Suchergebnisse

Nicolas Kang-Riou (University of Lincoln) has posted International Law at the European Court of Human Rights; an Authority Enhancing Tool (Mélanges en l'honneur de Florence Benoît-Rohmer. Les droits de l'homme, du Conseil de l'Europe à l'Union européenne. Sous la direction...

Ambassadors of Social Progress examines the ways in which blind activists from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe entered the postwar international disability movement and shaped its content and its course. Maria Cristina Galmarini shows that the international work of socialist blind activists was defined by the larger politics of the Cold War and, in many respects, represented a field of competition with the West in which the East could shine. Yet, her study also reveals that socialist blind politics went beyond propaganda. When socialist activists joined the international blind movement, they initiated an exchange of experiences that profoundly impacted everyone involved. Not only did the international blind movement turn global disability welfare from philanthropy to self-advocacy, but it also gave East European and Soviet activists a new set of ideas and technologies to improve their own national movements. By analyzing the intersection of disability and politics, Ambassadors of Social Progress enables a deeper, bottom-up understanding of cultural relations during the Cold War. Galmarini significantly contributes to the little-studied history of disability in socialist Europe, and ultimately shows that disability activism did not start as an import from the West in the post-1989 period, but rather had a long and meaningful tradition that was rooted in the socialist system of welfare and needed to be reinvented when this system fell apart

"In this book, the history and underlying political dynamics characterizing the growth of FIFA and its relationships with global-regional federations and international associations are detailed in a helpful and concise introduction"--

RESUMEN: El propósito de este artículo es presentar a la tradición escolástica española del siglo XVI, con particular énfasis en la obra de Francisco de Vitoria, como precursora de la Escuela Inglesa de las Relaciones Internacionales. El artículo sitúa la discusión de los conceptos de 'guerra justa', la legitimidad de la conquista de las Indias y la subyugación de sus habitantes en el contexto histórico del sistema político internacional naciente. El artículo esboza también las circunstancias históricas que dieron lugar al advenimiento ideológico de la llamada Escuela de Salamanca o Escuela Española y compara los conceptos del derecho internacional y la 'sociedad internacional' explicados por la Escuela Española y la Escuela Inglesa.ABSTRACT: The purpose of the paper is to expose the 16th century Spanish scholastic tradition (and particularly the work of Francisco de Vitoria) as a forerunner to the English School of International Relations. The paper situates the discussion of the concepts of 'just war', the legitimacy of the conquest of the Indies and the subjugation of its inhabitants within the historical context of the nascent international political system. The paper also outlines the historical background of the Spanish School and draws comparisons between the concepts of international law and 'international society' as understood by the Spanish School and the English School of International Relations. ; El artículo presenta la tradición escolástica española de la obra de Francisco de Vitoria como precursora de la Escuela Inglesa de Relaciones Internacionales, situando la discusión de los conceptos de "guerra justa", la legitimidad de la conquista de las Indias y la subyugación de sus habitantes en el contexto histórico del sistema político internacional naciente

Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute provides that "judicial decisions" may serve as a subsidiary means for the determination of customary international law. The absence of a qualifying adjective to the term "judicial decisions" confirms that, at least ex facie, there is no priority to be given to international over domestic judgments in this respect. And yet – as the International Law Commission's Draft Conclusions on Formation and Identification of Customary International Law confirms – the reality of international adjudication is one in which domestic judicial decisions are often side-lined. In this paper, I question the ILC's assertion that this is due to the relative expertise of international versus domestic courts, and instead posit a model based on the shifting architectonics of international adjudication. Two related developments are key: (1) the florescence of international adjudicative bodies in the post-1945 era, and (2) the tendency for international courts and tribunals to see domestic judicial decisions as evidence of state practice and opinio juris under Article 38(1)(b), rather than as subsidiary means for the determination of custom – that is, as factual rather than legal precedents.

This book deals with the evolution and context of the Bank policy for projects on international waterways. It starts with a brief description of how the Bank faced the challenges stemming from such projects, and the different approaches deliberated by the Bank that led to the issuance of the first policy in 1956. The Book then reviews the implementation experience and analyzes the principles and procedures, as well as the main features of each of the policies issued in 1956, 1965 and 1985. The principles of international water law prevailing at each stage of the policy updates are examined and compared with those of Bank policy.The book also discusses in details the notification process: its basis, by whom, to whom, its content, different riparians' responses, and the exceptions to the notification requirement. It analyzes how the Bank handles an objection from one or more of the riparians to projects proposed for Bank financing. It also examines how the Bank has dealt with transboundary groundwater, as well as the linkages between the policy for projects on international waterways and the policies on disputed areas and environmental impact assessment. The conclusion provides an overview of the main findings of the book, and highlights some of the lessons drawn from the implementation experience of the policy.

Pyongyang's nuclear strategy has been significantly shaped by the perceived U.S. nuclear threat since the early 1950s, portending a quest for a self-reliant existential nuclear deterrent for the DPRK. This article tracks and explains how Washington's nuclear threat cast a long shadow that underpins the evolution of North Korea's nuclear thinking and strategy over the years. North Korea's nuclear strategy is being shaped as much if not more so in Washington than in Pyongyang. Just as importantly, the implementation process of major denuclearization agreements has seemed ready-made to be hijacked by war hawks in domestic politics in Washington. In pursuit of these lines of reasoning, the article proceeds in three sections. The first section appraises the interplay of Washington's nuclear threats and Pyongyang's songun ("military-first") politics in the evolution of North Korea's nuclear thinking and strategy over the years. The second section offers a critical analysis of the changing dynamics of domestic politics in the making and unmaking of key denuclearization accords in the course of the first and second U.S.-DPRK nuclear standoffs. The third section brings the common-security engagement back in charting an alternative pathway toward a working peace system in the Korean peninsula. (Asian Perspect/GIGA)