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While much is known about the situation in the labour market in the form of gender pay and earnings gaps, rather little is understood about their sequel in old age the gender pension gap. Entering the world of pensions may well signal a step backwards as far as women's independence is concerned, particularly in countries where women have earned economic independence in employment and are now being confronted by institutional frameworks presuming, encouraging or even imposing dependence. Unequal Ageing in Europe explores the gender pension gap across the member states of the European Union, plus Iceland and Norway. Employing microdata from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), along with data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the authors derive key facts regarding pension inequality between women and men. An intuitive indicator for a pension gender gap is derived and contrasted with equivalent indicators for pay and earnings gaps. The authors explore European diversity in a number of dimensions and benchmark their findings against equivalent findings in the US.

This article presents the findings of a comparative research study across five European countries on the role of servicing in the process of trade union renewal. The main aim is to transcend the dichotomy between servicing and organising with a view to revealing new renewal strategies. The study explores diverse forms of servicing based on the integration of various types of goods provided and logics of action. Specifically, it focuses on 'strategic' servicing, an approach that combines short-term responses to individual needs and long-term goals of collectivisation. The article introduces the notion of 'collectivising' services, targeting fragmented groups of workers to nurture a sense of community and establish channels of representation. It also offers a fresh perspective on trade union renewal, shedding light on the potential for trade unions to gain a more profound understanding of their repertoires of action and the impact of servicing on the construction of a collective dimension.

Nous évaluons l'impact du pouvoir de négociation des syndicats sur l'inflation et l'emploi dans le cadre d'un modèle de contrat optimal à la Mac Donald & Solow [1981]. Nous considérons un jeu à la Stackelberg entre la banque centrale et les partenaires sociaux (entreprises et syndicats). Les entreprises et les syndicats négocient l'emploi et le salaire nominal, tandis que la banque centrale, qui joue le rôle de leader , fixe le taux d'inflation. Nous montrons qu'une diminution du pouvoir de négociation des syndicats tend à réduire le salaire nominal et l'emploi. Dans un tel contexte de banque centrale leader , la politique monétaire optimale consiste à augmenter le taux d'inflation optimal afin d'éviter une hausse du chômage. De plus, nous démontrons que l'augmentation du taux d'inflation optimal a des effets plus importants lorsque la banque centrale est faiblement conservatrice. Ces résultats plaident en faveur d'une réduction du conservatisme de la banque centrale pour compenser l'impact macroéconomique de la baisse du pouvoir de négociation des syndicats. Classification JEL : E02, E24, E52, E58, J51

Regions are likely to face health care and aging problems (as well as other socioeconomic challenges) by adopting different measures and strategies that may lead to further differentiation in health care provision in the long run. In the short term, the essential levels of assistance/care (livelli essenziali di assistenza [LEA]) assessment grid shows how regional performance in three areas of the health care sector (prevention, community health services, and hospital assistance) proceed at different speeds. Contrary to expectations, the north-south divide is not the only territorial divide that exists. Strong differences exist even among regions in the north-east, north-west, and center of Italy. The results depict a four-speed ranking in LEA performance.

Abstract
The paper discusses the global network for Indonesian diaspora scholars who work in Malaysian tertiary education, an emerging Asian education hub. The study is based on documents, text reviews, interviews, and reflections from Indonesian diaspora scholars. Our analysis identified three main themes: building academic success, brain circulation, and contributing to development in the country of origin. The analysis indicates that the interplay between the quality of human diaspora capital and Malaysian policies on higher education has shaped the academic success stories of Indonesian diaspora scholars in Malaysia. Although the Indonesian diaspora scholars in Malaysia have generated brain drain debates, the findings show that while Indonesian scholars continue to work in Malaysia, they also exercise their global networks as sources of human capital and knowledge to assist their home country.

ABSTRACTOvercoming a variety of health problems for the elderly, the government has made various health care policies for elderly people, one of them is the posyandu for the elderly. Facts on the ground, few elderly people use the elderly posyandu and there are still many elderly people who do not visit for various reasons. The purpose of this study was to analyze qualitatively the influence of elderly visits in posyandu activities. This type of research is qualitative research. The research was conducted in the Work Area of Pintu Langit Health Center in Padangsidimpuan Sub-District, Angkola Julu, Padangsidimpuan City. Research informants were 10 people. Qualitative data analysis with stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion or verification. The results showed that the elderly were members of the elderly posyandu in the last 2-3 years, but all were not routine or were not active. The reason is not routine because he is lazy, while working in a garden / field, does not remember the schedule of the elderly posyandu. Many elderly people do not know about the elderly posyandu related to the benefits and objectives. The attitude of ordinary elderly people has an impact on enthusiasm or interest in the posyandu is low. The distance between the house and the elderly posyandu is not too far away but there are also those who need transportation equipment to reach it. Some elderly people get support from their families (children / grandchildren) by telling the elderly posyandu schedules, delivering them to the elderly posyandu, but there are also those who do not get support. Elderly considers that the visit to the elderly posyandu is not a necessity if it is not sick. It is recommended that health workers improve the activities of the elderly program by providing counseling to increase knowledge, change negative attitudes, change perceptions about needs. Extension also to elderly families. Keywords : Elderly Visits, Elderly Posyandu

The main scope of the paper is to adopt a fuzzy sets approach for the measurement of multidimensional poverty over a period of eight years, from 2007 to 2015, which takes into account the effect of the 2008 economic and financial crisis. In particular, the focus is on the financial dimension of poverty, and its effects on citizens in the EU Mediterranean Area. The empirical analysis, based on the European Union - Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (EU-SILC), covers eight Mediterranean Countries.

The article presents the structure of the evaluation design – and main results – used in the project of international cooperation between Europe and Latin America called Alfa III – TRALL (Transatlantic Lifelong Learning. Rebalancing Relations) and the experience of one project partner, the Universidad Católica Boliviana, has been adopted as an example. The design implemented meets the need to evaluate the quality of lifelong learning courses promoted by 15 Latin American universities, partners of the project, and aims to trigger virtuous circles of progressive improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of the training offer. This evaluation design has been defined as a «systemic model» based on analysis of the methodological framework that currently characterizes the field of educational evaluation research, connecting – from an ecological perspective – multiple indicators of the quality: input, in context, in the process, output. Furthermore, the evaluation design has been proposed, since its beginnings, participation and discussion among all partners to be as a system of quality training and transactional – where the analysis of gathered information is an opportunity to achieve collective moments of intersubjective interpretation of data – to facilitate a democratic made decision in order to improve and redesign the courses. According to the main results and the meta-evaluative reflection on the implementation of the quality system to 22 courses there are positive evidences, recognized by all partners, as some critical elements that, to improve the lifelong learning processes, will be assumed to redesign the quality system.

The article presents the structure of the evaluation design – and main results – used in the project of international cooperation between Europe and Latin America called Alfa III – TRALL (Transatlantic Lifelong Learning. Rebalancing Relations) and the experience of one project partner, the Universidad Católica Boliviana, has been adopted as an example. The design implemented meets the need to evaluate the quality of lifelong learning courses promoted by 15 Latin American universities, partners of the project, and aims to trigger virtuous circles of progressive improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of the training offer. This evaluation design has been defined as a «systemic model» based on analysis of the methodological framework that currently characterizes the field of educational evaluation research, connecting – from an ecological perspective – multiple indicators of the quality: input, in context, in the process, output. Furthermore, the evaluation design has been proposed, since its beginnings, participation and discussion among all partners to be as a system of quality training and transactional – where the analysis of gathered information is an opportunity to achieve collective moments of intersubjective interpretation of data – to facilitate a democratic made decision in order to improve and redesign the courses. According to the main results and the meta-evaluative reflection on the implementation of the quality system to 22 courses there are positive evidences, recognized by all partners, as some critical elements that, to improve the lifelong learning processes, will be assumed to redesign the quality system.