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The ICSID Reports provides the only comprehensive collection of the decisions of arbitral tribunals and ad hoc committees established under the auspices of the World Bank's International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes. Also includes arbitration under the Additional Facility to the ICSID Convention, notably in relation to NAFTA

This book consists of papers originally presented at the Radzinowicz Commemoration Symposium convened in Cambridge in March 2001. It is offered as a tribute to the founding Director of the Institute of Criminology at the University of Cambridge, who was also the first professor of criminology to be appointed in any British university. In wide-ranging chapters, the contributors - all leading scholars of crime and criminal justice - debate some of the central issues of ideology, crime and criminal justice, including morality and policing. Two of the chapters focus on the history of criminal just

The pattern of economic returns to education can help us to understand the poverty-reducing potential of different levels of education. It is commonly believed that labour market returns to
education are highest for the primary level of education and lower for subsequent levels. Recent evidence suggests that the pattern is changing. The paper explores the implications of such changes for both education and labour market policy.

Exactly how schooling affects young women's 'autonomy', especially with respect to her fertility and the life-chances of her children, is a contested issue. We draw on semi-structured interviews with young married women with at least one child under the age of six, in urban and rural areas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, north India, to elaborate differences in attitudes and experiences in
early married life between young married women with at least eight years of schooling and those with little or no formal schooling. All the women in our sample come from India's most disadvantaged
social groups—Scheduled or Other Backward Castes—and live in disadvantaged communities. Tentative conclusions include that women with 10 years or more schooling have very different aspirations about their life partner and married life, and are better able to negotiate relationships with their mother-in-law than do the women with little or no formal schooling experience.

In Ghana there is a highly developed apprenticeship system where young men and women undertake sector-specific private training, which yields skills used primarily in the informal sector. In this paper we use a 2006 urban based household survey with detailed questions on the background, training and earnings of workers in both wage and self-employment to ask whether apprenticeship pays off. We show that apprenticeship is by far the most important institution providing training and is undertaken primarily by those with junior high school or lower levels of education. The summary statistics indicate that those who have done an apprenticeship earn much less than those who have not. This suggests that endogenous selection into the apprenticeship system is important, and we take several measures to address this issue. We find a significant amount of heterogeneity in the returns to apprenticeship across education. Our most conservative estimates imply that for currently employed people, who did apprenticeships but have no formal education, the training increases their earnings by 50%. However this declines as education levels rise. We argue that our results are consistent with those who enter apprenticeship with no education having higher ability than those who enter with more education.

In 1987, the Government of Ghana embarked on a set of educational reforms which culminated in the reduction of pre-tertiary education from 17 to 12 years and the introduction of measures to improve access, equity and quality at all levels of the educational system. The reforms focused primarily on basic education, which had undergone a decade of decline in quality, but higher levels of education were also given some attention. The reforms were launched at a time of a severe economic downturn – the economy had posted three successive years of negative growth – and a diminished capacity of government to finance development. In response, donors became increasingly involved in the provision of finance and technical assistance. As new modalities of aid began to be established, technical and financial assistance was provided to the government for both the preparation and implementation of the reforms. Over the course of the reforms, total donor assistance is estimated at between US$1.5 billion and US$2.0 billion. As the economy began to recover substantially from its malaise of the 1980s, the government's educationsector
expenditure, as a share of GDP, increased from 1.4 per cent in 1987 to 5.7 per cent in 2006, albeit remaining lower than the 6.4 per cent recorded in 1976. This study documents a mixed record of implementation and outcomes of the reforms, with some indicators showing highly uneven improvements over two decades. As regards primary enrolments, for example, the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) increased from 76 in 1987 to 79 in 1991, but fell back again to 73 by 1997. By 2001, the ratio had recovered to 80 but then slid to 78 by the 2003/2004 academic year. Participation in basic education, which comprises both primary and junior secondary schooling, remained "free and compulsory" over the period. The introduction of capitation grants for schools in September 2005 reduced direct costs to households by replacing the various levies that schools imposed on parents for extra-curricular activities. This led to a 17 per cent increase in primary enrolments nationwide (with GER rising to 86) in 2005/6. This increase in school enrolments, while desirable in terms of moving the country towards meeting its objective of providing universal basic education for all Ghanaian children of school-going age, was followed, predictably, by a decline in education quality as the provision of additional teachers, facilities, and logistics lagged behind the capitation grant. A fresh set of educational reforms, scheduled to commence in September 2007, is intended to address these problems. Issues of funding adequacy, coordination and sustainability of donor financing for these reforms, however, remain largely unresolved – especially as donor disbursements in recent years have fallen short of commitments.

This study investigates the economic outcomes of education for wage earners in Pakistan. This is done by analysing the relationship between schooling, cognitive skills and ability on the one hand, and economic activity, occupation, sectoral choice and earnings, on the other. In Pakistan, an important question remains largely unaddressed: what does the coefficient on 'schooling' in conventional earnings function estimates measure? While human capital theory holds that the
economic return to an extra year of schooling measures productivity gains acquired through additional schooling, the credentialist view argues that it represents a return to acquired qualifications and credentials while a third, the signalling hypothesis, suggests that is captures a return to native ability. This paper seeks to adjudicate between these theories using data from a unique purpose-designed survey of more than 1000 households in Pakistan, collected in 2007. The paper also examines the shape of the education-earnings relationship in Pakistan as a way of testing the poverty reducing potential of education in Pakistan.

This is an ambitious attempt to view the relationships involving education and income as forming a system, and one that can generate a poverty trap. The setting is rural China, and the data are from a national household survey for 2002, designed with research hypotheses in mind. Enrolment is high in rural China by comparison with most poor rural societies, but the quality of education varies greatly. There are three main strands to the paper. One examines the determinants of enrolment, and finds that poverty has an adverse effect on both the quality and quantity of education - so contributing to a poverty trap. The second examines the effects of education. It shows how and why the returns to education vary according to household and community income – so also contributing to a poverty trap. The third strand brings no fewer than 17 estimated relationships together as a system, and poses the question: can education break the vicious circle of poverty? The implications for poverty analysis and for educational policy are considered.

Introduction / Brian Sloan and Claire Fenton-Glynn -- The enigma of Article 5 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child central or peripheral? / Elaine E. Sutherland -- The scope and limitations of the concept of evolving capacities within the CRC / Gerison Lansdown -- Assessing children's capacity reconceptualising our understanding through the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child / Aoife Daly -- 'Evolving capacities' and 'parental guidance' in the context of youth justice testing the application of Article 5 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child / Ursula Kilkelly -- Parental guidance in support of children's participation rights the interplay between arts 5 and 12 in the family justice system / Nicola Taylor -- Do parents know best? / John Eekelaar -- From reasonable to unreasonable corporal punishment in the home / Trynie Boezaart -- Parental responsibilities and rights during the "gender reassignment" decision-making process of intersex infants guidance in terms of Article 5 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child / Lize Mills and Sabrina Thompson -- Children's capacities and role in matters of great significance for them an analysis of the Norwegian county boards' decision-making in cases about adoption from care / Amy McEwan-Strand and Marit Skivenes -- Children's views, best interests and evolving capacities in consenting to their own adoption a study of NSW Supreme Court judgements for adoptions from care / Judy Cashmore, Amy Conley Wright and Sarah Hoff -- Article 5 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the involvement of Fathers in Adoption Proceedings : a comparative analysis / Brian Sloan -- Article 5 : The Role of Parents in the Proxy Informed Consent Process in Medical Research involving Children / Sheila Varadan -- Scotland's named person scheme a Case Study of Article 5 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in Practice / Gillian Black -- New Zealand Case Studies to test the meaning and use of Article 5 of the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child / Mark Henaghan.

"My Soul's Far Better Part": Homer's Hector as Man of Feeling. Eighteenth-century sentimentalism may seem foreign to the brutal world of Homer's Iliad. Yet the parting of Hector and Andromache as depicted in the ancient Greek epic was a key symbol of sens