios públicas locales gaditanas. A la vista de los resultados, una de las principales conclusiones del estudio apunta a la posibilidad de considerar a estos medios públicos locales como termómetros de la calidad democrática de la sociedad andaluza, en general, y de las localidades en las que se ubica cada uno de estos medios, en particular. Los medios públicos locales, también denominados medios del tercer sector, se sitúan en un juego de fuerzas que amplia o limita las posibilidades de participación y de deliberación de la ciudadanía. Los resultados del proyecto apuntan en varios sentidos: 1) a un predominio de las fuerzas del mercado a la hora de orientar las políticas y las prácticas comunicativas de los medios públicos locales de Andalucía; 2) a una infrautilización de los medios públicos locales por parte del poder político local, que no termina de aprovechar las potencialidades de servicio público y de participación ciudadana de estos medios; 3) a un escaso empoderamiento comunicativo de la ciudadanía (Chaparro, 2007), que solamente en un reducido número de las localidades estudiadas está aprovechando estos medios para ejercer cotidianamente sus derechos en el campo comunicacional.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ABSTRACT: The main objective of this article is to present the results obtained in the Project of the National Plan I + D + i CSO 2011-29195: Local public broadcasting in Andalusia: present situation and social impact. The project, which bears the same title as the present paper, has as main objectives: 1) know the reality of the local public media (local radio and television) of Andalusia, to check to what extent they serve to promote a greater citizen participation; 2) know the contents that the local radio and television offer in Andalusia, considering preferably, who answer the criteria of «public service». In this sense, we will present the results obtained in the province of Cadiz. At the quantitative level there a questionnaire has been developed and divided in six main sections (Specification sheet, programming and contents, human resources, equipment and facilities and financing) that has been administered by telephone to those responsible for each of the radio stations in the province. In qualitative terms, a case study methodology has been applied to analyze four representative stations of local public radio of Cadiz. In view of the results, one of the conclusions is the possibility of considering these local public media as thermometers of democratic quality of Andalusian society in general, and the locality where each is located such media, in particular. The local public media, also called Third Sector media, are placed in a game of forces which broad or limit the possibilities of citizens' participation and deliberation. The results of the project point to several directions: 1) a predominance of market forces at the time of guide policies and communicative practices of local public media of Andalusia; 2) a underuse of local public media by the local political power, which not ending exploit the potentials of public service and citizen participation of this medias and 3) a poor «communicative empowermentof citizenship» (Chaparro, 2007), which only in a small number of studied localities is leveraging these medias to exercise daily their rights in communication field.

This paper describes the stages of formation and development of the historical and law school at the Law Faculties of the University. Special attention is paid to the analysis of historical and scientific law school, reveals research activities most prominent historians of law and state law faculty in the history of law.The article shows that the Department of History of State and Law Lviv National University was founded as part of the Faculty of Law, according to the diploma Austrian Emperor Joseph II in 1784 established that during 1784‑887 the Department was entitled «Department of History of the German and Austrian law». From 1874 to 1887 the department was headed by K. Liska, who gave a history of Austrian law. In addition to his work at the Department G. Roszkowska who read the philosophy of law and international law, F. Hryzetskyy ‑ Church and state law, A. Fanahor ‑ Polish private law, F. Zrodlovskyy ‑ Roman law. Determined that in 1887 a joint decision of administration and the Senate (Academic Council) at the Faculty was established also chair of the history of Polish law. Argued that it was the second such department in the territory and province of Galicia Lodomeria. The first was established in 1877 in Krakow Jagiellonian University. Since the head of the department for prof. A. Baltsera who headed the department for more than forty years, using well-deserved authority and respect among the Lviv intelligentsia, teachers and students. While the department has intensified study of the history of Poland early-feudal, caste government in the Kingdom of Poland, the period of gentry Commonwealth (1505–1788 gg.) And more. Since 1887/1888 academic year Professor. A. Baltser launched at the Department a statement of the subject «History of Polish procedural law». Read course for two semesters, 5 hours each week. In 1894 due to changes in curriculum, the department decided to also read a course on «History of government of Austria.» For him responsible professor. A. Baltser.It is shown that the history of Polish law department was reorganized into the Department of German law. P. Dombkovskyy was appointed its head January 1, 1916 after the First World War, when the independent Polish state revived, Ministry of Education and religions Poland 1 April 1919 P. Dombkovskomu assigned the title of Professor of course, but at Lviv University Senate elected him to head the department reorganized old Polish Private Law Faculty of Lviv University.Outlined in Lviv in the early twentieth century. faces a complicated political situation. Continued Ukrainian-Polish War for East Galicia, which began November 1, 1918 ‑ between the West Ukrainian National Republic and Poland. Classes at the University of L'viv longer actually not performed, department and faculty did not act. After the death of professor of history right Lviv University Halbana A. P. Dombkovskyy further (temporary) also headed the Department of Western European law, and the death of prof. Baltsera A. (1933) was the leading teacher full course of history of law in Poland. According to the decision of the Council of Ministers of Poland on February 26, 1920 transferred to the University of Lvov use Galician regional house of the Diet, which effectively ceased operations in 1914, and legally in 1918Deals that during the Second World War Department and the University as a whole has not acted. After the restoration in 1944 of the university, created the department of theory and history of law. Under this name department functioned until 2008 Over the years the department was headed by prof. P. Dombkovskyy (1925‑1934 рр. And 1944–1946 gg.), Prof. P. Nedbaylo (1946–1954 gg.), Assistant professor. B. Kalinovych (1954–1960 gg.), Prof. B. Sokurenko (1960–1990 gg.). Since 1990 the department is headed by B. Tischikov Distinguished Professor of Lviv National University, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, which is one of the leading scientists of Ukraine in the history of law, a sort of «patriarch» of science, his name as reputable and experienced scientist teacher widely known in Ukraine and abroad. ; Охарактеризовано етапи становлення та розвитку історико-правової школи на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету. Значну увагу зосереджено на аналізі розвитку наукової історико-правової школи, розкрито наукову діяльність найбільш видатних істориків права і держави юридичного факультету в галузі історії держави і права.

This paper describes the stages of formation and development of the historical and law school at the Law Faculties of the University. Special attention is paid to the analysis of historical and scientific law school, reveals research activities most prominent historians of law and state law faculty in the history of law.The article shows that the Department of History of State and Law Lviv National University was founded as part of the Faculty of Law, according to the diploma Austrian Emperor Joseph II in 1784 established that during 1784‑887 the Department was entitled «Department of History of the German and Austrian law». From 1874 to 1887 the department was headed by K. Liska, who gave a history of Austrian law. In addition to his work at the Department G. Roszkowska who read the philosophy of law and international law, F. Hryzetskyy ‑ Church and state law, A. Fanahor ‑ Polish private law, F. Zrodlovskyy ‑ Roman law. Determined that in 1887 a joint decision of administration and the Senate (Academic Council) at the Faculty was established also chair of the history of Polish law. Argued that it was the second such department in the territory and province of Galicia Lodomeria. The first was established in 1877 in Krakow Jagiellonian University. Since the head of the department for prof. A. Baltsera who headed the department for more than forty years, using well-deserved authority and respect among the Lviv intelligentsia, teachers and students. While the department has intensified study of the history of Poland early-feudal, caste government in the Kingdom of Poland, the period of gentry Commonwealth (1505–1788 gg.) And more. Since 1887/1888 academic year Professor. A. Baltser launched at the Department a statement of the subject «History of Polish procedural law». Read course for two semesters, 5 hours each week. In 1894 due to changes in curriculum, the department decided to also read a course on «History of government of Austria.» For him responsible professor. A. Baltser.It is shown that the history of Polish law department was reorganized into the Department of German law. P. Dombkovskyy was appointed its head January 1, 1916 after the First World War, when the independent Polish state revived, Ministry of Education and religions Poland 1 April 1919 P. Dombkovskomu assigned the title of Professor of course, but at Lviv University Senate elected him to head the department reorganized old Polish Private Law Faculty of Lviv University.Outlined in Lviv in the early twentieth century. faces a complicated political situation. Continued Ukrainian-Polish War for East Galicia, which began November 1, 1918 ‑ between the West Ukrainian National Republic and Poland. Classes at the University of L'viv longer actually not performed, department and faculty did not act. After the death of professor of history right Lviv University Halbana A. P. Dombkovskyy further (temporary) also headed the Department of Western European law, and the death of prof. Baltsera A. (1933) was the leading teacher full course of history of law in Poland. According to the decision of the Council of Ministers of Poland on February 26, 1920 transferred to the University of Lvov use Galician regional house of the Diet, which effectively ceased operations in 1914, and legally in 1918Deals that during the Second World War Department and the University as a whole has not acted. After the restoration in 1944 of the university, created the department of theory and history of law. Under this name department functioned until 2008 Over the years the department was headed by prof. P. Dombkovskyy (1925‑1934 рр. And 1944–1946 gg.), Prof. P. Nedbaylo (1946–1954 gg.), Assistant professor. B. Kalinovych (1954–1960 gg.), Prof. B. Sokurenko (1960–1990 gg.). Since 1990 the department is headed by B. Tischikov Distinguished Professor of Lviv National University, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, which is one of the leading scientists of Ukraine in the history of law, a sort of «patriarch» of science, his name as reputable and experienced scientist teacher widely known in Ukraine and abroad. ; Охарактеризовано етапи становлення та розвитку історико-правової школи на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету. Значну увагу зосереджено на аналізі розвитку наукової історико-правової школи, розкрито наукову діяльність найбільш видатних істориків права і держави юридичного факультету в галузі історії держави і права.

The title of this Pro Gradu Thesis is "On the Finnish translation of dialect in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds". It is a study of Appalachian English translated into non-standard Finnish, and as the material for the thesis is a motion picture, special emphasis is put on audiovisual translating. The data for this study comes from Quentin Tarantino's film Inglourious Basterds (2009) and its Finnish translation by Timo Porri. The character of interest for this study is Lieutenant Aldo Raine. The focus of this thesis was to examine what decisions the translator has made in order to achieve the effect of the original speech with the translation in view of dialect, colloquialisms and swear words. The method of this study was to examine the translation of the film, and the features that were different from standard Finnish were categorised into groups to clarify their analysis later. The theoretical background reveals that audiovisual translating is a difficult field due to the technical restraints. This thesis is interested in colloquial features of Finnish, such as apocope, passive voice and the omission of sounds, and they were examined. Finnish dialects can be divided into western and eastern varieties, and translating them is difficult. Therefore, dialectal features should be used indicatively, and consistency is very important. When translating swear words, however, consistency is not a major deciding factor: Finnish swear words can be toned down or omitted completely. In the analysis, it became evident that the dialectal features were from the western dialects of Finnish. However, the translator did not consistently use features from one specific dialect. The translation is full of colloquialism, such as passive voice and omission of sounds from words. There were also instances of military slang and loan words from Swedish. Half of the English swear words were translated into Finnish and they were often toned down. It can be stated that it is difficult to translate spoken English into written Finnish, especially when dealing with audiovisual restrictions. Using dialects was probably avoided in fear of causing confusion in viewers. The dialectal features were not consistently from one dialect, and this is often frowned upon. In my opinion, however, the translation is refreshingly different from most Finnish translations in the silver screen, and as audiovisual translations are so different from literary translations, the translator can be forgiven certain things. Colloquial expression are useful for the audiovisual translator as they are often shorter than standard Finnish words. The Finnish swear words were toned down, as is often the case in all audiovisual translations. ; Pro gradu -tutkielmani otsikko on "On the Finnish translation of dialect in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds", "Quentin Tarantinon Kunniattomien paskiaisten suomenkielisestä käännöksestä". Sen aiheena on tutkia Appalakkien alueella puhutun englannin kääntämistä puhekieliseksi suomeksi, ja koska materiaali on peräisin elokuvasta, tutkimuksessa painotetaan audiovisuaalista kääntämistä. Elokuvan on suomentanut Timo Porri, ja hahmo, johon tutkimus keskittyy, on luutnantti Aldo Raine. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kääntäjä on suomentanut hahmon murteellisen englannin käyttäen apunaan murteellisia ilmaisuja, puhekielisyyksiä sekä kirosanoja. Suomen kirjakielestä poikkeavat piirteet on lajiteltu ryhmiin, jotta niiden analysointi olisi selkeämpää. Teoreettisen taustan tarkastelussa selvisi, että audiovisuaalinen kääntäminen on vaikeaa teknisten rajoitusten takia. Tämä tutkimuksen aiheena ovat suomen puhekielisyydet, kuten loppuheitto, passiivin käyttö ja äänteiden jättäminen pois sanoista, ja näitä piirteitä on esitelty teoriaosassa. Suomen murteet voidaan jaotella läntisiin ja itäisiin murteisiin, joiden kääntäminen on vaikeaa. Siksi murteellisia ilmaisuja pitäisi käyttää viitteellisesti, ja yhdenmukaisuus on tärkeää. Kirosanojen suhteen yhdenmukaisuus ei ole avainasemassa, sillä kirosanoja voidaan laimentaa tai jättää kokonaan kääntämättä. Analyysissä kävi ilmi, että käännöksen murteelliset ilmaisut olivat peräisin läntisistä murteista, vaikka kääntäjä ei ollutkaan käyttänyt vain yhtä tiettyä murretta. Puhekielisiä piirteitä, kuten passiivin käyttöä ja äänteiden pois jättämistä, on käännöksessä paljon. Käännöksestä voi myös löytää armeijasanastoa sekä lainasanoja ruotsista. Puolet englanninkielisistä kirosanoista on käännetty suomeksi, ja usein kääntäjä on käyttänyt miedompaa kirosanaa. Puhuttua englantia on vaikea kääntää kirjoitetuksi suomeksi, etenkin kun täytyy huomioida audiovisuaalisen kääntämisen rajoitukset. Murteiden käyttöä on vältetty luultavasti siksi, että kääntäjä ei ole halunnut aiheuttaa hämmennystä katsojissa, jotka eivät ehkä ymmärrä murteellisia sanoja. Murteelliset sanat eivät ole peräisin yhdestä murteesta, ja tämä on usein kritiikin aihe. Mielestäni käännös on kuitenkin virkistävän erilainen, ja koska audiovisuaalinen kääntäminen eroaa kirjallisuuden kääntämisestä, voidaan kääntäjälle antaa joitakin asioita anteeksi. Puhekieliset sanat ovat hyödyllisiä audiovisuaaliselle kääntäjälle, sillä ne ovat usein lyhyempiä kuin suomen kirjakielen sanat. Suomalaisia kirosanoja oli laimennettu, kuten audiovisuaalisissa käännöksissä usein tehdään.

Globally mental health is widely regarded by scholars as a neglected public health issue. Documentary film is recognised as an appropriate medium for addressing social and political issues, and mental health is both of these. Country comparative documentary films on mental health, set in low and middle-income countries, appear to be lacking. Prorgramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME) works in five low and middle income countries, two of which were selected for the film (Nepal and South Africa). This was motivated by across continent comparisons, financial and logistical viability within a one year timeframe, global interest and appeal and the support of PRIME colleagues and local country partners. Based on qualitative research including a literature review and 40 indepth interviews with stakeholders, this essay reports on, and critically assesses the ethical and production processes involved in making the documentary film. The essay includes several elements. Firstly, it considers the power relationship between the filmmaker and the subject. Whilst Nichols, Aufderheide and colleagues present useful ethical considerations for making a documentary film, both from the subject and audience perspectives, more care is required when making a film with persons living with mental illness. This is particularly because the subject may not have the mental capacity to consent, and if they do, participating in the media production process could potentially exacerbate their condition. Having weighed these risks up with the benefits of representing persons living with mental illness, and giving them a voice, the decision was made to give persons living with mental illness the opportunity to represent themselves. Secondly, and having made the decision to allow for representation, the various documentary modes (expository, performative, poetic, observational, reflexive, participatory) conceived by Nichols were explored, in an attempt to identify a conceptual framework for the film. The performative mode was most appropriate for telling deeply personal stories, and providing patients with an opportunity to be represented. However, this mode was ideally complemented with elements of the expository (verbal commentary of experts), poetic (use of rhythm, emotion and music), observational (footage of patients in their daily routines, and of their environment for cutaways) and participatory (through direct engagement between filmmaker and subject) modes. 2 Having identified a conceptual framework, the third element involved the institutional research ethics processes. These processes contributed to a more ethically sensitive film production. This included a check for mental health service users to ensure that they do have the capacity to consent. The process of developing a research protocol highlighted the synergistic benefits of integrating a qualitative research method in the form of in-depth interviews into the film production process (and vice versa), whilst remaining cognisant of not compromising research findings for more visually appealing footage. Following a research process for the production also contributed to a more robust discussion guide after translating communication objectives into research objectives. Finally, the process of implementing the film's production, and post-production, was assessed. A host of steps were identified, which included securing the funding for the filmmaking, establishing stakeholders support, briefing the crew on the vision and purpose of the documentary and having access to equipment and translators. During the post production process, a systematic approach to editing using a script outline was helpful in identifying main themes, and to ensure the narrative flow. Despite its typical use in fictional filmmaking, the three-act structure was fitting as a framework for the narrative. Timecoding during translation and transcription was found to be particularly expedient for inserting English sub-titles. The country comparative approach revealed similaries and differences, and developing and implementing stakeholder specific distribution strategies (including conferences, symposia, film festivals and broadcasters) was identified as critical to the public dissemination and reach of the film. Documentary film, and the performative mode complemented by other modes, has shown to be an advantageous means of representing persons living with mental illness, and their families. However, the paper calls for more evaluation research regarding the impact of the film on the main patient characters, amongst other stakeholders such as health workers and policy makers. The paper also proposes the integration of media production into a research process for researchers interested in using this medium to visually communicate their research findings, emphasising the value of systematically using the research findings to develop a narrative script in the context of a typical three act structure. A distribution strategy was also identified as necessary to maximise the research and stakeholder impact of the film.

In 2010, the International Neuropsychiatric Pula Symposia, from 2005 Congresses (INPS/INPC), founded in 1961 by Zagreb and Graz University Neuropsychiatry Departments, celebrated their 50th anniversary of successful development. The co-author of the paper, Boško Barac, witnessed their growth from 1966, collaborating in their organization from 1974 with the first Secretary General Gerald Grinschgl; elected for his successor after his unexpected death in 1985, he was leading the Kuratorium (Scientific Board) as Secretary General for 23 years, collaborating in this period with his Austrian partner and friend Helmut Lechner. In 2007, Barac handed over this responsible function to the co-author Vida Demarin. Starting when neuropsychiatry was a unique discipline, the INPC followed the processes of emancipation of neurology and psychiatry and their evolution to independent disciplines with new subspecialties. These respectable conferences greatly surpassed the significance of the two disciplines, neurology and psychiatry, granting collaboration of borderland medical and non-medical disciplines, connecting experts from the region, European countries and the world. Inaugurated in 'cold-war' times, in their first phase they enabled to make professional and human contacts between scientists from the two divided 'blocs' thanks to the 'non-aligned' position of the then Yugoslavia, fostering the ideas of mutual understanding and collaboration. On the other hand, the scientific development of the meetings took in the center of their study fields connecting the two disciplines, giving a quite unique quality to these meetings. For many years, the meetings cherished specific neurologic and psychiatric topics, at the same time planning increasing important topics of the 'borderland areas' in their programs. For the important achievements, they earned the title of the Pula School of Science and Humanism, promoting interdisciplinary scientific collaboration important for humanistic goals of medicine. Medicine, as science and practice, although founded on biological grounds, is primarily a human activity serving to individual man and the whole human race. Modern neurology and psychiatry are no longer restricted to diagnosing and curing brain and nerves or psychiatric disorders, and are nowadays important as a science of human mind and discipline caring about the human brain, the complex organ of each individual man, collective human consciousness and our mental life. Such atmosphere contributed to the fall of the totalitarian, narrow-minded political, ideological or nationalistic thinking, aiming to tolerance and humane democratic developments in the united Europe and the preparation for peaceful living of various nations, races, religions and viewpoints in the 21st century. ; Međunarodni neuropsihijatrijski Pulski simpoziji, od 2005. godine Kongresi (INPS/INPC), osnovani 1961. godine od strane neuropsihijatrijskih klinika u Zagrebu i Grazu, 2010. godine proslavili su svoju pedesetu godišnjicu uspješnog postojanja. Boško Barac, koautor ovoga rada, svjedočio je njihovom rastu od 1966., sudjelujući u organizaciji od 1974. s prvim glavnim tajnikom Geraldom Grinschglom te je izabran za njegovog nasljednika nakon njegove iznenadne smrti. Tijekom 23 godine je vodio Kuratorium u suradnji sa svojim austrijskim partnerom i prijateljem Helmutom Lechnerom. Godine 2007. Barac je predao svoju odgovornu funkciju koautorici Vidi Demarin. Počevši od kada je neuropsihijatrija bila jedinstvena disciplina, INPC je pratio process emancipacije neurologije i psihijatrije i njihov razvoj u neovisne discipline s novim subspecijalizacijama. Ove ugledne konferencije uvelike nadmašuju važnost samih disciplina, neurologije i psihijatrije, omogućujući suradnju graničnih medicinskih i nemedicinskih disciplina, spajajući stručnjake iz regije, Europe i svijeta. Inauguriran za vrijeme "hladnog rata", u svojoj prvoj fazi omogućavao je profesionalni i ljudski kontakt među znanstvenicima dvaju "blokova" zahvaljujući "nesvrstanom" položaju Jugoslavije, udomljujući ideje međusobnog razumijevanja i suradnje. Znanstveni razvoj ovih sastanaka je s druge strane povezivao dvije discipline dajući im jedinstvenu kvalitetu. Dugi niz godina njegovane su specifične neurološke i psihijatrijske teme, uz istodobno planiranje posvećivanja programa "graničnim područjima". Zbog svojih postignuća dobila je zasluženi naslov Pulska škola znanosti i humanizma, promovirajući interdisciplinarnu suradnju važnu za humanističke ciljeve u medicini. Medicina, kao znanost i praksa, iako temeljena na biološkoj osnovi, primarno je humana aktivnost koja služi pojedincu i cijelom ljudskom rodu. Moderna neurologija i psihijatrija više nisu ograničene na dijagnosticiranje i liječenje mozga i živaca ili psihijatrijskih poremećaja, već su danas važne kao znanosti ljudskog uma i kao discipline koje se brinu o ljudskom mozgu, složenom organu svakog pojedinca, zajedničke ljudske svijesti i našem mentalnom životu. Takva je atmosfera doprinijela padu totalitarnog, uskoumnog političkog, ideološkog ili nacionalističkog razmišljanja, u cilju tolerancije i humanog demokratskog razvoja u Europi i pripreme za miran suživot različitih nacija, rasa i religija u 21. stoljeću.

Abstract. The selling to the French State and later exhibition of the belongings of Guy Debord on the part of his widow -jealously tidy and preserved for him meanwhile living-, which were claimed as National Treasure, vetoing to exit of the country towards the University of Yale, promotes from our assumptions the question for the actuality and the possibility of revival of a legacy that betrays the will of its origin, for the content and for the person of the polemic situationist philosopher. With this question, the validity of his work is not only queried, but beyond this, a comprehension of the world and the evolution of our time, marked by the neoliberalism with no way out to its order. Observing the process of acquisition and the way in which the exhibition is curated, with the title "Guy Debord: un art de la guerre", we state that it is not possible already to support a described position as a clash between the positive against the negative thing in that wider diagnosis for our time. From a genealogy that tries to clarify –also- questions not so much known about the Situationist International, we specify another underlying line, which would separate the question of the importance of the legacy of Debord, and if it was a treachery or not. Hence, we will take positions in the emergencies that today would plan other keys to think our time and that would exclude neither those of the IS. nor those of the proper work of Debord. Another parallel genealogy, from the Marx that does not speak about the city but faces the articulations of ours still century of reference, the XXth, towards different derivative marxian lines, worried about the urban question, we'll offer a reflective and alternative sketch to the political thing. The political thing, as it is observed in the clash Debord-State supported in the process of elevation to National Treasure of his legacy and the form in which the exhibition cynically supports this duality positive against negative will shift towards a definition of Noopolitics, for the architectural action in the city, from that to re-found primarily the differences that will open other possible worlds -in Lefebvre's words- for the present. ; Resumen. La venta al Estado Francés y posterior exposición de las pertenencias de Guy Debord por parte de su viuda –celosamente ordenadas y conservadas en vida por él–, que las reclama como Tesoro Nacional, vetando su salida del país hacia la Universidad de Yale, promueve desde nuestros supuestos la pregunta por la actualidad y la posibilidad de reactivación de un legado que traiciona la voluntad de su origen, por el contenido y por la persona del polémico pensador situacionista. Con esta pregunta, se inquiere no sólo la vigencia de una obra, sino una comprensión del mundo a partir de ella y la evolución de un tiempo marcado por el neoliberalismo sin que nada escape a su orden. Observando el proceso de adquisición y la manera en que se comisaría la muestra, con el título "Guy Debord: un art de la guerre", consideramos que no es posible mantener ya un posicionamiento que se describa como enfrentamiento entre lo positivo contra lo negativo en ese más amplio diagnóstico para nuestro tiempo. A partir de una genealogía que trata de aclarar además cuestiones no muy conocidas de la Internacional Situacionista, concretamos otra línea subyacente, que apartaría la cuestión de la importancia del legado de Debord, y la traición o no al mismo para, a partir de él, posicionarnos en las emergencias que hoy trazarían otras claves para pensar nuestro tiempo y que no excluirían las de la I.S. ni las del propio trabajo de Debord. Otra genealogía paralela, desde el Marx que no habla de la ciudad pero constituye un brazo articulador de nuestro aún siglo de referencia, el XX, hacia las distintas líneas derivadas por las que pasan las evoluciones marxianas que sí están preocupadas por la cuestión urbana, ofrecerá un esbozo reflexivo y alternativo a lo político. Lo político, tal y como se observa en el enfrentamiento Debord-Estado mantenido en el proceso de elevación a Tesoro Nacional de su legado y la forma en que la exposición cínicamente mantiene esa dualidad positivo contra negativo, mutará hacia una apuesta por una definición de noopolítica, para la acción arquitectónica en la ciudad, desde la que refundar primariamente las diferencias que abrirían otros mundos posibles –como diría Lefebvre– para el presente.