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Over the last decade, soft planning has become an increasingly visible concept in planning literature. Since the term soft spaces was firstly coined, soft planning has been used to describe a growing number of practices that occur at the margins of statutory planning systems. However, as soft planning-related literature proliferates, so does the diversity of approaches and planning practices it encompasses. Such diversity fuels long-standing questions about what can or cannot be considered as soft planning as well as about its usefulness for today's planning theory and practice. To shed light on this still unclear conceptual outline, this article divides the soft planning debate into five contextual components (ethos; governance; politics; policies; spaces; and scale) while paying particular attention to the relationship between soft planning and strategic spatial planning. The aim is to foreground soft planning as a concept, and add clarity and awareness on the challenges, the risks and opportunities, planning currently faces.

Abstract
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Buddhism became deeply embedded in an array of social and political debates taking place across India. The unique history of Buddhism in India and of its spread across Asia offered a model of ideological and cultural emancipation that was used not only to challenge colonial rule but also to further numerous anti-caste movements against existing Brahmanical institutions and practices. While the history of anti-caste and Dalit engagements with Buddhism has largely been studied through a discussion of the Indian constitutionalist B. R. Ambedkar's conversion to Buddhism along with some half million of his followers in 1956, this article addresses the ways in which Buddhism came to be simultaneously seen as a "Hindu sect" and central to Hindu nationalist projects. It does so through a detailed analysis of the planning and construction of several "Hindu-Buddhist" temples constructed in the 1930s by the Birla family that sought to construct a vision of India as a Hindu nation. A close examination of these sites reveals the wider dynamics underlining the transformation of modern Buddhism in India and, by extension, modern Hinduism.

"Competing in today's marketplace requires a holistic view of both products and processes. It requires that companies pay attention to their stakeholders in addition to their customers. Environmental planning lays the foundation to adapt to the needs of the changing world and avoid the hazards, risks and high costs associated with poor environmental practices. Written by an expert in chemical safety, security management, sustainability management, disaster risk reduction, process change and quality control in environmental planning, this book identifies good environmental practices, and lays down effective strategies and practical models. The book focuses mostly on designing for the environment, using sustainable practices to achieve competitiveness. Following the successful publication of the 1st edition, this edition brings existing chapters up to date as well as introduces new chapters on current topics of concern such as global environmental challenges, a circular economy, environmental impact assessment, climate change, and disaster risk reduction and management. The case studies presented point to companies that have increased profitability because of their environmental programs. This book is intended as an introduction to corporate environmental management and is suitable for basic courses in sustainability management, and environmental management and planning. Practitioners would also find it helpful as it explains some of the basic concepts and environmental strategies that are in practice today."--

Der Beitrag plädiert für eine stärkere Unterscheidung von Planungsprotesten, die Teil der täglichen Planungspraxis sind. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Unterschiedlichkeit auch für differenzierte Reaktionen der Planungsakteure genutzt werden kann. Skizziert wird der Forschungsstand sozialwissenschaftlicher Protest- und Bewegungsforschung sowie die Besonderheit planungsbezogenen politischen Protests. Planungsprotest wird dabei als kollektives Handeln und Form kommunalpolitischer Partizipation verstanden, die unabhängig von lokalstaatlichen Beteiligungsangeboten stattfindet und einen Bezug zur lokalen räumlichen Planung aufweist. Basierend auf einer empirischen Erhebung und statistischen Untersuchung von mehr als 400 planungsbezogenen Bürgerprotesten in Berlin zwischen 2005 und 2015, die durch zwei qualitative Fallstudien ergänzt werden, wird eine - orts- und zeitspezifische -Typologie von neun Protestarten entwickelt. Die im Framing der Protestakteure artikulierten Protestanlässe und Protestanliegen werden als alternative Problemlösungsansätze verstanden. Unterschieden werden situationsbezogene und planungsabhängige sowie initiative und reaktive Protestformen. Diese inhaltliche Unterscheidung erscheint zwar in besonderem Maße für das aktuelle Protestgeschehen von Bedeutung und unterstreicht dessen politischen Charakter, sie ist allerdings nur ein Teil der phänomenologischen Vielfalt. Auch die Reaktionen sind fallspezifisch zu unterscheiden, wie das Merkmal der Betroffenheit bzw. Nicht-Betroffenheit der Protestakteure verdeutlicht.

The study was a descriptive survey to examine the cultural values and aesthetic functioning on modern architecture in Ghana. The population for the study constituted professional architects working in the Department of Architectural and Engineering Service of the Ministry of Works and Housing in Ghana. Fifty (50) experts from the Architectural Department of the Ministry of Works and Housing in Ghana were selected for the study comprising of thirty (38) males and twenty (12) females. The study observed that all (100%) of the respondents were certain that; (a) modern architecture adopted in Ghana is important for the survival and transmission of traditional culture (b) the purpose or usage of the facility may be a significant influence on its design and (c) modern architecture adopted in Ghana is important for the survival and transmission of traditional culture and (d) conservation practices, regulation by government and practical inspection of architectural works can help to preserve the architectural heritage of Ghana. In the light of these findings, it is concluded that; (a) modern architecture in Ghana presents several positive cultural values as Ghanaian culture is dynamic and gives order and meaning to aesthetic practices of the people, and (b) Finally, regular training of architects, conservation practices, regulation by government and effective and practical inspection of architectural works can help to preserve the architectural heritage of Ghana.

As Australia approaches the twenty-first century, it finds itself, like a number of other Anglo-centred countries in the western world, including Canada, in the grip of continuing economic trauma. There has been a marked relative (and absolute) slip in general economic performance. This paper focuses on the linkages between this phenomenon and Australia's basic political architecture. It argues that, although renovation of Australian federalism is no panacea for these problems, there are linkages between Australia's aged, formal, political structure and its recent economic performance. Lack of attention to the task of serious, systematic renovation is allowing the present outdated political structure to aggravate economic and social problems. The article concludes that a much more adventurous, long-term approach to the renovation of Australia's political architecture is needed.