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AbstractIn this essay, I will reflect upon what has been sociology's contribution to understanding the emergence and development of nationalism and how sociology can contribute to understanding nationalism's present and future through a property rights perspective. The essay will discuss, in particular, how historical sociological analysis of property rights and property rights regimes may be central to understanding nationalism past and future. After a general and brief discussion on the current, so‐called return of nationalism, the essay starts with discussion of some late enlightenment proto‐sociologists, suggesting that these writers actually analysed some crucial early dynamics of property and sovereignty which is central to understanding nationalism. The essay then moves on to suggests why a property rights focus might be a useful perspective to understanding nationalism in the 21st century.

Islam is present as a blessing for all nature and its contents. Islam is the solution to the problems faced by humanity, especially as a guide and a mercy for those who believe. The solution given by Islam is the grace of al-mashlahah (benefit) living in the world and the hereafter. Reviewers of Islamic law can ensure that Islamic law is built for human benefit, preventing damage and realizing the main good. The contribution of Islamic law principles in managing people's lives is undeniable. In history it was recorded, that before Islam came and was brought by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the state of the pitch-black world marked by the behavior of Jahiliyah at that time. Then the Prophet (PBUH) came with the light of Islam and his teachings which up to now still have the purity of teaching and its benefits in personal life and society in general. The form of real contribution in the benefit of the people, is in the teachings of Sadaqah Jariyah in the form of waqf. In the teachings / command of the implementation of waqf contained several principles of Islamic law, among others: the principle of amar maruf nahi munkar, justice and the principle of al-ta'awun.

We use Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) to examine the distribution of annual change in national government spending on global health through bilateral agencies by 17 OECD nations for 1990–2009. Consistent with our expectations and the PET literature, we find that the distribution of annual log percent change in commitments and disbursements for global health is leptokurtic rather than close to the normal distribution anticipated under incrementalism. Our findings illustrate the value of PET's focus on distributions rather than on time trends in levels alone when examining government allocation behavior, while adding to the literature on global health finance. This study also highlights the impact of choice of log percent change or percent change in examining budgetary change distributions. Better understanding of allocation patterns in this arena can inform those interested in global health policy and its vital outcomes.

The digital economy is proposed to be understood as: a type of economy characterized by the active implementation and practical use of digital technologies for the collection, storage, processing, transformation and transmission of information in all spheres of human activity; a complex system of socio-economic and organizational-technical relations based on the use of digital information and telecommunication technologies; a complex organizational and technical system in the form of a set of various elements (technical, infrastructural, organizational, programmatic, regulatory, legislative, etc.) with distributed interaction and mutual use by economic agents for the exchange of knowledge in conditions of permanent development. It was determined that modern processes of informatization and digitization call for the transformation of the traditional system of relationships in society at all levels of economic management, affecting all spheres - from production to finance. More and more relationships between counterparties take place in a virtual environment, the arrays of information that are needed to make appropriate management decisions are increasing, which involves the use of modern end-to-end digital technologies. The digital transformation of the economic system of domestic regions is associated with a number of problems, which we present in the form of destabilizing factors that can cause threats to economic security and lead to a violation of the stability of the region's economic security system. It has been established that the process of managing destabilizing factors in the conditions of systematization of digital development challenges is a series of interconnected stages that follow from each other: monitoring of factors affecting the process of digital transformation of regional economic systems based on methods of analyzing the external and internal environment; establishing a relationship between the challenges of digital transformation of the regional economy, regional development priorities and economic security of the region; assessment of the probability of the occurrence of risk events and their consequences from the standpoint of the dynamics of indicators characterizing the level of economic security of the region; determining the possibility of eliminating the influence of destabilizing factors and determining the necessary amount of financial resources in value terms; drawing up a map of preventive measures in the field of reducing the consequences of digital development threats and increasing the level of economic security of the region; adjustment of the map of preventive measures due to the occurrence of unforeseen destabilizing factors and macroeconomic shocks. Keywords: destabilizing factors, economic security, economic systems, region, digital transformation

Today the process of democratic transformations in this country is associated with the solution of complex political, economic, social and legal issues, one of which is the government's reorganization and optimization of the structure of its institutions. Given the socio-political and criminal situation in the country, current law enforcement bodies do not meet the requirements of the time. The process of reform of the judicial system started in 2014 in accordance with social requirements and capacities of the state. International experts noted that Ukraine as a member–state of the Council of Europe must improve its laws in accordance with European standards and apply innovative approaches during the period of problem solving. Thus it is necessary to analyze the peculiarities of the reform of the law enforcement bodies in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to analyse the peculiarities of creation of efficient system of motivation of employees during structural transformations of the state personnel. The set scientific tasks were performed using a complex of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, statistical and comparative. The peculiarities of the process of restructuring of the law enforcement system were analyzed. The ways to create an efficient system of motivation of employees during the structural transformation were explored. We found the most important areas of improvement in the process of encouraging social subjects to the activities with strategic objectives in fighting crime, providing social security in the material and spiritual spheres of life of the society. The paper considers ways to create opportunities of implementation of individual abilities of employees that require a thorough study of the individual abilities and needs of each individual person to revitalize his/her activities to achieve the goals of the organization. We studied such ways of stimulating employees of law-enforcement sphere as participation in development and decision–making, implementation of ...

This article draws on data from qualitative interviews with ethnic enclave and ethnic economy business entrepreneurs from Chinese, Bangladeshi and Turkish-speaking communities in London. Routes into business and worker recruitment practices are explored, demonstrating the centrality of social capital in the form of family and other social networks within these processes. The article investigates what employers consider the desirable characteristics of workers: trust, kinship, gender, social networks, language compatibility and the needs of the business intersect with racialised notions of workers' strengths and characteristics. Finally, we consider changing practices in relation to the employment of undocumented migrants, in the context of an increasingly punitive legislative regime. The complex and variable impact of policy alongside the ways in which other obligations and positions outweigh the fear and risks of sanctions associated with non-compliance is revealed.

The introduction of the Green Deal provides evidence of the UK Government's commitment to improving the energy efficiency of our ageing and underperforming housing stock. However, the issue of what to do with those buildings which for reasons of historical or architectural significance do not lend themselves to conventional fabric interventions has not been addressed fully. A residents' survey was conducted at the Grade II listed Barbican Centre in London, to characterise levels of occupant comfort and satisfaction, to identify any problems experienced by the residents, and to explore possibilities to improve the energy performance of the estate without compromising its status as an iconic example of post-war architecture and planning. This paper explores how occupant feedback surveys can inform the development of energy-saving interventions at an atypical case study site.