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City charters affect the governance of municipal systems in complex ways. Current descriptions and typologies developed to study city charter structures simplify the diverse types and configurations of institutional rules underlying charter designs. This research note demonstrates a more detailed approach for studying the design of city charters using analytical methods based on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework. This approach is illustrated with a pilot study of institutional rules in municipal charters that define the roles and duties of mayors. The findings reveal that city charters exhibit great institutional diversity, particularly within strong mayor cities. We conclude with a research agenda that could generate a more precise and rigorous understanding of the relationship between the different configurations of institutions of city charters and the politics, governance, and performance of municipalities.

David B. Carter and H. E. Goemans The temporal dynamics of new international borders/ 285. - Stephen E. Gent and Megan Shannon Bargaining power and the arbitration and adjudication of territorial claims/ 303. - Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Peter F. Trumbore Rogue states and territorial disputes/ 323

Institutions are strategies, norms, and rules embodied in public policies and/or social conventions. They reflect and establish expectations about who can do what, where, and how, and are often employed for resolving collective action dilemmas and other kinds of governance challenges. Given their salience, social science scholars have dedicated substantial effort to developing analytical approaches for understanding the design, function, and performance of institutions. Particularly valuable are approaches that generalize across institutional types and are versatile enough to be paired with multiple concepts, theories, and methods. This paper focuses on one such approach, called the Institutional Grammar. The Institutional Grammar is an approach for assessing the structure and content of institutions. It received limited attention immediately following its introduction. In recent years, however, numerous journal articles have been published that highlight the promise of the Institutional Grammar for supporting rigorous analyses of institutional design and associated outcomes within the context of various theoretical, conceptual, and methodological approaches. This article (i) reintroduces parts of the Institutional Grammar; (ii) summarizes the theoretical, methodological, and empirical foci of all journal articles published to date that address it; and (iii) presents an agenda for advancing the study of institutions using the Institutional Grammar.

In this forum article, we examine the state of the field of Peace and Conflict Studies in providing a platform to incorporate local knowledge to generate global insights. Many scholars in peace and conflict studies have traditionally relied on cross-national empirical analyses to investigate conflict dynamics, which can present opportunities for increased level of collaboration, methodological advancement, and interdisciplinary works. Whereas Western-oriented institutions and approaches serve as the locomotive of the production in the field, the vast majority of their data locates in non-Western contexts with diverse cultural, political, social, linguistic, and economic settings. Hence, the overarching theme of this forum emphasizes the benefits of an empirically-driven, methodologically rigorous research agenda that strongly incorporates local knowledge. We offer a platform to discuss the limits and prospects of Global North- South cooperation, the challenges of gathering dependable data, and the ways to overcome these issues while maintaining academic integrity and deepening our understanding of conflict dynamics. We believe that sustained investment in collaborative partnerships and capacity-building initiatives will be critical for unlocking the full potential of local expertise and insights in advancing knowledge-production and fostering peace and stability in conflict-affected areas.

We examined crown architecture and within crown leaf area distribution effects on Pinus taeda L. growth in North Carolina (NC), Virginia (VA), and Brazil (BR) to better understand why P. taeda can grow much better in Brazil than in the southeastern United States. The NC, VA, and BR sites were planted in 2009, 2009, and 2011, respectively. At all sites, we planted the same two genetic entries at 618, 1236, and 1854 trees ha(-1). In 2013, when trees were still open grown, the VA and NC sites had greater branch diameter (24%), branch number (14%), live crown length (44%), foliage mass (82%), and branch mass (91%), than the BR site. However, in 2017, after crown closure and when there was no significant difference in tree size, site did not significantly affect these crown variables. In 2013, site significantly affected absolute leaf area distribution, likely due to differences in live crown length and leaf area, such that there was more foliage at a given level in the crown at the VA and NC sites than at the BR site. In 2017, site was still a significant factor explaining leaf area distribution, although at this point, with crown closure and similar sized trees, there was more foliage at the BR site at a given level in the crown compared to the VA and NC sites. In 2013 and 2017, when including site, genetic entry, stand density, and leaf area distribution parameters as independent variables, site significantly affected individual tree growth efficiency, indicating that something other than leaf area distribution was influencing the site effect. Better BR P. taeda growth is likely due to a combination of factors, including leaf area distribution, crown architecture, and other factors that have been identified as influencing the site effect (heat sum), indicating that future work should include a modeling analysis to examine all known contributing factors. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Introduction / Bay, Mia / Fabian, Ann -- Part I: Race, Place, and Retail Spaces -- 1. Traveling Black/Buying Black: Retail and Roadside Accommodations during the Segregation Era / Bay, Mia -- 2. Retail Messages in the Ghetto Belt / Kwate, Naa Oyo A. -- 3. The Other Migrants: Mexican Shoppers in American Borderlands / Cadava, Geraldo L . -- 4. Southern Retail Campaigns and the Struggle for Black Economic Freedom in the 1950s and 1960s / Parker, Traci -- 5. Servicing a Racial Regime: Gender, Race, and the Public Space of Department Stores in Baltimore, Maryland, and Johannesburg, South Africa, 1940–1970 / Kenny, Bridget -- Part II: Race, Retail, and Communities -- 6. Athabascan Village Stores: Subsistence Shopping in Interior Alaska in the 1940s / Heaton, John W. -- 7. Deghettoizing Chinatown: Race and Space in Postwar America / Wu, Ellen D. -- 8. Marketing Identity, Negotiating Boundaries: Ethnic Entrepreneurship in the Coff eehouses and Narghile Lounges of Paterson, New Jersey / Bayouth, Neiset -- 9. The Changing Politics of Latino Consumption: Debates Related to Downtown Santa Ana's New Urbanist and Creative City Redevelopment / Londoño, Johana / González, Erualdo R . -- 10. The Spatial Politics of Black Business Closure in Central Brooklyn / Sutton, Stacey A . -- Part III: The Inner Landscapes of Racialized Consumption -- 11. Selling Voodoo in Migration Metropolises / Cooper, Melissa L . -- 12. "A Fantasy in Fashion": Luxury Dressing and African American Lifestyle Magazines in the 1980s / Carter-David, Siobhan -- 13. Racial Discrimination in Retail Settings: A Liberation Psychology Perspective / Williams, Jerome D. / Henderson, Geraldine Rosa / Evett, Sophia R. / Hakstian, Anne-Marie G. -- 14. Does the Retail Environment Affect Mental Health? Satisfaction with Neighborhood Retail and Social Well-Being among African Americans in New York City / Thompson, Azure B. / Porter, Sharese N. -- NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX