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Special issue 221 (2018) 'Who belongs to a democratic demos : the boundary problem and its solutions : symposium on Rainer Bauböck's Democratic inclusion' ; This response to critics further explains and elaborates the scope of three principles of democratic inclusion: the inclusion of affected interests, of all subjected to coercion, and of all those have a stake in being recognized as members of a particular self-governing polity. It also defends the claim that a theory of democratic inclusion requires certain background presuppositions. In response to Gianfranco Pellegrino's critique I present conceptual, empirical and normative reasons why a theory of democratic self-government presupposes a background of relatively stable territorial borders towards other polities and an internal diversity of interests, identities and ideas about the common good. Enrico Biale's objections nudge me towards further specifying the 'all affected interests' principle by clarifying that its implications vary according to the impact a policy decision has on external interests. I suggest three graded implications: affected interests must be taken into consideration, must have opportunities of contestation, or must be represented when a policy is deliberated and decided. Transborder referendums are an instance of representation of externally affected interests. The ad hoc demos created in such referendums creates an external veto power that need not subvert the integrity of a polity's self-government. I consider Biale's conception of a 'fluid' demos as grounded in a combination of the 'all subjected' and the 'all citizenship stakeholder' principles. While this combination works in the specific context of migration between independent states, I have doubts that it can be applied to other problems and types of polities. Valeria Ottonelli proposes a principle of the identity of rulers and ruled that I question with regard to its implications for representative democracy, and for those citizens who are uncapable or unwilling to participate in ruling. I also engage with her version of a 'proximity principle', which in my view can justify the requirement to have common democratic institutions but not the boundaries between democratic polities. Finally, I respond to Ottonelli's challenge that the 'citizenship stakeholder' principle misidentifies the wrong of colonialism as denial of self-government and has exclusionary implications for marginalized groups who do not have a stake in the common good. I conclude by suggesting a 'multilevel polity' test for democratic inclusion principles that requires that they can specify membership rules not only for independent states but also for territorial polities below and above the state.

The rise of "nudges" has inspired countless efforts to encourage individual choices that maximize personal and collective welfare, with a preference for less restrictive tools such as setting default options or reordering choice sets. As part of this trend, there has been renewed interest in the behavioral impacts of incentives – namely, rewards or penalties for shaping individual choices, including but not limited to financial incentives. Explicit incentives are pervasive in the law, including carrots offered by governments (for example, tax deductions for charitable contributions, rebates for recycling, sentence reductions for prisoners who complete drug rehabilitation programs, and incentives for criminal informants) and statutes or regulations that govern incentives offered by private parties (for example, workplace wellness programs, compensation for blood and organ donation, and pay-for-performance in executive compensation). But despite the intuitive appeal of incentives, legal commentators have expressed increasing alarm about a potential drawback: research in behavioral economics and psychology has come to show many ways in which the use of carrots and sticks may displace other motivations for good behavior, such as altruism, civic duty, or professionalism. In legal scholarship, prevailing views of motivational crowding-out – the process by which incentives can interfere with "intrinsic" motivations for behavior – suggest that this phenomenon is an irremediable response to incentive-based policies. This Article examines a large but neglected body of empirical and theoretical literature on motivational crowding-out to show that these beliefs may be misguided. Motivational crowding-out is in fact a catch-all term for a diverse set of cognitive and behavioral processes that range from long-term changes in preferences, to the impairment of self-determination, to a complex set of signals that incentives can send to people about their abilities, social environment, values, and employers. Far from being inevitable, motivational crowding-out is responsive to changes in the way we design incentive-based policies. That is, once we understand the mechanisms of crowding-out, we can modify the incentive architecture to either minimize or amplify crowding-out effects. Remedies, however, must be tailored to the diverse causes of crowding-out, and the law has not yet recognized this problem. In light of deep anxieties about motivational crowding-out throughout the law, this Article proposes a taxonomy of crowding-out processes and introduces "incentive architecture:" the deliberate structuring of incentives to address crowding-out effects.

People's concern about their relative status is regarded as an explanation to the Easterlin paradox, which reports that happiness has not increased despite continued growth in average income. The strength of concerns about relative position varies across people. First, we examine the socio-demographic characteristics and values that lead to a strong relative concern. And then we comprehensively investigate differences in financial outcomes, health, happiness, and behaviors by the degree of relative concern. In particular, Korea is an appropriate country for this study as Koreans have experienced rapid economic growth and there exists severe status race in their education system and labor market. Using data from our experimental survey of 3,000 Koreans, we examine their preference for positional goods and behaviors regarding herding, status seeking, and altruism. Our results show that those who have stronger relative concerns are more likely to live in upscale districts and place economic values above non-pecuniary values, and, in reality, they have better financial outcomes. They also exhibit higher tendencies of overconsumption and conspicuous consumption. Their health, however, is worse than others, specifically in regards to psychological health. Moreover, overall happiness and satisfaction in every dimension are proved to be lower for those who have stronger relative concerns. In a series of hypothetical situations of our survey, they consistently show higher inclinations toward status race and herding but lower degrees of altruism or sympathy. As for policy implications, we discuss the following issues. First, we show Koreans' diagnoses of the reasons for their unhappiness and examine how relative concern affects such diagnoses. Second, we discuss government intervention to remedy positional externalities based on our survey results about people's perceived positionality of selected goods that have a negative influence on others' welfare. Third, we show that Koreans' relative concerns do not necessarily arise from their materialistic values and they are undergoing transformation of individual values toward post-materialism, which makes a room for remedial change of institutions that have led excessive social comparisons and competitions. Fourth, we discuss policy directions for reducing negative effects of social comparison in the context of contemporary Korea focusing on the education system and labor market reform. Last but not least, we suggest some examples of nudge ideas using people's relative concern for the whole society and the motivation of self-improvement via social comparison, which implies that relative concern can be made good use of as well.

Background: Appropriate strategies and key stakeholder engagement are the keys to successful implementation of new health care interventions.Objectives: The study sought to articulate the key strategies used for scaling up a research-based intervention, mPower Heart electronic Clinical Decision Support System (e-CDSS), for state-wide implementation at health facilities in Tripura.Methods: Multiple strategies were used for statewide implementation of mPower Heart e-CDSS at noncommunicable diseases clinics across the government health facilities in Tripura: formation of a technical coordination-cum-support unit, change management, enabling environment, adapting the intervention with user focus, and strengthening the Health Information System.Results: The effective delivery of a new health system intervention requires engagement at multiple levels including political leadership, health administrators, and health professionals, which can be achieved by forming a technical coordination-cum-support unit. It is important to specify the role and responsibilities of existing manpower and provide a structured training program. Enabling environment at health facilities (providing essential equipment, space and time, etc.) is also crucial. Successful implementation also requires that patients, health care providers, the health system, and leadership recognize the immediate and long-term benefits of the new intervention and have a buy-in in the intervention. With constant encouragement and nudge from administrative authorities and by using multiple strategies, 40 government health facilities adopted the mPower Heart e-CDSS. From its launch in May 2017 until November 20, 2018, a total of 100,810 eligible individuals were screened and enrolled, with 35,884 treated for hypertension, 9,698 for diabetes, and 5,527 for both hypertension and diabetes.Conclusions: Multiple strategies, based on implementation principles, are required for successful scaling up of research-based interventions.HighlightsThe strong support of the political and administrative leadership is a key to roll out the new intervention at the population level.The mPower Heart e-CDSS is a unique research-based intervention for integrated management of non-communicable diseases, having features and functionality to meet the requirements of the public health system of India.The mPower Heart e-CDSS has enabled uniform evidence-based treatment at government health facilities in Tripura and has introduced task-shifting with greater involvement of nurses in care delivery of non-communicable diseases.Publication of this research will be helpful for the implementation of the research-based intervention in low resource settings and will contribute to translation research in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs).

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) require an urgent transition from a linear to a circular economy operation/design concept with a consequent resource recovery and more sustainable waste management. Natural resources have to be preserved, and wastes have to become an opportunity for recovering resources and materials (water reuse, energy, sludge reuse). However, the transition toward a circular economy is a complex and long process due to the existence of technical, economic, social and regulatory barriers. These existing barriers are critical challenges for a modern and sustainable WWTP concept. The recovery of resources must be considered a strategic target from the earliest process-design phase. In this context, the European Union's Horizon 2020 project "Achieving wider uptake of water-smart solutions—WIDER UPTAKE" aims to overcome the existing barriers (technological, regulatory, organizational, social and economic) toward the transition from a linear to a circular economy model for WWTPs. This study is aimed at increasing the awareness of the existing barriers to a circular economy and summarizes the key contributions of the WIDER UPTAKE project in terms of water reuse, sludge reuse and nutrient recovery.

Le projet Coud'Pouce (COmportement et Usage Des pesticides : POUr des Contrats Environnementaux innovants) s'appuie sur un bilan qualitatif et quantitatif des mesures agro-environnementales territorialisées (MAET) de la PAC 2007-2013, pour analyser ensuite comment les biais comportementaux peuvent limiter ou renforcer la portée des interventions publiques destinées à inciter les agriculteurs à adopter des pratiques plus économes en pesticides. Les résultats montrent qu'il existe des pistes prometteuses d'amélioration des politiques agro-environnementales : l'introduction d'une composante collective dans les MAET, les appels à projet agro-environnementaux et l'utilisation d'une communication fondée sur les normes sociales ou personnelles. Ce projet met en avant l'intérêt de la mobilisation de méthodes expérimentales ou quasi-expérimentales pour l'évaluation ex-ante et ex-post des politiques publiques. ; Based on a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the French agri-environmental schemes (AES) of the 2007-2013 period, the project Coud'Pouce investigates how behavioral biases can be mobilised to reinforce the impact of incentive schemes. The project results confirm that there are promising new ways to improve agri-environmental policies that could be further tested at a larger scale: the introduction of a collective component in agri-environmental payments, the use of agri-environmental auctions; and the development of nudging campaigns based on social and personal norms. From a methodological standpoint, this project demonstrates that experimental and quasi-experimental methods are pertinent for the ex-ante and ex-post evaluation of public policies.

Lately, researchers, journalists, and regulators are devoting attention to dark patterns, defined as "design choices that benefit an online service by coercing, steering or deceiving users into making decisions that, if fully informed and capable of selecting alternatives, they would not make". Those patterns that have the purpose" or the "substantial effect of obscuring, subverting, or impairing user autonomy, decision-making, or choice" have also been qualified as dark. These definitions are dense: they contain concepts like coercion, nudging, and deception that all alone would deserve an entire work to be discussed.

Статья представляет собой обзор работы международного форума «Россия и Ибероамерика в глобализирующемся мире: история и современность» и научно-практического семинара «Стратегическая коммуникация в мировой политике: теория и практика», которые проходили в Санкт-Петербурге. В ходе первого мероприятия обсуждался широкий круг проблем экономического и политического развития стран Ибероамерики, и в частности их проблемы и риски, связанные с информационно-психологическим противоборством. Прежде всего, эта проблематика была представлена на секции «Информационно-психологическое противоборство в современном мире и Латинская Америка» в рамках пятнадцати докладов и их последующего обсуждения. Второе мероприятие было посвящено актуальному направлению деятельности современных государств стратегической коммуникации. Выступления на научно-практическом семинаре представляют интерес для понимания характера и уровня информационных угроз в мировой политике и международных отношениях. Среди тем, получивших освещение на семинаре: «Стратегическая коммуникация в контексте массовой коммуникации: теоретические аспекты», «Элементы стратегической коммуникации в антитеррористической деятельности в Европейском cоюзе»; «Большие данные, надж-технологии, прогностическое оружие: новые возможности и риски стратегической коммуникации»; «Практические аспекты реализации стратегической коммуникации России в Латинской Америке на этапе обострения международной обстановки»; «Роль информационных технологий в политической практике и дипломатии России и США»; «Публичная дипломатия России: трансформация инструмента «мягкой силы» в стратегическую коммуникацию», «Twitter-дипломатия: возможности для стратегической коммуникации», «О возможности построения алгоритма самозащиты от манипулятивного воздействия», и др. ; The article presents a review of the Second International Forum "Russia and Ibero-America in the globalizing world: history and contemporaneity" and the research seminar "Strategic communication in world politics: theory and practice" in St. Petersburg. At the first event, a wide range of economic and political issues in Ibero-Аmerican countries, in particular, the psychological warfare were discussed. This issue was presented at the panel "Psychological warfare in contemporary world and Latin America", with fifteen papers and a discussion. The second event focused on strategic communication. Speeches at the research seminar aimed to understand the nature and level of information threats in global politics and international relations. Among the topics covered at the seminar were: "Strategic communication in the context of mass communication: theoretical aspects"; "Elements of strategic communication in counter-terrorism activities in the European Union"; "Big data, nudge technologies, predictive weapons: new opportunities and risks of strategic communication"; "Practical aspects of the implementation of the strategic communication of Russia in Latin America at the stage of exacerbation of international situation"; "The role of information technologies in political practice and diplomacy of Russia and the United States"; "Public diplomacy of Russia: transformation of the instrument of «soft power» in strategic communication", "Twitter diplomacy: opportunities for strategic communication", "About the possibility of creating an algorithm for self-defense against manipulative impacts", etc.

In this research note, we address the potentials of using interviewer-observed paradata, typically collected during face-to-face-only interviews, in mixed-mode and innovative data collection methods that involve an interviewer at some stage (e.g., during the initial contact or during the interview). To this end, we first provide a systematic overview of the types and purposes of the interviewer-observed paradata most commonly collected in face-to-face interviews—contact form data, interviewer observations, and interviewer evaluations—using the methodology of evidence mapping. Based on selected studies, we illustrate the main purposes of interviewer-observed paradata we identified—including fieldwork management, propensity modeling, nonresponse bias analysis, substantive analysis, and survey data quality assessment. Based on this, we discuss the possible use of interviewer-observed paradata in mixed-mode and innovative data collection methods. We conclude with thoughts on new types of interviewer-observed paradata and the potential of combining paradata from different survey modes.

What is health? / Charles Foster and Jonathan Herring -- Pathways towards a framework convention on global health : political mobilization for the human right to health / Kent Buse, Lawrence Gostin and Eric Friedman -- The bloodless ideological supreme court battle over the affordable care act and the 'right to health' in America / George Annas -- Conceptualising Implementation of the Right to Health : the Learning Network for Health and Human Rights, Western Cape, South Africa / Maria Stutaford -- Access to essential medicines in Kenya : intellectual property, anti-counterfeiting and the right to health / John Harrington -- Vulnerability : an issue for law and policy in pandemic planning? / Belinda Bennett and Terry Carney -- Legally vulnerable : What is vulnerability and who is vulnerable? / Hazel Biggs and Caroline Jones -- The ECHR, Health Care and Irregular Migrants / Sylvie Da Lomba -- Rights-based Approaches to HIV in the Middle East and North Africa Region / David Patterson, Shereen El Feki and Khadija Moalla -- Indigenous people, emerging research and global health / Mark Henaghan -- Human Trafficking and Organ Trade : Does the Law Really Care for the Health of People? / Daniel Sperling -- Cross Border Commercial Surrogacy : A global patchwork of inconsistency and confusion / Kerry Petersen -- Maternal mortality and human rights : from theory to practice / Judith Bueno De Mesquita -- Disability, human rights and global health : past, present and future / Maya Sabatello -- What can human rights do for women's health? / Kristine Hessler -- The practice of uvulectomy in Chad, children's rights and public health challenges / Jacquineau Azetsop -- Adding non-ideal agents to work out a pending debt / Florencia Luna -- Global ageing : Demographic and ethical challenges to population health and development policies / Michal Engelman -- Libertarian paternalism and public health nudges / Stephen Holland -- Global health, law and ethics : Fragmented sovereignty and the limits of universal theory / John Coggon -- International human rights laws and principles : cornerstone for defining health inequalities and health equity / Paula Braveman -- Exposing the limits of the law? Biotechnological challenges to global health / Sara Fovargue -- Moving forward : further reflections on global health law norms and the PPCA framework to eliminate health disparities / Gwendolyn Majette -- Global health law : aspirational, paradoxical or oxymoronic? / George P Smith -- Environmental sustainability and global health law : the case study of global artificial photosynthesis / Tom Faunce, Anton Wasson and Kim Crow -- Bridging the health/law divide in global health : The role of law professors / Scott Burris -- International law and global health / Geoffrey B. Cockerham and William C. Cockerham -- Competitition and co-operation in global health governance : the impact of multiple framing / Colin McInnes and Roemer Mahler -- The interlocking world of global health governance : the tobacco industry, bilateral investment treaties and health policy / Hadii M. Mamadu -- Mission (im)possible? WHO as a 'norm entrepreneur' in global health governance / Obijiofor Aginam -- Policy space for health in the context of emerging European trade policies / Meri Koivasulo and Nicola Watt -- An agenda for normative policy analysis in global health governance / Benjamin Mason Meier -- The contributions of science and politics to global food safety law / Erik Millstone

Der anthropogene Klimawandel hat bisher sehr viel Schaden verursacht und es wird so weiterhin passieren, wenn die Menschen nicht agieren. Ich denke, Klimawandel ist besonders problematisch, weil er die Menschenrechte verletzt. Es ist deshalb die Verantwortung von uns allen, den Klimawandel zu vermindern.Die Regierungen müssen eine Klimapolitik durchsetzen, die den Individuen helfen kann rationale Entscheidungen zu treffen, die ihr Leben verbessern werden. Die Klimapolitik ist die Politik mit dem größten zeitlichen und räumlichen Umfang und diejenig, die heute durchgesetzt wird, wird nicht nur diese Generation von Menschen betreffen, sondern auch die zukünftige Generationen. Es wird nicht nur in einem Staat ihre Folgen zeigen, sondern viel breiter.Diese Masterarbeit präsentiert einen möglichen Weg, das Problem zu lösen. Der Kern dieses Weges ist in den Mitteln des libertären Paternalismus zu finden.Ich glaube, dass weil die Menschen täglich eine Menge von Entscheidungen treffen müssen und viele Vorurteile haben, diese Entscheidungen zu unserem Ziel irrelevant sind, und führen uns nicht zu diesem Ziel. Das Ziel sei in dem Fall der Klimapolitik ein gemeinsam akkzeptiertes bessere Lebensbedingungen für uns alle und auch für die zukünftigen Generationen. Libertärer Paternalismus bietet uns die Mittel an, die Entscheidungen von Menschen zu beeinflussen und sie zum gewünschten Ziel zu leiten. Es geht um einen neuen Gesellschaftsvertrag, der die nachhaltige Entwicklung bevorzugt, um die Umwelt auch für die zukünftigen Generationen zu erhalten, sie zu verbessern und die Erwärmung der Erdatmosphäre zu reduzieren.Mein Fokus liegt an der Rolle der Individuen in dieser Klimapolitik, unabhängig von Industrien und Staaten. Es interessiert mich die Verantwortung des Einzelnen in dem Kampf gegen den Klimawandel und wie die Regierungen auf legitime Weise, durch den Nudge behilflich sein können, wenn die Individuen die Pflichten der Klimapolitik gegenüber erfüllen. ; The anthropogenic climate change has by now caused a lot of harm, not only that, I believe it is especially problematic, because it is an infringement of human rights, and it is therefore a responsibility of all of us to stop it or at least reduce its progression. Governments need to establish a policy which will enable individuals to make the right, rational choices that are going to make their lives better, not worse. The environmental policy, especially the one regarding global warming and sustainable development, is one of such policies. The environmental policy is one of the policies with the greatest temporal and areal spans. Environmental policies created today do not only impact this generation, but also the future ones. This thesis presents one way of solving the issue of environmental policy. The core of this policy should are the means of libertarian paternalism, which I defend.I propose that the choice of a decision-maker has to be influenced to achieve the desired goal, because human mind is biased and therefore the choices we very often make can be seen irrational inconsistent with our desired goal. Libertarian paternalism offers tools that can be used to influence the choices people make and guide the individuals towards the desired goal.In the case of climate change, the desired goal is a new social contract which includes the means of sustainable development in order to preserve the environment for the future generations, enables the improvement of the environment, and reduces global warming. I explore what the individuals responsibility in the fight against climate change is and what the governments can do to make it easier for the individuals to fulfil these responsibilities and increase their morale. I believe the only way to change a pessimistic perception is to change the mentality regarding the topic, as well as to overcome the inertia, and by changing it on the individual level, it will also be changed on the level of the community. ; vorgelegt von Dora Lenart ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)2246092

Demain Genève Place financière environnementale ? Centre logistique des multinationales minière responsables ? Premier centre d'échange des Matières Premières Secondaires (MPS) ? 3 Contrats pour Agenda 2030 Contrat 1 : Social Les engagements et volontés des pouvoirs politiques, d'obtenir des résultats tangibles dans la réduction des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES), facteur du changement climatique à l'Agenda 2030. Applique le concept des « Mines Urbaines » dans la double boucle du cycle de vie en développement durable. Développe le CAPITAL SYMPATHIE, en notion dynamique, à la participation des citoyens comme des récupérateurs récompensés. Contrat 2 : Economique Pour se faire, Genève mutualise les acteurs industriels, financiers et associatifs, pour la plus grande transversalité dans un projet ambitieux. Recycler les métaux précieux autant que rares, présents localement dans nos biens de consommation obsolescents. Les compétences cumulées des acteurs, permettent une valorisation fine des composants, un recyclage performant préservant les matières, pour les générations futures. Contrat 3 : Environnementale Avec des procédés issus de la chimie verte, comme la capacité de l'eau supercritique, de dissocier les polymères des métaux et terres rares de façon écologique, un nouveau modèle d'extraction responsable voit jour dans le Canton de Genève. Réduisant ainsi, la pression sur l'extraction de matière vierge et par rebond une réduction significative des GES mondiaux, par l'action locale.

Do you possess 'freedom'-the will to do as you choose-as an individual, as a participant in social affairs or as a citizen in the political realm? Well, no. Not really. At least not as most of us understand a term loaded down with metaphysical baggage. Don't worry. You've got something better: a neurological system capable of carrying out the most complex analytical and computational tasks; membership in innumerable communities that provide you with huge stores of knowledge and wisdom; and a politico-constitutional order that ought to provide the material and the immaterial conditions that will enable you to pursue a life worth valuing. Drop the simplistic folk-psychology of unfettered freedom, whilst holding on to intentionality, and you might be inclined to adopt a set of social practices and political arrangements that enhance the chances that you and your compatriots will flourish. As many recent studies of consciousness reveal our neurological systems are complex feedback mechanisms designed to create myriad for trial and error and (if you survive) the production of new stores of knowledge. Individuals-comprised of numerous radically heterogeneous, naturally and socially determined selves-are always experimenting, attempting to divine through reflection and action, what 'works' best: even when 'best' means fully embracing who we already are. Choice architects, those persons charged with constructing the environments within which we operate daily, should (if responsible) regularly run experiments that attempt to eliminate biases, and ultimately, deliver norms that nudge us away from negative defaults toward more optimal ends. A constitutional democracy, made up of millions of radically heterogeneous, densely populated individuals, constantly strives to determine what works best for most of its many constituents. Because South Africa's Constitution states (at an extremely high level of generality) only some of the norms that govern our lives, it remains for citizens, representatives and judges to create doctrines and institutions that serve its capaciously framed ends best. After canvassing the relevant literature in neuroscience, empirical philosophy, behavioural psychology, social capital theory, development economics, and emergent experimental governance, this work suggests that manifold experiments in living that fall within the accepted parameters of our shared constitutional norms are likely, over time, to produce more optimal ways of being that can be replicated by other members of our polity. Our reflexive stance toward best practices-a linchpin of this book's take on experimental governance-when inextricably linked to a commitment to flourishing and to the expansion of individual capabilities, should cause us to alter the content of the fundamental norms that shape our lives and bind us to one another. A political order founded upon experimental constitutionalism and flourishing promises an egalitarian pluralist reformation of South African society. The book spins out its novel thesis against the concrete backdrop of political arrangements and judicial doctrines that have emerged during the first 20 years of our truly vibrant constitutional democracy. Its trenchant analysis of political institutions and constitutional case law shows us how far we have come, and how far we still have to go.

Cette thèse présente trois chapitres qui utilisent et développent des méthodes microéconométriques pour l'analyse de microdonnées en économique. Le premier chapitre étudie comment les interactions sociales entre entrepreneurs affectent la prise de décisions en face de risque. Pour ce faire, nous menons deux expériences permettant de mesurer le niveau d'aversion au risque avec de jeunes entrepreneurs ougandais. Entre les deux expériences, les entrepreneurs participent à une activité sociale dans laquelle ils peuvent partager leur connaissance et discuter entre eux. Nous recueillons des données sur la formation du réseau de pairs résultant de cette activité et sur les choix des participants avant et après l'activité. Nous trouvons que les participants ont tendance à faire des choix plus (moins) risqués dans la seconde expérience si les pairs avec qui ils ont discuté font en moyenne des choix plus (moins) risqués dans la première expérience. Ceci suggère que même les interactions sociales à court terme peuvent affecter la prise de décisions en face de risque. Nous constatons également que les participants qui font des choix (in)cohérents dans les expériences ont tendance à développer des relations avec des individus qui font des choix (in)cohérents, même en conditionnant sur des variables observables comme l'éducation et le genre, suggérant que les réseaux de pairs sont formés en fonction de caractéristiques difficilement observables liées à la capacité cognitive. Le deuxième chapitre étudie si les politiques de comptes d'épargne à avantages fiscaux au Canada conviennent à tous les individus étant donné l'évolution de leur revenu et les différences dans la fiscalité entre les provinces. Les deux principales formes de comptes d'épargne à avantages fiscaux, les TEE et les EET, imposent l'épargne à l'année de cotisation et de retrait respectivement. Ainsi, les rendements relatifs des deux véhicules d'épargne dépendent des taux d'imposition marginaux effectifs au cours de ces deux années, qui dépendent à leur tour de la dynamique des revenus. J'estime un modèle de dynamique des revenus à l'aide d'une base de données administrative longitudinale canadienne contenant des millions d'individus, ce qui permet une hétérogénéité substantielle dans l'évolution des revenus entre différents groupes. Le modèle est ensuite utilisé, conjointement avec un calculateur d'impôt et de transferts gouvernementaux, pour prédire comment les rendements des EET et des TEE varient entre ces groupes. Les résultats suggèrent que les comptes de type TEE génèrent en général des rendements plus élevés, en particulier pour les groupes à faible revenu. La comparaison des choix d'épargne optimaux prédits par le modèle avec les choix d'épargne observés dans les données suggère que les EET sont en général trop favorisées dans la population, surtout au Québec. Ces résultats ont d'importantes implications sur les politiques de « nudge »qui sont actuellement mises en oeuvre au Québec, obligeant les employeurs à inscrire automatiquement leurs employés dans des comptes d'épargne de type EET. Ceux-ci pourraient produire des rendements très faibles pour les personnes à faible revenu, qui sont connues pour être les plus sensibles au « nudge ». Enfin, le troisième chapitre étudie les problèmes méthodologiques qui surviennent fréquemment dans les modèles de régression par discontinuité (RD). Il considère plus précisément le problème des erreurs d'arrondissement dans la variable déterminant le traitement, ce qui rend souvent la variable de traitement inobservable pour certaines observations autour du seuil. Alors que les chercheurs rejettent généralement ces observations, je montre qu'ils contiennent des informations importantes, car la distribution des résultats se divise en deux en fonction de l'effet du traitement. L'intégration de cette information dans des critères standard de sélection de modèles améliore la performance et permet d'éviter les biais de spécification. Cette méthode est prometteuse, en particulier pour améliorer les estimations des effets causaux dans les très grandes bases de données, où le nombre d'observations rejetées peut être très important, comme le LAD utilisé au chapitre 2. ; This thesis presents three chapters that use and develop microeconometric methods for microdata analysis in economics. The first chapter studies how social interactions influence entrepreneurs' risk-taking decisions. We conduct two risk-taking experiments with young Ugandan entrepreneurs. Between the two experiments, the entrepreneurs participate in a networking activity where they build relationships and discuss with each other. We collect data on peer network formation and on participants' choices before and after the networking activity. We find that participants tend to make more (less) risky choices in the second experiment if the peers they discuss with make on average more (less) risky choices in the first experiment. This suggests that even short term social interactions may affect risk-taking decisions. We also find that participants who make (in)consistent choices in the experiments tend to develop relationships with individuals who also make (in)consistent choices, even when controlling for observable variables such as education and gender, suggesting that peer networks are formed according to unobservable characteristics linked to cognitive ability. The second chapter studies whether tax-preferred saving accounts policies in Canada are suited to all individuals given they different income path and given differences in tax codes across provinces. The two main forms of tax-preferred saving accounts – TEE and EET – tax savings at the contribution and withdrawal years respectively. Thus the relative returns of the two saving vehicles depend on the effective marginal tax rates in these two years, which in turn depend on earning dynamics. This chapter estimates a model of earning dynamics on a Canadian longitudinal administrative database containing millions of individuals, allowing for substantial heterogeneity in the evolution of income across income groups. The model is then used, together with a tax and credit calculator, to predict how the returns of EET and TEE vary across these groups. The results suggest that TEE accounts yield in general higher returns, especially for low-income groups. Comparing optimal saving choices predicted by the model with observed saving choices in the data suggests that EET are over-chosen, especially in the province of Quebec. These results have important implications for "nudging" policies that are currently being implemented in Quebec, forcing employers to automatically enrol their employees in savings accounts similar to EET. These could yield very low returns for low-income individuals, which are known to be the most sensitive to nudging. Finally, the third chapter is concerned with methodological problems often arising in regression discontinuity designs (RDD). It considers the problem of rounding errors in the running variable of RDD, which often make the treatment variable unobservable for some observations around the threshold. While researchers usually discard these observations, I show that they contain valuable information because the outcome's distribution splits in two as a function of the treatment effect. Integrating this information in standard data driven criteria helps in choosing the best model specification and avoid specification biases. This method is promising, especially for improving estimates of causal effects in very large database (where the number of observations discarded can be very large), such as the LAD used in Chapter 2.

On May 28, 2020 on the online platform of Kharkiv National Medical University in the framework of scientific and practical online conference with international participation "The problem of man in socio-humanitarian and medical discourses" successfully held a round table "Metamorphoses of the center and periphery in medical, gender and age dimensions inclusion". The focus was on the phenomenon of inclusion, in particular, with a projection on education. Inclusion was interpreted by the participants as broadly as possible – as the inclusion of any people and groups of people who are discriminated against and / or in need of certain mechanisms of adaptation in social life, as well as a theoretical model of interaction of all people in different spheres of society on the basis of equality of rights and opportunities. Attendees tried to give a nudge for an interpretation that goes beyond the traditional stereotypical identity of inclusion = disability and focused on the stereotypes that exist in education and medicine about transgender and homosexual people, people with disabilities, children with hearing impairments, children with SEN, etc. Inclusion is the recognition of the unique characteristics of each individual, the creation of a culture that seeks and strives to ensure equality of opportunities and at the same time accents and values the differences. Medical universities are forming a new culture of inclusiveness, mutual respect and tolerance among future professionals, which, in turn, should affect the equality and democracy of society as a whole, and in particular non-discrimination, security of space, equal access to health care. The discussion also focused on the educational training of the medical community, but there were revealed also gaps in the legal field of Ukraine, the unrealized potential for the development of inclusive education in educational system in general. The existing models of disability in the society are considered: charitable, medical, social, human rights defending. ; 28 травня 2020 року на онлайн-платформі Харківського національного медичного університету в рамках науково-практичної онлайн-конференції з міжнародною участю «Проблема людини у соціально-гуманітарному та медичному дискурсах» успішно пройшов круглий стіл «Метаморфози центру та периферії в медичному, гендерному і віковому вимірах інклюзії». У центрі уваги був феномен інклюзії, зокрема, з проекцією на освіту. Інклюзія трактувалася учасниками і учасницями максимально широко – як включення будь-яких людей і груп людей, що дискриміновані та/або потребують певних механізмів адаптації, в соціальне життя, а також як теоретична модель взаємодії всіх людей у різних сферах життя суспільства на засадах рівності прав і можливостей. Присутні намагалися дати поштовх такому трактуванню, що виходить за рамки традиційно-стереотипної тотожності інклюзія = інвалідність і зосередилися на проблемі стереотипів, які існують в освіті та медицині щодо трансгендерних та гомосексуальних людей, осіб з інвалідністю, дітей з порушеннями слуху, дітей з ООП та ін. Інклюзія є визнанням унікальних ознак кожної особистості, створенням культури, що прагне та докладає зусилля для забезпечення рівності можливостей та водночас акцептує та цінує відмінності. Медичні університети формують нову культуру інклюзивності, взаємоповаги та толерантності у майбутніх фахівців та фахівчинь, що, у свою чергу, має вплинути і на рівноправність та демократичність суспільства у цілому, і, зокрема, на недискримінацію, безпечність простору, рівний доступ усіх до охорони здоров'я. Дискусія також зосередилася навколо освітньої підготовки лікарської спільноти, однак були також виявлені лакуни у правовому полі України, нереалізований потенціал розвитку інклюзивної освіти у системі освіти в цілому. Розлянуто наявні у суспільстві моделі інвалідності: благодійну, медичну, соціальну, правозахисну.