Suchergebnisse

Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) emerged as a response to the need for professionals capable of giving care to patients, thereby improving the quality of healthcare; the results obtained by implementing APNs in healthcare teams confirm that APNs can be implemented in the healthcare of patients of all ages and with varied health situations (1). Levels of development in APN are very diverse in distinct countries, in the legal aspect as well as in the roles that a nurse with this level of training can fulfill. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) counts around seventy countries as being preoccupied with introducing clear function for APNs (20); nonetheless, literature describes the main progress in this sense occurring in Canada, Australia, Ireland, Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although in the last ten years significant advances have been identifies in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Africa (3, 4). In Latin-American, progress in this initiative is embryonic: the role that a APN can fulfill has not been sufficiently disseminated and the implementation of this strategy has been limited by healthcare policies in many countries or by the opposition to APNs by professionals in other areas who are reacting to misinformation or to fear of usurpation of certain functions by APNs. However, in primary care, APNs have been incorporated into healthcare teams, and research shows positive results for the expansion of coverage and reduction of healthcare costs, in both rural areas and urban centers (1, 5). Thanks to these advances, in 2000 the ICN supported the creation of the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) with the objective of favoring dialogue, advancing the installation of APNs in the countries, facilitating the interchange of knowledge, determining the limits in the expansion of the role of nurses, and defining the guidelines for the formation of human resources at this level. Likewise, the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) have worked with universities and nursing associations in Latin America and the Caribbean to, through context analyses, propose implementation of APNs (5). During August 2018, the 10th Conference of the International Nursing Council convened in Rotterdam with the goal of exploring the role of APNs in the transformation of healthcare (6). With the participation of more than fifty countries, the council established a global panorama of the situation and of the challenges nursing faces as an active participant and agent for achieving universal health coverage. An important conclusion drawn from the event is the recognition given by all participating countries to APNs for allowing significant advancement of strategies for primary healthcare and the achievement of goals related with universal health coverage and sustainable development: the guarantee of a healthy life and the promotion of wellness for everyone at every age (4, 5). These propositions imply a process and the need for countries to work towards the expansion of nursing roles, which requires the promotion of a collective project that unites different sectors involved in the formation of human talent, on one hand, that the offering of health services on the other. Likewise, administrators of education and health policy along with associations involved in the nursing discipline need to contribute to the analyses of strategies for implementing a sustainable and efficient health system that allows universal access to health (1, 4, 7). In this context, APNs are understood to have undergone master or doctorate level training that develops scientific knowledge, clinical expertise, leadership, political formation, communicational capacity, and education for the patient, family, and community groups. Therefore, the professional is enabled to take ethical decisions, work autonomously, interact in intra- and interdisciplinary groups, and understand that ANP's work will be determined by the unique environment, healthcare structure, and legislation of different countries. In accord with Morán-Peña (8), the International Nursing Council states that APNs are characterized by an autonomous practice that allows the implementation of tools like: valuation, diagnostic reasoning, decision making for the handling of cases, plan development, implementation and evaluation of programs as part of consultation services, and being the first point of contact in the healthcare system. This implies that an ANP will have competencies to participate in the elaboration of public policy as well as on teams dedicated to care for individuals, families, groups, and communities in disease prevention, health promotion, treatment, recuperation, and palliative care (7, 9, 10). Consequently, working on the implementation of the EPA can possibly lead to transformation of healthcare systems in the clinical area, improvement in the access to primary healthcare, and in the design and development of investigation projects whose results can be applied in practice; in short, it would affect the quality and effectiveness of healthcare at different levels and allow the urgent and much needed evolution of healthcare systems (11). With this perspective, the fundamental question is whether sufficient political interest exist for the development of APN's roles, the definition of APN's limits, the adaption of the existing structure, the establishment of guidelines for educational programs, and the application of expert knowledge, among other aspects, in benefit of health coverage, healthcare quality, and the establishment of a sustainable healthcare system. ; Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) emerged as a response to the need for professionals capable of giving care to patients, thereby improving the quality of healthcare; the results obtained by implementing APNs in healthcare teams confirm that APNs can be implemented in the healthcare of patients of all ages and with varied health situations (1). Levels of development in APN are very diverse in distinct countries, in the legal aspect as well as in the roles that a nurse with this level of training can fulfill. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) counts around seventy countries as being preoccupied with introducing clear function for APNs (20); nonetheless, literature describes the main progress in this sense occurring in Canada, Australia, Ireland, Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although in the last ten years significant advances have been identifies in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Africa (3, 4). In Latin-American, progress in this initiative is embryonic: the role that a APN can fulfill has not been sufficiently disseminated and the implementation of this strategy has been limited by healthcare policies in many countries or by the opposition to APNs by professionals in other areas who are reacting to misinformation or to fear of usurpation of certain functions by APNs. However, in primary care, APNs have been incorporated into healthcare teams, and research shows positive results for the expansion of coverage and reduction of healthcare costs, in both rural areas and urban centers (1, 5). Thanks to these advances, in 2000 the ICN supported the creation of the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) with the objective of favoring dialogue, advancing the installation of APNs in the countries, facilitating the interchange of knowledge, determining the limits in the expansion of the role of nurses, and defining the guidelines for the formation of human resources at this level. Likewise, the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) have worked with universities and nursing associations in Latin America and the Caribbean to, through context analyses, propose implementation of APNs (5). During August 2018, the 10th Conference of the International Nursing Council convened in Rotterdam with the goal of exploring the role of APNs in the transformation of healthcare (6). With the participation of more than fifty countries, the council established a global panorama of the situation and of the challenges nursing faces as an active participant and agent for achieving universal health coverage. An important conclusion drawn from the event is the recognition given by all participating countries to APNs for allowing significant advancement of strategies for primary healthcare and the achievement of goals related with universal health coverage and sustainable development: the guarantee of a healthy life and the promotion of wellness for everyone at every age (4, 5). These propositions imply a process and the need for countries to work towards the expansion of nursing roles, which requires the promotion of a collective project that unites different sectors involved in the formation of human talent, on one hand, that the offering of health services on the other. Likewise, administrators of education and health policy along with associations involved in the nursing discipline need to contribute to the analyses of strategies for implementing a sustainable and efficient health system that allows universal access to health (1, 4, 7). In this context, APNs are understood to have undergone master or doctorate level training that develops scientific knowledge, clinical expertise, leadership, political formation, communicational capacity, and education for the patient, family, and community groups. Therefore, the professional is enabled to take ethical decisions, work autonomously, interact in intra- and interdisciplinary groups, and understand that ANP's work will be determined by the unique environment, healthcare structure, and legislation of different countries. In accord with Morán-Peña (8), the International Nursing Council states that APNs are characterized by an autonomous practice that allows the implementation of tools like: valuation, diagnostic reasoning, decision making for the handling of cases, plan development, implementation and evaluation of programs as part of consultation services, and being the first point of contact in the healthcare system. This implies that an ANP will have competencies to participate in the elaboration of public policy as well as on teams dedicated to care for individuals, families, groups, and communities in disease prevention, health promotion, treatment, recuperation, and palliative care (7, 9, 10). Consequently, working on the implementation of the EPA can possibly lead to transformation of healthcare systems in the clinical area, improvement in the access to primary healthcare, and in the design and development of investigation projects whose results can be applied in practice; in short, it would affect the quality and effectiveness of healthcare at different levels and allow the urgent and much needed evolution of healthcare systems (11). With this perspective, the fundamental question is whether sufficient political interest exist for the development of APN's roles, the definition of APN's limits, the adaption of the existing structure, the establishment of guidelines for educational programs, and the application of expert knowledge, among other aspects, in benefit of health coverage, healthcare quality, and the establishment of a sustainable healthcare system. ; Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) emerged as a response to the need for professionals capable of giving care to patients, thereby improving the quality of healthcare; the results obtained by implementing APNs in healthcare teams confirm that APNs can be implemented in the healthcare of patients of all ages and with varied health situations (1). Levels of development in APN are very diverse in distinct countries, in the legal aspect as well as in the roles that a nurse with this level of training can fulfill. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) counts around seventy countries as being preoccupied with introducing clear function for APNs (20); nonetheless, literature describes the main progress in this sense occurring in Canada, Australia, Ireland, Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although in the last ten years significant advances have been identifies in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Africa (3, 4). In Latin-American, progress in this initiative is embryonic: the role that a APN can fulfill has not been sufficiently disseminated and the implementation of this strategy has been limited by healthcare policies in many countries or by the opposition to APNs by professionals in other areas who are reacting to misinformation or to fear of usurpation of certain functions by APNs. However, in primary care, APNs have been incorporated into healthcare teams, and research shows positive results for the expansion of coverage and reduction of healthcare costs, in both rural areas and urban centers (1, 5). Thanks to these advances, in 2000 the ICN supported the creation of the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) with the objective of favoring dialogue, advancing the installation of APNs in the countries, facilitating the interchange of knowledge, determining the limits in the expansion of the role of nurses, and defining the guidelines for the formation of human resources at this level. Likewise, the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) have worked with universities and nursing associations in Latin America and the Caribbean to, through context analyses, propose implementation of APNs (5). During August 2018, the 10th Conference of the International Nursing Council convened in Rotterdam with the goal of exploring the role of APNs in the transformation of healthcare (6). With the participation of more than fifty countries, the council established a global panorama of the situation and of the challenges nursing faces as an active participant and agent for achieving universal health coverage. An important conclusion drawn from the event is the recognition given by all participating countries to APNs for allowing significant advancement of strategies for primary healthcare and the achievement of goals related with universal health coverage and sustainable development: the guarantee of a healthy life and the promotion of wellness for everyone at every age (4, 5). These propositions imply a process and the need for countries to work towards the expansion of nursing roles, which requires the promotion of a collective project that unites different sectors involved in the formation of human talent, on one hand, that the offering of health services on the other. Likewise, administrators of education and health policy along with associations involved in the nursing discipline need to contribute to the analyses of strategies for implementing a sustainable and efficient health system that allows universal access to health (1, 4, 7). In this context, APNs are understood to have undergone master or doctorate level training that develops scientific knowledge, clinical expertise, leadership, political formation, communicational capacity, and education for the patient, family, and community groups. Therefore, the professional is enabled to take ethical decisions, work autonomously, interact in intra- and interdisciplinary groups, and understand that ANP's work will be determined by the unique environment, healthcare structure, and legislation of different countries. In accord with Morán-Peña (8), the International Nursing Council states that APNs are characterized by an autonomous practice that allows the implementation of tools like: valuation, diagnostic reasoning, decision making for the handling of cases, plan development, implementation and evaluation of programs as part of consultation services, and being the first point of contact in the healthcare system. This implies that an ANP will have competencies to participate in the elaboration of public policy as well as on teams dedicated to care for individuals, families, groups, and communities in disease prevention, health promotion, treatment, recuperation, and palliative care (7, 9, 10). Consequently, working on the implementation of the EPA can possibly lead to transformation of healthcare systems in the clinical area, improvement in the access to primary healthcare, and in the design and development of investigation projects whose results can be applied in practice; in short, it would affect the quality and effectiveness of healthcare at different levels and allow the urgent and much needed evolution of healthcare systems (11). With this perspective, the fundamental question is whether sufficient political interest exist for the development of APN's roles, the definition of APN's limits, the adaption of the existing structure, the establishment of guidelines for educational programs, and the application of expert knowledge, among other aspects, in benefit of health coverage, healthcare quality, and the establishment of a sustainable healthcare system.

The aim of this Article is to document and assess the efforts made by international commercial courts to signal the enforce-ability of their judgments abroad. To that effect, three strategies were developed. The first and most obvious one was to enter into agreements providing for the mutual enforcement of judgments of contracting states which could serve the same function as the 1958 New York Convention for arbitral awards. Yet, as the 2005 Hague Convention has a limited scope and the 2019 Hague Convention is not yet in force, alternative strategies were identified. Several international commercial courts are actively pursuing the conclusion of non binding documents with other courts or even law firms suggesting that the judgments of the forum would be enforced by the courts of other states. Finally, one international court has also explored how it could convert its judgments into arbitral awards.

Selbsterkenntnis ist seit vielen Jahrhunderten ein wichtiges Anliegen westlicher und östlicher Philosophie. Heute wird dieses Anliegen von der modernen Psychologie und Anthropologie geteilt in deren Bemühen, "das Selbst" und "die anderen" durch die Untersuchung von Selbst- und Weltentwürfen zu verstehen. In diesem Beitrag wird zu diesem Zweck eine auto-anthropologische Methodologie vorgestellt. Dieser introspektive qualitative Forschungsansatz integriert drei Verfahren zur Erforschung kultureller Daten – Selbst-Interviews, Auto-Ethnografie und die Critical Incident-Technik. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Verfahren zur Rekonstruktion der eigenen Weltentwürfe zum Einsatz kamen: Zunächst wurden emische Daten aus Narrationen extrahiert, die dann weiter dekonstruiert wurden, um wesentliche, wiederkehrende etische Perspektiven ableiten zu können. Die auto-anthropologische Methodologie wird an zwei Lebensereignissen illustriert: einem kritischen Ereignis, das in Singapur stattfand und einem Bewusstheit fördernden auf den Fidschi Inseln: während das erste half, die eigenen Erziehungs- und Bildungskonzepte zu verstehen, eröffnete das zweite Einsicht in die eigene Präferenz für kulturelle Unterschiedlichkeit.

Issues linking climate change and economic growth are now at the centre of discussions regarding development strategies especially in the context of developing countries. This book contributes by analyzing the relationship between economic growth and GHG emissions in India with explicit reference to all major economic sectors. One of the most popular tools for macroeconomic policy analysis is Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The book presents the methods and estimates of the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for India, which provides a major data base describing the complete circular flow of income and input-output transactions among the sectors of the economy. The novelty of the book lies in the fact that for the first time a SAM has been prepared for the Indian economy with environmental indicators. A detailed methodology for constructing such an extended SAM is also presented in the book. The environmental social accounting matrix (ESAM) based analysis has been included to show direct and indirect links between economic growth and GHG emissions. The book also includes analysis of factors affecting historical GHG emissions trends in India. The book goes beyond SAM and applies computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling to derive climate-change policy analysis and simulations. This CGE-based analysis is an important contribution to the current debate surrounding carbon tax and its possible impact on macroeconomic growth. Dr. Barun Deb Palis currently an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. He has been working in the field of SAM based CGE modelling for the last 7 years. He has also worked on climate-smart agriculture and land-use planning models for South Asia as a key researcher at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). He has a long professional affiliation with the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), working on climate change CGE modeling. He has published papers in journals of international repute with one of his publication being 'A Social Accounting Matrix for India', published in 2012 in Economic Systems Research (Taylor and Francis). His current areas of research interest include various developmental issues and their linkages with climate change, low carbon agriculture, Infrastructure and public utility pricing.Dr. Vijay P Ojhais a Professor of Economics at the Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad, India. A Computable General Equilibrium modeler (CGE) by training, he employed the CGE modeling technique to analyze the trade-offs among carbon emissions, economic growth and poverty reduction in India while tenuring as a post-doctoral Commonwealth Fellow at the Environment Department, University of York, United Kingdom in 2004. Ever since, he has been working on climate-change issues using the CGE modeling methodology. He has authored many published reports and academic journal papers His most recent publications are in the Journal of Policy Modeling (Elsevier) and Environment and Development Economics (Cambridge University Press).Dr. Sanjib Pohitis presently working as a Senior Principal Scientist, Senior Fellow at the National Institute of Science, Technology Development Studies (CSIR). He was educated at the Indian Statistical Institute. Previously, he held research positions (Senior Fellow/Chief Economist) at the National Council for Applied Economic Research, New Delhi and the Indian Statistical Institute and was also a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, USA) and the Conference Board of Canada. Dr. Pohit has been a member of several committees of the Government of India and a Council Member of the Gerson Lehman group. He has been a consultant to various national and international bodies, including The World Bank, Asian Development Bank, The Energy Resource Institute, OECD, CUTS, Price Waterhouse Coopers, ICRIER and RIS (New Delhi). Dr. Pohit is an experienced modeler in the area of trade and environment with 20 years of modeling experience. He has he worked in the area of institutional economics, transport economics, input-output models, FDI, informal trade, the automobile industry and South Asian integration. He has co-authored 6 books, and has published more than 100 articles in journals/books. He has presented his research at seminars and conferences in different parts of the world - Japan, Canada, USA, India, Bangladesh, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Singapore and Finland.Dr. Joyashree Roy, an ICSSR National Fellow, is currently a Professor of Economics at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. Additionally, she coordinates the Global Change Programme and also directs the Ryoichi Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund Project at Jadavpur University. In 2007 she was on the Nobel Peace Prize winning panel -IPCC (Intergovernmental panel on climate change). She has been involved in preparation of Stern Review Report, Global Energy Assessment and many other national and global reports. She has published more than 70 peer-reviewed articles in journals of national and international repute. Her research interests are in resource and environmental economics, particularly in the field of energy demand modelling, economic assessment of application of non-renewable and renewable resources for urban and rural problems, economic and social dimensions of climate change, water resource management and multidisciplinary research on sustainable development, sustainability transition, ecosystem services in the context of coastal ecosystem.

1. Prologue. About the title of the book. Risks of writing this book. The title revisited. What has gravity got to do with this book? One-handed scientist. Information cornucopia. Will the Y chromosome decay and take men with it? A goal of this book. Inside this book. Best use of this book -- 2. A primer on genetics. Living things. Tinkering using technology. Survival of the fittest. How genetics changed the course of history. Timeline of genetics -- 3. Sex, a primal instinct. The primal instinct for sex. Emperor penguins. Salmons. Pacific grunions. Other aspects of sex. Sex reigns, birds and bees do it, but why? Models of co-evolution. The deleterious mutation hypothesis. The Red Queen hypothesis. Computer simulations. Supporting evidence. Scandal without sex. Selfish genes. Selfishly altruistic kin selection -- 4. Mating dance. Basic instinct. Scents of love. Cupid's chemicals. Mating dance. Of man and ape. Sexual matrimony and polyamory. And less love. Tug of war, In Utero. Back into the past and future -- 5. Quest for perfection. Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder. Ancient definition of perfection. Search for the perfect face. Search for hour-glass figure. The myth of beauty. The cute factor. No choice for baby. Selective paternal reproduction. The founding of Rome. Selective maternal reproduction. Eugenics. First stage. Second stage. Third stage. Fourth stage -- 6. Invisible hand in the human body shop. The human life cycle. The reproductive cycle. Sex hormones. Inside the womb. Birth defects. The invisible hand in human body commerce. From alchemy to algeny. In vitro fertilization. IVF the Aussie style. The business of in vitro fertilization. IVF children. Donor insemination. DI half-siblings. Hello Dolly, good-bye Dolly -- 7. Clonology. Parthenogenesis, virgin birth. Cloning. Clonology. Cloning Hollywood style. The celebrated Dolly, but second to computer chips. Clones of clones of a clone. Jerky bulls and Yang cows. Second chance, clone of the oldest bull. Artificial monkey twins. Clone of a clone - more bulls. Cloned piglets. Reversing aging. Other notable cloning efforts. Jurassic amusement park? More calves and piglets. More endangered species cloned. Multi-legged bio-x. Multi-legged bio-reactors. Multi-legged bio-facturers. Nature versus nano. Multi-legged bio-models. Multi-legged bio-factories -- 8. Petory and biofactory. PerPETually yours. K-9 cloning. Snuppy. Dupli-cat. Cc: genetic anomaly. Commercial grade pet cloning. Cloning rabbitly. A stubborn clone. Cloned equine twin of surrogate mother. Ethically yours. Odd-inarily yours -- 9. Cloning techniques. Twins, twice the fun. Nonidentical twins - siblings of the same age. Identical twins - natural clones. Mirror image and conjoined twins. Interest in twins. Identical twins are more identical than clones. En route to commercialization. Artificial twinning technique. Nuclear transfer technique. The Roslin technique. The Honolulu technique. The chromatin transfer technique. Twinning Roslin in Honolulu. Honolulu versus Dolly. First male clone -- 10. Reproductive human cloning. Super clones? Tinkering with conception. Natural birth versus cloning. Hardware and software of sexual reproduction. Hardware and software of cloning. Physiology of human cloning. Key human cloning mavericks. Richard Seed. Claude Vorilhon and Brigitte Boisselier. Severino Antinori. Panayiotis Zavos. Avi Ben-Abraham. Human embryo "clones". Clone abortion. Why hybrid? The "clone" stork, real or Rael? -- 11. The alchemy of stem cells. Organ transplant. Growing human organs? Stem cell. Derivation of stem cells. Banking embryonic and fetal parts. Lifeline - cord blood. Multipotent adult stem cells. Stem cells from fat. Medical uses of stem cells. Stem cell gold mines. Growing breast from a stem cell. Regenerative medicine. Why regenerative medicine? Regenerative medicine and stem cell research. Regeneration, stem cells and aging. Master cells and master genes -- 12. Stem cell entities. Stem cell nations. Sweden. United Kingdom. Australia. Singapore. Israel. Japan. India. China. Korea. United States. Case study: Harvard Stem Cell Institute. Case study: California Institute of Regenerative Medicine. East versus West. A shenanigans of scandalous proportion. The rise to international stardom. The fall from grace. The repercussions. How did it happen? The way to the top. The way to demise. The bits and pieces. The characters: accomplices and foes. Hwang versus Raelians. Synopsis of the dogged reports -- 13. Legal and ethical issues. How? What? Why? Therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Secret projects. Stigma of cloning. Ten AD (after Dolly). Cloning as an assisted reproductive technology. All is fine unless you are the clone. Where science meets the public. Issues with human cloning. Cloning as reprotech. Ethical issues with cloning. My father is my twin. Can a clone run for U.S. Presidency? The genie is out of the bottle. In vitro fertilization debate. Reproductive cloning dé jàvu. Overcoming legal and ethical impasse. Private funding. Model organisms. Vertebrates. Invertebrates. Plants. Microorganisms. Circumventing ethical impasse. Message in a bottle from the future. To clone or not to clone? Why? Why not! Clone the law -- 14. At the crossroad. Relatively and genetically speaking. Divinity versus greed. The invisible hand. Fictitious commodities. Tapping into human resources. Mendel and Darwin. The invisible body. Sexual reproduction versus cloning -- Excellent references -- Food for thoughts.

Dieser Beitrag stellt einige Erkenntnisse meiner Seminararbeit über den Wandel des französischen Parteiensystems vor. Über Jahrzehnte hinweg war das Parteiensystem der V. französischen Republik von einer starken bipolaren Rechts-Links-Logik geprägt. Das politische Spektrum ließ sich dabei in vier grobe Gruppierungen unterteilen: Linkssozialisten und Kommunisten (Linksfront), Sozialisten und Linksliberale (Parti socialiste), dann die gemäßigte Rechte um die rechtsliberalen und konservativen UDI und Les Républicains und schließlich der rechtspopulistische Rassemblement National (früher: Front National).Infolge des Mehrheitswahlrechts dominierten die zwei gemäßigten Großparteien des linken und rechten Lagers (PS und LR) die Institutionen. Kleinere Parteien konnten sich durch Bündnisse mit ihnen an der Macht beteiligen. Das Zentrum um die Partei MoDem spielte eine eher untergeordnete Rolle (vgl. Höhne 2015: 41; Kimmel 2017: 328; Ruß-Sattar & Jakob 2018: 5).Diese Grundstruktur in einem "semipräsidentiellen System", in dem das Staatsoberhaupt die Richtlinien der Politik bestimmt, sorgte nach relativer Instabilität in der IV. Republik für stabile Mehrheiten und regelmäßige Machtwechsel zwischen den beiden politischen Lagern. Ferner konnten durch das Wahlsystem extreme Kräfte erfolgreich in Schach gehalten werden. So sorgte auch das Erreichen der Stichwahl von Jean-Marie Le Pen (FN) im Jahr 2002 nicht dafür, dass die bipolare Struktur aufgebrochen wurde, da bei der nachfolgenden Parlamentswahl kein Kandidat der Rechtsextremen in die Nationalversammlung einzog. Man spricht hier auch von einer "republikanischen Front", die den Einfluss rechtsextremer Kräfte einhegt (vgl. Kimmel 2017: 329-33).Das Erdbeben 2017Wahlergebnisse nach https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswahl_in_Frankreich_2017Diese Bipolarität wurde mit der Wahl Macrons im Jahre 2017 aufgebrochen, was einem politischen Erdbeben gleichkam (vgl. Martin 2017). Obwohl schon vorher andere Parteien versucht hatten, das politische Zentrum zu besetzen und mit der Rechts-Links-Logik zu brechen, war die Situation im Jahr 2017 nach Evans & Ivaldi (2018: 20) aus drei Gründen besonders günstig:Eine starke, radikale Wählerschaft (sowohl die linksextreme Partei LFi als auch der rechtspopulistische FN schnitten rekordverdächtig gut ab,eine glaubwürdige zentristische Alternative unter Macron, der auch davon profitierte, dass das politische Zentrum überhaupt erst frei wurde ("Da mit Fillon ein Vertreter der ausgesprochen konservativen Orientierung der Republikaner und mit Hamon ein Exponent des linken Flügels der sozialistischen Partei kandidierten, wurde die politische Mitte für Macrons Kandidatur frei", Kimmel 2017: 340),eine erhöhte Fragmentierung des Parteiensystems.Dem sind weitere Gründe hinzuzufügen:Ein mehr und mehr salonfähig gewordener Front National, der unter Marine Le Pen seit 2011 erfolgreich "entdämonisiert" wird,eine bemerkenswerte Unzufriedenheit mit den Kandidaten der "Regierungsparteien" (innerhalb der PS war man mit dem Kandidaten Hamon gar so unzufrieden, dass einige Wahlwerbung für Macron machten (vgl. Martin 2017: 251),ein immer stärker werdender Konflikt rund um das Thema Globalisierung, auf den ich nun etwas näher eingehen möchte.Dieser Konflikt wurde nämlich von den erfolgreichsten Parteien (LREM, RN, LFi) am deutlichsten integriert, während die "Regierungsparteien" sich hierzu gespalten zeigten. Während Macron die "Gewinner" der Globalisierung für sich gewinnen konnte, ein klares Ja zur europäischen Integration hat, kulturliberale Werte vertritt und sich durch eine liberale Wirtschaftspolitik auszeichnet (vgl. Algan et al. 2018: 2ff; Holzer 2018: 121; Kallinich 2020: 23f), attackieren Mélenchon (LFi) und Le Pen (RN) den gegenwärtigen Kurs von linker bzw. rechter Seite.Dies lässt sich an Le Pens hartem Kurs beim Thema Migration, ihrer Ablehnung des Multikulturalismus, einem starken EU-Skeptizismus bis hin zum lange Jahre angestrebten 'Frexit', einem großen Misstrauen ihrer Wähler gegenüber dem politischen System (vgl. Algan et al. 2018: 19.32; Durovic 2019: 1491f) und dem geforderten Wirtschaftsprotektionismus zeigen.Mélenchons Partei zeichnet sich durch ihren Euroskeptizismus, ihre globalisierungskritische Einstellung und das ebenfalls relativ starke Misstrauen ihrer Wähler gegenüber dem politischen System (vgl. Algan et al. 2018: 32) aus, gründet aber nicht in einer generellen Ablehnung der Globalisierung, sondern in ihrer neoliberalen Ausprägung (vgl. Martin 2017: 261-63).Weiter lässt sich festhalten, dass sich diese Konfliktlinie mitten durch die Mitte-Rechts- und Mitte-Links-Parteien zieht (vgl. Grillmayer 2017: 211). Auf linker und rechter Seite lassen sich jeweils Befürworter und Ablehner der Globalisierung in ihrer gegenwärtigen Ausprägung ausmachen. Die klassischen Volksparteien weisen bei diesem Konflikt also Elemente beider Pole auf.Dies lässt folgende Schlussfolgerung zu: Die neue Konfliktlinie rund um die Globalisierung (Offenheit vs. Geschlossenheit) verläuft entgegen der Rechts-Links-Logik und trennt nicht das linke vom rechten Lager, sondern die Mitte von den Extremen (vgl. Pütz 2017: 206-08). Auf Seite der Rechtspopulisten liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass die Probleme der Globalisierung durch den Rückzug ins Nationale gelöst werden sollen, auf Seite der Linksextremen hingegen durch eine Demokratisierung und Neuordnung der Institutionen jenseits einer neoliberalen Grundordnung (vgl. Martin 2017: 257-63). Die folgende Grafik (eigene Darstellung) macht diese Entwicklung deutlich:Die Präsidentschaftwahl 2022 konnte diese Entwicklung eindrucksvoll bestätigen: Wahlergebnisse nach: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswahl_in_Frankreich_2022 RN und LFi konnten ihre Ergebnisse sogar weiter verbessern, während die traditionellen Regierungsparteien in der Bedeutungslosigkeit versunken sind. Die große Frage, die sich damit für die Präsidentschaftswahl 2027 stellt, lautet: Was wird passieren, wenn mit Macron die einzige Alternative des politischen Zentrums wegfällt, da er dann bereits zwei Legislaturperioden im Amt war? Eine rechtspopulistische Regierung unter Marine Le Pen scheint realistischer denn je - die republikanische Front in Frankreich wackelt erheblich. Die Folgen für Deutschland und die EU wären gravierend...LiteraturAlgan et al. (2018): The rise of populism and the collapse of the left-right paradigm: Lessons from the 2017 French presidential election. In: Cepremap Working Papers (Docweb) 1805.Durovic, Anja (2019): The French elections of 2017: shaking the disease? In: West European Politics. Volume 42,7. S. 1487-1503.Evans, Jocelyn & Ivaldi, Gilles (2018): The 2017 French Presidential Elections.: A Political Reformation?. Palgrave; Springer International Publishing, 2018, 978-3-319-68326-3.10.1007/978-3-319-68327-0.halshs-01697559.Grillmayer, Dominik (2017): Das Wahljahr 2017. In: Bürger & Staat. Frankreich. Heft 4-2017, 67. Jahrgang. Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg. Ulm:Süddeutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. S. 210-15.Holzer, Birgit (2018): Understanding the Macron Phenomenon - The Causes and Consequences of an Unprecedented Political Rise. In: Echle, Christian et al. (Hg.): Panorama. Insights into Asian and European Affairs. Singapore: Konrad-Adenauer- Stiftung. S. 113-22.Höhne, Roland (2015): Parteiensystem im Umbruch. In: Rill, Richard (Hg.): Frankreich im Umbruch. Argumente und Materialien zum Zeitgeschehen, 100. München: Hanns Seidel Stiftung; Akademie für Politik und Zeitgeschehen. S. 41-48.Kallinich, Daniela (2020): Zwischen Polarisierung und Moderation. Frankreichs Präsident Macon und sein Dritter Weg auf dem Prüfstand. Brüssel: Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung.Kimmel, Adolf (2017): Die französischen Wahlen 2017 und die Entwicklung desParteiensystems. In: Zeitschrift für Politik. Vol. 64, No. 3. Baden-Baden: NomosVerlag. S. 328-49.Martin, Pierre (2017): Un séisme politique. L'élection présidentielle de 2017. Commentaire 158: 249–264.Pütz, Christine (2017): Frankreichs Parteiensystem im Wandel. In: Bürger & Staat. Frankreich. Heft 4-2017, 67. Jahrgang. Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg. Ulm: Süddeutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. S. 204-09.Ruß-Sattar, S., & Jakob, S. (2018): Unruhe im System: seit Macrons Wahl wandelt sich die französische Parteienlandschaft. (DGAP-Analyse, 2). Berlin: Forschungsinstitut der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik e.V.. Online verfügbar unter: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-58156-7. Abgerufen am: 24.02.22.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 글로벌행정전공,2019. 8. 구민교. ; Discussions on'state capitalism'became more controversial in 21 century with the rise of emerging countries such as China and India. Since Hall and Soskice first presented two types of capitalism such as liberal market economies (LMEs) and coordinated market economies (CMEs), other studies tried to extend the debates beyond Western Europe and Northern America, and the role of 'states'became important to determine the types of capitalism. Though many theories argued that state capitalism is likely to lead to inefficiency by focusing on social objectives or political gain, institution-based view see that the SOEs performance will vary depending on country-specific features. US and other western developed countries are trying to formulate SOE rules through the international trade agreements such as the CPTPP, the TTIP and the UNMCA as the response to this phenomenon. Korea is expected to be a member of new agreements in the future. The new agreements are not"illegalizing"SOEs but require each government to ensure SOEs to compete on the same basis as private firms. Some countries with strong SOEs such as China and India do not agree on these rules as they see the SOE policies are the matters of economic sovereignty. However, as a member of OECD and a close economic and political partner of the US, Korea cannot ignore the formation of SOE rules in the trade agreements. Fifty five public institutions in Korea are possibly to be categorized as"SOEs", and diverse forms of government's favoritism such as financial contribution, government's indirect guarantee and tax exemption are likely to be regarded as"NCA" under the new rules. Whether those government's support will cause adverse effects on other countries will depend on whether those SOEs are competing in the global goods and services markets and whether they obtained advantages due to the assistances. Having SOEs will not prevent Korea from joining the CPTPP, but some reforms of its SOEs will be needed to conform to the SOE rules in this trade agreement. As to the direction of reform, Korea should focus on three things. First, the government should establish a new accounting system for SOEs, which separates commercial activities that are disciplined by the SOE rules and non-commercial activities, as the OECD Guidelines suggest. This will ensure that there is no cross-subsidization between those two activities. Second, the government should reduce the SOEs' role in foreign markets, as Japan did in the energy sector. Third, the government should reduce or eliminate financial support to SOEs, especially in areas where they compete with private companies. ; 이전 시대부터 등장하였던 국가 자본주의 (State Capitalism)는 중국, 인도 등 신흥경제국 성장으로 21세기 들어 더욱 주목받고 있다. Hall과 Soskice는 자유시장경제 (LMEs)와 조정시장경제 (CMEs)로 "자본주의의 다양성" 모델을 제기하였는데, 국가의 역할을 새롭게 조명하면서 자본주의 논의를 서유럽과 북미 이외의 지역으로 넓히고자 하는 시도는 지속되어왔다. 국가자본주의가 사회적 목적이나 정치적 목적을 달성하기위해 비효율적인 체제로 이를 것이라고 보는 견해가 있으나, 제도주의 (institution-based view) 입장에서는 그 성과를 획일적으로 볼 수는 있으며 국가별로 다른 조건에 따라 달라질 수 있다고 본다. 미국을 비롯한 서구 선진국들은 CPTPP, TTIP, UNMCA 등 새로운 무역협정을 통해 국영기업에 대한 규범을 형성하며 이를 견제하고자 노력하고 있다. 새로운 규범은 국영기업을 금지하지는 않으나, 국영기업이 민간 기업과 동등한 조건에서 경쟁하도록 규율한다. 중국, 인도 등 강한 국영기업을 가진 나라들은 이러한 규범에 동의하지 않고 국가 경제 주권의 문제라고 주장한다. 그러나 OECD 회원국이자 미국의 가까운 정치적, 경제적 파트너로서 한국은 국영기업 규범을 무시할 수 없는 실정이다. CPTPP 국영기업 챕터에 따라 분석한 결과 55개의 공공기관이 "국영기업" 정의에 해당할 가능성이 있으며, 정부가 제공하고 있는 자금 지원, 간접적 정부 보증, 세제 혜택 등이 "비상업적 지원"에 해당할 수 있다. 이러한 지원이 다른 국가에게 "부정적 영향"을 주었는지 여부는, 각 국영기업이 경쟁하고 있는 재화 및 서비스 시장과 이러한 지원을 통한 실질적 혜택 여부에 따라 판단하게 될 것이다. 국영기업을 보유하고 있는 것 자체가 CPTPP 등 국제협정에 가입하는 것을 막는 것은 아니나, 향후 이를 대비한 국내 제도 정비가 바람직한 것으로 보인다. 이를 위해 국영기업 내 상업적/비상업적 (공공목적) 활동에 대한 회계를 분리하고, 해외에서 타기업과 경쟁하는 분야의 국영기업 역할을 축소하고, 상업적 활동에 대한 정부 지원을 줄여가는 것이 적절한 방향이 될 것이다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. Purpose of Researh and Methods 8 1.3. Literature Review 13 Chapter 2. Theories on SOE behavior and State capitalism 19 2.1. State Capitalism as a Type of Capitalism 19 2.2. Theories on SOE and State Capitalism 23 Chapter 3. Multilateral Trade Rules on SOEs 31 3.1. Non-binding Rules: Competitive Neutrality 31 3.2. SOE rules under the WTO and Previous RTAs 33 Chapter 4. SOE rules in Recent Trade Agreements 39 4.1. Background and overview 39 4.2. Analysis of main Elements 40 Chapter 5. Analysis of Korean SOEs 48 5.1. Previous Policies on SOEs in Korea 48 5.2. Identifying SOEs in Korea 50 5.3. Analysis of SOE activities 55 5.4. Cases: KNOC and KOGAS 64 5.5. Singapore and Japans SOEs and Policy implication to the Korea 78 Chapter 6. Conclusion 86 Annex. Identification of Korean SOEs 89 Bibliography 92 Abstract in Korean 95 ; Master