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Basic aim of this study is to evaluate the freedom of press in Iraqi Kurdistan region and how journalists think about freedom of press in this region, also the concept of 'freedom of the press' by conducting a survey and also by examining international and regional human rights documents ranging from the United Nations documents, the most democratic countries to less or undemocratic countries constitutions. The study starts reviewing normative press theories related to the concept of press freedom. It basically focuses on social responsibility theory of the press, which sees press freedom as a vital element of democracy. The theory argues that only free and responsible press can help citizens to make enlightened decisions. For the data gathering process, quantitative methodology is employed. A survey questionnaire was developed by the researcher to find out how journalists evaluated journalism in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. There were 34 questions in the survey' and 99 journalists who were working in the media outlets filled the questionnaire. They were chosen from different media outlets including government controlled media, political party controlled media, and independent media. The results show that the majority of journalists do not think that journalism in Kurdistan is free according to international standards. They also do not believe the constitutional guarantee for the press freedom. However, they think that journalism is an improving profession in this region. The study found out that there are gender and age differences on evaluating different aspects of journalism in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Keywords: Freedom of press, social responsibility theory, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. ; ÖZ: Bu tezin temel amacı, Irak Kürdistan Bölgesi'nde basın özgürlüğünü değerlendirmek ve bu bölgede çalışan gazetecilerin basın özgürlüğüne ve kendi ülkelerinde basının ne kadar özgür olduğuna ilişkin değerlendirmelerini öğrenmektir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak bir anket formu geliştirilmiş ve ayrıca uluslararası belgelerle farklı ülkelerin Anayasaları incelenmiştir. Tezin teorik çerçevesini normatif medya kuramları oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, normatif medya kuramları ve özellikle de toplumsal sorumluluk kuramı irdelenmiştir. Toplumsal sorumluluk kuramı, özgür ve sorumlu medyayı, demokrasinin vazgeçilmezi olarak görmektedir. Kurama göre, sadece özgür ve sorumlu bir medya yurttaşların aydınlanmış kararlar verebilmelerine yardımcı olur. Araştırmada, nicel araştırma metodolojisi kullanılmış, veri toplamada ankete başvurulmuştur. Araştırmacı tarafından, benzer örneklerden yararlanarak geliştirilen ankette 34 soruya yer verilmiş ve bu anket farklı medya kuruluşlarında çalışan 99 gazeteci tarafından doldurulmuştur. Örnekleme dahil edilen gazetecilerden bir kısmı hükümet kontrolündeki medyada, bir kısmı siyasal partilerin kotrolündeki medyada ve bir kısmı da bağımsız medyada çalışmaktadırlar. Böylece, örneklemin evreni temsil yeteneği artırılmıştır. SPSS analizi yapılarak elde edilen sonuçlara göre, gazetecilerin çoğunluğunun Kürdistan bölgesindeki basının özgür olmadığını düşündüklerini ve uluslararası standartlara göre daha geri bir noktada olduklarını görüyoruz. Gazeteciler, basın özgürlüğüne sağlanan Anayasal güvenceye de inanmamaktadırlar. Öte yandan, gazeteciliğin giderek gelişen bir meslek olduğuna ilişkin yaygın bir kanaat oluştuğunu görüyoruz. Bağımsız değişkenler bağlamında cevaplara bakıldığında, cinsiyet ve yaş değişkenlerinin verilen cevapları etkilediği ortaya çıkıyor. Anahtar Sözcükler: Basın özgürlüğünü, toplumsal sorumluluk Kuramı, Irak Kürdistan Bölgesi ; Master of Arts in Communication and Media Studies. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Communication, Dept. of Communication and Media Studies, 2014. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Süleyman İrvan.

Una investigación intencional para dar cuenta y hacer visible lo vivido en iniciativas por dibujar – mapear, creaciones espaciales relacionales de experiencias situadas; desde un quehacer profesional , transformado en la comprensión y la reflexión para reconocer el lugar del juego en niñas, niños y jóvenes con dis-capacidad y observar el sentir de lo lúdico situado en sus contextos culturales, políticos y sociales, en una perspectiva o visión de los avances de la sociología de la infancia, la juventud y los estudios sobre discapacidades. La investigación a partir de los diferentes recorridos se inicia con una ruta visual- dibujada (mapas de relieve) la cual a partir desde una perspectiva interseccional, configura subjetividades por unas miradas que mantienen la exclusión trazada no solo por la discapacidad, también por su edad, generación, clase social y género, aspectos que no facilitan el ser y el dejar ser en el juego así como un desconocimiento de sus capacidades En tanto se abren espacios a partir de las experiencias situadas, el mapeo y las perspectivas para describir el lugar delimitado por la discapacidad, conocer el lugar social de la niñez con discapacidad, que se sustenta y es insumo principal la acción de jugar más que una actividad, para conocer el lugar convencional del derecho al juego y reflexionar ¿a qué da derecho el juego? para conocer el lugar habitado por quienes juegan y re-pensar la acción de jugar a partir de diálogos relacionados con las capacidades y reconocer el lugar del juego en niñas, niños y jóvenes con dis-capacidad. ; Abstract An intentional research that makes visible what has been experienced about initiatives draw - mapping relational spatial creations from situated experiences, as part of the job from a professional activity, transformed into understanding and reflection to recognize the place of play in girls, boys and young people with disability and observe the feeling of playfulness from their cultural, political and social contexts, within a perspective or view from the progress of the sociology of childhood, youth and disability studies. Research begins with a visually-drawn route (relief maps) which from an intersectional perspective, set subjectivities by glances that maintain exclusion evidenced not only by disability, but also by age, generation, social class and gender; aspects that do not facilitate being and the let it be in the game and promote ignorance of their capabilities Spaces are opened from those situated experiences, and the mapping describes the place delimited by the disability and let to know the social position of children with disabilities, which is the main point of playing - which is more than an activity itself - useful to know the conventional right of playing and leads to reflect about what rights entails the game? The previous reflection leads to know the place inhabited by those who play and to re-think the action of playing based on dialogues about the capabilities and recognize the place of game in children and young people with dis-ability. ; Maestría

Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti moterų interviu kaip sakytinės istorijos šaltinius komunikaciniu aspektu. Sakytinė istorija apibrėžiama kaip komunikacinės sąveikos tarp tyrėjo ir interviu davėjo metu gimęs pasakojimas, apibrėžtas lingvistinių, socialinių, ideologinių ir komunikacinių struktūrų. Analizės objektas yra interviu metodas, kuris naudojamas informacijai surinkti. Istorijos moksle duomenų rinkimas interviu būdu ir jų interpretavimas vadinamas sakytine istorija. Sakytinės istorijos specifiką lemia jos pagrindinis šaltinis – interviu, kurio informacija visuomet subjektyvi, turi asmeninės interpretacijos atspalvį ir savaime nėra tinkama faktų tikslinimui (Marcinkevičienė, 2008). Sakytinės istorijos metodas yra populiarus tarp istorikų, sociologų, antropologų, žurnalistų, etnologų. Mokslininkai sakytinę istoriją analizuoja įvairiais aspektais, tačiau pasigendama visapusiško požiūrio į sakytinės istorijos interviu komunikacinį aspektą. Šiame straipsnyje teorinės įžvalgos pritaikomos Vilniaus universiteto Lyčių studijų centro moterų atminties archyvo "Socializmas moterų atmintyje" interviu analizei komunikaciniu aspektu. Analizei atrinkta 20 atsitiktinių, nepublikuotų interviu, kuriuose nagrinėjamas klausėjui ir apklausiamajam keliamų reikalavimų ir atsakomybių įgyvendinimas bei įtaka komunikacijos procesui. Straipsnyje atsiribojama nuo sakytinės istorijos turinio analizės ir dėmesys telkiamas tik į komunikacinius aspektus, t. y. analizuojamas interviu procesas ir jo dalyviams keliami reikalavimai. Straipsnyje aprašomas atliktas tyrimas parodo pasirinktos temos daugiaaspektiškumą ir tarpdiscipliniškumą. Naudojami aprašomasis ir mokslinės literatūros kritinės analizės metodai.Reikšminiai žodžiai: sakytinė istorija, moterų sakytinė istorija, interviu, komunikacija, klausymas.

Women's oral history: the communicative aspectLijana Stundžė, Giedrė Rutkauskaitė
Summary Oral history is defined as a story born of communication interaction between the researcher and the interviewee. It is defined by linguistic, social, ideological as well as communication structures. The purpose of the study is to analyse women's interviews as sources of oral history by the communicative aspect. The object of analysis is the interview method which is used to gather information. Data collection using the interview method and its interpretation in the science of history are called oral history. Oral history is determined by the specificity of its main source – an interview, which is always subjective and is not suitable for revising the facts (D. Marcinkevičienė, 2008). However, interview is understood not only as information exchange. The process of interview includes also: mutual understanding which allows the interviewer to predict the actions and behaviour of interviewees; interaction, which helps influencing the process of interview; empathy, which allows empathizing with interviewee's feelings. These elements are analysed theoretically and practically in this article.The interview method is popular among historians, sociologists, anthropologists, journalists, ethnologists. Scientists explore an oral history in various aspects, but there is a lack of a comprehensive approach to the communication aspect in oral history interviews. The theoretical insights are adapted to the analysis of interviews of the Vilnius University Centre of Gender Studies archive "Socialism in Women's Memory". There were 20 unpublished interviews randomly chosen for the analysis in order to examine the requirements and responsibilities for the interviewer and the interviewee and the impact of the communication process. The article focuses only on the communicative aspects, the interview process, and the requirements for the participants. The analysis shows the multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity of the topic. The article is written using the methods of descriptive and critical analysis of the scientific literature.

Recognition is essentially theorized by Aristotle about the tragedy. In comedy, recognition assumes only a secondary role. In both genres, it is essentially dependent on the final dénouement. In the eighteenth century, the authors have been interested in this dramatic principle which they have used massively in the new dramatic genres born in that century. Marivaux, Destouches, Nivelle de La Chaussée, Diderot, Mercier and Beaumarchais have all transposed the Aristotelian notion of anagnorisis in their plays. The differences with the theoretical basis enabled by Poetics and the place of recognition in classical theater are obvious. Being no longer necessarily linked to dénouement, recognition in the new comedies is concerned with all stages of the action. The authors claim the use of this dramatic principle despite the heavy bias against it, as well as they claim the use of the pathetic as a new way to explore drama. Recognition scenes are symptomatic of this desire to go beyond the strict division of gender, as they reflect new aspirations and new pathways for drama to explore. They provide information on the renewal of forms and new kinds of challenges facing the new genres, while embodying the Enlightenment project aiming, above all, to create a relationship that is both intimate and solid with the viewer. Now it is the efficiency of the dramatic effect that conditions the success of new genres and the efficient transmission of the moral, philosophical and political messages which recognition that tries to convey. ; La reconnaissance est essentiellement théorisée par Aristote à propos de la tragédie. Dans la comédie, la reconnaissance n'assume qu'un rôle accessoire. Dans ces deux genres, elle est essentiellement tributaire du dénouement. Au XVIIIe siècle, les auteurs se sont intéressés de près à ce principe dramatique auquel ils ont eu recours de manière massive dans les nouveaux genres dramatiques que le siècle a vu naître. Marivaux, Destouches, Nivelle de La Chaussée, Diderot, Mercier et Beaumarchais ont tous transposé la notion aristotélicienne de l'anagnorisis dans leurs pièces. Les écarts avec l'assise théorique qu'offre la Poétique et avec la place qu'occupe la reconnaissance dans le théâtre classique se font évidents. N'étant plus nécessairement liée au dénouement, la reconnaissance concerne, dans les comédies nouvelles, toutes les étapes de l'action. Les auteurs revendiquent le recours à ce principe dramatique, en dépit des lourds préjugés qui pèsent sur lui, et revendiquent également le pathétique en tant que nouvelle voie à explorer au théâtre. Les scènes de reconnaissance sont symptomatiques de cette volonté de dépasser la division rigoureuse des genres ; elles traduisent les nouvelles aspirations et les nouvelles voies empruntées par l'art dramatique. Elles renseignent sur le renouvellement des formes et des enjeux des nouveaux genres et incarnent le projet dramatique des Lumières qui consiste, avant tout, à créer un rapport à la fois intime et solide avec le spectateur. Désormais, c'est de l'efficacité de l'effet dramatique que dépendent le succès des nouveaux genres et la transmission efficace du message moral, philosophique et politique que les reconnaissances tentent de véhiculer.

Социальный конструктивизм достаточно быстро завоевал признание в научном сообществе и стал одним из ведущих направлений в философии XX столетия. Одним из ключевых понятий в учении социального конструктивизма стала «идентичность». Столь пристальное внимание к данному феномену было обусловлено самой современной ситуацией социальной жизни. Как отмечают многие социологи и культурные антропологи, совершенно очевидно, что жизнь в современных обществах стала существенно отличаться от жизни предыдущих поколений. На сегодняшний день такие явления, как: краткосрочные браки или «гражданские» браки, частая смена работы, смена политических взглядов, изменение национальной, конфессиональной, классовой и половой идентичностей стали восприниматься общественностью достаточно нормально. Человек научился жить, постоянно адаптируясь к изменчивым условиям жизни. В связи с этим социальный конструктивизм утверждает взгляд на идентичность как на нечто постоянно изменчивое, конструируемое, множественное, зависящее от контекста, подразумевающее возможность выбора. Но выбор этот свободен не совсем, так как реализуется в определенном социальном контексте, где заданы и спектр альтернатив, и набор их потенциальных интерпретаций. Данный подход позволяет проявить множественную природу этнической идентичности, проиллюстрировать способы ее конструирования. Существующие на основе историко-культурных различий общности, в понимании конструктивистов, есть ничто иное как социальные конструкции, возникающие и существующие благодаря целенаправленным усилиям со стороны людей и создаваемых ими институтов. В данной статье рассматриваются конструктивистские обоснования этничности Дж. Комароффа, Ф. Барта и Э. Гидденса. В трудах данных ученых достаточно подробно описаны образование некоторых культурных традиций, связанных с этничностью, продемонстрировано, что для социального конструктивизма этничность является вопросом сознания. ; Social constructivism quickly gained recognition in the scientific community, and has become one of the leading trends in the philosophy of the XX century. One of the key concepts in the teaching of social constructivism has become "identity". Such attention to this phenomenon was due to the latest situation of social life. As many sociologists and cultural anthropologists, it is clear that life in modern societies was significantly different from the lives of previous generations. To date, such things as: short-term marriages, or "civil" marriage, frequent job changes, the change of political opinion, nationality, religious, class and gender identities are perceived by the public is quite normal. Man has learned to live, constantly adapting to the changing conditions of life. In this regard, the social constructivism maintains look at identity as something that is constantly changeable, the constructed, plural, depending on the context, implying the possibility of choice. But this choice is not really free because it is realized in a specific social context, where the set and the range of alternatives, and a set of potential interpretations. This approach allows to show plural nature of ethnic identity, to illustrate the methods of its construction. Based on existing historical and cultural differences of community within the meaning of the Constructivists, is nothing but a social construction, emerging and existing through persistent efforts on the part of the people and the institutions they created. This article discusses the constructivist study of ethnicity Komaroffa J., F. Barth and Anthony Giddens. In the works of these scholars sufficiently described the formation of some of the cultural traditions associated with ethnicity, demonstrated that social constructivism ethnicity is a matter of consciousness.

การวิจัยเชิงพรรณนานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาถึงความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างคุณลักษณะทางประชากรและปัจจัยต่างๆ ได้แก่ ปัจจัยนำ ปัจจัยเอื้อ และปัจจัยเสริมที่มีผลต่อการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกของประชาชนในเขตตำบลท่าเดื่อ อำเภอดอยเต่า จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ โดยประยุกต์แนวคิดทฤษฎีการวิเคราะห์พฤติกรรมสุขภาพ PRECEDE Model ของ Green & Kreuter ประกอบด้วยปัจจัยนำได้แก่ ความรู้, ความคิดเห็น และการรับรู้ต่อการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออก ปัจจัยเอื้อ ได้แก่ ความพอเพียงของทรัพยากรและการมีทักษะในการใช้ทรัพยากรในการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออก และปัจจัยเสริม ได้แก่ การได้รับคำแนะนำหรือกระตุ้นเตือนจากเจ้าหน้าที่สาธารณสุขหรืออาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขหรือบุคคลที่ใกล้ชิด สำหรับกลุ่มตัวอย่างได้จากการคัดเลือกผู้ที่เป็นหัวหน้าครัวเรือนหรือตัวแทน จำนวน 302 ครัวเรือนในแต่ละหมู่บ้านในตำบลท่าเดื่อ อำเภอดอยเต่า จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ เลือกโดยการสุ่มอย่างมีระบบ เก็บข้อมูลโดยใช้แบบสัมภาษณ์ วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยใช้สถิติพรรณนา สัมประสิทธิ์สหสัมพันธ์เพียร์สันและไคสแควร์การศึกษาแสดงให้เห็นว่า อายุ การศึกษา สถานภาพ อาชีพ รายได้ มีความสัมพันธ์กับการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกที่มีประสิทธิภาพอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ.01 เพศไม่มีความสัมพันธ์กับการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกที่มีประสิทธิภาพอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ.01 ผลการศึกษาด้านปัจจัยนำได้แก่ความรู้ (P=0.000), ความคิดเห็น (P=0.000), การรับรู้ (P=0.002) ปัจจัยเอื้อได้แก่ ความพอเพียงของทรัพยากรและสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกจากหน่วยบริการของภาครัฐในการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออก (P=0.000) และปัจจัยเสริม ได้แก่ การได้รับคำแนะนำจากเจ้าหน้าที่สาธารณสุข, อสม.หรือบุคคลใกล้ชิดในครอบครัวและการได้รับแรงจูงใจโดยการได้รับรางวัลจากส่วนราชการได้รับคำชมจากเจ้าหน้าที่ (P=0.007) มีความสัมพันธ์ทางบวกกับการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกที่มีประสิทธิภาพอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .01 และพบว่าในส่วนของปัจจัยเอื้อได้แก่ การมีทักษะในการใช้ทรัพยากรป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออก (P=0.416) ไม่มีความสัมพันธ์กับการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกที่มีประสิทธิภาพอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ.01รูปแบบการดำเนินงานป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออก ให้มุ่งเน้นสนับสนุนปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อพฤติกรรมการป้องกันและควบคุมโรค ได้แก่ ความรู้ ความคิดเห็น การรับรู้เกี่ยวกับการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคที่ถูกต้องและการสนับสนุนทรัพยากรในการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกให้พอเพียง รวมถึงการส่งเสริมการมีทักษะในการใช้ทรัพยากรป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกที่ถูกต้องให้แก่ประชาชนซึ่งจะส่งผลให้ประชาชนมีพฤติกรรมการป้องกันและควบคุมโรคไข้เลือดออกถูกต้องเหมาะสมยิ่งขึ้นส่งผลให้อัตราการป่วยด้วยโรคไข้เลือดออกลดลง FACTORS RELATED TO PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER AMONG PEOPLE IN THADUA SUB-DISTRICT, DOITAO DISTRICT, CHIANG MAI PROVINCEThe objective of Descriptive Research was focus on the relationship between demographic characteristics and various other factors. These factors were leading factors, contributing factors and factors affecting to prevention and control of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Tha Dua Sub-District, Doitao District, Chiangmai Province by application of concepts and theories of health behavior analysis PRECEDE model of Green & Kreuter. Each of the leading factors were include knowledges, opinions and awareness to prevent and control of DHF. The contributing factors were include the sufficient of resources and skills used for the prevention and control of DHF. The various other factors were include the instructions or stimulations from public health staffs, health volunteers or relatives. The samples were selected from household heads or agents of 302 housholds in each village in Tha Dua Sub-District, Doitao District, Chiangmai Province. A systemic random data were collected by interview. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics correlation coefficient of Pearson and chi-square.The study found that age, education, marital status, occupation and income were associated with the prevention and control of DHF effectively with the statistically significant at.01 Gender was not related to the prevention and control of DHF effectively with the statistically significant at .01. The study shown that the leading factors were knowledge (P=0.000), comments (P=0.000) and awareness (P=0.002). The contributing factors were sufficient of resources and facilities from government units of prevention and control of DHF (P=0.000) and various other factors were recommendations of public health staffs, health volunteers or relatives and motivated by awards from government staffs (P=0.007) which were found positively related to the prevention and control of DHF effectively with statistically significant at.01 and the contributing factors were skills in use of resources to prevent and control of DHF (P=0.416) which no relation to the prevention and control of DHF effectively statistically significant at.01.The efficiency of prevention and control of DHF, should focus on factors affected the prevention and control of disease. Such factors include knowledges, comments, awareness on the prevention and control of disease and sufficient support of resources to prevention and control of DHF. Including the promotion of skills in use of resources to prevent and control in public which would result in the prevention and control of DHF and lower the incidence rate.

Maģistra darba izstrādāšanas mērķis ir analizēt krimināltiesību politikas reformas rezultātā radīto papildsodu – probācijas uzraudzība, kas ir reglamentēts Krimināllikuma 45.1 pantā. Lai sasniegtu izvirzīto mērķi, pirmkārt, darbā tiek apskatīti jautājumi, kas attiecas uz soda jēdziena izpratni un tā mērķi, izmantojot gan Latvijas, gan arī ārvalstu atziņas. Analizējot ar probācijas uzraudzības saistītos jautājumus, autore izmanto tiesu un Valsts probācijas dienesta praksi, kas tika veidota saistībā ar policijas kontroli, kā arī nosacīti pirms termiņa atbrīvoto personu uzraudzību un nosacīti notiesāto personu uzraudzību, kas ietilpst Valsts probācijas dienesta funkcijās, jo nonāk pie secinājuma, ka apskatot jaunu krimināltiesību institūtu, to nevar skatīt atrauti no iepriekš minētiem institūtiem, tā iemesla dēļ, ka, salīdzinot probācijas uzraudzību ar policijas kontroli, tiek uzsvērtas sodu piemērošanas un izpildes atšķirības, kas sekmē izpratni par jaunā soda niansēm. Savukārt, probācijas uzraudzības salīdzināšana ar Valsts probācijas dienesta uzraugošām funkcijām ir pamatota ar apstākli, ka, izpildot probācijas uzraudzību, tiek izmantoti tie paši līdzekļi un instrumenti. Darba ietvaros autore izvirza vairākus ierosinājumus, kā panākt Latvijā spēkā esošo normatīvo aktu lielāku precizitāti un konsekventumu, kā arī norāda uz nepieciešamām darbībām, lai jaunizveidotais instruments ir tikpat efektīvs, kā ārvalstīs. Atslēgvārdi: kriminālsods, soda mērķis, Valsts probācijas dienests, probācijas uzraudzība, policijas kontrole, dzimumnoziegumi. ; The purpose of the Master's Paper is making the analysis of the probation supervision – extra penalties founded by the reforming of the criminal law policy, legislated in clause 45 of the Criminal Law. In order to achieve the defined purpose, first of all, there are considered the issues in the Paper, concerning the understanding of the penalty definition and the purpose of the criminal penalty, thus using both Latvian and foreign countries experiences. When analyzing the issues concerning the probation supervision, the author of the Paper used the experience of the court and the State Probation Service, that has been created according to the police control, controlling the suspendedly pre-term discharge of prisoners and suspendedly sentenced prisoners, that is included in the State Probation Service controlling obligations. Therefore it is necessary to conclude that having considered the new criminal law institute, it is impossible to discover it apart from the previously mentioned institutes, because of the fact that making the comparison of the probation controlling by the police, there are emphasized the differencies between the penalty awarding and its fulfilment, that creates the new penalty intepretation and its understanding. Nevertheless, the comparison of the probation supervision made by the State Probation Service controlling functions is based on the fact that making the probation supervision there are used the same means and tools. Within the scopes of the Paper the Author has developed some proposals concerning of how to achieve the bigger precision and consequency of the current Latvian legislation, as well as the Author has emphasized the necessary activities, so that the newly created tool would achieve the same effectiveness as it is abroad. Key words: criminal penalty, the purpose of the penalty, the State Probation Service, Probation supervision, police control, gender crimes.

Background Population ageing is a major public health concern globally as older people with disabilities or suffering from chronic diseases are expected to live longer. The demographic shift in Hong Kong is particularly pronounced and increasing resources on elderly healthcare will add substantially to the government's financial burden. Research has shown the importance of better understanding the healthcare challenges posed by an ageing population in order to promote informed choice, align policy with need, and deliver effective, efficient and sustainable health services. Objectives This dissertation explores the circumstances and factors that influence a household's decision to place an elderly person in a care home. It considers the decision-making process in the contexts of the interactions and negotiations that take place within and between household members; a key objective is to examine the extent to which the elderly are themselves participants in this decision-making process. Description of the sample The researcher interviewed a total of nine Hong Kong Chinese residents from two private nursing homes. They were between 63 and 92 years of age at the time of the interview and had been residing in a care home for an average of 2.5 years. Methods This is a qualitative research study in which primary data were gathered through face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. The research focused on subjects with high-functional status. An inductive approach to thematic analysis was adopted. Results The majority of the subjects had been admitted to hospital as a result of an acute health incident. They were subsequently transferred to the care home directly from the hospital. The subjects drew a direct link between the health incident and their placement in the care home. It became apparent in the course of the interviews, however, that other contextual factors had played an important role in the decision-making process, determining how the subjects themselves retrospectively rationalized their relocations. Over the course of data analysis, family relations, assumed gender roles, perceptions of self-identity, and practical constraints were identified as themes that impacted upon the decision-making process in relation to placement decision within a household setting. The findings suggested the degree to which the broader context of the subjects' past life experiences permeated the decision-making process. It also underscored the importance of the roles and responsibilities assumed by the elderly. Conclusion By examining how the elderly themselves discuss their experiences and justify their choices, the study sheds light on the cultural assumptions, conventions and traditions that shape how subjects perceive norms of behaviour, expectations and responsibilities. Future studies might extend the scope of research further to incorporate the views of household members, who are also potential caregivers. Given that the subjects were admitted to care homes after an acute health episode, which resulted in hospitalization, it would also be worth exploring alternative options in relation to the discharge arrangements for elderly persons. This study would also benefit from further research into the comprehensive long-term care system in Hong Kong, including the provision of services, long-term housing, healthcare choices, and the financing of long-term care. ; published_or_final_version ; Public Health ; Master ; Master of Public Health

2012 was a year of recognizing results for children. As the Millennium Development Goals deadline approaches, we have cause to celebrate declining poverty rates, the near eradication of polio, increased immunizations, more girls attending school, improved access to clean water and nutrition, and more children surviving and thriving beyond their fifth birthdays than ever before. But results are no excuse for rest. Too many children continue to struggle, clinging to the lowest rungs of the development ladder: a boy missing out on a vaccination because he lives in a remote, hard-to-reach community; a girl denied her rightful place in the classroom; parents trapped in conflict zones, desperate for food, water and medicine for their children; and millions of children socially excluded because of their gender or ethnicity, or because they have a disability. These children must be reached. In 2012, we set out to reach more of them by targeting our programmes all the more on these children, streamlining our operations and harnessing innovations in order to deliver greater, more cost-effective results. We celebrated the launch of Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, an exciting new chapter in the global movement to end preventable child deaths. By the end of 2012, 168 governments and more than 400 representatives from civil society and faith-based organizations pledged to redouble efforts to give every child the best possible start in life. Humanitarian emergencies continued to dominate headlines – and much of our organization's attention. In all, UNICEF and its partners responded to 286 humanitarian situations in 79 countries. For example, we provided almost 19 million people with access to clean water, and in the Sahel, treated more than 920,000 children under the age of five who were suffering from severe acute malnutrition. To help the children and families caught up in the horrific conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic, UNICEF worked with partners there and in nearby countries to supply vaccines to more than 1.4 million children against measles, to deliver winter provisions, medicines and non-food items to more than 263,000 people, and to provide an uninterrupted education for some 79,000 affected children. This assistance included the growing number of refugees beyond the country's borders. We also brought increased accountability and transparency to our business functions by joining the International Aid Transparency Initiative and expanding public disclosure of internal audit reports, evaluations and country office annual reports. After a thorough review of results achieved and a vigorous debate around future goals, we are finishing a new strategic plan for 2014–2017 that places equity for children at its centre. Our goal is to reach every child, everywhere, no matter how distant or remote, no matter what barriers stand in the way. We will not reach this goal without your support. Despite these challenging economic times, you have given our work an unmistakably clear vote of confidence through increased financial support. Your dedication to UNICEF's mission is a critical investment in the future of the world's children. An investment we must make, for their sake and ours.

Анализируются актуальные социальные проблемы в повестке дня сообществ родителей города Санкт-Петербурга. Изучение социальных проблем родителей помещено в контекст российской социальной политики. Гражданская активность родителей рассматривается как результат политизации приватной сферы заботы и воспитания детей, а также как ответ на вызовы со стороны государства, а также результат изменений в понимании значения и качества приватной сферы и детско-родительских отношений. Методологической рамкой выступает дискурсивный подход в исследованиях гражданского общества и общественных движений, а также теория социального конструирования общественных проблем. Статья написана на материалах эмпирического исследования, в рамках которого были собраны интервью с организаторами и активистами различных сообществ родителей Санкт-Петербурга. ; The article deals with the analysis of current social problems in the agenda of St. Petersburg parent's communities. The study of parents' social problems is placed in the context of Russian social policy. Parents' civic activism is considered as a result of politicization of the private sphere, childcare and education, as well as response to the challenges of the state social policy. Parents' activism is analyzed as a result of transformations of the private sphere meanings and values, which lead to the changes of meaning of marriage, partnerships, parenthood and parent-child relationships. The main possible approaches to the study of civic activism are presented, the heuristic potential and methodological limitations of the approaches in relation to the study of parent's communities are analysed, the characteristics of St Petersburg parent's communities are described, a general analysis of the socio-political context of the parent community development is proposed in the paper. Based on the analysis of interviews a number the problems that parent's activists consider as important were highlighted. The notion of social problem is understand from constructivist sociological perspective and implies a situation or a condition that is regarded by some individuals as unacceptable. The following actual problems in the discourse parents communities activist were found: the problem of responsible parenthood, the problem of social exclusion of mothers, the problem of violation of civil and human rights of mothers, the problem of orphaned children, the problem of family crisis. The activity of the parent communities aim to solving these problems. The discourse of parent's activists also includes the claims to the State policy to address the problematic issues. In conclusion of the article the analisys of discoursive gaps and overlaps between official discourse and the discourse of parenting communities is presented. The significant meaning match metween official discourse and parent's naratives was found. The State traditionalist and pronatalist discourses become the parent's communities activists language for the discussion of social problems. In particular, the issue of family crisis and the need for State policy to promote family values in order to increase national fertility rate is a common place of the official discourse and the discourse of parent's associations. The point of gap between the official discourse and the discourse of parent's communities is the rhetoric of parent's civil rights and gender equality in the private sphere.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Economía).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2013. ; Los Programas Sociales como lo es el Fondo para el Apoyo a Proyectos Productivos en Núcleos Agrarios, son diseñados como un área de oportunidad del ejecutivo federal para enfocar el gasto publico al ingreso familiar de aquellos hombres y mujeres que no cuentan con derechos agrarios para la participación en actividades productivas. Es por ello que la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la concordancia existente entre la legislación del programa y el impacto que este tiene en los beneficiarios que reciben el apoyo. Como base metodológica se analizaron los cambios en la operatividad y consistencia del Programa, con la finalidad de establecer los alcances y transformaciones del mismo. De igual forma se analizaron algunos indicadores estratégicos para medir el impacto económico, social y cultural consecuente a la implementación de los Proyectos Productivos por parte de los beneficiarios y las beneficiarias. Los resultados mostraron que efectivamente el Programa ha ayudado a disminuir la tasa de desempleo en las zonas marginadas, por consecuencia el ingreso familiar de los beneficiarios y beneficiarias se ha visto favorecido. Además al seguir incorporando en su legislación artículos relacionados con la igualdad, los derechos humanos y la equidad de género, el Programa continúa buscando la inclusión y participación del capital social desatendido. Quizá el gobierno además de contemplar en la Matriz de Indicadores de Resultados; el fin, el propósito, los componentes y las actividades del programa también tenga que atender la efectividad de este sistema de medición, pues solo evalúa la efectividad del programa sectorial, pero no el impacto social y cultural generado en la población atendida. _______________ PRODUCTIVE PROJECTS SUPPORT FUND IN AGRARIAN CENTERS (FAPPA) AS A SOCIAL PROGRAMME OF THE SECRETARIAT OF AGRARIAN REFORM. ABSTRACT: Social programs such as the background to support productive projects are designed as opportunity area of federal executive to focus public spending on family income of those men and woman who do not have land rights for participation in productive activities. That is why this research is to analyze the correlation between program legislation and the impact that this has on beneficiaries who receiving support. As methodological basis were analyzed the changes in the operation and consistency of the program in order to determinate the opportunities and transformations of it. Also were analyzed some strategic indicators to measure social, cultural and economic impact consequent to the productive projects implementation from beneficiaries. Effectively the results showed that the program helped to reduce the unemployment rate in marginalized areas. Consequently household incomes of beneficiaries havebeen favored. Also to continue to incorporate in its legislation related articles with the equality, human resources and gender equity. The program continues looking for the social capital participation of unattended. Probably the government in addition to contemplate in the matrix of performance indicators, the end, the purpose, components and activities of the program has to attend the effectiveness of this system of measurement as well, because only evaluates the effectiveness of the sector program but not the social and cultural impact generated in the population served.

In the beginning of the 2000s Botswana was the country with the highest HIV prevalence in the world. At the same time, Botswana was touted as a model by international organisations for the fight against AIDS and access to free antiretroviral treatments. This doctoral research is based on ethnographic fieldwork at Princess Marina hospital in Gaborone and among patients, health care professionals and public health officers, throughout 2007 and 2009. Access to ARV is described as a set of care practices and public policies understood within a socio-political and historical framework. The fight against AIDS is the product of a particular form of nationalism, paternalism, and political benevolence from the State. By analysing national imagination and public health policies, this research demonstrates that free ARVs are conceived as an entitlement for citizens and administered through a process that redefines the boundaries of the national and moral community, characterised by tensions over power relations, gender and social inequalities and the exclusion of migrants. Besides, the politics of AIDS is also described as the outcome of international biomedical research and pharmaceutical philanthropy. Indeed, this research shows that access to free medication was made possible through the constitution of Botswana as an attractive site for international biomedical research and analyses the tensions that arise thereof. In short, this dissertation is a sociological study of contemporary public health and international medical cooperation in Africa. ; Au début des années 2000 le Botswana est le pays du monde qui connaît le plus haut niveau de séroprévalence du VIH. Dans le même temps, sa politique d'accès aux médicaments est érigée en modèle de prise en charge de la maladie par les instances internationales. Produit d'une histoire dans laquelle le nationalisme et le paternalisme ont conduit à une forme originale de pouvoir pastoral, la politique de soin à l'égard des malades du sida est devenue le symbole de la bienfaisance de l'État. Cette politique a été rendue possible par le soutien de l'industrie pharmaceutique, de la recherche biomédicale états-unienne et des fondations philanthropiques convergeant vers un pays qui offrait des opportunités et des garanties pour l'intervention biomédicale sur le sida. La politique d'accès aux soins est également inscrite au cœur d'une citoyenneté qui n'est pas seulement biologique, mais qui intègre une dimension politique fondée sur un double processus d'inclusion des nationaux et d'exclusion des étrangers. La thèse porte sur cette configuration à la fois unique pour sa situation historique et exemplaire pour la compréhension qu'elle permet des politiques contemporaines de santé publique en Afrique. La recherche a été réalisée à partir d'une ethnographie des pratiques de soin à l'hôpital Princess Marina à Gaborone, conjuguée à des entretiens avec des soignants, des patients et des responsables de santé publique et à une enquête sociohistorique des politiques de santé et des enjeux scientifiques. Une sociologie politique de la santé publique et de l'État au Botswana est ainsi proposée, entre dynamiques politiques de reconfiguration de la citoyenneté et une économie politique globale d'un continent marqué par son attractivité pour l'intervention biomédicale internationale.

Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società, istituzioni e sistemi politici europei,19.-20. secolo ; La tesi ripercorre le vicende dell'associazionismo internazionale delle donne dalla sua nascita - negli anni Ottanta dell'Ottocento- fino alla vigilia del Secondo conflitto mondiale. In particolare, la ricerca si sofferma sulle tre maggiori organizzazioni l' International Women's Council, l'International Woman Alliance, la Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, sulle politiche da esse perseguite, sulle loro differenze e i loro conflitti. Una parte specifica è dedicata al caso italiano. Al centro vi è l'ipotesi dell'esistenza di una cultura politica prodotta dai movimenti delle donne ed intesa come espressione di un soggetto sociale e politico autonomo. Elaborata dalle generazioni femminili del mondo occidentale, appartenenti alle classi medie e medio-alte, per superare le asimmetrie nelle relazioni tra i sessi e costruire una diversa rappresentazione del femminile, questa cultura si è misurata con le grandi questioni che hanno attraversato la storia dei primi decenni del nuovo secolo: patriottismo e pacifismo di fronte alla prima guerra mondiale; organizzazione istituzionale di una convivenza pacifica tra gli anni Venti e gli anni Trenta; infine il confronto tra democrazia e totalitarismi nella crisi degli anni Trenta. Nel corso della tesi ne sono state delineate le caratteristiche, le continuità e i mutamenti intercorsi nei primi decenni del XX secolo, con un'attenzione particolare al rapporto tra democrazie e diritti delle donne, all'internazionalismo e transnazionalismo femminile, alle politiche di pace e al dilemma tra pacifismo assoluto e accettazione di una nuova guerra nel cuore dell'Europa in difesa della democrazia. Alla base del lavoro vi sono una serie di importanti corpus documentari consistenti per la maggior parte di fonti a stampa e di fonti archivistiche conservate nei principali archivi e biblioteche specializzate presenti in Europa e negli Stati Uniti. ; The thesis explores the history of the international women's associations from their birth - in the eighties of the Nineteenth- up on the eve of the Second World War. In particular, the research focuses on the three main international organizations: International Women's Council, International Woman Alliance, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, their politics, conflicts, and differences. A specific part is devoted to the Italian case. The central hypothesis of the research is the existence of a political culture produced by the women's movements as the expression of an autonomous political and social subject. Developed by female generations in the Western world, belonging to middle and upper middle classes, to overcome the asymmetries in gender relations, this culture challenged the great issues that have permeated the history of the first decades of the century: patriotism and pacifism in the face of World War I; institutional organization of peaceful coexistence; the confrontation between democracy and totalitarianism in the crisis of the Thirties. The thesis outlines the features, the continuities and changes , with specific attention to the relationship between democracy and women's rights, internationalism and transnationalism, peace policies and the dilemma between absolute pacifism and acceptance of a new war in the heart of Europe in defence of democracy. The work is based on a rich body of sources held in the main archives and specialized libraries in Europe and the United States.

In the thirteenth century, the first mulieres religiosae founded a spiritual phenomenon whose ambiguity preoccupied the contemporary as much as it fascinates the historians of the Beguines and more broadly those interested in studying the relationships between women and the medieval Church. Through a corpus of Vitae and exempla originating or dealing with Southern Low Countries, this thesis aims to renew the question of the role of these atypical devouts, in a comparative approach based on analysis of pious men and women, leading a religious life, in or outside of a community, thus enabling the use of the knowledge acquired by gender history to enlighten this exposé. The first part of this study focuses on the deconstruction of the topoi of mystical sanctity to uncover the troubles which mulieres religiosae fell victims, leading to social exclusion. However, this marginalization is contradicted by the hagiographers themselves, who paint at the same time a portrait of women fully integrated in their century. The first part of this work opens the analysis of the means by which social integration is developed, by and around mulieres religiosae. Economically, politically and especially spiritually, because of their holiness, they participate actively in the world and are part of different networks, whose richness can be assessed through a detailed summary. These elements extend the scope of the research to the workings of these social interactions. Building upon a semantic analysis, it aims at grasping their principles of implementation, centered around the caritas, while the limits of these networks are becoming more visible after the second half of the thirteenth century. ; Au XIIIe siècle, les premières mulieres religiosae fondent un phénomène spirituel dont l'ambigüité préoccupe autant les contemporains qu'il interroge les historiens des béguines et plus largement de l'Église médiévale et des femmes. À travers un corpus de Vitae et d'exempla provenant ou traitant des Pays-Bas méridionaux, cette thèse souhaite renouveler la question du rôle de ces dévotes atypiques dans une démarche comparative fondée sur l'analyse d'hommes et de femmes pieux, menant une vie religieuse, dans ou en dehors d'une communauté, permettant ainsi de convoquer les acquis de l'histoire du genre pour éclairer cette réflexion. La première partie de l'étude s'attache à déconstruire les topoi de la sainteté mystique pour mettre au jour les rebuffades dont les mulieres religiosae ont été les victimes jusqu'à l'exclusion sociale. Néanmoins, cette mise à l'écart est contredite par les hagiographes eux-mêmes qui brossent dans le même temps le portrait de femmes œuvrant dans le siècle. La première partie de ce travail ouvre l'analyse sur les modalités d'insertion sociale développée par et autour des mulieres religiosae. Économiquement, politiquement et surtout spirituellement, en raison de leur sainteté, elles participent activement au monde et s'insèrent dans différents réseaux, dont un bilan sériel permet d'appréhender la richesse. Ces éléments permettent d'étendre la recherche au fonctionnement de ces sociabilités. En prenant appui sur une analyse sémantique, il s'agit de saisir leurs principes de mise en œuvre, articulée autour de la caritas, ainsi que leurs limites qui sont de plus en plus visibles après la deuxième moitié du XIIIe siècle.

World War I, no doubt, was a pivotal event in the history of the Middle East, as it marked the transition from empires to nation states. Taking Beirut and Mount Lebanon as a case study, the dissertation focuses on the experience of Ottoman civilians on the homefront and exposes the paradoxes of the Great War, in its totalizing and transformative nature. Focusing on the causes and symptoms of what locals have coined the `war of famine' as well as on international and local relief efforts, the dissertation demonstrates how wartime privations fragmented the citizenry, turning neighbor against neighbor and brother against brother, and at the same time enabled social and administrative changes that resulted in the consolidation and strengthening of bureaucratic hierarchies and patron-client relationships. This dissertation is a detailed analysis of socio-economic challenges that the war posed for Ottoman subjects, focusing primarily on the distorting effects of food shortages, disease, wartime requisitioning, confiscations and conscriptions on everyday life as well as on the efforts of the local municipality and civil society organizations to provision and care for civilians. Although all residents of Beirut and Mount Lebanon took part in the same war, their experiences were often different, mediated by existing gender and class differences and communal belongings, which the international conflict - and concomitant interventions by the state as well as international relief agencies - both exposed and exacerbated. The war aggravated the inequalities embedded in late Ottoman and European colonial definitions of citizenship, since class and communal affiliation determined people's access to food, their ability to avoid conscription, fight disease, obtain provisions, and secure relief funds. Moreover, mutual sacrifice, collective martyrdom and communal resistance rule loom large in state-sponsored national narratives about World War I. Post-colonial Lebanon is no exception. This dissertation reveals how attempts to construct a dominant 'collective' memory of World War I to promote national unity served to mask the continued perpetuation of social inequalities and contributed to tensions within post-independence Lebanese society.This dissertation contributes to the general scholarship of World War I, which so far has dismissed the experience of civilians on the Ottoman homefront as peripheral. Second it shifts the historiographical focus of World War I in the Middle East as a political diplomatic event, toward it being understood as a dynamic social, economic and political process the outcome of which was dependent as much on the immediate necessities of war, its political economy and strain on civilians, as on long-term historical developments that had left the region vulnerable to the wartime disruptions in the world market and hence more susceptible to famine. Third, this social history of World War I in the Middle East outlines interactions between the Ottoman military authorities, provincial representatives of the state, municipal council members, religious leaders, greedy merchants, bakers and local law enforcement agencies and their relations to the urban and rural poor, that force us to rethink common perceptions of Ottoman tyranny and ambivalence in regards to its civilians and poses a challenge to sectarian interpretations of the war experience on the homefront.