[spa] La tesis en sus seis capítulos sustenta el compromiso de la asistencia social con la construcción de las diferencias de clase, etnia y género en Santa Fe de Bogotá, en los contextos históricos barroco e ilustrado. La asistencia social, como un componente de las tradiciones occidentales que interpreta la pobreza y los problemas sociales, sus efectos e implicaciones, a la vez que definía y regulaba la acción para prevenirlos, remediarlos o erradicarlos, se instaló en la ciudad como parte de los dispositivos civilizadores. Por lo tanto, participó del proyecto de recreación de la cultura europea y contribuyó a la castellanización y al reforzamiento de las imágenes y de los simbolismos del cristianismo de la Contrarreforma desde las etapas iniciales de la formación de la sociedad colonial. Las propuestas asistenciales comprenden visiones sobre los sufrimientos humanos y paliativos frente a los mismos, procedentes tanto de las relaciones con el mundo sagrado como de las acciones humanas. La discusión se inscribe en los procesos a través de los cuales se forjó la diferencia como desigualdad, elemento clave del pensamiento androcéntrico, colonial y elitista. Tal diferencia se sustentó en la naturalización de la inferioridad de quien o quienes fueron definidos como el otro o la otra, los otros o las otras: los indígenas, los mestizos y los pobres de ambos sexos y diferentes edades. A la vez, produjo y reprodujo las relaciones jerárquicas entre los hombres y las mujeres, la sociedad blanca y el resto de la sociedad conformada por el heterogéneo mundo de los indios, los mestizos y las castas así como también entre los ricos y los pobres. Se visualizaron los impactos de la pobreza por motivos sociales, étnicos y de género y las interpretaciones sobre la misma que inspiraron las estrategias para prevenirla, tratarla o erradicarla que comprometió a los diferentes estamentos sociales: legisladores y administradores tanto eclesiásticos como civiles. Los discursos sobre la pobreza y el género que emergieron en los contextos barroco e ilustrado constituyen el material trabajado: la crónica, las vidas ejemplares, la iconografía, los pronunciamientos oficiales tanto religiosos como laicos de los donantes y proyectistas, así como también, los relatos de las experiencias vitales y los trozos del pensamiento de las mujeres y los hombres que dejaron huella de la divergencia y la resistencia a las pautas modélicas con las que se intentó regular sus vidas. Se trazó un recorrido desde los significados del ideal de la masculinidad representado en los modelos del explorador, conquistador y el guerrero, alejados de las mujeres y del mundo femenino pasando por las redefiniciones del colonizador quien requirió de un hogar para asentarse, hasta el ideal del padre providente, correspondiente al modelo de familia paradigmático de la modernidad que construyó la dependencia de las mujeres y de los hijos. La tesis se inicia en un diálogo con la historiografía colonial colombiana, la etnohistoria y la historia de la pobreza. Luego se plantea el tema, la metodología y el tratamiento de las fuentes. A continuación se propone una lectura sobre las imágenes y los imaginarios coloniales en las narrativas del seiscientos. Enseguida se observan los enunciados sobre la pobreza y las estrategias para tratarla transferidos desde España, el sincretismo y la significación para la cultura santafereña de la fundación de la Casa de los niños y mujeres recogidas en el año 1641. Después se muestran los sesgos de género de las manifestaciones del conflicto urbano en el que se destacan las infracciones tales como adulterios, amancebamientos y concubinato, la violencia contra las mujeres lo mismo que los hurtos y robos y los esfuerzos de las autoridades ilustradas por hacer prevalecer el imperio de la ley. La exposición culmina con las narrativas de la caridad ilustrada correspondiente al periodo en que se impulsó la modernidad cuando se reinventó en el año 1777 el hospicio para el encierro de los indios, mestizos y mulatos pobres y mendigos de ambos sexos y se estableció el Monte de Piedad para la protección de la viudas de los militares y altos funcionarios fallecidos al servicio de la Corona. ; [eng] This Thesis, within its six chapters, shows the commitment from the social assistance of Santa Fe de Bogotá - during the XVI and XVII Centuries - to the reproducing of the gender and ethnic social differences. The discourses on poverty - which came up within the baroque and illustrated contexts - constitute the worked material: the chronicle, the exemplary lives, the iconography, the official religious - as well as lay - pronouncements from the givers and project makers; as well as the stories of life experiences and the fragments of thought from the women and men who left traces of the divergence and resistance towards the model patterns by which their lives were tried to be controlled. A run over was drawn from the meanings of the ideal masculinity - represented by the models of: the explorer, the conqueror and the warrior, - distant from the women and from the feminine world, going through the defining anew of the colonizer - who required a home to settle -, up to the ideal providing father, corresponding to the paradigmatic model of family from the Modernity, who built the dependence of women and of the children. The Thesis starts with a dialogue with the Colombian Colonial Historiography, the ethno-history and the history of poverty. Then the theme is set forth - as well as the methodology, and the dealing with the sources. Following, a reading on the Colonial images and the imaginary in the narratives of the six hundred's is suggested. Following, there can be seen the enunciates on poverty and the strategies to deal with it - transferred from Spain -, the syncretism and the meaning - for the Santa Fe Culture - of the foundation of The House for the children and women sheltered during year 1641. Then after, the bias of gender - from the urban conflict expressions - are shown. The exposition ends with the narratives of the illustrated charity - corresponding to the period in which the Modernity was fostered -, when during year 1777 the hospice for the confinement (shelter) of the Indians, Mestizos and poor Mulattos, and beggars of both sexes was reinvented, and the Monte de Piedad was established for the protection of widows of militaries and high officials who died while serving The Crown.
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Angola, Gnomoniopsis angolensis and Pseudopithomyces angolensis on unknown host plants. Australia, Dothiora corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neoeucasphaeria eucalypti (incl. Neoeucasphaeria gen. nov.)on Eucalyptus sp., Fumagopsis stellae on Eucalyptus sp., Fusculina eucalyptorum (incl. Fusculinaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus socialis, Harknessia corymbiicola on Corymbia maculata, Neocelosporium eucalypti (incl. Neocelosporium gen. nov., Neocelosporiaceae fam. nov. and Neocelosporiales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus cyanophylla, Neophaeomoniella corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neophaeomoniella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus pilularis, Pseudoplagiostoma corymbiicola on Corymbia citriodora, Teratosphaeria gracilis on Eucalyptus gracilis, Zasmidium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Brazil, Calonectria hemileiae on pustules of Hemileia vastatrix formed on leaves of Coffea arabica, Calvatia caatinguensis on soil, Cercospora solani-betacei on Solanum betaceum, Clathrus natalensis on soil, Diaporthe poincianellae on Poincianella pyramidalis, Geastrum piquiriunense on soil, Geosmithia carolliae on wing of Carollia perspicillata, Henningsia resupinata on wood, Penicillium guaibinense from soil, Periconia caespitosa from leaf litter, Pseudocercospora styracina on Styrax sp., Simplicillium filiforme as endophyte from Citrullus lanatus, Thozetella pindobacuensis on leaf litter, Xenosonderhenia coussapoae on Coussapoa floccosa. ; Canary Islands (Spain), Orbilia amarilla on Euphorbia canariensis. Cape Verde Islands, Xylodon jacobaeus on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Chile, Colletotrichum arboricola on Fuchsia magellanica. Costa Rica, Lasiosphaeria miniovina ontreebranch. Ecuador, Ganoderma chocoense ontreetrunk. France, Neofitzroyomyces nerii (incl. Neofitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Nerium oleander. Ghana, Castanediella tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Falcocladium africanum on Eucalyptus brassiana, Rachicladosporium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Hungary, Entoloma silvae-frondosae in Carpinus betulus-Pinus sylvestris mixedforest. Iran, Pseudopyricularia persiana on Cyperus sp. Italy, Inocybe roseascens onsoilinmixedforest. Laos, Ophiocordyceps houaynhangensis on Coleoptera larva. Malaysia, Monilochaetes melastomae on Melastoma sp. Mexico, Absidia terrestris fromsoil. Netherlands, Acaulium pannemaniae, Conioscypha boutwelliae, Fusicolla septimanifiniscientiae, Gibellulopsis simonii, Lasionectria hilhorstii, Lectera nordwiniana, Leptodiscella rintelii, Parasarocladium debruynii and Sarocladium dejongiae (incl. Sarocladiaceae fam. nov.) fromsoil. New Zealand, Gnomoniopsis rosae on Rosa sp. and Neodevriesia metrosideri on Metrosideros sp. Puerto Rico, Neodevriesia coccolobae on Coccoloba uvifera, Neodevriesia tabebuiae and Alfaria tabebuiae on Tabebuia chrysantha . Russia, Amanita paludosa on bogged soil in mixed deciduous forest, Entoloma tiliae in forest of Tilia × europaea, Kwoniella endophytica on Pyrus communis. ; South Africa, Coniella diospyri on Diospyros mespiliformis, Neomelanconiella combreti (incl. Neomelanconiellaceae fam. nov. and Neomelanconiella gen. nov.)on Combretum sp., Polyphialoseptoria natalensis on unidentified plant host, Pseudorobillarda bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus, Thelonectria pelargonii on Pelargonium sp. Spain, Vermiculariopsiella lauracearum and Anungitopsis lauri on Laurus novocanariensis, Geosmithia xerotolerans from a darkened wall of a house, Pseudopenidiella gallaica on leaf litter. Thailand, Corynespora thailandica on wood, Lareunionomyces loeiensis on leaf litter, Neocochlearomyces chromolaenae (incl. Neocochlearomyces gen. nov.) on Chromolaena odorata, Neomyrmecridium septatum (incl. Neomyrmecridium gen. nov .), Pararamichloridium caricicola on Carex sp., Xenodactylaria thailandica (incl. Xenodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Xenodactylaria gen. nov.), Neomyrmecridium asiaticum and Cymostachys thailandica fromunidentifiedvine. USA, Carolinigaster bonitoi (incl. Carolinigaster gen. nov.)fromsoil, Penicillium fortuitum from house dust, Phaeotheca shathenatiana (incl. Phaeothecaceae fam. nov.) from twig and cone litter, Pythium wohlseniorum from stream water, Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye, Talaromyces iowaense from officeair. Vietnam, Fistulinella olivaceoalba onsoil. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Angola, Gnomoniopsis angolensis and Pseudopithomyces angolensis on unknown host plants. Australia, Dothiora corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neoeucasphaeria eucalypti (incl. Neoeucasphaeria gen. nov.)on Eucalyptus sp., Fumagopsis stellae on Eucalyptus sp., Fusculina eucalyptorum (incl. Fusculinaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus socialis, Harknessia corymbiicola on Corymbia maculata, Neocelosporium eucalypti (incl. Neocelosporium gen. nov., Neocelosporiaceae fam. nov. and Neocelosporiales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus cyanophylla, Neophaeomoniella corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neophaeomoniella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus pilularis, Pseudoplagiostoma corymbiicola on Corymbia citriodora, Teratosphaeria gracilis on Eucalyptus gracilis, Zasmidium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Brazil, Calonectria hemileiae on pustules of Hemileia vastatrix formed on leaves of Coffea arabica, Calvatia caatinguensis on soil, Cercospora solani-betacei on Solanum betaceum, Clathrus natalensis on soil, Diaporthe poincianellae on Poincianella pyramidalis, Geastrum piquiriunense on soil, Geosmithia carolliae on wing of Carollia perspicillata, Henningsia resupinata on wood, Penicillium guaibinense from soil, Periconia caespitosa from leaf litter, Pseudocercospora styracina on Styrax sp., Simplicillium filiforme as endophyte from Citrullus lanatus, Thozetella pindobacuensis on leaf litter, Xenosonderhenia coussapoae on Coussapoa floccosa. ; Canary Islands (Spain), Orbilia amarilla on Euphorbia canariensis. Cape Verde Islands, Xylodon jacobaeus on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Chile, Colletotrichum arboricola on Fuchsia magellanica. Costa Rica, Lasiosphaeria miniovina ontreebranch. Ecuador, Ganoderma chocoense ontreetrunk. France, Neofitzroyomyces nerii (incl. Neofitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Nerium oleander. Ghana, Castanediella tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Falcocladium africanum on Eucalyptus brassiana, Rachicladosporium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Hungary, Entoloma silvae-frondosae in Carpinus betulus-Pinus sylvestris mixedforest. Iran, Pseudopyricularia persiana on Cyperus sp. Italy, Inocybe roseascens onsoilinmixedforest. Laos, Ophiocordyceps houaynhangensis on Coleoptera larva. Malaysia, Monilochaetes melastomae on Melastoma sp. Mexico, Absidia terrestris fromsoil. Netherlands, Acaulium pannemaniae, Conioscypha boutwelliae, Fusicolla septimanifiniscientiae, Gibellulopsis simonii, Lasionectria hilhorstii, Lectera nordwiniana, Leptodiscella rintelii, Parasarocladium debruynii and Sarocladium dejongiae (incl. Sarocladiaceae fam. nov.) fromsoil. New Zealand, Gnomoniopsis rosae on Rosa sp. and Neodevriesia metrosideri on Metrosideros sp. Puerto Rico, Neodevriesia coccolobae on Coccoloba uvifera, Neodevriesia tabebuiae and Alfaria tabebuiae on Tabebuia chrysantha. ; Russia, Amanita paludosa on bogged soil in mixed deciduous forest, Entoloma tiliae in forest of Tilia × europaea, Kwoniella endophytica on Pyrus communis. South Africa, Coniella diospyri on Diospyros mespiliformis, Neomelanconiella combreti (incl. Neomelanconiellaceae fam. nov. and Neomelanconiella gen. nov.)on Combretum sp., Polyphialoseptoria natalensis on unidentified plant host, Pseudorobillarda bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus, Thelonectria pelargonii on Pelargonium sp. Spain, Vermiculariopsiella lauracearum and Anungitopsis lauri on Laurus novocanariensis, Geosmithia xerotolerans from a darkened wall of a house, Pseudopenidiella gallaica on leaf litter. Thailand, Corynespora thailandica on wood, Lareunionomyces loeiensis on leaf litter, Neocochlearomyces chromolaenae (incl. Neocochlearomyces gen. nov.) on Chromolaena odorata, Neomyrmecridium septatum (incl. Neomyrmecridium gen. nov .), Pararamichloridium caricicola on Carex sp., Xenodactylaria thailandica (incl. Xenodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Xenodactylaria gen. nov.), Neomyrmecridium asiaticum and Cymostachys thailandica fromunidentifiedvine. USA, Carolinigaster bonitoi (incl. Carolinigaster gen. nov.)fromsoil, Penicillium fortuitum from house dust, Phaeotheca shathenatiana (incl. Phaeothecaceae fam. nov.) from twig and cone litter, Pythium wohlseniorum from stream water, Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye, Talaromyces iowaense from officeair. Vietnam, Fistulinella olivaceoalba onsoil. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided. ; Tatiana M. Bulyonkova and colleagues are grateful to Dr Rodham Tulloss for his patient guidance and help, and to Dr Torbjørn Borgen Lindhardt for his invaluable advice. Thays G.L. Oliveira, Maria T.C. Felipe, Jadson D.P. Bezerra and Oliane M. C. Magalhães acknowledge financial support and/or scholarships from the CAPES (Finance Code 001), CNPq and FACEPE. Aline O.B. da Cunha, Alexandre R. Machado, Eder Barbier, Enrico Bernard and Cristina M. Souza-Motta acknowledge financial support and/or scholarships from the CAPES (Finance Code 001), CNPq, FACEPE, CECAV and ICMBio from Brazil. Rejane M.F. da Silva and colleagues express their gratitude to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for a scholarship to Rejane M.F. da Silva and to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a research fellowships and/or financial support to Gladstone A. da Silva, Cristina M. Souza-Motta, José L. Bezerra and Rafael J.V. de Oliveira (Processes 458622/2014-1 and 312186/2016-9). Olinto L. Pereira, Vanessa P. Abreu, Jackeline P. Andrade and colleagues would like to thank the CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG for financial support. The study of Olga V. Morozova was carried out within the framework of a research project of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS 'Herbarium funds of the BIN RAS' (АААА-А18-118022090078-2) with the support of the molecular work by the Russian Foundation for the Basic Research (project no. 15-29-02622). Anna M. Glushakova and Aleksey V. Kachalkin were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 16-04-00624a. Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard and colleagues were supported by 'The Promotion Project on Science, Technology and Innovation Collaboration with ASEAN Member Countries under the Office of International Cooperation, MOSTThailand'. They would also like to thank Ms Duangkaew Chongkachornphong, Ms Papawee Nupason (International Cooperation Section, BIOTEC) and Ms Bakeo Souvannalath (Director of Biotechnology Division, Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, BEI) for their kind cooperation. Javier Fernández-López and colleagues are grateful to Marian Glenn for checking the text, and were supported by DGICT projects CGL2012-35559 and CGL2015-67459-P. ; Javier Fernández-López was also supported by Predoctoral Grants (BES- 2013-066429) from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain). Maria E. Ordoñez and colleagues acknowledge Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador for financial support for project M13415. Taimy Cantillo is thankful to PEC-PG/CAPES for the PhD grant (proc. 12636134/2014) (Finance Code 001) and to the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) for the Research Grant. Luis F.P. Gusmão is grateful to CNPq for Grant support (Proc. 303062/2014-2). Hugo Madrid was partially funded by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Chile, project no. 11140562. Tor Erik Brandrud, Bálint Dima, Machiel E. Noordeloos and Egil Bendiksen thank the financial support of the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative, with funding from the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) ; The Austrian Entoloma material (by Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber) was sequenced within ABOL, subproject HRSFM University of Vienna, supported by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research. Adriene M. Soares and colleagues would like to thank the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) and the Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente (IBAMA) for support during field trips and R.L.M. Alvarenga for the figures. They also acknowledge CAPES for the Ph.D. scholarship of Adriene M. Soares, and CNPq (307601/2015-3), CAPES (CAPES-SIU 008/13), and FACEPE (APQ-0375-2.03/15) for financial support. Angus J. Carnegie acknowledges support from the Forestry Corporation of NSW, and David Sargeant for assistance with site photos. Adel Pordel and colleagues thank the University of Tehran for financial support. Luis Quijada acknowledges support from 'Fundación Ramón Areces'. Robert W. Barreto and colleagues thank the World Coffee Research/Texas Agrilife for financial support, as well as the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Sara Salcedo-Sarmiento was supported by the 'Programa de Estudante-Convênio de Pós-Graduação' (PEC-PG) from CAPES. The research of Cobus M. Visagie and Keith A. Seifert was supported by grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Program on the Microbiology of the Built Environment. Blaise A. Darvaux acknowledges Keith A. Seifert for help with identification, Nicholas Mauriello for validating the Latin name, Mauricia Lawrence and Meagan Tillotson for help with material preparation. We are grateful to Gavin Phillips, Seed Bank Officer, Australian Botanic Garden, Mt Annan for field assistance and identification of plant species collected in New South Wales, Australia. Collection of specimens from Mungo National Park was supported by the ABRS Bush Blitz program, a partnership between the Australian Government, BHP and Earthwatch Australia. The National Geographic Okavango Wilderness Project is acknowledged for assistance and funding to J. Roux for material collected in Angola. ; Peer reviewed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. Acknowledgements: We especially thank all volunteers who participated in our study. This study made use of data generated by the 'Genome of the Netherlands' project, which is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant no. 184021007). The data were made available as a Rainbow Project of BBMRI-NL. Samples were contributed by LifeLines (http://lifelines.nl/lifelines-research/general), the Leiden Longevity Study (http://www.healthy-ageing.nl; http://www.langleven.net), the Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR: http://www.tweelingenregister.org), the Rotterdam studies (http://www.erasmus-epidemiology.nl/rotterdamstudy) and the Genetic Research in Isolated Populations programme (http://www.epib.nl/research/geneticepi/research.html#gip). The sequencing was carried out in collaboration with the Beijing Institute for Genomics (BGI). Cardiovascular Health Study: This CHS research was supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268200960009C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants HL080295, HL087652, HL105756 and HL103612 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through AG023629 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A full list of CHS investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.chs-nhlbi.org/pi.htm. The CROATIA cohorts would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the recruitment teams in Vis, Korcula and Split (including those from the Institute of Anthropological Research in Zagreb and the Croatian Centre for Global Health at the University of Split), the administrative teams in Croatia and Edinburgh and the people of Vis, Korcula and Split. SNP genotyping was performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh for CROATIA-Vis, by Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany for CROATIA-Korcula and by AROS Applied Biotechnology, Aarhus, Denmark for CROATIA-Split. They would also like to thank Jared O'Connell for performing the pre-phasing for all cohorts before imputation. The ERF study as a part of EuroSPAN (European Special Populations Research Network) was supported by European Commission FP-6 STRP grant number 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947) and also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission under the programme 'Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources' of 5th Framework Programme (no. QLG2-CT-2002-01254). High-throughput analysis of the ERF data was supported by joint grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043). This research was financially supported by BBMRI-NL, a Research Infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007). Statistical analyses for the ERF study were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003 PI: Posthuma) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. We are grateful to all study participants and their relatives, general practitioners and neurologists for their contributions and to P. Veraart for her help in genealogy, J. Vergeer for the supervision of the laboratory work and P. Snijders for his help in data collection. The FamHS is funded by a NHLBI grant 5R01HL08770003, and NIDDK grants 5R01DK06833603 and 5R01DK07568102. The Framingham Heart Study SHARe Project for GWAS scan was supported by the NHLBI Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix Inc for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278). DNA isolation and biochemistry were partly supported by NHLBI HL-54776. A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at the Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. We are grateful to Han Chen for conducting the 1000G imputation. The Family Heart Study was supported by the by grants R01-HL-087700 and R01-HL-088215 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the families who took part in the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study, the general practitioners and Scottish School of Primary Care for their help in recruiting them, and the whole Generation Scotland team, which includes academic researchers, IT staff, laboratory technicians, statisticians and research managers. SNP genotyping was performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh. GS:SFHS is funded by the Scottish Executive Health Department, Chief Scientist Office, grant number CZD/16/6. SNP genotyping was funded by the Medical Research Council, United Kingdom. We wish to acknowledge the services of the LifeLines Cohort Study, the contributing research centres delivering data to LifeLines and all the study participants. MESA Whites and the MESA SHARe project are conducted and supported by contracts N01-HC-95159 through N01-HC-95169 and RR-024156 from the NHLBI. Funding for MESA SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02.HL.6.4278. MESA Family is conducted and supported in collaboration with MESA investigators; support is provided by grants and contracts R01HL071051, R01HL071205, R01HL071250, R01HL071251, R01HL071252, R01HL071258 and R01HL071259. We thank the participants of the MESA study, the Coordinating Center, MESA investigators and study staff for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. Netherland Twin Register (NTR) and Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): Funding was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, Geestkracht programme of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (Zon-MW, grant number 10-000-1002), Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL, 184.021.007), VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Foundation (ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254), the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413); the European Science Council (ERC Advanced, 230374); and the European Research Council (ERC-284167). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). PREVEND genetics is supported by the Dutch Kidney Foundation (Grant E033), the EU project grant GENECURE (FP-6 LSHM CT 2006 037697), the National Institutes of Health (grant 2R01LM010098), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (NWO-Groot grant 175.010.2007.006, NWO VENI grant 916.761.70, ZonMw grant 90.700.441) and the Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute Netherlands (ICIN). The PROSPER study was supported by an investigator-initiated grant obtained from Bristol-Myers Squibb. J.W.J is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 2001 D 032). Genotyping was supported by the seventh framework programme of the European commission (grant 223004) and by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging grant 050-060-810). The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII) and the Municipality of Rotterdam. We are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the Rotterdam Study and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists. The generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study is supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO Investments (nr. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012). This study is funded by the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) project no. 050-060-810. We thank Pascal Arp, Mila Jhamai, Marijn Verkerk, Lizbeth Herrera and Marjolein Peters for their help in creating the GWAS database. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF
THE CHOICE OF WORDS, TRANSITIVITY, AND IDEOLOGY OF THE HEADLINES IN THE JAKARTA POST REPORTING APEC IN INDONESIA 2013 Lydia Anggar Wati Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University lydia82012@gmail.com Lisetyo Ariyanti, S.S., M.Pd Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University lisetyo.a@yahoo.com ABSTRAK Penelitian ini fokus dalam menganalisa headlines mengenai berita APEC karena headlines menyimpan informasi penting dari peristiwa di dunia. Rumusan masalah diantaranya (1) apa saja word choice dalam headlines di Koran The Jakarta Post pemberitaan APEC di Indonesia 2013, (2) apa saja transitivity yang ditemukan di headlines The Jakarta Post pemberitaan APEC di Indonesia 2013, (3) sikap ideologis apa pada word choices dan transitivity di headlines The Jakarta Post pemberitaan APEC di Indonesia 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dari koran harian The Jakarta Post mengenai APEC tanggal 9 September 2013 sampai 9 Oktober 2013 (31 hari). Hasil penelitian ini: 1) word choice yang ditemukan dalam headlines ditulis dalam bentuk simple present tense menunjukkan peristiwa yang baru saja terjadi. Headlines ditulis dalam bentuk klausa penuh yang terdiri dari sedikitnya subjek dan kata kerja. Pada headlines terdapat bentuk omisi dari verba bantu be agar penulisan berita lebih efektif, 2) proses verba sebagian besar menggunakan material process. Sirkumtansi dalam headlines ditulis oleh frase nomina dan frase kata kerja. APEC sering disebutkan sebagai aktor atau pelaku dalam headlines yang memiliki verba positif seperti vows, talks, hopes, changers. Dari kata kerja tersebut terlihat kekuatan dominasi aktor pada tujuan. Kata Kunci: headlines, word choice, transitivity, ideology ABSTRACT This study focuses on the analysis of the headlines newspaper in APEC news event because headlines provide the main important information of the events in the world. The research questions are (1) what the word choice is found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013, (2) what the transitivity is found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013, (3) what ideological in word choice and transitivity found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. The study is descriptive qualitative. The data was collected The Jakarta Post daily newspaper about APEC news event from September 9th, 2013 until October 9th, 2013 (31 days). The study found: 1) word choice is found in headlines is written in simple present tense form to show the immediate past happening. The headlines are written by full clause form which consist of minimal a subject and a verb. There is omission in headlines as the aim of the effectiveness headlines writing, 2) the process of the verbs are mostly material process. The circumstances of the headlines are written by noun phrase and verb phrases. APEC is mostly mentioned as the actor or the doer in the headlines that has positive verbs such as vows, talks, hopes, changers. From those verbs that is seen dominance power in actor for the goal. Keywords: headlines, word choice, transitivity, ideology INTRODUCTION Language is very important in human life to make good interaction, people need language to communicate with other. The language in use for communication is called discourse (Cook, 1989:6). It means that all of the language to use for communicating with other people is named "discourse". In the recently times, Linguists' interest in discourse focus on the linguistic structure of the text into how texts draw in the social process. The reason is linguists' want to get satisfied more than analyzing linguistic text which focused in linguistic features only. The knowledge of understanding in grammar, syntax, morphology, semantic and phonology of the text have not need of understanding in a text. The rhetoric intent, the coherence, and the worldview that the author and receptor convey the similarity essential of the text (Kaplan, 1990) as cited in Taiwo (2007:218). Texts always produce and read in real world with all the complexity, not in the isolation area. Consequently, language can show the reality. Language delivers from word by word in written or oral a broad sense of meanings and the meaning delivers with those words in social, political, and historical condition. Language can bring the power that shows in written or spoken. Mass media, it means that delivery message. It has two types of mass media. There are printed mass media and electronic mass media. Printed media are newspaper, tabloids, and magazines. Electronic mass media includes radio, smart-phone, and television. It is used to communicate with other political as the instrument to convey idea, message, and political work program. It has hidden of power relation. As one of the printed mass media, newspaper become as one of the most popular mass media. It occurs because newspapers contain many variant of news every day. By using actions of outstanding figures and statement, newspapers have formed. Opinion leaders, government, newspaper editors, etc, play crucial role in shaping the issue in the society and setting the boundaries of what is talked about, how is talked about (Taiwo, 2007: 218). However, the critical reader frequently takes the new granted. The analysis focused on the analysis of the headline newspaper because the headline summarize the content of the news, and attract the reader to read the article. The writer of newspaper always makes the headline short but in a headline can describe the core of the complicated new story in a few words. In Richardson (2007), Van Dijk (1988) says that news headlines are particularly key for the way readers understand of news text, they stakes that monitor attention, perception and reading process. The study concerned on headlines since daily newspaper provides the main important information of events in the world. Nevertheless, it is difficult for readers to read all of the news articles in the daily newspapers because all the variant news are very interesting and the time restraint. Therefore, they have to be selective by looking on the headline. The main function of news headline is to make the readers easily to know the main content of the news and the general picture of the news stories although they do not read all news stories. The study chooses The Jakarta Post daily newspaper as the sources of data since The Jakarta Post is the leading daily English language newspaper in Indonesia that published since 1983. The newspaper was launched on April 25th 1983. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in the nation's capital, Jakarta. It is the largest English language newspaper in Indonesia with an average circulation of around 50,000 copies. (www.wikipedia.com/jakarta-post). The analysis of headlines reporting APEC (Asia-Pacific Economy Cooperation) 2013 in Bali, Indonesia was the focus of the research since the news in September 2nd 2013 until October 14th 2013. In that day, Indonesia prepare everything what is needed to annual meeting of APEC in this year held in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. APEC is established in 1989 which has the aim to strengthen economic growth and strengthen the community of nations in the Asia Pacific. In the annual meeting in this year, APEC generate seven agreement. APEC have the important role in economic global. In that meeting, there are delegates 21 state leader who are important people in their country as presidents and a hundreds business people from whole the world. However, there are many particular world of economy-politic that they used. (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerja_Sama_Ekonomi_Asia_Pasifik) The study has There are two similar studies. First, a similar studies was conducted by Kirana (2009). She conducted a study entitled "Critical Discourse Analysis of Headlines in The Jakarta Post Reporting Invasion in Gaza". Kirana's study and this study are quite similar on the analysis of headlines. The difference is sited of the data. She uses the data of the event of conflict in Gaza. However, this study analyzes headlines in story event of APEC 2013 that held in Indonesia. Second, a study was conducted by Yunianti (2010). She conducted a study entitled "Critical Discourse Analysis in The Jakarta Post Reporting Ruhut's Behavior During Parliament Inquiry Session On The Bank Century". The difference between this study and Yunianti's study, we have the same case (power and ideology), but this study analysis newspaper headlines while her study analyses newspaper's article. In the end of her study, she found ideological value that is showed by kinds of syntactical and word choice features utilized by articles The Jakarta Post newspaper. Furthermore, this study analyzes the headlines as the aim was attempt to look at how the language is used headlines to show particular social ideologies and power relations. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the method of Discourse Analysis was used as the approach to show development of linguistics features which is used in the headlines focused in studying and analyzing the linking between linguistics analysis and social analysis, the ideology, and power relations. The analysis headlines are produced by actual and social matters. CDA was considerably useful to show the source of power, dominance, abuse, inequality and bias and how these sources are initiated, maintained, reproduced and transformed within specific social, economic, political and historical context. More specifically, the study focused on the analysis of ideological representation in the headline present in examining the word choice and transitivity, particularly transitivity of the headlines. Therefore, this study is written to know the ideological distance underlying the linguistics forms existed in the headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper reporting APEC in Indonesia. Hence, the study wants to analyze the word choice and transitivity of the headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013 so that the research questions are as follows: 1)What word choice is found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013?, 2)What transitivity is found in headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013?, 3)What ideological stance in the word choice and transitivity found in headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013?. Moreover, the purposes of the study are: 1)To describe the word choice found of headlines in The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. 2)To describe the transitivity found of the headlines in The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. 4)To reveal the ideological stance in the word choice and transitivity found of headlines in The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. The study intends to analyze word choice items and transitivity of the headlines APEC in The Jakarta Post by using CDA theory. The study is expected to be able to give theoretical and practical contribution to the area of applied linguistics and CDA. By conducting this study, the study greatly expects that the finding will be useful to enrich the awareness of how language assists especially through mass media in the particular social ideology and power relations. METHODE The study will be conducted by using qualitative research. The study approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Furthermore, Fairclough (1989:26) states that CDA has three dimension, or stages, of critical discourse analysis: which include the relationship between texts, interactions, and contexts. Thus, there are three steps in analyzing discourse are through description, interpretation, and explanation. Data analysis in this study was also done in three steps which then results in three forms of analysis: first, the analysis of the text; second the analysis of the discourse practice which refers to the process of text production, text distribution and text consumption as commonly happen in the culture in which the writer and the participants live; third, the analysis of the social practice of the society in which the writer and participants live. The source of data in this study is taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper on alternate days from September 9th, 2013 until October 9th, 2013 (31 days). The data are the headlines which taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper. The study chooses the story event of APEC 2013 which held gathering in Indonesia. The data consist of 10 headlines. The data analysis technique in this research was applied descriptive analysis. The aim of the study was to describe certain phenomena occurred in this research setting. The certain phenomena probably occurred in terms of linguistic features. The stages of CDA are proposed by Fairclough (1989:26) was used in this research in the following procedure: 1)Description, In this stage which is concerned with formal properties of the text. There are several steps to describe the texts: Analyzing the word choice: the choices meaning of words used in the headlines, including all types of words, but particularly nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs which carry connoted and denoted meanings. Analyzing the transitivity: sentence construction. There are three components to discuss in transitivity, they are the participant, the process, and the circumstance; 2)Interpretation, It is focused in relationship between text and interaction by seeing of the text as the product of a process of interpretation, notice that is used as the term interpretation for both the interactional process and a stage of analysis; 3)Explanation, It is focused in relationship between interaction and social context by determination of social process of production and interpretation, and their social effects. Then, the data collect based on the focus of this research. After that the data are analyzed based on word choice and transitivity. Thus, the data are interpreted descriptively and argumentatively by using critical discourse analysis devices in order to reveal the ideological stance of headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper reporting APEC 2013 in Indonesia. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION In line with study, the research question one, two, and three will be answered in this section. The data consist of 10 headlines which are displayed by three parts. In part A, the data will be analyzed by word choice, then part B analyzes transitivity and the last is part C that the data will be investigated by the ideological stance. Data 1: Protest in motion amid poor security (The Jakarta Post, Monday, September 30, 2013) In data 1, the situation is three days before APEC summit. APEC was held in Bali that got negative response from the activists and students Hundreds of activists and students came together on Sunday to plan protests against the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Bali amid signs of heightened security at the venues that will host the powwow of 21 Pacific-rim leaders this week. Activist Ni Luh Gede Yastini from the Bali Legal Aid Foundation, confirmed that hundreds of activists from more than 30 local and international non-governmental organizations under the Indonesian People's Alliance would carry out protests against the summit. They had not been determined because they were aware that security forces could possibly block the moves as they could be considered a disturbance to the summit. In addition, the alliance will probably raise issues such as the environment, migrant workers, human rights and fair trade. Other issues will also include religious intolerance, unsolved killings of activists, alleged human rights abuses in Papua and foreign occupations of domestic natural resources. Activists reject "the liberalization of investments" which would provide red carpets to foreign businesses to easily exploit Indonesia's natural resources. Dozens of students had already staged a small "anti-APEC" rally outside the Ketapang Port in Banyuwangi, East Java, on Sunday. The port is the gateway for those who travel by land from Java to Bali. (The Jakarta Post) a. Word choice The headline in data 1 is written in simple present tense which omits being of the verb. The headline (3) may read: Protests in motion [is] amid poor security. The omitting being of the verb (is) as the aim to make the headline writing more effective so that it can shows clear, short, and interesting. The headline (3) consists of a subject protest in motion as noun phrase and the complement object amid poor security as prepositional phrase. The word protest means that to the expression strong disagreement with or opposition to something. Protest refers to the act that doing by hundreds activists and students who against APEC summit 2013 in Bali. b. Transitivity The headline in data 1 is written in active sentence which uses relational process. The headline (3) consist of a carrier protest in motion (noun phrase) and attributive amid poor security (prepositional phrase). The omission (is) is classified into relational processes, process of being abstract relations such as have, seem, and be (is), which involve an agent and attributive (e.g. 'You are x'; I have y'). The carrier is protest in motion and the attributive amid poor security. In the other written, it can be said that protest in motion is among poor security. Look at the fraction below: Protest in motion [is] Amid poor security Carrier Process: relational Attributive c. Ideological stance The headline in data 1 is negative side for delegates of APEC, 21 state leaders. In this case, it can unsafe for them. The summit is crucial to discuss economy growth. The headline tries to show protest motion that is done by hundreds activist and student to against APEC summit. Dozens of students had already staged a small "anti-APEC" rally outside the Ketapang Port in Banyuwangi, East Java, on Sunday. The port is the gateway for those who travel by land from Java to Bali. In the text tells who is the doer, the one who against APEC summit. Data 2: No game changers at APEC summit (The Jakarta Post, Wednesday, October 02, 2013) In data 2, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) officials may drive a hard bargain to produce new tangible trade policies as the bloc's prestigious annual summit kicked off on Tuesday amid perturbing signs in the US economy that, once again, sent jitters across the globe. For the duration of the concluding senior officials meeting (CSOM), which will run from Oct. 1 to 2, officials from the 21 Pacific-rim economies would have to show their commitment to the "Bogor Goals" of free, open trade and investment. Officials expect no "big surprises" in the attempt to progress on the liberalization of trade, but are aware of several contentious issues that have the potential to hurt Indonesia and other emerging economies, if not addressed properly during the negotiations. According to documents obtained by The Jakarta Post, there are five deliverables to be discussed as first priorities of the summit. These include Indonesia's initiative to include crude palm oil (CPO) and natural rubber on the list of environmental goods subject for liberalization. Indonesia, which holds the rotating APEC chairmanship, has several requirements for businesses to use local products for certain industries, such as oil and gas. Economist Sri Adiningsih of Gadjah Mada University's APEC study center said Indonesia should focus on taking advantage of existing commitments rather than trying to push for a new agenda. While the summit is likely to produce few benefits for domestic interest, it is crucial to help facilitate other APEC priorities such as commitments to help avoid another round of impasse in the upcoming World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial conference in December in Bali. APEC accounts for about 55 percent of the world's gross domestic product (GDP), some 44 percent of global trade and 40 percent of the world's population (The Jakarta Post). a. Word choice The headline in data 1 is written in full clause, consists of a subject no game (noun phrase), a verb changers (infinitive +s) and an complement at APEC summit. No classified in adverb, it means that used with a following adjective to imply a meaning expressed by the opposite positive statement, game (common noun) means a physical or mental activity or contest that has rules and that people do for pleasure, the verb changers means to replace with another. The verb summit means international meeting; a meeting or series of meetings between the leaders of two or more governments, so that the complement at APEC summit means that International organization meeting. b. Transitivity The headline in data 1 is written in active sentence. According to SFL: Transitivity, the process of the sentence is intransitive action which consists of only one participant no game, the actional verb changers which is intransitive verb which does not need object and circumstance at APEC summit, an additional information of the purpose of the action. The processes of doing in the physical world are shown in material processes that show the power of the doer of doing something to the real world, unlike mental processes which are abstract. Look at fraction below: No game Changers At APEC summit Actor Process: material Circumstance: purpose c. Ideological Stance The headline in data 6 is positive toward APEC. the word no as the negation of the verb game. APEC is the International organization. In this case no game can be changers in this International meeting. Indonesia no longer pushes for green goods. Another summit priority, is the US initiative to discuss barriers to trade, which includes opposition against local-content requirements implemented by several APEC members, including Indonesia. Indonesia, which holds the rotating APEC chairmanship, has several requirements for businesses to use local products for certain industries, such as oil and gas. While the summit is likely to produce few benefits for domestic interest, it is crucial to help facilitate other APEC priorities such as commitments to help avoid another round of impasse in the upcoming World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial conference in December in Bali. The headline is definitely positive toward APEC. To know furthermore of the information, the study classified the analysis of the headline in the table below. No Headlines Word Choice NP FC Process Ideology 1. Competitive SMEs 'crucial' to APEC's growth Compe-titive SMEs - P Relational process Positive 2. Nusa Dua closed for tourists during APEC Nusa dua - P Relational process Positive 3. Protest in motion amid poor security Protests - P Relational process Negative 4. SBY to have bilateral talks with Obama in Bali SBY - P Verbal process Positive 5. APEC agrees to joint efforts to develop renewable energy APEC - P Material process Negative 6. No game changers at APEC summit No game - P Material process Positive 7. RI hopes for deal on rubber shattered RI - P Mental process Negative 8. Challengers force APEC to adjust Challen-gers - P Material process Positive 9 Giants exert clout at APEC Giants - Material process Negative 10 APEC vows to avoid mishaps APEC - Material process Positive Table 1. Word Choice, Transitivity, and Ideology *Note: NP= (Noun Phrase); FC= (Full Clause) Discussions Table 1 the word choice, transitivity and ideology of the headlines into who is the actor or doer, writing headlines, involving in which process, in the end of the analysis it can conclude that what the ideology inside of headlines. First is classified into who is the doer in that event which can show the subject or the doer regularly appear in headline newspaper. Here are the headlines which actors are APEC, it shows in headline in data 5 and data 10. Data 5: APEC agrees to joint efforts to develop renewable energy Data 6: APEC vows to avoid mishap APEC is classified in proper noun which is abbreviation from Asia Pacific Economy Cooperation. Proper noun is a word which is the name of person (e.g. Lisa, John, Marry, etc), a place (e.g. Surabaya, California, Sydney, etc.), an institution (State University of Surabaya, Oxford University, etc.), etc. And it is written with a Capital Letter wherever its located in a sentence. In these headline, the proper noun APEC refers to the International economy meeting summit. The member of APEC consist of Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, Chinese Taipei, Hongkong, China, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, Peru, Russia, Vietnam. Meanwhile, APEC as the doer or participants above, it is essentially useful to quantify the types of clause and verb processes used and their distribution across sampled newspaper. The table above is clearly that shows the principle difference between the headline: the ratio of noun phrase (NP) headlines to choose containing full clause (FC). All the headlines APEC summit 2013 in Bali are written in full clause, no one of the headline is written in noun phrase. Full clause consist of minimal one subject and one verb. The headline is written in full clause as the aim to give emphasize the actor or the doer who does the action towards the goal, not only states the noun phrase of the doer, the goal or the result that the doer does. Furthermore, classifying into processes that the processes which have four main verb processes across the headline. The process has four type which consist of material process, verbal process, mental process, and relational process. Look at the headlines below: Data 1: Competitive smes 'crucial' to APEC Data 2: Nusa dua closed for tourists during APEC Data 3: Protest in motion amid poor security The example of headlines above is classified in relational process which can show the typically retain the source responsible for the statement. The headlines is written in shorter, punchier headlines, and the omission of be (is, am, are) as the aim to make effectiveness in headline writing is classifies into relational process, process of being in the world abstract relations. According SFL: Transitivity, the abstract relationships generally finds between two participants associated with the process is regarded, however it is different from material process, a participant does not influence the other participant in a physical sense. The omission (is) is classified into relational processes, process of being abstract relations such as have, seem, and be (is), which involve an agent and attributive (e.g. 'You are x'; I have y'). The verbal process is used in this headline: Data 4: SBY to have bilateral talks with Obama in Bali The word talks is classified in verbal processes, a process of saying such as speaking, shouting, or singing. The word "talk" support of (Halliday 1994: 107) that the verbal process expresses the relationship between ideas constructed in human consciousness and the ideas enacted in the form of language. A verbal process is the process of saying, and it exists on the borderline between mental and relational processes. The participants roles associated with verbalization processes are the sayer, the individual who is speaking and that of the target, the addressee to whom the process is directed. This may be added with verbiage, that which is said. The mental process is used in this headline: Data 7: RI hopes for deal on CPO rubber shattered. From the headline in data 7, it can be shown that the headline includes Mental processes. That is the fact that theory from (Halliday, 1994: 117) that Mental processes are "internalized" processes which exists in processes of doing and speaking. The example are such as thinking, dreaming, and deciding. Mental process by encode the meaning of feeling or thinking. Mental process verbs can be subcategorized into three types; Cognition (verbs of thinking, knowing, understanding), Affection (verbs of liking, loving, fearing, heating), and Perception (verbs of seeing, hearing). The word "hopes" includes in dreaming as the article of the text tells that RI has dream or hopes to lift barriers to the trade in Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The material process is used in this headline below: Data 5: APEC agrees to joint efforts to develop renewable energy Data 6: No game changers at APEC summit Data 8: Challenges force APEC to adjust Data 9: Giants exert clout at APEC Data 10: APEC vows to avoid mishap According SFL: Transitivity, the headlines above belongs to the material process, processes of doing in the physical world. Material processes have two inherent participants involved in them. The first of these Actors, which is an obligatory element and expresses the doer of the process. The second is the Goal, which is an optional element and expresses the doer of the process. In addition to these two inherent participant roles, there is an extra element called Circumstance, which provides additional information on the "when, where, how, and why" of the process. Furthermore, the circumstance associated with the process also contribute to an ideological representation of the APEC summit. In the sampled headlines, the circumstance regularly exists in prepositional phrase which can be used to modify both noun and verb phrases, providing extra details on the time, place or the manner in which the action described in the process. They are identified by a preposition (e.g. 'in', 'of', 'on', 'for', 'to', 'with', 'as' etc). The use of preposition in each of these headlines is highly ideological. In each case, the prepositional phrase is underlined: Competitive smes 'crucial' to APEC Challenges force APEC to adjust The reporters or the publication is most often positive toward APEC. The headlines state APEC as the doer which has dominate power which does the actions towards the goal. It can be shown of 10 headline that the headlines writer does not want to cover or hide the subjects or the doers or the actions even the circumstances of the events. Actually, it is the fact that the way of reporting is very ideological since wants the readers to be clear on who is the doer is, the action and the effected entity. The writer wants the readers have the same thinks. Thus, most of the sample headlines have positive ideology towards APEC. Besides APEC, to increase the economy of 21 economies in Asia Pacific, there is Small and Medium Enterprises to unleash economic potential and drive growth. Smes is very useful to the advancement of the ASEAN community and the global community in 2020. Most of all the 21 APEC leaders had proposed bilateral meetings with Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the president of Indonesia. APEC was held in Indonesia has positive towards Indonesia so that's way the ideological stance is shown of the headline writer, in this case the editor of The Jakarta Post who represents the ideological stance of the institution. The Jakarta Post newspaper is daily English newspaper in Indonesia has budget of selection news which is showed for world so that people in the world will know Indonesia actually with reading The Jakarta Post newspaper. It is built in 1982 as the collaboration between four Indonesian media under the demanding of minister of information Ali Moertopo and politician Mr. Jusuf Wanandi, who represented the government-backed Golkar newspaper Suara Karya. Minister Moertopo mentioned the possibility of publishing an English-language newspaper of the highest editorial quality. The Jakarta Post newspaper is more than a decade of opening up the economy to the global community but more importantly one that would be able to provide an Indonesian perspective to counter the highly unbalanced Western-dominated global traffic of news and views. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion The data consist of 10 headlines about news event of APEC. The study finds word choice in headlines that the headlines are written in simple present tense that is shown the immediately past event. The headlines that consist of 10 headlines are written by full clause (FC) form which consist of minimal a subject and a verb. The subject or the doer of the headlines are mostly APEC which can be seen that the focus of news reporting is APEC. From the subject or the doer of headlines, APEC is shown as active doer that has dominance power in APEC news event that APEC summit 2013 in Nusa dua, Bali. The most dominance verbs are mostly infinitive+s with singular subject that consist of such as the verbs talks, efforts, changers, hopes, vows. From the verbs are describe the active action for the power relation in the doer and the goal. Furthermore, the process of the verbs are mostly material process which have two inherent participant involved in them. According SFL: Transitivity material process is process of doing in the physical world. There are some omission in headlines as the aim of the writing of headlines more effective. The circumstance in the headlines are written by noun phrase and verb phrases, supplying extra details on the time, place or the manner in which the action described in the process. They are identified by a preposition (e.g. 'in', 'of', 'on', 'for', 'to', 'with', 'as' etc). The use of preposition in each of these headlines is highly ideological which concluded of the analysis in headlines that the study has positive appreciation, feeling, and judgment with APEC summit 2013 in Bali. APEC is mostly mentioned as the actor or the doer in the headlines that has positive verbs such as vows, talks, hopes, changers. From those verb that is seen dominance power in actor for the goal. Suggestion The study analyzes the headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper which is as the object of study. The headlines are elaborated based on the word choice features, transitivity, and the end of the analysis can be investigated the ideological distance. It can be shown by the object of sentence in headlines. For the future, the study hopes the deeper investigation to have a more critical analysis and useful for studying critical analysis to be better. REFERENCES Brown, Gillian and Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cook, Guy. 1992. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crystal, David. 1997. Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 4th Edition. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers. Ltd. Fowler, R. 1991. Critical Linguistics. In: Halmkjaer, K. (ed.), The Linguistic Encyclopedia. London/ New York: Routledge. 89-93. Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. Essex: Longman Group Ltd. Fairclough, N, L. 1995a. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Harlow, England: Longman. Fairclough, N, L. 1995b. Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Intoduction to Functional Grammar. 2nd Edition. London: Edward Arnold. Kirana, Dhinuk Puspita. 2009. Critical Discourse Analysis of the Headlines in The Jakarta PostReporting Invasion in Gaza. Unesa: Unpublished Kress, G. and Hodge, B. 1979. Language as Ideology. London: Routledge. Mills, Sara. Feminist Stylistics. 1995. USA and Canada: Routledge. Pasha, Talaat. (2011). Islamists in The Headlines: Critical Discourse Analysis of The Representation of The Muslim Brotherhood In Egyption Newspapers. The University of Utah. Richardson, E. John. 2007. Analyzing Newspaper. An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Taiwo, Rotimi. 2007. Language, Ideology and Power Relation in Nigerian Newspaper Headlines, from(www.noblewords.biz/images/Taiwo2.pdf). Taiwo, Rotimi. 2004. "Speech as Headline in Nigerian Newspaper", in Segun Awonusi and E. A. Babalola, eds The Domestication of English in Nigeria. (Lagos: University of Lagos Press 323-325), from (www.noblewords.biz/images/Taiwo1.pdf) Van Djik, T. A. 1993. Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Van Djik, T. A. 1998. News as Discourse. (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Full TextThe first law enacted in Canada to protect existing Aboriginal rights was section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.2 The first law in Canada to recognize the rights of non-human animals as anything other than property has yet to be enacted. The first Supreme Court of Canada (hereafter referred to as the Court) case to interpret section 35 was R. v. Sparrow.3 The 1990 case confirmed an Aboriginal right of the Musqueam peoples of British Columbia to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes. Since this precedent-setting case, many similar claims have been brought before the courts by way of the fluctuating legal space created by s.35. Many of these cases have been about establishing rights to fish4, hunt5, and trap non-human animals (hereafter referred to as animals). The Court has developed, and continues to develop tests to determine the existence and scope of Aboriginal rights. These tests primarily embody cultural, political and, to a surprisingly lesser degree, legal forces. One of the principal problems with these tests is that they privilege, through the western philosophical lens, the interests of humans. Animals are, at best, the resources over which ownership is being contested. The Euro-centric legal conceptualization of animals as 'resources' over which ownership can be exerted is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the relegation of animals solely to a utilitarian role is antithetical to Indigenous-animal relationships and therefore demonstrates one of the fundamental ways the Canadian legal system is ill equipped to give adequate consideration to Indigenous law. Second, failure to consider animals' inherent value and agency in this context reproduces the human-animal and culture-nature binaries that are at the root of many of western Euro-centric society's inequities. This paper argues that Aboriginal peoples' relationships with animals are a necessary, integral and distinctive part of their cultures6 and, therefore, these relationships and the actors within them are entitled to the aegis of s.35. Through the legal protection of these relationships, animals will gain significant protection as a corollary benefit. If the Court were to protect the cultural relationships between animals and Aboriginal groups, a precondition would be acceptance of Indigenous legal systems. Thus, this paper gives a brief answer to the question, what are Indigenous legal systems and why are animals integral to them? The Anishinabe (also known Ojibwe or Chippewa) are Indigenous peoples who have historically lived in the Great Lakes region. The Bruce Peninsula on Lake Huron is home to the Cape Croker Indian Reserve, where the Chippewas of Nawash First Nation live. The people of this First Nation identify as Anishinabe. The Anishinabek case of Nanabush v. Deer is a law among these people and is used throughout the paper as an example of Indigenous-animal relationships. Making the significant assumption that s.35 has the capacity to recognize Indigenous law, the subsequent section of the paper asks why we should protect these relationships and how that protection should be achieved. Finally, the paper concludes that both the ability of s.35 to recognize Indigenous-animal relationships, and the judicial and political will to grant such recognition, are unlikely. Indigenous-animal relationships are integral to the distinctive culture of the Anishinabek, however the courts would be hesitant to allow such an uncertain and potentially far-reaching right. This is not surprising given that such a claim by both Indigenous and animal groups would challenge the foundations upon which the Canadian legal system is based. There are many sensitive issues inherent in this topic. It should be noted the author is not of Indigenous ancestry, but is making every effort to learn about and respect the Indigenous legal systems discussed. While this paper focuses on a number of Anishinabek laws; it is neither a complete analysis of these practices, nor one that can be transferred, without adaptation, to other peoples. Finally, Indigenous peoples and animal rights and Indigenous law scholars, such as Tom Regan and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, respectively, may insist on an abolitionist approach to animal 'use' or reject the legitimacy of s.35 itself.7 These perspectives are worthy and necessary. This paper positions itself amongst these and other sources in order to reflect upon the timely and important issue of the legal status of Indigenous-animal relationships. I:WHAT ARE INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? The Law Commission of Canada defines a legal tradition as "a set of deeply rooted, historically conditioned attitudes about the nature of law, the role of law in the society and the polity, the proper organization and operation of a legal system, and the way law is or should be made, applied, studied, perfected and taught."8 Indigenous legal traditions fit this description. They are living systems of beliefs and practices, and have been recognized as such by the courts.9 Indigenous practices developed into systems of law that have guided communities in their governance, and in their relationships amongst their own and other cultures and with the Earth.10 These laws have developed through stories, historical events that may be viewed as 'cases,' and other lived experiences. Indigenous laws are generally non-prescriptive, non-adversarial and non-punitive and aim to promote respect and consensus, as well as close connection with the land, the Creator, and the community. Indigenous laws are a means through which vital knowledge of social order within the community is transmitted, revived and retained. After European 'settlement' the influence of Indigenous laws waned. This was due in part to the state's policies of assimilation, relocation and enfranchisement. 11 Despite these assaults, Indigenous legal systems have persevered; they continue to provide guidance to many communities, and are being revived and re-learned in others. For example, the Nisga'a's legal code, Ayuuk, guides their communities and strongly informs legislation enacted under the Nisga'a Final Agreement, the first modern treaty in British Columbia.12 The land and jurisdiction claims of the Wet'suwet'en and Gitxsan Nations ultimately resulted in the Court's decision in Delgamuukw,13 a landmark case that established the existence of Aboriginal title. The (overturned) BC Supreme Court's statement in Delgamuukw14 reveals two of the many challenges in demonstrating the validity of Indigenous laws: "what the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en witnesses[es] describe as law is really a most uncertain and highly flexible set of customs which are frequently not followed by the Indians [sic] themselves." The first challenge is that many laws are not in full practice, and therefore not as visible as they could be and once were. What the courts fail to acknowledge, however, is that the ongoing colonial project has served to stifle, extinguish and alter these laws. The second challenge is that the kind of law held and practiced by Indigenous peoples is quite foreign to most non-Indigenous people. Many Indigenous laws have animals as central figures. In Anishinabek traditional law, often the animals are the lawmakers15: they develop the legal principles and have agency as law givers. For instance, the Anishinabek case Nanabush v. Deer, Wolf , as outlined by Burrows, is imbued with legal principles, lessons on conduct and community governance, as well as 'offenses' and penalties. It is not a case that was adjudicated by an appointed judge in a courtroom, but rather one that has developed over time as a result of peoples' relationships with the Earth and its inhabitants. An abbreviated summary of the case hints at these legal lessons: Nanabush plays a trick on a deer and deliberately puts the deer in a vulnerable position. In that moment of vulnerability, Nanabush kills the deer and then roasts its body for dinner. While he is sleeping and waiting for the deer to be cooked, the Wolf people come by and take the deer. Nanabush wakes up hungry, and out of desperation transforms into a snake and eats the brains out of the deer head. Once full, he is stuck inside the head and transforms back into his original shape, but with the deer head still stuck on. He is then chased and nearly killed by hunters who mistake him for a real deer. This case is set within the legal context of the Anishinabek's treaty with deer. In signing the treaty, the people were reminded to respect beings in life and death and that gifts come when beings respect each other in interrelationships.16 Nanabush violated the rights of the deer and his peoples' treaty with the deer. He violated the laws by taking things through trickery, and by causing harm to those he owed respect. Because his actions were not in accordance with Anishinabek legal principles, he was punished: Nanabush lost the thing he was so desperately searching for, and he ended up nearly being killed. This case establishes two lessons. The first is that, like statutory and common law, with which Canadians are familiar, Indigenous law does not exist in isolation. Principles are devised based on multiple teachings, pre- vious rules and the application of these rules to facts. That there are myriad sources of Indigenous law suggests that the learning of Indigenous law would require substantial effort on the part of Canadian law-makers.17 The second is that animals hold an important place in Indigenous law, and those relationships with animals – and the whole 'natural' world – strongly inform the way they relate to the Earth. II: CAN CANADIAN LAW ACCEPT INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? If there were a right recognized under s.35 concerning the Indigenous-animal relationship, what would it look like? Courts develop legal tests to which the facts of each case are applied, theoretically creating a degree of predictability as to how a matter will be judged. Introduced in Sparrow, and more fully developed in Van der Peet, a 'test' for how to assess a valid Aboriginal right has been set out by the Court. Summarized, the test is: "in order to be an Aboriginal right an activity must be an element of a practice, custom or tradition integral to the distinctive culture of the Aboriginal group claiming the right."18 There are ten, differently weighted factors that a court will consider in making this assessment. The right being 'tested' in this discussion is the one exemplified in Nanabush v. Deer: the ability of Indigenous peoples to recognize and practice their laws, which govern relationships, including death, with deer and other animals. The courts have agreed that a generous, large and liberal construction should be given to Indigenous rights in order to give full effect to the constitutional recognition of the distinctiveness of Aboriginal culture. Still, it is the courts that hold the power to define rights as they conceive them best aligning with Canadian society19; this is one way that the Canadian state reproduces its systems of power over Indigenous peoples.20 The application of the Aboriginal right exemplified in Nanbush v. Deer to the Sparrow and Van der Peet tests would likely conclude that the Anishinabek do have an integral and distinctive relationship with animals. However, due to the significant discretion of the Court on a number of very subjective and politically sensitive factors, it is uncertain that the Nanabush v. Deer case would 'pass' Van der Peet's required ten factors.21 This is indicative of the structural restraints that s.35 imposes. 22 The questions it asks impair its ability to capture and respect the interrelationships inherent in Indigenous peoples' interactions with animals. For example, the Court will characterize hunting or fishing as solely subsistence, perhaps with a cultural element. Shin Imai contends these activities mean much more: "To many…subsistence is a means of reaffirming Aboriginal identity by passing on traditional knowledge to future generations. Subsistence in this sense moves beyond mere economics, encompassing the cultural, social and spiritual aspects for the communities."23 Scholar Kent McNeil concludes that: "regardless of the strengths of legal arguments in favour of Indigenous peoples, there are limits to how far the courts […] are willing to go to correct the injustices caused by colonialism and dispossession."24 It is often not the legal principles that determine outcomes, but rather the extent to which Indigenous rights can be reconciled with the history of settlement without disturbing the current economic and political structure of the dominant culture. III:WHY PROTECT THE ANIMAL-INDIGENOUS RELATIONSHIP? Legally protecting animal-Indigenous relationships offers symbiotic, mutually respectful benefits for animals and for the scope of Aboriginal rights that can be practiced. For instance, a protected relationship would have indirect benefits for animals' habitat and right to life: it would necessitate protecting the means necessary, such as governance of the land, for realization of the right. This could include greater conservation measures, more contiguous habitat, enforcement of endangered species laws, and, ideally, a greater awareness and appreciation by humans of animals and their needs. Critical studies scholars have developed the argument that minority groups should not be subject to culturally biased laws of the mainstream polity.24 Law professor Maneesha Deckha points out that animals, despite the central role they play in a lot of 'cultural defences,' have been excluded from our ethical consideration. Certainly, the role of animals has been absent in judicial consideration of Aboriginal rights.26 Including animals, Deckha argues, allows for a complete analysis of these cultural issues and avoids many of the anthropocentric attitudes inherent in Euro-centric legal traditions. In Jack and Charlie27 two Coast Salish men were charged with hunting deer out of season. They argued that they needed to kill a deer in order to have raw meat for an Aboriginal religious ceremony. The Court found that killing the deer was not part of the ceremony and that there was insufficient evidence to establish that raw meat was required. This is a case where a more nuanced consideration of the laws and relationships with animals would have resulted in a more just application of the (Canadian) law and prevented the reproduction of imperialist attitudes. A criticism that could be lodged against practicing these relationships is that they conflict with the liberty and life interests of animals.28 Theoretically, if Indigenous laws are given the legal and political room to fully operate, a balance between the liberty of animals and the cultural and legal rights of Indigenous peoples can be struck.29 Indeed, Indigenous peoples' cultural and legal concern for Earth is at its most rudimentary a concern for the land, which is at the heart of the challenge to the Canadian colonial system. If a negotiated treaty was reached, or anti-cruelty and conservation laws were assured in the Indigenous peoples' self government system, then Canadian anti-cruelty30 and conservation laws,31 the effectiveness of which are already questionable, could be displaced in recognition of Indigenous governance.32 Indigenous peoples in Canada were – and are, subject to imposed limitations – close to the environment in ways that can seem foreign to non-Indigenous people.33 For example, some origin stories and oral histories explain how boundaries between humans and animals are at times absent: Animal-human beings like raven, coyote and rabbit created them [humans] and other beings. People …acted with respect toward many animals in expectation of reciprocity; or expressed kinship or alliance with them in narratives, songs, poems, parables, performances, rituals, and material objects. 34 Furthering or reviving these relationships can advance the understanding of both Indigenous legal systems and animal rights theory. Some animal rights theorists struggle with how to explain the cultural construction of species difference: Indigenous relationships with animals are long standing, lived examples of a different cultural conception of how to relate to animals and also of an arguably healthy, minimally problematic way to approach the debate concerning the species divide.35 A key tenet of animal-Indigenous relationships is respect. Shepard Krech posits that Indigenous peoples are motivated to obtain the necessary resources and goals in 'proper' ways: many believe that animals return to the Earth to be killed, provided that hunters demonstrate proper respect.36 This demonstrates a spiritual connection, but there is also a concrete connection between Indigenous peoples and animals. In providing themselves with food and security, they 'manage' what Canadian law calls 'resources.'37 Because of the physical nature of these activities, and their practical similarity with modern 'resource management,' offering this as 'proof' of physical connection with animals and their habitat may be more successful than 'proving' a spiritual relationship. Finally, there are health reasons that make the Indigenous-animal relationship is important. Many cultures have come to depend on the nutrients they derive from particular hunted or fished animals. For example, nutrition and physical activity transitions related to hunting cycles have had negative impacts on individual and community health.38 This shows the multidimensionality of hunting, the significance of health, and, by extension, the need for animal 'resources' to be protected. IV: HOW SHOULD WE PROTECT THESE ABORIGINAL RIGHTS? If the Anishinabek and the deer 'win' the constitutional legal test ('against' the state) and establish a right to protect their relationships with animals, what, other than common law remedies,39 would follow? Below are ideas for legal measures that could be taken from the human or the animal perspective, or both, where benefits accrue to both parties. If animals had greater agency and legal status, their needs as species and as individuals could have a meaningful place in Canadian common and statutory law. In Nanabush v. Deer, this would mean that the deer would be given representation and that legal tests would need to be developed to determine the animals' rights and interests. Currently the courts support the view that animals can be treated under the law as any other inanimate item of property. Such a legal stance is inconsistent with a rational, common-sense view of animals,40 and certainly with Anishinabek legal principles discussed herein.41 There are ongoing theoretical debates that inform the practical questions of how animal equality would be achieved: none of these in isolation offers a complete solution, but combined they contribute to the long term goal. Barsh and James Sákéj Youngblood Henderson advocate an adoption of the reasoning in the Australian case Mabo v. Queensland,42 where whole Aboriginal legal systems were imported intact into the common law. Some principles that Canada should be following can also be drawn from international treaties that Canada has or should have signed on to.43 Another way to seek protection from the human perspective is through the freedom of religion and conscience section of the Charter. Professor John Borrows constructs a full argument for this, and cites its challenges, in Living Law on a Living Earth: Aboriginal Religion, Law and the Constitution.44 The strongest, but perhaps most legally improbable, way to protect the animal- Indigenous relationship is for Canada to recognize a third, Indigenous order of government (in addition to provincial and federal), where all three orders are equal and inform one another's laws. This way, Indigenous laws would have the legal space to fully function and be revived. Endowing Indigenous peoples with the right to govern their relationships would require a great acquiescence of power by governments and a commitment to the establishment and maintenance of healthy self-government in Indigenous communities. Louise Mandell offers some reasons why Canada should treat Aboriginal people in new ways, at least one of which is salient to the third order of government argument: To mend the [E]arth, which must be done, governments must reassess the information which the dominant culture has dismissed. Some of that valuable information is located in the oral histories of Aboriginal Peoples. This knowledge will become incorporated into decisions affecting the [E]arth's landscape when Aboriginal Peoples are equal partners in decisions affecting their territories.45 V: CONCLUSION A legal system that does not have to justify its existence or defend its worth is less vulnerable to challenges.46 While it can be concluded that s.35 has offered some legal space for Indigenous laws and practices, it is too deeply couched in Euro-centric legal traditions and the anthropocentric cultural assumptions that they carry. The most effective strategy for advancing Indigenous laws and culture, that would also endow many animals with greater agency, and relax the culture-nature, human-animal binaries, is the formal recognition of a third order of government. Lisa Chartrand explains that recognition of legal pluralism would be a mere affirmation of legal systems that exist, but which are stifled: "…this country is a multijuridical state, where the distinct laws and rules of three systems come together within the geographic boundaries of one political territory." 47 Revitalizing Indigenous legal systems is and will be a challenging undertaking. Indigenous communities must reclaim, define and understand their own traditions: "The loss of culture and traditions caused by the historic treatment of Aboriginal communities makes this a formidable challenge for some communities. Equally significant is the challenge for the Canadian state to create political and legal space to accommodate revitalized Indigenous legal traditions and Aboriginal law-making."48 The project of revitalizing Indigenous legal traditions requires the commitment of resources sufficient for the task, and transformative change to procedural and substantive law. The operation of these laws within, or in addition to, Canadian law would of course cause widespread, but worthwhile controversy. In Animal Bodies, Cultural Justice49 Deckha argues that an ethical relationship with the animal Other must be established in order realize cultural and animal rights. This paper explores and demonstrates the value in finding legal space where cultural pluralism and respect for animals can give rise to the practice of Indigenous laws and the revitalization of animal-Indigenous relationships. As Borrows writes: "Anishinabek law provides guidance about how to theorize, practice and order our association with the [E]arth, and could do so in a way that produces answers that are very different from those found in other sources."50 (see PDF for references)
Purpose This paper aims to analyze a decolonized peace with gender perspective. Liberal democracies had consolidated on conquest, slavery, racism, sexism, colonialism, raw material extraction and female exploitation. Additional burdens came from neoliberal globalization with the massive burning of fossil oil, changing the Earth's history from the Holocene toward the Anthropocene. Multiple nexus between the human and environmental system requires an epistemology from the Global South. The paper explores alternative peace paradigms enabling poor and exploited people to overcome the destructive outcomes of patriarchal violence and extractivism. Regionally and locally, they are experimenting with just, safe, equal and sustainable alternatives of free societies.
Design/methodology/approach The nexus approach focuses on system efficiency, internal and external feedbacks and allows decision-making processes with stronger cross-sectoral coordination and multi-level governance. It includes the understanding of the policy agenda and the political actors at different levels, explaining the discrimination of gender from local to global. The analysis establishes complex relations between theory and political actions, due that all actions are inherently mediated by gender. A key focus is a relationship and the outcomes of policies, where communication and collaboration at the local level grant efficient peaceful resource management with gender equity.
Findings An engendered-sustainable peace approach is culturally decentralized and may offer alternatives to the ongoing destruction process of neoliberal corporatism and violence. Drastic systemic change requires massive changes from bottom-up and top-down before 2030–2050. Global solidarity among all excluded people, especially women and girls, promotes from childhood an engendered-sustainable peace-building process, where positive feedbacks may reduce the tipping points on Earth and among humankind. Engendered-sustainable peace can mitigate the upcoming conflicts and catastrophes, limiting the negative feedbacks from abusive, selfish and destructive corporations. A greater self-regulating sustainable system with a HUGE-security could promote a decolonized, engendered and sustainable peace for everybody.
Research limitations/implications The interconnected risks are cascading across different domains, where systemic challenges have intensified conflicts and violence, due to uncertainty, instability and fragility. Cascading effects not only demand prevention for sudden disruptions (hurricanes, floods) but also for slow-ongoing processes (drought, sea-level rise, lack of water availability, etc.), which are equally or more disruptive. Women suffer differently from disasters and are prone to greater impacts on their life and livelihood. An engendered peace is limited by the deep engrained patriarchal system. Only a culture of peace with gender recognition may grant future peace and also the sustainable care of ecosystems.
Practical implications The Global South is exploring alternative ways to overcome the present violent and destructive globalization by promoting deep engrained indigenous values of Aymaras' living well, the shell model of commanding by obeying of the Zapatistas or Bhutan's Happiness Index. Globally, critical women and men are promoting subsistence agriculture, solidarity or gift economy, where local efforts are restoring the equilibrium between humans and nature. An engendered-sustainable peace is limiting the destructive impacts of the Anthropocene, climate change and ongoing pandemics.
Social implications An engendered-sustainable peace is culturally decentralized and offers alternatives to the ongoing destruction process of neoliberal corporatism, climate change and violence. The text explores how to overcome the present hybrid warfare with alternative HUGE security and peace from the bottom-up. Regional reinforcement of food security, safe water management, local jobs and a concordian economy for the most vulnerable may change the present exploitation of nature and humankind. Growing solidarity with people affected by disasters is empowering women and girls and dismantling from the bottom-up, the dominant structures of violence and exploitation.
Originality/value The military-industrial-scientific corporate complex and the exploitation of women, men and natural resources, based on patriarchy, has produced climate change, poverty and global pandemics with millions of unnecessary deaths and suffering. A doughnut engendered peace looking from the outside and inside of the system of globalization and environmental destruction proposes to overcome the growth addiction by a growth agnostic society. Engendered peace explores alternative and sustainable values that go beyond the dominant technological changes. It includes a culturally, politically and institutionally ingrained model where everybody is a participant, reinforcing an engendered-sustainable peace and security for everybody.
Abstract. The topic of this thesis is how social sciences and humanities (SSH) actors are positioned in reference documents of Horizon Europe, the ninth EU Framework Programme for research and innovation. This thesis simultaneously studies and adds to the Discourse of SSH integration, a topic which has gathered increasing amounts of attention and concern from many scholars, stakeholders, and organisations. The theoretical framework for this thesis features previous and ongoing discussion of the contributions of SSH actors in different fields of research, including health, culture, security, digital technologies, space, climate, energy, food, bioeconomy, natural resources, and agriculture. Scholars strongly emphasise the need to include SSH actors in these areas of research. Despite the commitment of the EU and the European Commission to integrate SSH actors into all areas of research, Discourse of SSH integration features dissatisfaction in the efforts of past Framework Programmes. This thesis combines social positioning theory, discourse analysis, and document analysis in the analysis of Horizon Europe reference documents published by the European Commission. Social positioning theory provides an analytic lens through which to examine the roles that are allocated to SSH actors through language. A discourse analytical approach is useful in studying linguistic features, themes, and functions of language, and it allows the analyst to uncover attitudes and priorities that are produced through language. Document analysis supports the analysis with its focus on a structured and comprehensive view of the materials. Analysis of the refence documents shows that SSH actors are positioned in various different roles across the fields of research. Their agency and roles differ based on the topic, as some activities describe the inclusion of SSH actors as a secondary consideration, while other activities have them positioned in a key role. The analysis shows how linguistic features, such as vocabulary, syntax, and placement, affect how the positioning is conveyed and interpreted. These findings align with those of previous studies and contribute to the Discourse of SSH integration. This thesis provides a fine basis for future studies on the topic of SSH integration, a topic that will require more attention and study as Horizon Europe continues. More information will be needed on how the findings of this thesis compare to actual research activities occurring in the programme. Future studies can also compare the findings of this thesis to future Horizon Europe documents.Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen toimijoiden asemointi Euroopan Unionin yhdeksännessä puiteohjelmassa : diskurssianalyysi Horisontti Eurooppa -viiteasiakirjoista. Tiivistelmä. Tämä opinnäyte tutkii sitä, miten humanististen ja yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen toimijoita asemoidaan Horisontti Euroopan viiteasiakirjoissa. Horisontti Eurooppa on EU:n yhdeksäs puiteohjelma tutkimukselle ja innovaatiolle. Tämä opinnäyte samanaikaisesti tutkii ja kartuttaa diskurssia humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisten tutkijoiden tärkeydestä kaikissa aloissa. Tämä aihe on herättänyt lisääntyvää keskustelua ja huolta tutkijoiden, osakkaiden sekä järjestöjen osalta. Teoreettinen tausta opinnäytteelle koostuu keskustelusta humanististen ja yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen toimijoiden tärkeydestä kaikkien alojen tutkimuksessa. Näihin tutkimusaloihin kuuluvat muun muassa terveys, kulttuuri, turvallisuus, digitaalinen teknologia, avaruustutkimus, ilmasto, energia, ruoka, biotalous, luonnonvarat ja maatalous. Tutkijat korostavat vahvasti humanististen ja yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen toimijoiden tärkeyttä näissä aloissa. EU:n ja Euroopan komission sitoumuksesta sisällyttää humanististen ja yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen toimijoita kaikkiin tutkimusaloihin, aihetta ympäröivä diskurssi välittää tyytymättömyyttä aiempien puiteohjelmien toiminnassa. Tämä opinnäyte hyödyntää sosiaalista positiointiteoriaa, diskurssianalyysia ja dokumenttianalyysia Euroopan komission julkaisemien Horisontti Eurooppa -ohjelman viiteasiakirjojen analysoinnissa. Sosiaalinen positiointiteoria tarjoaa analyyttisen näkökulman erilaisten roolien ja positioiden havainnointiin. Diskurssianalyysi tarjoaa lähestymistavan erilaisten kielellisten yksityiskohtien, teemojen ja toimintojen tarkasteluun. Se edesauttaa analyytikkoa havainnoimaan asenteita ja prioriteetteja, joita tuotetaan kielenkäytön kautta. Dokumenttianalyysi tukee tutkimuksen jäsentynyttä ja kokonaisvaltaista materiaalien käsittelyä ja analyysia. Viiteasiakirjojen analyysi paljastaa että humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen toimijoita asemoidaan moniin erilaisiin positioihin läpi tutkimusalueiden. Heidän toimijuuteensa ja rooleihin vaikuttaa tutkimuksen aihe, esimerkiksi joissakin tutkimusmahdollisuuksissa heitä asemoidaan toissijaisina jäseninä, kun taas toisissa tutkimusmahdollisuuksissa heidät asemoidaan avainrooleihin. Analyysi osoittaa sen, kuinka tärkeä merkitys on asiakirjojen muotoilussa. Muun muassa sanavalinnat, syntaksi ja sijainti vaikuttavat siihen, kuinka asemointia välitetään ja tulkitaan. Nämä huomiot ovat verrattavissa aiempien tutkimusten löydöksiin, ja ne myös kartuttavat aihetta ympäröivää diskurssia. Tämä opinnäyte tarjoaa mainion pohjan tuleville tutkimuksille liittyen humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen toimijoiden tärkeyteen, etenkin Horisontti Eurooppa -ohjelman edetessä. Tämän tutkimuksen löydöksiä olisi tärkeää verrata Horisontti Euroopan tutkimushankkeisiin ja toimintaan. Tulevissa tutkimuksissa voitaisiin lisäksi verrata tämän opinnäytteen havaintoja tuleviin Horisontti Eurooppa -viiteasiakirjoihin.
One of the important components of the organization of physical training in higher military educational institution, according to Physical Training Instructions, is mass sport activities. The main purpose of mass sport activities (MSA) in the military unit and higher military educational institution is to attract the maximum number of servicemen (cadets) to active physical education. The purpose of our study is to study the goals set for MSA in higher military educational institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as to study the reasons for the poor quality of MSA in higher military educational institution. For this purpose, the provisions of orders on the organization of MSA in the Armed Forces of Ukraine were studied and generalized, the analysis of the practice of MSA in three higher military educational institutions was made. The current objectives of the study were to: study the state of organization of mass sport activities in higher military educational institution; to analyze the system of organization of MSA in the armies of the world's leading states; to optimize the structure and content of MSA on the implementation of training sessions in the chosen sport for first-year cadets; to check the effectiveness of the proposed model of MSA on the formation of the value attitude of cadets to self-improvement of physical fitness and increase activity and desire to be involved in the national team of higher military educational institutions' teams. The National Academy of Land Forces conducted a survey of first-year cadets to find out and create groups in the sport, which conducted classes on an approved weekly schedule during the first and second semesters. The greatest preference of 1st year cadets was shown to boxing (13.57 %), football (11.42 %), hand-to-hand combat (11.67 %). Conclusions. The practice of organizing and conducting mass sport activities in military units and higher military educational institutions has shown certain shortcomings: no more than 8-13 % of personnel are involved in sport activities (sports training); mass physical culture work of cadets is poorly controlled and does not employ the interests of cadets (servicemen); the system of encouragement and punishment for cadets concerning MSA has not been worked out. During the six months of the experiment with the involvement of 100% of first-year cadets in training sessions in personally selected sports showed a significant increase in interest and activity of cadets in improving their physical fitness. The experiment also showed that convincing real motivation has great importance in increasing of the cadets' will to exercise. The following materials will present the results of tests trials of cadets after the first year of training. ; Згідно чинних документальних джерел однією з важливих складових організації фізичного виховання у вищому військовому навчальному закладі є спортивно-масова робота. Основна мета означеного процесу – залучити максимально можливу кількість курсантів (військовослужбовців) активних занять фізичними вправами у визначених формах організації. Методологія дослідження. Мета проведеного дослідження – визначити причини, що знижують якість реалізації у вищому військовому навчальному закладі спортивно-масової роботи. Для досягнення поставленої мети вирішували завдання, що передбачали таке: вивчити стан організації спортивно-масової роботи у вищому військовому навчальному закладі; проаналізувати систему організації спортивно-масової роботи в арміях розвинених країн світу; оптимізувати структуру та зміст у аспекті впровадження навчально-тренувальних занять з обраного виду спорту для курсантів 1 року навчання для формування у них ціннісного ставлення до самовдосконалення фізичної підготовленості, підвищення активності та прагнення до залучення в збірні команди навчального закладу з різних видів спорту. Для цього з використанням таких загальнонаукових методів, як аналіз, узагальнення, вивчено зміст наказів про організацію такої роботи у Збройних Силах України, результати практики її проведення у трьох вищих військових навчальних закладах. Одержання необхідних емпіричних даних забезпечило використання педагогічного спостереження, усного опитування та анкетування із залученням 500 курсантів, яке відбулося до початку їхнього навчання у вищому військовому навчальному закладі. Результати дослідження. На початку першого року навчання найбільші уподобання курсантів – це заняття боксом (13,6 %), футболом (11,4 %), рукопашним боєм (11,7 %). Залучення до занять обраним видом спорту всіх курсантів сприятиме підвищенню їхньої активності в поліпшенні особистої фізичної підготовленості. Одним із провідних чинників, що визначає реалізацію курсантами фізичної активності у позанавчальний час, є посилення в них відповідної мотивації. Висновки. Практика організації та проведення спортивно-масової роботи у вищому військовому навчальному закладі засвідчила: низький стан залучення курсантів до спортивної діяльності; відмінний від необхідного стан контролю за фізичною активністю курсантів у вільний від навчання час; низьку мотивацію курсантів до здійснення такої активності; несформована система їхнього стимулювання до занять певним видом спорту.
The present paper examines the principles of the language policy designed in the Kingdom of Prussia at the junction of the 18th-19th centuries. This research aims to identify the main factors affecting the introduction of the Lithuanian language as the official regional language in the Kingdom of Prussia and to evaluate the parameters applied to such language planning. The main research objects in this study are the prefaces to Christian Gottlieb Mielcke's dictionaryLittauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-littauisches Wörter-Buch(1800) and the archival material of the end of the 18th century, which provide information on the preconditions, directions, goals, and objectives of the language policy of the time.The politics favorable to the Lithuanian language was preconditioned by the political changes in the 18th century. After the third partition of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations (1795) and with the annexation of Užnemunė to Prussia, the range of the Lithuanian language use expanded, and the ideas of regional particularism strengthened.Christoph Friedrich Heilsberg, the author of the third preface to Mielcke's dictionary, a counsellor in the Königsberg Chamber of War and Domains, and an inspector of East Prussian schools, was well aware of the Lithuanian attitudes to the influence of language on identity, motives for language learning, legislation, and the potential of schools and churches. On the grounds of this versatile expertise, he undertook language status planning.With regards to Mielcke's observation about civil servants who need to learn Lithuanian and the Lithuanian approach to language, Heilsberg took a practical position on language planning. He suggested expanding the Lithuanian language use in the public sphere rather than considering the idea of German as a common state language. At Heilsberg's initiative, the Lithuanian language had to be used in such important areas as education, church, law, business, and administration. Heilsberg sought to ensure that it did not lose its cultural or administrative functions. Such plans presuppose the status of Lithuanian as an official regional language, equivalent to linguistic autonomy, where the language of a national minority has political autonomy and coexists with the official language of the state.Heilsberg initiated not only the development but also the implementation of language policy. He developed the directions and measures of corpus planning: to help non-Lithuanians to learn Lithuanian, he encouraged Mielcke to prepare a Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian dictionary andsupervised the publication of a Lithuanian grammar and a collection of sermons. This highlights the priorities of his education policy, which aimed to develop the language skills of teachers and priests, and to create conditions for civil servants working in the province to learn the Lithuanian language.Three statements of Heilsberg as a high-ranking state official were important for increasing the prestige of the Lithuanian language: 1) language is a guarantor of identity; 2) provincial languages must be learned by civil servants and not vice versa; and 3) language must be nurtured.The author of the fourth preface to Mielcke's dictionary, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, raised the criterion of language purity. Considering that only pure language is important for the maintenance of the nation's distinctiveness, for science, and especially history, he emphasized the need to preserve the purity of language and proposed two ways to achieve this: to use pure language in schools and churches, and to expand the domains of its use.This is the earliest attempt in the history of Prussian Lithuanian culture to give the Lithuanian language the status of an official regional language. Such policy ensured its functioning in all spheres of public life, its use in the education system, and created conditions for maintaining identity. ; Straipsnio tikslas–nustatyti XVIII–XIXa. sandūroje kilusias idėjas dėl lietuvių kalbos kaip oficialiosios regioninės Prūsijos Karalystės kalbos statuso ir įvertinti jos planavimo parametrus. Pagrindiniai tyrimo objektai– prãtarmės Kristijono Gotlybo Milkaus žodyneLittauisch–deutsches und Deutsch–littauisches Wörter-Buch(1800)ir archyviniai dokumentai, teikiantys informacijos apie kalbos politikos prielaidas, formavimo kryptis, tikslus ir uždavinius. Prielaidas lietuvių kalbos atžvilgiu palankiai politikai sudarė XVIIIa. pabaigos įvykiai: po trečiojo Abiejų Tautų Respublikos padalijimo (1795) prie Prūsijos prijungta Užnemunė, išsiplėtęs lietuvių kalbos arealas ir sustiprėjusios partikuliarizmo idėjos. Karo ir domenų rūmų Karaliaučiuje tarėjas, Rytų Prūsijos mokyklų inspektorius Christophas Friedrichas Heilsbergas, žinodamas lietuvių požiūrį į kalbos įtaką tapatybei, išmanydamas kalbų mokymosi motyvus, mokyklų bei bažnyčių galimybes, įstatymų leidybą, ėmėsi ir kalbos statuso planavimo, ir jo įgyvendinimo veiksmų. Immanuelis Kantas iškėlė kalbos grynumo kriterijų ir būtinybę jį išsaugoti dėl tapatybės išlaikymo, mokslo ir mokymo interesų, tam numatydamas du būdus: mokyklose ir bažnyčiose mokant gryna kalba ir plečiant tokiõs kalbos vartojimo ribas.
The article determines that the study of various components of tolerance and the analysis of the essence of the term "tolerance" have been undertaken by both domestic (I.Bekh, L.Bernardska, O.Verbytsky, O.Gryva, O.Dokukina, V.Kremen, O.Poliakova etc.) and foreign scholars (Zh.Vaterlo, D.Kollen, G.Olport, P.Riker etc.). The issues of humanistic values development and democratic approaches to educational process organization were analysed in the works of G. Ball, V. Kan-Kalik, N. Lysenko, V. Semychenko, V. Sukhomlynskyi, T. Kharchenko and others. However, the study has allowed us to determine that that the issue of forms and methods of educating and developing tolerance in modern-day schoolchildren has not been adequately covered in the scientific literature. The study has revealed that the concept of tolerance appeared in the state educational documents in France in the 70's of XX century due to the active national movement caused by the social crisis that prompted radical changes in the state policy. In the 80's of XX century a special programme of moral and civic education of schoolchildren was approved. The programme defined the purpose of tolerance development in schoolchildren that presupposed their acquisition of certain habits, modes of behaviour and experience of "respect for others considering their differences (schoolchildren with special educational needs, immigrants)". According to the research data we have obtained the teachers were recommended to update, share and disseminate materials and manuals on moral education and upbringing; to effectively use technical means and teaching equipment; to involve mass media in education and upbringing of schoolchildren; to use the sources illustrating the cultural history of mankind; to widely use fine art and music in teaching schoolchildren to understand other cultures. The research has allowed us to determine that the leading forms and methods of tolerance development in French schoolchildren cover heraldic method, biographical, autobiographical and archaeological methods; organization of research activities with the use of autobiographical method; method of "philosophical studio"; participation in collective events and competitions; time allocation for reflection on moral issues; organization of mobilizing collective activities; invitation of parents-immigrants for debates; discussion of legends and tales of the peoples of the world. The use of the given methods helps schoolchildren to form their own opinions, to develop the skills of asking questions, to express criticism, to develop respect and tolerance for the ideas of other people, to ensure mutual enrichment and development of the sense of belonging to the common community, and attitude to others as real partners. ; У статті з'ясовано, що вивчення різних складових толерантності, осмислення суті поняття «толерантність» вивчали як вітчизняні (І. Бех, Л. Бернадська, О. Вербицький, О. Грива, О. Докукіна, В. Кремень, О. Полякова та ін.), так і зарубіжні вчені (Ж. Ватерло, Д. Коллен, Г. Олпорт, П. Рікер та ін.). Питанням виховання гуманістичних цінностей, характеристиці демократичних підходів до організації освітнього процесу присвятили свої праці Г. Балл, В. Кан-Калік, Н. Лисенко, В. Семиченка, В. Сухомлинський, Т. Харченко та ін. Разом з тим доведено, що питання форм та методів виховання толерантності сучасних учнів не знайшло належного висвітлення в науковій літературі. Установлено, що в 70-ті рр. ХХ століття у зв'язку з активним загальнонаціональним рухом, котрий був тісно пов'язаний із суспільною кризою і вимагав радикальних змін у політиці держави, у документах, які регулювали національну освіту, починає з'являтись поняття «толерантність». У 80-ті рр. ХХ століття у Франції була затверджена спеціальна програма морального та громадянського виховання учнів. Саме цією програмою було визначено мету виховання толерантності в школярів, котра полягала в: набутті учнями певних звичок, поведінки та досвіду «поваги до інших, враховуючи їх відмінності (діти з особливими освітніми потребами, іммігранти)». Як свідчить проведене дослідження, для успішного виховання толерантності французьких школярів учителям також рекомендувалося: подбати про оновлення, розповсюдження й обмін матеріалами і посібниками з питань виховання; ефективно використовувати технічні засоби і навчальне обладнання; залучати до виховання учнів засоби масової інформації; використовувати компоненти, котрі ілюструють культурну історію людства; широко залучати образотворче мистецтво та музику для розуміння інших культур. Доведено, що до провідних форм та методів виховання толерантності у французьких школярів належать: геральдичний метод; біографічний, автобіографічний та археологічний методи; організація дослідницької діяльності за автобіографічним методом; метод «філософських ательє»; участь школярів у колективних заходах, змаганнях; проведення спеціального часу для роздумів; організація мобілізуючих колективних дій; запрошення на дебати батьків-іммігрантів; обговорення легенд та казок народів світу та деякі інші. Використання зазначених методів сприяє формуванню власної думки у школярів, розвитку вміння ставити питання, висловлювати критику, вихованню поваги та терпимості до думок інших, взаємозбагаченню та розвитку почуття причетності до спільної справи, ставленню до інших як до справжніх партнерів.
One of the important components of the organization of physical training in higher military educational institution, according to Physical Training Instructions, is mass sport activities. The main purpose of mass sport activities (MSA) in the military unit and higher military educational institution is to attract the maximum number of servicemen (cadets) to active physical education. The purpose of our study is to study the goals set for MSA in higher military educational institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as to study the reasons for the poor quality of MSA in higher military educational institution. For this purpose, the provisions of orders on the organization of MSA in the Armed Forces of Ukraine were studied and generalized, the analysis of the practice of MSA in three higher military educational institutions was made. The current objectives of the study were to: study the state of organization of mass sport activities in higher military educational institution; to analyze the system of organization of MSA in the armies of the world's leading states; to optimize the structure and content of MSA on the implementation of training sessions in the chosen sport for first-year cadets; to check the effectiveness of the proposed model of MSA on the formation of the value attitude of cadets to self-improvement of physical fitness and increase activity and desire to be involved in the national team of higher military educational institutions' teams. The National Academy of Land Forces conducted a survey of first-year cadets to find out and create groups in the sport, which conducted classes on an approved weekly schedule during the first and second semesters. The greatest preference of 1st year cadets was shown to boxing (13.57 %), football (11.42 %), hand-to-hand combat (11.67 %). Conclusions. The practice of organizing and conducting mass sport activities in military units and higher military educational institutions has shown certain shortcomings: no more than 8-13 % of personnel are involved in sport activities (sports training); mass physical culture work of cadets is poorly controlled and does not employ the interests of cadets (servicemen); the system of encouragement and punishment for cadets concerning MSA has not been worked out. During the six months of the experiment with the involvement of 100% of first-year cadets in training sessions in personally selected sports showed a significant increase in interest and activity of cadets in improving their physical fitness. The experiment also showed that convincing real motivation has great importance in increasing of the cadets' will to exercise. The following materials will present the results of tests trials of cadets after the first year of training. ; Згідно чинних документальних джерел однією з важливих складових організації фізичного виховання у вищому військовому навчальному закладі є спортивно-масова робота. Основна мета означеного процесу – залучити максимально можливу кількість курсантів (військовослужбовців) активних занять фізичними вправами у визначених формах організації. Методологія дослідження. Мета проведеного дослідження – визначити причини, що знижують якість реалізації у вищому військовому навчальному закладі спортивно-масової роботи. Для досягнення поставленої мети вирішували завдання, що передбачали таке: вивчити стан організації спортивно-масової роботи у вищому військовому навчальному закладі; проаналізувати систему організації спортивно-масової роботи в арміях розвинених країн світу; оптимізувати структуру та зміст у аспекті впровадження навчально-тренувальних занять з обраного виду спорту для курсантів 1 року навчання для формування у них ціннісного ставлення до самовдосконалення фізичної підготовленості, підвищення активності та прагнення до залучення в збірні команди навчального закладу з різних видів спорту. Для цього з використанням таких загальнонаукових методів, як аналіз, узагальнення, вивчено зміст наказів про організацію такої роботи у Збройних Силах України, результати практики її проведення у трьох вищих військових навчальних закладах. Одержання необхідних емпіричних даних забезпечило використання педагогічного спостереження, усного опитування та анкетування із залученням 500 курсантів, яке відбулося до початку їхнього навчання у вищому військовому навчальному закладі. Результати дослідження. На початку першого року навчання найбільші уподобання курсантів – це заняття боксом (13,6 %), футболом (11,4 %), рукопашним боєм (11,7 %). Залучення до занять обраним видом спорту всіх курсантів сприятиме підвищенню їхньої активності в поліпшенні особистої фізичної підготовленості. Одним із провідних чинників, що визначає реалізацію курсантами фізичної активності у позанавчальний час, є посилення в них відповідної мотивації. Висновки. Практика організації та проведення спортивно-масової роботи у вищому військовому навчальному закладі засвідчила: низький стан залучення курсантів до спортивної діяльності; відмінний від необхідного стан контролю за фізичною активністю курсантів у вільний від навчання час; низьку мотивацію курсантів до здійснення такої активності; несформована система їхнього стимулювання до занять певним видом спорту.
Despite the vast research on the recent urban development of Chinese coastal cities, little has been written on the current process of urban metamorphosis taking place in south-west China. Literature is predominantly focused on tracking down the changes in local urban planning through the explanation of zoning and gentrification patterns that are often depicted as a mere copycat of some "Western" megacities. Furthermore, the landscape is rarely considered as an active participant of the changing phase, being rather seen as the background on which human agency imposes itself: Despite offering a much more holistic vision of the problem, the relation between water and land management in urban areas is often underestimated in the field of Chinese studies. The area of research is located along the Yangzi River Basin, in the sector of the Chongqing Municipality, which is situated between the river and its local major tributary, the Jialing River. The watershed ecosystem created by the hills that surround the city, includes the aforementioned rivers as well as other tributary rivers, ditches, natural and artificial lakes, hot springs and underground water flows. This thesis investigates current practices of re-styling the image of the city of Chongqing through an analysis of urban and sub-urban district distribution of spaces of exclusion, i.e. gated communities, as a particular phenomenon entangled in new "comprehensive urban-rural planning" logics. Specifically, it is analyzed how the local administration makes use of the lakes, the main river shores, and the hot springs to carry out the urbanization process based on a pattern of gentrification and zoning. In fact, the watershed plays a fundamental role in determining the monetary value of an estate as well as its potential in suggesting an "atmosphere of happiness". Therefore, in this thesis the relational mechanisms that favor the production of urban space for the elite and the mass consumption through the overall commodification of the environment are unraveled. The main questions it addresses are: How is Chinese institutional transition affecting the relationships of man-nature and natural resources-economy? How does "ideology-based governance" work at the urban level to benefit a particular developmental strategy based on land monetization? What kind of discourses are structured to enforce the local government territorial vision? Are there any forms of resistance to the phenomena of zoning and gentrification? Rhetorics inspired by a sense of modernist renaissance and Chinese classic tradition (made tangible through propaganda posters and advertising), the technocratic blueprint in water/land management, and the spatial achievements of the upscale real estate sector as supported by the law, have been the three fields of inquiry. The eleven-month period of fieldwork between September 2014 and July 2015 in Chongqing was based on participant observation, photographic monitoring and archival research. Discourse and visual analysis following semiotics have been the methods employed to examine the data. This was combined with a social media analysis of unofficial data, and space analysis. The overarching argument of the dissertation is that because of its peculiar characteristics, the Chongqing watershed has been strategically absorbed into an ideological experiment of urban planning where nature as representation is performed in fetishized manners. The waterscape as imagined space is extremely loaded with ideological power, favoring the acceptance of those individualist living behaviors that have deteriorated the sense of responsibility toward the equal management of natural resources,compromising those local social practices based on a previous set of values no longer shared by the elite.The socio-political request for environmental protection is linked to discourses that emphasizing wealth,hygiene, and security, should constitute the fundamental of material and spiritual happiness. The significance of this study is that it informs our theoretical understanding of contemporary urban planning in south-west China by introducing a focus on the relational structure of water and land management hitherto lacking, as well as on mass media influence in the process of creation of new urban spaces. It also informs our empirical understanding of the Chinese state-building practice in the terms of a recursive pattern seeking to prove historical continuity through a selective knowledge of tradition and culture, whose outcomes are institutionalized at the urban level to legitimize the local politics and make sense of the spatial changes.
The article employs the egodocumentary approach to examine how the private writings of Albertas Dilys (1920–2000), political prisoner and Lithuanian scholar of the 1920s generation, records and reflects upon his refusal to compromise under the circumstances of the Soviet occupation. Dilys was part of the generation who were born on the eve of the creation of the State of Lithuania– between 1917 and 1922– and who, having graduated from the schools of the newly independent state, entered university by the end of 1930s with a distinct aim to contribute to the European culture worthy of a free nation. However, the Second World War and the alternating Nazi and Soviet occupations brought an end to these youthful ideals. Because the existential choices made by these young people pulled the generation apart and, in regard to the Soviet oppression, disseminated it both geographically and axiologically, defining its conceptual coherence is somewhat problematic. Yet, reflecting on separate individual choices may help us understand the people's motivation and the paradigms which bring this generation together on the one hand and break it up on the other.Rather than appraise the decisive generational self-conceptions in the context of 1944, the case of Albertas Dilys enables us to look into the different manifestations of conscious existential resolve, its origins, and consequences. The notion of the 1920s generation here describes the humanities students with literary aspirations who first studied at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas and then at Vilnius University. As high-school pupils, most of them took part in theAteitismovement, which was a Catholic organisation opposed to the Lithuanian government of the day. At university, they joinedŠatrija, a society dedicated to the study of art, literature, and philosophy.At the centre of the present research are documents testifying to Dilys' personal existential quest and self-realisation in the context of repressions and further oppression: his memories, correspondence, notes, journals. To frame the research material, the article makes partial use of intertextual and sociocritical analysis. Dilys' egodocumentary accounts are examined in light of historically reliable biographical and background facts. This article aims to discover and highlight in Dilys' egodocuments his testimonies of self-reflection, personal resolve and its consequences and, by means of comparative analysis, to look for similar premises in the accounts of other contemporaries in order to indicate the epistemological gaps in the research field of the 1920s generation.Dilys' case is by no means typical; cases like his have been deemed marginal in most sociological and sociocultural research. The history of existential choices and reflection on it, as testified in Dilys' egodocuments, have a distinct character: emphasis is placed on inner resistance, whose parallels extend into the spiritual maturity derived from youthful ideals, the quest for the meaning of life, and the adoption of an ethical position at the expense of career development and professional life and subjection to ostracism and relative poverty. This egodocumentary research reveals the complexity of uncompromising choices and their consequences in a repressive and oppressive society. Dilys' egodocuments are strongly oriented toward the past as well as the ideal of youth and the pastoral world of the parental home. Similar utopian undertones and pathos as well as solidarity with the 1920s generation of idealists trapped in a historical downfall– characteristically, this generation is perceived from passéist perspective, in retro-spective projection that centers on the youthful past– crop up in the accounts of other former members ofŠatrija. The paradigm of Dilys' existential choices calls for a further inquiry into the life of the 1920s generation. ; Straipsnyje iš egodokumentinės perspektyvos tiriamas 20-ųjų metų kartos lituanisto, politinio kalinio Alberto Dilio (1920–2000) privačiojoje raštijoje fiksuojamas ir reflektuojamas bekompromisio kelio pasirinkimas sovietų okupacijos sąlygomis. Analizuojami asmeninio apsisprendimo paieškas ir savisteigą represinėje visuomenėje liudijantys dokumentai: įvairūs Dilio prisiminimai, korespondencija, užrašai, dienoraščiai. Tiriamo atvejo medžiagai įkontekstinti iš dalies pasitelkiami intertekstinės ir sociokritinės analizės įrankiai, Dilio egodokumentų liudijimai "tikrinami" istoriškai patikimais biografiniais ir foniniais faktais.Straipsnio tikslas yra rasti ir išryškinti Dilio egodokumentikoje savivokos ir asmeninio apsisprendimo bei jo pasekmių liudijimą kaip savitą, papildantį ligšiol mokslinėje literatūroje išryškintus modelius, atvejį. Tai darant pasitelkiama lyginamoji prieiga, ieškoma tokios savivokos prielaidų kitų amžininkų liudijimuose, atkreipiamas dėmesys į pildytinas spragas šios kartos tyrimų lauke.Analizuotuose Dilio egodokumentuose ryški atgręžtis į praeitį, jaunystės ir tėvų namų arkadijos idealizavimas, idealistinė, patosiška intonacija, solidarumo su į "istorinę griūtį" patekusia vadinamąja 20-ųjų metų idealistų karta (suvokiama paseistiškai, kokia buvusi jaunystėje) teigimas, pastebimi ir kitų buvusių šatrijiečių egodokumentuose.
In December2019 is the 150th anniversary of the birth of Yevgen Olexandrovich Chernousov (1869–?), a well-known representative of Kharkov Byzantine studies and Antiquity, a privat-docent (1909–1917), and a full-docent (1917–1918) at the Department of General History of Kharkiv University. The main subject of the historian's research was the Byzantine cultural, political, legal phenomena and the socio-economic development of the Roman Empire. His scientific heritage consists of more than twenty articles published in leading Western European and Russian Byzantine journals. Y.O.Chernousov was one of the first in the Russian Empire who teached the course of the History of Byzantium at Kharkiv University, and was also the main candidate for the replacement of the Byzantine studies department, the opening of which was planned in accordance with the unrealized plan of University charter of 1906. The scientific heritage of Y.O.Chernousov demonstrates his high professional level as a byzantinist. His research method evolved on Byzantine material from a simple description of historical events by retelling evidence from sources that took place in his monograph on the history of Ancient Rome, to a deep theoretical understanding of the complex issues of the economic, political, cultural, legal development of Byzantium. In addition to Roman history and the Byzantine parties of the circus, the subject of his study was the history of the Byzantine capital and provincial culture and education, historical thought and literary tradition, the influence of Byzantine law on Old Rus. Unfortunately, due to the revolutionary events of 1917, the scientist was forced to leave Kharkov, continuing his teaching work in Poltava and in Rostov-on-Don. In 1930 he was arrested, in 1931–1934 he was in exile in the city of Kalach, Lower Volga region. His further fate and exact date of death is unknown. ; В декабре2019р. исполнилось 150лет со дня рождения Евгения Александровича Черноусова (1869–?), известного представителя харьковской византинистики и антиковедения, приват-доцента (1909–1917), штатного доцента (1917–1918) кафедры всеобщей истории Харьковского университета. Главным предметом исследований историка стали византийские культурные, политические, правовые феномены и социально-экономическое развитие Римской империи, а его научное наследие составляют более двадцати статей, опубликованных в ведущих западноевропейских и российских византинистических изданиях. Е.А.Черноусов одним из первых в Российской империи преподавал курс истории Византии в Харьковском университете, а также был главным претендентом на замещение кафедры византинистики, открытие которой планировалось в соответствии с нереализованным проектом университетского устава 1906г. Научное наследие Е.А.Черноусова демонстрирует его высокий профессиональный уровень как византиниста. Именно на византийском материале его исследовательский метод эволюционировал от простого описания исторических событий путем пересказа свидетельств источников, что имело место в его монографии по истории Древнего Рима, кглубокому теоретическому осмыслению сложных вопросов экономического, политического, культурного, правового развития Византии. Кроме римской истории и византийских партий цирка, предметом его изучения являлись проблемы истории византийской столичной и провинциальной культуры и образования, исторической мысли и литературной традиции, влияния византийского права на древнерусское. К сожалению, из-за революционных событий 1917г. ученый был вынужден покинуть Харьков, продолжив преподавательскую работу в Полтаве и Ростове-на-Дону. В 1930г. Е.А.Черноусов был арестован, а в 1931–1934гг. находился в ссылке в г.Калач Нижне-Волжского края. Дальнейшая судьба и точная дата смерти ученого неизвестны. ; У грудні 2019р. виповнилося 150 років від дня народження Євгена Олександровича Черноусова (1869–?), відомого представника харківської візантиністики та антикознавства, приват-доцента (1909–1917), штатного доцента (1917–1918) кафедри всесвітньої історії Харківського університету. Основним предметом досліджень цього історика стали візантійські культурні, політичні, правові феномени та соціально-економічний розвиток Ромейської імперії; науковий доробок ученого становить приблизно два десятки статей, опублікованих у провідних західноєвропейських і російських візантиністичних часописах. Є.О.Черноусов серед перших викладав курс історії Візантії в Харківському університеті, а також був головним претендентом на заміщення кафедри візантиністики, яку планували відкрити відповідно до нереалізованого проекту статуту 1906р. Науковий спадок Є.О.Черноусова демонструє його високий фаховий рівень як візантиніста. Саме на візантійському матеріалі дослідницький метод Є.О.Черноусова еволюціонував від простого опису історичних подій у переказі свідчень історичних джерел, притаманного його монографії з історії Стародавнього Риму, до ґрунтовного теоретичного осмислення складних питань економічного, політичного, культурного та юридичного розвитку Візантії. Окрім римської історії й візантійських партій цирку, предметом студій Є.О.Черноусова стала історія візантійської столичної та провінційної культури й освіти, історичної думки та літературної традиції, впливу візантійського права на давньоруське. На жаль, через революційні події вчений був змушений залишити Харків, продовживши викладацьку діяльність в Полтаві, а згодом – у Ростові-на-Дону. У 1930 р. Є.О.Черноусов був заарештований, а в 1931–1934рр. перебував у засланні в м.Калач Нижньо-Волзького краю. Дальша доля і точна дата смерті науковця невідомі.