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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Muradihalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 591 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 580 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 11 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent area are shallow (25 - 50 cm), 40 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 23 per cent area soils area moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 31 per cent area are deep (100 - 150 cm).  About 14 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 45 per cent area loamy and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 95 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 64 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 3 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 8 per cent area.  About 67 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 23 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) available phosphorus.  About 86 per cent area is medium (145 – 337 kg/ha) and 12 per cent area is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 32 per cent.  About 81 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 44(7) 413(70) Guava - 130(22) Maize 130(22) 335(57) Sapota - 130(22) Bajra 130(22) 328(55) Pomegranate - 219(37) Groundnut 130(22) 135(23) Musambi 44(7) 175(30) Sunflower 44(7) 175(30) Lime 44(7) 175(30) Redgram - 219(37) Amla 130(22) 283(48) Bengal gram 44(7) 45(8) Cashew - 130(22) Cotton 44(7) 148(25) Jackfruit - 130(22) Chilli 130(22) 312(53) Jamun - 44(7) Tomato 130(22) 223(38) Custard apple 174(29) 284(48) Brinjal 130(22) 223(38) Tamarind - 44(7) Onion 130(22) 223(38) Mulberry - 130(22) Bhendi 130(22) 312(53) Marigold 130(22) 312(53) Drumstick - 174(29) Chrysanthemum 130(22) 312(53) Mango - 218(37)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Muradihalli is located at North latitude 160 33' 25.84" and 160 32'10.098" and East longitude 770 23' 17.872'' and 770 21' 4.201" covering an area of about 590.22 ha coming under Chandapura, Duppalli, Baddepalli and Kadechoora Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Muradihalli micro watersheds of Ajalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Muradihalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small, 15 (42.86 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 84 (62.69%) men and 50 (37.31 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 3, small farmers were 3.8, semi medium farmers were 4.1 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (37.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 64.18 per cent of illiterates, 21.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.24 per cent middle school education, and 8.21 per cent high school education, 1.49 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.49 them had other education.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 78.36 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 74.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 28.57 per cent possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess Power Tiller, 2.86 per cent possess Thresher, 34.29 per cent possess Weeder, 5.71 per cent possess tractor and 5.71 per cent possess Sprinkler.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, women available in the micro watershed was 1.49, hired labour (men) available was 6.49 and hired labour (women) available was 6.49. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 97.80 per cent (73.43 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram and Cotton, cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 31.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 77.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100 per cent have borrowed loan from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Cotton was Rs.27720.80 and 20643.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.90 and 1: 2.10 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 113685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77914.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 11 horticulture trees and 80 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7685.71 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 65.71 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 71.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 28.57 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (77.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (94.29%), inadequate extension services (65.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nazarapur-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 539 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 404 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 123 ha by rock outcrops and 12 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 6 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 51 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent clayey soils at the surface  An area of 30 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 29 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 35 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 64 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 11 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 3 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) in soil reaction, 8 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 63 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4)  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%).  42 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha)in available phosphorus and 33 per cent area is high (> 57 kg/ha).  About 63 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 12 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 106 (20) - Guava - - Maize - 106 (20) Sapota - - Bajra - 106 (20) Pomegranate - 106 (20) Groundnut - - Musambi 106 (20) - Sunflower 106 (20) - Lime 106 (20) - Redgram - 105 (20) Amla 19 (3) 87 (16) Bengal gram 106 (20) - Cashew - - Cotton 106 (20) - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 105 (20) Jamun - 106 (20) Tomato - 87 (16) Custard apple 106 (20) - Brinjal 87 (16) 19 (3) Tamarind - - Onion 60 (11) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 87 (16) 19 (3) Marigold - 105 (20) Drumstick - 105 (20) Chrysanthemum - 105 (20) Mango - 87 (16)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nazarapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 50' 1.92" and 160 48'28.869" and East longitude 770 25' 14.222'' and 770 23' 14.268" covering an area of about 538.42 ha coming under under Najarapura, Keshawar and Borabanda Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nazarapur-1 micro watersheds of Gurmatkal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 19 (55.88 %) were marginal and 12 (35.29%) were small farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (55.84%) men and 68 (44.16 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (47.40%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 61.04 per cent of illiterates, 14.94 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.09 per cent middle school education, and 8.44 per cent high school education, 3.25 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.60 per cent attained graduation  About, 85.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.99 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 61.76 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70.59 per cent possess TV, 14.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.65 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 23.53 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 6.73 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.59.  Further, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 84.58 per cent (27.27 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.42 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 70.59 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 20.59 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 52.63 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 26.32 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 89.47 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.40948.74, 74253.61, 57058.51, 89347.24 and 39386.59 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 3.40, 1: 2.00, 1: 1.50 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 52.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 0.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 123908.82 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 49932.35 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 65 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10617.65 for land development and Rs. 4411.76 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 23.53 per cent depends on own funds and 11.76 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 64.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 73.53 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (58.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.18 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 73.53 per cent of the households and 38.24 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.12%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (79.41%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (105.88%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.18%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (97.06%), inadequacy of irrigation water (76.47%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.18%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.88%), inadequate extension services (50.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.24%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 773 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 74 per cent is covered by soil and 26 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 71 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 53 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 60 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 59 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 15 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  Entire cultivated area of the soils in the microwatershed are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 5 per cent area.  An area of about 17 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 57 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 23 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 51 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) and 65 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 169(22) 118(15) Sapota 56(7) 92(12) Maize 56(7) 231(30) Pomegranate 56(7) 307(40) Bajra 72(9) 275(36) Guava - 148(19) Groundnut - 227(29) Jackfruit 56(7) 92(12) Sunflower 102(13) 185(24) Jamun 56(7) 206(27) Cotton 169(22) 118(15) Musambi 102(13) 261(34) Red gram 56(7) 226(29) Lime 102(13) 261(34) Bengalgram 113(15) 174(23) Cashew - 148(19) Chilli 56(7) 16(2) Custard apple 185(24) 257(33) Tomato 56(7) 16(2) Amla 72(9) 370(48) Brinjal 16(2) 350(45) Tamarind 56(7) 130(17) Onion - 151(20) Marigold 56(7) 231(30) Bhendi - 367(47) Chrysanthemum 56(7) 231(30) Drumstick 72(9) 294(38) Jasmine 56(7) 16(2) Mulberry 72(9) 286(37) Crossandra 56(7) 37(5) Mango 56(7) 16(2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belur-3 is located at North latitude 150 14' 19.625" and 150 12' 17.551" and East longitude 760 8' 41.954'' and 760 6' 2.989" covering an area of about 772.99 ha coming under Gudlanura and Akkapura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belur-3 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 93 (59.62%) men and 63 (40.38 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.4, marginal farmers were 4.8, small farmers were 4.3, semi medium farmers were 4.1 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (48.08%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 27.56 per cent illiterates, 26.28 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.69 per cent middle school education and 14.10 per cent high school education, 14.10 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.64 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.49 per cent attained graduation and 5.13 them had other education.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.87 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 42.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.86 per cent possess local cow and 11.43 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.92, women available in the micro watershed was 1.20, hired labour (men) available was 13.22 and hired labour (women) available was 13.43.  Further, 102.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 76.16 per cent (42.76 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 23.84 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 34.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Onion, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.62 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 10.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Onion, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.27331.63 , 35492.45, 23968.40, 51700.52, and 114699.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 3.20, 1: 2.10, 1: 2.70, and 1:1.00 , respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 91371.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 73657.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 133 horticulture trees and 125 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 5.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 80.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.43%), pulses (88.57%) and oilseeds (25.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.00%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (40.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40.00%), Less rainfall (54.29%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-3Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 762 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 403 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha area is covered by railway line, 323 ha area is covered by mining/industrial and 31 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 403 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 30 per cent of area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 10 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 3 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 30 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 10 per cent of area is low (51- 100 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 47 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 6 per cent of area is severely (e3) eroded.  About 19 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 35 per cent area is strongly alkaline to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4->9) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) is 0.75%), 35 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 5 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur content is low (1 ppm) in an area of 8 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 41 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 12 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 371 (49) Guava - - Maize - 371 (49) Sapota - - Bajra - 371 (49) Pomegranate - 200 (26) Groundnut - 77 (10) Musambi - 200 (26) Sunflower - 200 (26) Lime - 200 (26) Redgram - 294 (39) Amla - 272 (35) Bengal gram 195 (26) 99 (13) Cashew - - Cotton - 200 (26) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 277 (36) Jamun - - Tomato - 77 (10) Custard apple - 277 (36) Brinjal - 77 (10) Tamarind - - Onion - 77 (10) Mulberry - 195 (26) Bhendi - 277 (36) Marigold - 277 (36) Drumstick - 196 (26) Chrysanthemum - 277 (36) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shethalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 31' 50.879" and 160 29' 29.691" and East longitude 770 18' 30.581'' and 770 16' 48.138" covering an area of about 772.15 ha coming under Shettilli, Kadechoora and Badiyala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shethalli-3 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Shethalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 11 (32.35%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (54.20%) men and 60 (45.80 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 4.1, small farmers were 3.5, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (41.98%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 41.98 per cent illiterates, 54.21 per cent pre university education and 1.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.24 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.36 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 79.41 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.88 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 32.35 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.94 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 26.47 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.94 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.31, women available in the micro watershed was 1.25, hired labour (men) available was 5.78 and hired labour (women) available was 6.09. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 98.24 per cent (50.54 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 1.76 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 80.63 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 26.47 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 66.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 16.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Sorghum was Rs.20437.92 , 25768.30 and 11224.23 with benefit cost ratio of 1:5.40, 1: 1.70 and 1: 2.10 respectively.  Further, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 84117.65 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57205.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 25 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.94 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3485.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 58.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 76.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (97.06%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.12 per cent of the households and 5.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 35.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.12%) and oilseeds (88.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (100.00 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.24%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.24%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%), inadequate extension services (41.18 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Buragapalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 391 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 375 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soil and 16 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 375 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 41 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 55 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm).  About 55 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 41 per cent has clayey soils.  About of 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) and 55 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area falls under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded and 85 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  About 56 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 40 per cent area is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 58 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 10 per cent area is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Except one ha where it is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 32 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 86(22) 31(8) Guava - - Maize - 117(30) Sapota - - Bajra - 117(30) Pomegranate - 117(30) Groundnut - - Musambi 86(22) 31(8) Sunflower 86(22) 31(8) Lime 86(22) 31(8) Redgram - 117(30) Amla - 86(22) Bengal gram 86(22) 31(8) Cashew - - Cotton 86(22) 31(8) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 117(30) Jamun - 86(22) Tomato - - Custard apple 86(22) 31(8) Brinjal - - Tamarind - 86(22) Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 117(30) Marigold - 117(30) Drumstick - 86(22) Chrysanthemum - 117(30) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Buragapalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 54' 42.322" and 160 53' 23.247" and East longitude 770 26' 57.655'' and 770 25' 40.042" covering an area of about 388.59 ha coming unde Buragapalli Village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Buragapalli-1 micro watersheds of Gurmatkal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Buragapalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 14 (40.00%) were small, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 59 (50.00%) men and 59 (50.00 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 3.3, small farmers were 3.5, semi medium farmers were 3.3 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (40.68%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.29 per cent illiterates, 61.87 per cent pre university education and 6.78 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.81 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent possess TV, 45.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.38, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 15.18 and hired labour (women) available was 15.35.  Further, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 0.85 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 500.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 97.48 per cent (51.56 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 2.52 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.72 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Onion and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 46.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (96.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 96.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Onion was Rs.20883.79, 10823.21, 23248.08, 14623.48 and 362565.84 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.40, 1: 5.70, 1: 0.92, 1: 2.10 and 1:0.72 respectively.  Further, 80.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 83515.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62572.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 13 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 28.57 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 428.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. 3  Regarding marketing channels, 51.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 37.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 80.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (80.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 8.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (82.86%), pulses (82.86%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (60.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.00%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%), Less rainfall (45.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tatalageri-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 488 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 301 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 91 ha by forest, 87 ha by rock outcrops and about 9 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 17 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 45 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 40 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 1 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About an area of 10 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 52 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 64(13) 71(15) Guava - 17(4) Maize - 135(28) Sapota - 17(4) Bajra - 135(28) Pomegranate - 81(17) Groundnut - 17(4) Musambi 53(11) 28(6) Sunflower 64(13) 17(4) Lime 53(11) 28(6) Redgram - 81(17) Amla - 135(28) Bengal gram 64(13) 71(15) Cashew - - Cotton 64(13) 71(15) Jackfruit - 17(4) Chilli - 135(28) Jamun - 64(13) Tomato - 124(26) Custard apple 70(14) 65(13) Brinjal 64(13) 71(15) Tamarind - 64(13) Onion 11(2) 71(15) Mulberry - 17(4) Bhendi 64(13) 71(15) Marigold - 135(28) Drumstick - 81(17) Chrysanthemum - 135(28) Mango - 64(13)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Tatalageri-1 is located at North latitude 160 50' 1.629" and 160 48' 42.931" and East longitude 770 18' 4.419" and 770 16' 11.331" covering an area of about 487.74 ha coming under Tatalagera, Mugadhamapoora, Kandhakura, Chinthanapalli and Yampada Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 32 respondents, - 10 (31.25%) were marginal, 9(28.13%) were small and 7 (21.88%) were semi medium and 1 (3.13%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 112 (54.90%) men and 92 (45.10 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 67.65 per cent illiterates, 28.42 per cent pre university education and 1.96 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.13 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 10.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 66.67 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 59.38 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 21.88 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.88 per cent possess TV, 12.50 per cent possess mixer grinder, 93.75 per cent possess mobile phones and 37.50 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 56.25 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.13 per cent possess tractor, 15.63 per cent possess bullock cart and 28.13 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 37.50 per cent possess local cow and 25.00 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 13.47 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.71.  Further, 3.13 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 1.96 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1200.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 67.83 per cent (36.88 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 32.17 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Jowar, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.91 per cent.  Out of the sample households 93.75 percent possessed bank account and 31.25 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 93.75 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 21.88 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks, 3.12 per cent from Cooperative bank and 18.75 per cent from grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (86.67%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Jowar, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.51814.70 , 30754.26, 79012.15, 62877.45 and 46302.23 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.2 , 1:0.8 , 1:1.2 , 1:0.9 and 1:4 , respectively.  Further, 31.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.00 per cent of them opined dry fodder was inadequate. With respect to green fodder availability, 3.13 percent of them opined it was adequate and 3.13 percent of them opined it was inadequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 172312.50 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 61335.94 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have horticulture species growm coconut, Mango and sapota trees in the fields.  Sample households have forest species grown 24 neem, 2 tamarind, acacia and banyan trees and 1 pongamia trees in their field.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs 4062.5. for land development. Rs 6562.5 for irrigation facility creation and Rs. 5000 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 9.09 per cent for land development and 12.1 per cent for irrigation facility depends on Government subsidy activities 3.03 per cent for improved crop production depend on loan from bank activities  Regarding marketing channels, 96.88 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 96.88 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (59.3%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.38 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 12.50 and 6.25 per cent of farmers practicing feld bunding and graded bund as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 81.25 per cent of the households and 25.00 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 84.38 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 75.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 93.75 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 3.13 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 6.25 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.75%), pulses (71.88%) and oilseeds (40.63%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (59.38%) wild animal menace on farm field ( 59.38%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (84.38%), inadequacy of irrigation water (53.13%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (84.38%), high rate of interest on credit (87.50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.25%), inadequate extension services (43.75%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (53.13%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

As readers of this blog know, I have an interest in the Fed's operating system. This interest has culminated in a new paper where I look at the consequences of the Fed moving from a corridor system to a floor system in 2008. In particular, the paper looks at what this change has meant for bank portfolios and, as a result, financial intermediation provided by banks. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations. I would also note that George Selgin has just released a new book on this topic. My hope is that these projects will help inform the conversation over what operating system the Fed wants as it continues to normalize monetary policy. 



Paper Outline
So what does my paper have to say? It starts by laying out the standard arguments for a floor system:

The central idea behind this move was to remove the opportunity cost to banks of holding excess reserves by offering the banks a deposit rate at the Fed—the IOER rate—that was equal to or above short-term market interest rates. This favorable return was to sever banks' incentive to rebalance their portfolios away from excess reserves toward other assets. The IOER rate was also to put a floor under short-term interest rates so as to align them with the Fed's desired interest rate target. Together, these two facets of the floor system would allow the Fed to use its balance sheet as a tool of monetary policy while still maintaining interest rate control. 

In this new operating system, the stance of monetary policy was no longer set by a market interest rate but by an administrative interest rate: the IOER rate. The stance of monetary policy also was no longer tied to the supply of reserves. Instead, it was linked to the quantity of reserves demanded by banks, which the Fed influenced through changes to IOER. Specifically, the Fed set the IOER rate high enough that banks' demand for reserves became perfectly elastic with respect to the federal funds rate. As a result, changes in the quantity of reserves supplied led to identical changes in the quantity demanded, other things being equal.  

The Federal Reserve, in short, went from an operating system in which monetary policy was transmitted through open market operations to one in which it is transmitted through the IOER rate. The Fed's operating system
changed from one in which money, in the form of reserves, mattered for monetary
policy to one in which money has been "divorced" from monetary policy.
Okay, so why does this "divorce" matter? For advocates of a floor system the answer is simple:

This divorce from money is seen by many observers as the key advantage... because it gives the Fed the freedom to use its balance sheet independently of its desired interest rate target. The Fed, for example, can now sharply increase the supply of reserves in response to a liquidity crisis without causing a decline in its targeted interest rate.
Skeptics of the floor system, on the other hand, see this divorce as more problematic:

Others, however, see this divorce as creating an operating system that impairs the transmission mechanism of monetary policy... These observers' understanding starts with the standard assumptions of a floor system. First, a floor system requires the IOER rate to be set at least equal to short-term interest rates. This removes the opportunity costs to banks of holding reserves and thereby keeps their demand perfectly elastic with respect to other short-term interest rates...  

[This] can lead to a rebalancing of bank portfolios that causes the supply of loans to be lower than it would have been otherwise. Banks lend as long as the marginal cost of funding is less than the risk-free marginal return on bank lending. In the Fed's floor system, the IOER rate sets the marginal funding cost. Consequently, by setting the IOER rate higher than other short-term interest rates, the Fed has raised the marginal costs of funding and narrowed the gap between these costs and the risk-free marginal return on bank lending. All else being equal, the narrowing of this gap implies a relative reduction in the supply of loans and therefore a relative decline in the money supply.

Are these worries merited? My paper provides an empirical look at bank portfolios before and after the advent of the floor system to see if (1) there have been big structural shifts in bank balance sheets consistent with the critics claims and (2) whether such shifts can be attributed to the Fed's floor system. 



Empirical Evidence
On (1) I start with the following figure. It shows the share of bank assets allocated to loans and to safe assets (defined as the sum of cash, treasury, and agency asset holdings). Unsurprisingly, these series are almost mirror images of each other over both cyclical and structural time horizons. They tend to move in opposite directions during recessions--the grey bars--and over longer periods. At the advent of the floor system in late 2008, the loan share began declining as the safe asset share started rising. This change has been sustained and only recently has started reversing: 





If we break the safe assets apart into its subcategories, we see that that this tight link has been historically driven by movements in treasury and agency investments corresponding with changes in the loan share. Since 2008, the driving force behind the tight link became cash not treasury and agency investments:




If we zoom in and use two scales, this apparent structural change is even clearer.  Cash shares and loan shares become mirror images of each other:






Something big happened in 2008 that continues to the present that caused banks to allocate more of their portfolios to cash assets and less to loans. While the financial crisis surely was a part of the initial rebalancing, it is hard to attribute what appears to be 10-year structural change to the crisis alone. Instead, it seems more consistent with the critics view that the floor system itself has fundamentally changed bank portfolios allocation.



That takes us to question (2). The following figure shows the loan share of bank assets plotted against the spread between the IOER rate and the overnight dollar Libor rate. This IOER-Libor spread is negatively and strongly correlated with the loan share. This suggests banks invested less in loans when the relative return on bank reserves rose and vice versa.





Conversely, banks appear to have allocated more to cash assets with the IOER-Libor spread rose and vice versa:







The paper goes on to more carefully test these relationships using two-stage least squares regressions that control for endogeneity issues and other confounding influences. Moreover, the paper also provides a further breakdown of this relationship among foreign banks, large domestic banks, and small domestic banks. Collectively, the regressions point to a strong causal effect running from the IOER-Libor spread to the allocation of bank assets.



The Fed's move to a floor system, then, does seem to have influenced the amount of financial intermediation provided by banks to the private sector. The end of the paper provides some counterfactual exercises, including the following figure





This counterfactual shows the supply of bank loans would have been, at its peak, as much as $2 trillion higher in 2014. By mid-2018, with the IOER-Libor spread shrinking, it was closer to a $1 trillion shortfall. Now to be fair, other factors such as increased risk aversion, fintech, and new regulations also contributed to below trend growth in bank lending since the crisis. Still the evidence strongly suggest that financial intermediation to the private sector through banks declined because of the floor system. 


Policy Implications

The Fed's floor system, in short, has caused banks to increase their investment in the Fed at the expense of investing in the private sector. The question, then, becomes whether the Fed is any better than banks in allocating this credit. Put differently, is the Fed as a financial intermediary--funding short and lending long--really providing a better financial service than would have been provided by the private sector financial firms? It is not obvious to me that the answer is yes. 



What is obvious to me is that the Fed's floor system creates a whole set of other problems. First, as a profitable financial intermediary, the Fed is setting itself up for political shenanigans. Recall Congress taping into the Fed's capital surplus in 2018 and 2015. Though these transfers were relatively small and to some extent accounting gimmicks, they show how tempting a large, profitable Fed balance sheet can be to Congress. Second, the floor system effectively destroyed unsecured interbank lending. This market provided useful interbank monitoring and price discovery that no longer exists. Bringing this market-based monitoring back would be a nice addition to the bank regulator's existing toolbox. Third, the floor system forces the Fed to take safe asset collateral off the market which impairs other parts of the financial system. Only recently has President Trump's budget deficits begun to fill this hole. Fourth, the floor system can create bad optics for the Fed via the appearance of large 'subsidies' to large and foreign banks. In this era of populist politics, the Fed should be worried about the dangers to its independence this image could create. Finally, as noted above, I worry the Fed is a less effective financial intermediary than the private sector.



In short,  I see the costs exceeding any benefits from the floor system. That is why I advocate a return to a corridor system, but this time with the IOER explicitly setting the lower boundary. That is, the IOER would still be around, but it would be set lower than overnight market interest rates. For the past decade it has been for the most part above them. More details are in the paper.


Update: I have had several commentators ask me about the difficulty of returning to a corridor system given the relatively new LCR. Let me quote Governor Randy Quarles from a recent speech:

How banks respond to the Fed's reduction in reserve balances could, in theory, take a few different forms. One could envision that as the Fed reduces its securities holdings, a large share of which consists of Treasury securities, banks would easily replace any reduction in reserve balances with Treasury holdings, thereby keeping their LCRs roughly unchanged. According to this line of thought, because central bank reserve balances and Treasury securities are treated identically by the LCR, banks should be largely indifferent to holding either asset to meet the regulation. In that case, the reduction in reserves and corresponding increase in Treasury holdings might occur with relatively little adjustment in their relative rates of return.
In other words, since reserves and treasuries are viewed as equal HQLA there could be a substitution between the two as the Fed shrinks its balance sheet down. Quarles notes that currently some banks favor reserves, but that tells us nothing about what is ideal or what would transpire in a new symmetric corridor system. Finally, it is also worth noting that  banks can use Treasuries, but not reserves, as collateral for repos. Manhoman Singh is very good on that point. So Treasuries can actually make banks more liquid that non-hypothecatable reserves.


P.S. Here is a panel from the recent Cato Monetary Policy Conference on this issue. Great comments from Stephen Williamson, George Selgin, and Peter Ireland. Josh Zumbrum was the moderator.

In this research, logistic villages, especially the logistic village, where will be established in Bayburt, have investigated in order to understand to the economic contributions to the city, region and country, and the development and potential development which will be achieved afterwards. With the model proposal of Bayburt logistic village, we have tried to give an idea about the structure and function of the logistic village which will be established to the local and national interlocutors It is also aimed that our work will be inspired to mainly future research about logistics and logistic villages and Bayburt logistics village works and directory direction. Our research İs basically work İnto the world logistics, logistic of Turkey, logistic in the region and logistics in the Bayburt.Bayburt has a duality in the Eastern Black Sea region in terms of its geographical location, but hard continental climate is dominant. When we take Bayburt province center, Erzurum in the east, Gümüşhane and Erzincan in the west; In the north, it is observed that Trabzon and Rize are in a very strategic position. Therefore Bayburt is a very important center in terms of logistics with the use of the transportation conditions in these areas and the finishing of the tunnels which are constantly under construction from the great targets of our country in 2023. In Bayburt province, dry food storage areas can be established as Logistics. In contrast to the black sea climate in the vicinity, the nemo ran is low and it can create an efficient and sheltered storage area. It can also create an incentive for employment in the region. Also in our study Methodology; After the descriptive analysis, the Fit index intervals were examined within the scope of factor analysis, ANOVA analysis and Structural equation model. The H1, H2, H3 hypotheses investigated in our study were evaluated within this scope. STRUCTURED ABSTRACT 1-Introduction In consequence of globalization and rapid developments in technology, companies have to be able to optimize speed, flexibility, cost and consumer demands in order to survive in a challenging national and international competitive environment. Therefore, it is essential that companies deliver their products and services to target markets much faster and at an optimum cost than their competitors. There is no doubt that this competition of companies is a big deal in logistics activities. As a matter of fact, logistics activities will result in lower costs, higher quality, increased production and customer satisfaction. At the end of all this, a significant advantage will be gained nationally and internationally. The desire of companies to appreciate these advantages has led to an increase in the importance of logistics. 2-Conceptual Framework Logistics management is the full range of administrative activities that meet the two-way flow of goods or supplies between shipment points and delivery points in line with customer needs (Tanyaş, 2005: 6). Logistics management is basically the process of planning the flow of goods and services through the various channels of production to the producer. It is mainly aimed at solving the problems that may be experienced in this flow process. The nececities for businesses to have a logistics management lies in the need to achieve the following objectives (Erdal ve Çancı, 2009: 47): • Reducing the cost of goods and services • Creating a competitive advantage • Providing added value to the business • Establishing high quality standards • Harmonizing the business with environmental conditions. Logistics management consists of three basic stages. In the first phase, there is a physical distribution. The physical distribution phase essentially begins with the acceptance the order. Following the order acceptance step, order processing, inventory control, warehouse and stock movements are in the line. The second step in logistics management is to identify the raw materials and materials that will be needed in the manufacturing process. They are transportation, main production program and support for the distribution of goods within the manufacturing process from one warehouse to another. Providing necessary coordination between manufacturing and physical distribution is one of the main objectives of logistics management. Procurement is the process of obtaining raw materials and goods by utilising external sources. Important elements in the procurement process include determining the characteristics and boundaries of supply sources, searching for new sources of supply and establishing continuous and systematic relationships with existing sources of supply. The development of logistics activities can be taken up to the 19th century. The birth of Logistics as an industry and trade area is linked to the Industrial Revolution and modernism process. In this part of the study, the development of logistics activities in our country and abroad will be examined. The history of the first work in the field of logistics dates back to the 1850s. The logistics economy was written by Lardner in London. Later, economists such as Taussig, Fetter and Handley worked. Between 1956 and 1965, the concept of integrated logistics came to light, and Drucker, one of the well-known names in this field, began to gain clarity (Drucker, 1962: 72). The 1980s are a turning point in terms of the logistics sector. There was a rapid development and growth in the process. In the 1980s, the notion of integrated logistics began to gain importance due to the evergrowing rapid growth in the logistics sector (Bowersox et al., 2002: 328). With the 1990s, organizations began to reduce logistics costs. Combination of logistics services and outsourcing strategies have begun to be preferred (Ross, 1998: 96). The development of the concept of logistics in our country is quite new. Mainly import and export activities, in general large-scale retailing and e-commerce development are the main factors that enable the development of logistics in our country. The development as a sector of logistics in our country is linked to the historical development process that took place in the 1980s and 1990s. In this period, where land, sea and air transportation increased in our country, it was a milestone in terms of logistics activities. (Babacan, 2002: 10) There were diversified needs in Turkey for the transition to the free market economy in the 1980s and for the institutions that will carry out logistics activities on the axis of export-based growth (Tuna and Ozer, 2002: 173). The 1990s created an rise in terms of the logistics sector. Turkey has begun to develop and diversify its logistics services in a similar way to applications in the world in this period. The 2000s have become a sector in which both the local and international companies actively participate in the development of the logistics sector (Babacan, 2002: 10). The idea of logistic village for Bayburt lies in the fact that Bayburt and Gümüşhane Airport will be opened in the near future. This airport will be used logistically as well as human transportation will play an important role for the logistic village to be established. The most plausible logistic village near Bayburt Airport will bring together big businesses operating in the area of international cargo and air transport. In this case, a part of freights and cargos, which are sent and delivered to Erzurum and Trabzon at airports, will shift to this region. In case of operation of Bayburt Lojistik Village, all cargo companies will be collected from Bayburt-Gümüşhane Airport. Later on, the companies that come to this area will get to their departments and use the way they want to reach them. It is also a suitable region for storage according to the Bayburt climate conditions. It is also important to emphasize that the established logistic village in Bayburt that are managed by cooperation with industry, government and universities. These groups need to focus on a common goal. It is expected that the distribution products from the production in this respect will increase the competitiveness of the products in national and international markets. 3-Method While developing the scale in this study, Karabük University Institute of Social Sciences, Business Administration Department, adapted the questions given in the thesis titled "The Impact of Logistics Villages on Marketing Process: Sectoral Perceptions for Karabük" and applied them to the students who are studying at Bayburt University and by factor analysis (Socio-Cultural, Socioeconomic and Social Welfare), a new scale consisting of 25 questions was created.Ölçeğin güvenirliğinin belirlenmesinde de Cronbach's Alpha yöntemi yapılmıştır. (Cronbach,1951: 297-334) Structural equilibrium modeling is an effective model testing and development method that can explain the causal relationship of variables in integrated hypotheses related to models based on statistical dependence and allows the theoretical models to be tested as a whole. The FE model allows the researcher to determine the direct and indirect effects between variables. (Ullman, 2003). In addition, after the T-test and one-way ANOVA tests were first performed by SPSS program in this study, only factor analysis and Fit indices were tried to be examined with YEM. 4-Findings The research was carried out by way of "Bayburt Illi Logistics Strategic Plan and Logistic Center Feasibility BAP Project" in order to provide a better understanding of the logistic villagers who are active in Turkey in 2017 and who are the lifeblood for sustainability of logistics. Our research was conducted on 250 students at Bayburt University. The main mass size of this questionnaire is approximately 1000. The 95% confidence level is 1.96 for the 5% significance level. The sample universe is made up of 248 people. As a result of these surveys, it can be said that the number of participants represents the universe. 5- Results With this research, the economic contribution of the logistic village, where will be established in Bayburt, to the city, region and country was pointed out, and the development and progress that will be achieved later was investigated. We examined how the logistic village, which will be established by the model proposal that have been presented for Bayburt logistics village, should be. In addition, the structure of this village has been tried to give an idea to the interlocutors on the local and national basis about its function and its possible benefits. It is also aimed that our work will be inspired by reseacrhers who focus on the logistics and logistics villages in general and Bayburt logistics village in particular, and expecting that it should be a source for them. In this research, the benefits that the Bayburt logistics village which is proposed in the model can provide for regional and national significance can be listed as follows: • Bayburt logistics village will play a leading role in the development of Bayburt and its region. The logistic village will be a project that will serve not only Bayburt but all the region, especially Gümüşhane and Erzincan. • As a result of the activation of Bayburt-Gumushane airport that will be opened, local and international air transportation and cargo transportation sector will develop and will contribute to regional exports. • By establishing a logistics village, businesses in Bayburt will be able to deliver products they produce more efficiently, productive and quickly. All these processes related to logistics to customs can be done within the logistic village. • With modern facilities and advanced technology, the logistics village will have a direct impact on employment and will seriously reduce the unemployment problem for Bayburt. • Bayburt will become a center of attraction through the logistic village. For this reason, infrastructure and environmental regulations must be made. As a result, the city could become a more modern place. • The logistics village will lead to some structural changes in the logistics sector and create new business areas in Bayburt. In the transportation between the logistics villages, the efficiency will increase because more cargo will be carried at less cost (unit transport costs will decrease). This will be ensured by the orientation of the truck and trailer to air transport. All of these facts, almost all key factors are evaluated and it is seen that Bayburt Lojistik Village has all the features and it is considered to be an important project for the region in many respects. This study was piloted on Bayburt University faculty of economics and administrative sciences students to learn ideas about the logistic village. We evaluated the answers we received for specific survey questions. Then we looked at the homogeneity and significance of these data. We finally made a fit analysis on the structural equation package program Lisrel about the model to be built

Soviet and post-Soviet historians have not paid enough attention to the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) – the U.S. principal archive that preserves historical documentary sources of national importance. In the United States the history of the National Archives is presented in the works of Wayne C. Grover, Donald R. McCoy, H.G. Jones, Herman J. Viola, Anna Bruner Eales and other authors. The 1940-1950's in NARA's history is one of the most important periods, the time of "maturing and gaining self-awareness", which the author intends to explore in this article. NARA, established in 1934, tried to represent itself as a very important state agency. During World War II, NARA received a significant number of historical documents of the federal executive departments for storage, executed thousands of requests from civilian and military government agencies, popularized historical documents in order to reinforce a sense of patriotism, created thousands of security copies, let their premises to important military defense offices, made important steps to save documents of the occupied countries. Due to the services, rendered by archivists to the U.S. Army and Navy, NARA got the title of "National Defense Agency." Immediately after the war, the Second Archivist of the USA Solon J. Buck suggested creating the International Council on Archives and the UNO Archives. Prominent American archivists Waldo Gifford Leland, one of the founders of (NARA) the National Archives, Chairman of the Committee on Conservation of Cultural Resources, Collas G. Harris, the head of an Archives committee on protection against the hazards of war, Vernon D. Tate, the head of NARA photo archives department, Philip M. Hamer, the Records Control Officer NARA contributed to the development of the records' saving methods during the war. Ernst Posner, a scholar and lecturer at the American University, headed of the project on compilation of guides of archives in Germany, Italy and many occupied countries. The guides were created in order to save the repositories and documentary treasures they contained. Under the leadership of Philip M. Hamer the staff of the National Archives prepared "Guides to Records of World War II" for print. Consequently, archivists believed they were able to prove the value of archives as a strategic state informational resource that preserves nation's historical documents and provides government institutions with important retrospective information. However, in the postwar years, the government made decisions unfavorable for further development of the National Archives. Before and during the war an extraordinary number of documents in need of appraisal and disposal were accumulated in federal departments. In 1943 Congress issued the «Records Disposal Act» which demanded institutions to submit schedules of records, allocated for destruction to the U.S. Archivist. However, the devising of schedules progressed slowly. In 1945 amendments to the Act were adopted, which authorized the Archivist of the United States to compile mandatory General schedules. In 1946 President Harry S. Truman signed EO 9784 "Providing for the More Efficient Use and for the Transfer and Other Disposition of Government Records". This order required the departments of the executive branch to implement records management programs, and made NARA responsible for control and coordination in the area of the records management. It seemed that the measures taken to resolve the problem of appraisal and records management were sufficient. In 1947 the Commission on the Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government was established in the U.S. government, headed by the former U.S. President Herbert Hoover. Although Hoover declared that the reorganization was necessary for management simplification, clarity of the executive branch of power's policies, according to the Constitution of the United States, the real purpose of reorganization was the executive branch's attempt to take over all possible functions of governance, strengthening the status of major federal departments and cost savings. A special group was created as a part of the Commission. Its task was to survey the records management in federal agencies and provide recommendations for its improvement. Emmett J. Leahy led the group. He suggested the creation of a Federal Records Administration, incorporating it as a component of the National Archives and all the repositories, that stored non-current federal government documents, and passing a law to coordinate formation, storage, management and destruction of records procedures, appointing a person responsible for records management in each department, developing and implementing the relevant standards and regulations. However, the only Leahy's proposal the members of the Hoover Commission realized concerned NARA association with the General Services Administration (GSA), the office, responsible for ensuring the operation of public institutions and their buildings, transport and so on. The Third Archivist of the USA Wayne C. Grover (1948-1965) directed his own suggestions to the Hoover Commission, in which he appealed against the decision to establish a new Administration and insisted that NARA was able to successfully perform the functions of records management on its own. Opponents criticized Leahy for the narrowness of the aim he pursued: the problem of reducing the quantity of records and saving space for their storage. They made hints that he was more concerned with how to "sell" his idea to the Commission, than the communal benefit. They also pointed out the lack of alternatives and the uncertain status of the National Archives. Their fears were justified. On June 30, 1949 «Federal Property and Administrative Services Act» (PL 152) concerning federal property and administrative services was adopted, according to which all government records were declared federal property, centralized management was entrusted to GSA, which the National Archives and Records Service (NARS) was subjected to. With a few exceptions, the law passed in 1949 ensured that all the U.S. Archivist's responsibilities were passed to the head of GSA. Archives lost its authority as an independent government agency, and even changed its name from NARA to NARS. This resulted in the inability of the National Archives to conduct independent policy in the field of archival affairs and to control human resources and finances, which adversely affected the further development of the Archives. In 1953 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) intended to politicize the post of the Archivist, to remove W.C. Grover from the office and appoint a politician. In 1965 Grover resigned because of a conflict with GSA regarding Archives funding cuts. Before that he had written a letter to President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) with a request to reestablish the National Archives into an independent agency. For 25 years the conflict between the GSA and NARS had been developing into a state of "war" in which, fortunately for American Archivists, they achieved a victory, returning not only the name but also the independence and rights to the Archives in 1985. Changes in the archives legislation concerning U.S. Archives in the 1940s – 1950s improved the records management in federal agencies: General and specific schedules were introduced, the activities of institutions in the field of records management were regulated, the rules for records disposition were established, retention periods were determined, destruction procedures were standardized, federal records centers were founded. Institutions were freed from aggravating work with noncurrent records, receiving an opportunity to transfer them to temporary repositories, appraisal and subsequent disposal in records centers. Activities of federal agencies in the area of records were subjected to centralized management, coordination and control by NARS. In fact, NARS powers were increased with the right to the records management programs control of the life cycle of documents from the formation in an institution until the final disposition. This was a significant step forward in comparison with the situation in the first half of the XX century. It ensured systematic acquisition of records of historical value by NARS and prevented the loss of valuable documents. Assessment of the guidelines given to the government by Hoover Commission is not high. The National Archives as an independent agency of the executive branch could have implemented its tasks in the field of records management on its own without unnecessary complications. Instead, it was held "captive" for 25 years (in the words of American Archivists) by the GSA and worked under pressure of an unresolved conflict which was time and energy consuming for the archivists. The examined period in the history of the National Archives of the United States (1940-1950's) was important both in terms of archives' achievements in practicing their trade and in terms of understanding their role as archivists. American archivists managed to prove to their federal departments the importance of transferring documents to be stored in the Archives and showed department heads that the Archives are a federal agency, which guarantees and reliably ensures the safety of government records and information as well as institutions' services. Later on, the heads of federal agencies had no doubts about the wisdom of submitting records to the NARA. Archives' informational activities didn't focus solely on executing state civilian and military agencies' requests, but on actively popularizing historical documents among officials, military men and citizens too. Actions, intended to popularize historical documents, helped to form a positive image of archives in the community. For the United States it was of great importance as American citizens as taxpayers assess the necessity of an institution's existence in terms of its cost justification. Activities of American archivists had a positive impact on the safety of occupied countries' documents. Contribution to the salvage of documents of other countries positively influenced the perception of the United States as one of the founders of the International Council on Archives by the international archival community. Decisions taken by the U.S. government in the postwar years were positive as a whole. Firstly, a strict records management system was implemented in federal agencies. The problem of appraisal and temporary storage of records was solved. Second, the loss of National Archives status as an independent public entity, which negatively reflected on all of the Archives' activities until 1985, taught archivists a lesson. Archivists realized that their mission was not to be clerks, who perform routine paperwork, but as guardians of history. W.C. Grover commented on this in his farewell letter to the staff of the Archives: «These missions, as I have repeated many times, are important. They are at the center of man's effort to preserve and carry forward civilization itself. "The written word endures" - at least such portions of the word as we archivists decide are worth preserving! It is a worrisome and responsible task, but I can't think of a nobler one in this rather uncivilized era we find ourselves». It took years for archivists to overcome the resistance of politicians and government officials, return an independent status to the Archives, eliminate the threat of politicization and turn archival branch into a separate independent public system. This does not mean that the U.S. archival branch and National Archives today operate without problems, but they experienced a period of "maturing and gaining self-awareness", which allowed archivists to move on to a new level of perception and representation of themselves and their role in State and society. ; Освещена история Национального архива США в период Второй мировой войны и первые послевоенные годы, усилия архивистов, направленные на организацию экспертизы ценности и обеспечение сохранности документов департаментов федерального правительства, популяризацию исторических источников; деятельность первой и второй Гуверовских комиссий, изменения законодательства в отраслях архивного дела и управления документацией в США в 1940-1950-х гг. Особенное внимание уделено статусу Национального архива США как самостоятельного органа исполнительной ветви власти и стратегического информационного ресурса государства ; Висвітлено історію Національного архіву США у період Другої світової війни та перші повоєнні роки, зусилля архівістів з організації експертизи цінності та забезпечення збереженості документів департаментів федерального уряду, популяризації історичних джерел; діяльність першої та другої Гуверівських комісій, зміни законодавства у галузі архівної справи та у сфері управління документацією у США у 1940-1950-х рр. Особливу увагу приділено статусу Національного архіву США як самостійного органу виконавчої гілки влади та стратегічного інформаційного ресурсу держави

The twentieth century (characterized by the gruesome and haze of horror of two World Wars, the Cold Wars-CW, dictatorships, civil wars, genocides, etc.) has seen a great transformation in warfare but to the expense of the innocent civilians and yet in the full view of regulatory internationally recognized war-laws. So, if at one point in history, civilian populations hardly suffered war directly, the order of the state of affairs has now changed. Many civilians perish simply because warlords so desire; extremes of violence, killings and destruction of property is predominantly preferred. As if that is not enough, the indifference of the majority of the public in tranquil zones of the world towards the fate of the civilians in zones under by fire kind of provide implicit licenses to violence planners to do whatever it takes to "win". Consequently, great numbers of survivors are seen trying to escape from situations of assured death to that of probable death. It is against this background that we feel moved to take on this dissertation. Bearing in mind the generally complex and challenging contemporary conflicts that acutely breeds volatile security environments (for civilians), our thesis is that there needed to be an increased, noteworthy and continued applicable innovation of approaches to civilian protection. To be precise, as a strategy to sustainable peace, we have aspired after a world where the United Nations Peacekeeping Department (UNPKD) is not singly considered the sole custodian of the concept of civilian protection but (based on contexts and cases) as one but a leader among other stakeholders (local and foreign) able and ready to contribute to the common-pool of operational arenas. Thinking about these other stake holders, we have in this work stood by those that: firstly, move towards more civilian-centered operations that are; secondly, carried out by (a mixture of grassroots and international) unarmed civilians by means of; thirdly, engages nonviolent approaches and practices that in themselves anticipate the basic constituents of successive bottom-up Peacemaking (PK) and Peacebuilding (PB) in the hic et nunc of their Peacekeeping (PK) initiatives and applications. All these basics, in our view, do not just add up to drawing a continuous line that intersects the just mentioned Three Approaches to Peace (PK, PM, PB) coined by Johan Galtung way back in 1975; they also open avenues to sustainability. The thesis is taken on through three different parts; each subdivided into two chapters. With due attention to intrastate contemporary violent conflicts, the first part tries to demonstrate the reason why in PK there has been indeed need for rethinking the protection of civilians (PoC) and/or for enriching the methods until now employed in bringing it about. In the first chapter of the part, we kind of gave a sketchy attention to the historical journey that the patterns of violent conflicts in relation to the fate of non-combatants have made. It emerges that, unlike in the past, the pattern of contemporary violent conflict, especially with reference to the CW (especially in third-world countries) and post-CW periods, have become severely complex to handle. Wars have continued and proved to be very hot especially on the populations on the periphery; on those who are minimally directly concerned with and honestly ignorant of its objectives. In the period in question, these innocent men, women and children are more than ever struck hard not just by its direct consequences but also the indirect ones and their hopes are constantly put at the brink of mere survival and of the grave. Mores so the lucky ones who manage to escape these snares, continue to unwaveringly hope for bread, freedom, justice and peace, instead of iron that kills and destroys. In chapter II of the same part, looking at the commitments borne by the UN right from its early years in keeping, initially, the interstate and successively also the intrastate peace (of those tormented by reign of violence and terror), we acknowledge the strides gradually taken along the years. These strides has better late than never embraced a multidimensional point in time where civilian protection counts as a primacy. Accordingly, we recognize that the UN military PK is certainly capable of reducing the level of tension in conflicts but we also negated that, by so doing, it is able to guarantee a durable peace not only because of the application of the non-peaceful means which is limited to separating the conflicting parties but also because it lacks the strategic concern of fostering an active citizenship which is a basic ingredient to democratic populace. In Part Two, we have concentrated on the vision and the peculiar picture of the practitioners of the alternative way, particularly; the Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) which operates on a benchmark of bottom-up strategic empowerment of local civilian unarmed and nonviolent efforts by international unarmed and nonviolent civilians to protect civilians, prevent, reduce and stop violent conflicts. The first chapter of this second part begins by singling out some of the nuts and bolts (Like: The centrality of sustainability; strategic, local and multilevel capacity and relational empowerment and mediation for peace; conflict transformation as the adequate language; nonviolence and nonpartisanship as a philosophy) that make Unarmed Civilian Protection (UCP) stands out faithfully to the above stated aspirations. Without giving importance to the chronological specifics and with a particular reference to the assessment of the practicality of the project that, on a later date, would organizationally become the NP, an extensive attention is paid to the vicissitudes that surrounded the founding of this UCP protection agency and especially to the foundations of the formative elements entailed. Chapter II does not only build on the findings and stimuli of Chapter I, it supersedes it and makes real a new and distinct reality. Herein, a unique place is devoted to the formative components reserved to the practitioners as a strategy for guaranteeing the competencies and high professionalism needed for the successful execution of field strategies attached to the NP UCP objectives, principles, key methods and practices. Through the analysis of the UCP Training Course entitled "Strengthening Civilian Capacities to Protect Civilians; A joint UNITAR- Nonviolent Peaceforce online Course" the chapter tries to show how the activities of the organization intrinsically flow from its very being; from elements which define it. And this is illustrated in how the very life of the NP UCP is blended with its formative spirit and content; a sort of transformative training that seeks to promote transformative operational frameworks that applicable to situations and contexts. The third part of the work is an applied one. It is dedicated to our chosen case study, namely, NP's intervention in the longtime violence-stricken Republic of South Sudan; in a country which (Thomas Hobbes would say) has once again reverted to its natural state; a harsh reality of hand to mouth living and a never ending search for sustenance in an ambiance virtually challenging to change. In chapter I, the pragmatic implementation of NP UCP in strengthening the local civilians' capacity, security and sense of safety in situation of violent conflict is marked out. Here, some concrete instances of this intervention are presented to exemplify the claim that a multiple base of actors (UCPs, the inviting civil society and/or local NGOs of an UCP presence and local partners) can sustainably and strategically provide the PoC work that for a long time was and is still largely entrusted to the military. And at the end of the day PK, PM, PB resources are considered to consist in not only financial and material supports, but also, and (in the same way) importantly, the socio-cultural resources of the affected people. And in this way people in conflict settings are seen as resources rather than recipients. Even though we evidently confirmed that the alternative way counts exceptionally big in strategically promoting, developing, and implementing sustainable unarmed civilian PK as a tool for preventing, reducing and stopping violence and protecting civilians in situations of violent conflict, we also acknowledge that it is not without challenges. These are actually what chapter two of the part extensively dwells on. The second chapter is instead dedicated (at length) to looking at the challenges that NP faces not only with regard to its missions lands but also in general. We have gone about this in the form of a comprehensive assessment and in some humble recommendations are advanced. Among these challenges we have particularly paid attention to issues like: The meager UCP funding and the dominant top-down mentality; the violent bully character of some major world power wielders; the need for more practitioners to carry out UCP; the dynamicity and complexity of conflict nature as a challenge; conflict prevention challenges like delays in capturing the signs of time so as to effectively intervene; the presence of spoilers as a challenge; the challenge of effective sustainable credibility. Recommendations proposed include among others: Investing in systematic reflections on the extent of the progress and failures so far registered in efforts to involve the UN, regional bodies and other donor agencies or individuals in the cause of NP (UCP) and reflecting on the philosophy that underpins the reasons why financial assistance to UCP and NP in particular is founded; more emphasis on the already existing engagement with political leaders and other influential people and embarking on popular campaigns to propagate a concretely evidenced knowledge of the feasibility of the alternative way, instituting and investing in "School Project" (dedicated to preferably to high schools) within the NP Advocacy and Outreach office and insisting on the positives of volunteers' contribution; enriching a little more the content of the just elaborated online UCP training course; etc. Hereafter, the general conclusion of our dissertation will be drawn. A profound acknowledgement of the UNPK pivotal role with its actual multidimensional fronts in PK basically intended as PoC specifically in the contemporary intrastate violent conflicts. It is also observed that, thanks to the appropriate blending of local and international capacities giving priority to the former, UCP's strategic approach to PK (which is not limited to the PoCs but is also anchored to preventing, reducing and ending not just those that are already on but also lays for standing up to the future possible ones) could be counted on. Thus far, it is on one hand, admissible that, despite all the challenges that there may be, NP (UCP) mechanisms is already proffering a great deal to this end, and on the other, it is evident that it can and should still do more. The ability of its interventions to stand the test of time and to stand up to the future conflicts (i.e. its sustainability) resides in a time which is not yet at hand and in the continuous involvement and inventiveness of many. As per now, if the Italian proverb "Il buongiorno si vede dal mattino" (Meaning: You can tell how something will go by how it begins) holds, then it is, up till now, realistic to count on NP as one of the most outstanding Bottom-up UCP organizations in the PoC in (selected) contemporary violent conflict situations. All that is needed is the building and the consolidation of international interest and support for UCP that presents the hope and reality of alternatives to over dependence on armed intervention; alternatives that chances the revitalization of local communities and the restoration of the social fabrics and capital of the affected people.

Una emergencia es una situación imprevisible que requiere de acciones de respuesta para minimizar posibles daños humanos y materiales. La gestión de emergencias consiste en un conjunto de actividades para la mitigación, preparación, respuesta y recuperación de una situación de emergencia que involucra a agencias gubernamentales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, comunidades de voluntarios, comunidades de práctica, el sector privado y los ciudadanos. Durante las 4 fases de la gestión de emergencias se requiere una comunicación constante entre las personas y organizaciones afectadas e involucradas con el objetivo de coordinar acciones de respuesta, informar de actividades llevadas a cabo, conocer el estado de la situación y dar asistencia a solicitudes de ayuda, entre otras. Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) proporcionan los mecanismos para dar soporte al intercambio, almacenamiento, procesamiento y distribución de la información generada en este contexto. Los medios sociales establecen un canal de comunicación complementario para habilitar una participación activa de los ciudadanos en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. Uno de los medios sociales más utilizados son las redes sociales, que permiten a los usuarios compartir información de manera textual o multimedia con una red de contactos, así como valorar, responder o compartir un contenido publicado de manera sencilla a través de páginas Web, aplicaciones de escritorio y aplicaciones móviles. En los últimos años, las redes sociales han generado un interés en constante aumento con respecto a su utilización por agencias gubernamentales durante la gestión de situaciones de emergencia, con el objetivo de hacer más eficiente la comunicación e interacción entre los ciudadanos, las comunidades y el personal de las agencias gubernamentales involucradas. Se considera que las redes sociales pueden ser utilizadas como un canal de comunicación bidireccional que permita la publicación y monitorización de información. Sin embargo, se han identificado dificultades y carencias para la utilización eficiente de las redes sociales por agencias gubernamentales en este contexto. Los problemas principales son: (1) escasez de recursos humanos y tecnológicos para llevar a cabo una actividad constante durante todas las fases de la gestión de situaciones de emergencia; (2) una sobrecarga de la información generada, en especial durante las fases de respuesta y recuperación de una situación de emergencia específica; y (3) la desconfianza en la veracidad de la información, debido a contenido falso y rumores que se suelen generar alrededor de una situación de emergencia. Para ayudar a resolver estos problemas principales identificados, se define un conjunto de 16 requerimientos específicos de las agencias gubernamentales para la utilización de las redes sociales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. Estos requerimientos están basados en la literatura, en particular en 3 estudios de investigación llevados a cabo con personal de las agencias gubernamentales, y un estudio de la actividad y el comportamiento de las agencias gubernamentales en la red social Twitter durante una situación de emergencia real. En esta tesis doctoral se describe el diseño y desarrollo de una arquitectura tecnológica que tiene como objetivo facilitar la utilización de las redes sociales por agencias gubernamentales como un canal de comunicación bidireccional durante situaciones de emergencia a partir del cumplimiento de los requerimientos identificados. Esta arquitectura está compuesta por un modelo de datos y un lenguaje de procesos para el almacenamiento y procesamiento de la información generada en las redes sociales durante la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. La base de la arquitectura desarrollada es un modelo de datos común e interoperable entre las distintas plataformas de redes sociales. El modelo de datos se define utilizando un diagrama de clases UML que toma en cuenta la estructura general de las redes sociales más comunes utilizadas actualmente y la estructura necesaria para almacenar los datos relacionados con el cumplimiento de los requerimientos de las agencias gubernamentales. Con el objetivo de proporcionar interoperabilidad, se incluye un esquema de datos utilizando el lenguaje estándar XSD que describe las clases, atributos, operaciones y relaciones de los elementos del modelo de datos. El segundo componente principal de la arquitectura es un lenguaje de procesos que permite la incorporación de módulos de procesos que cubren las necesidades de las agencias gubernamentales en este contexto. Los procesos se definen utilizando la notación BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) que describe las tareas, eventos, datos, mensajes y contextos involucrados en el cumplimiento de los requerimientos de las agencias gubernamentales. Los procesos incluidos pueden definirse como componentes reutilizables que llevan a cabo una tarea o actividad específica relacionada con el uso de las redes sociales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia. Para medir el desempeño de la arquitectura desarrollada, se lleva a cabo una evaluación analítica compuesta por 2 estudios complementarios: (1) evaluación del cumplimiento por parte de la arquitectura desarrollada de los requerimientos identificados; y (2) comparativa del cumplimiento de los requerimientos con respecto a un conjunto de herramientas existentes de sindicación y agregación de contenido y la arquitectura. La evaluación demuestra que la arquitectura proporciona los mecanismos tecnológicos para el cumplimiento de los requerimientos identificados que ayudan a resolver los problemas principales de la utilización de las redes sociales por agencias gubernamentales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia, en comparación con las herramientas generales existentes de sindicación y agregación de contenido. A partir del diseño y desarrollo de la arquitectura tecnológica en esta tesis doctoral, se proporciona una solución que facilita la utilización de las redes sociales por las agencias gubernamentales en la gestión de situaciones de emergencia, a través del cumplimiento de los requerimientos específicos de las agencias gubernamentales que ayudan a resolver los problemas principales de escasez de recursos humanos y tecnológicos, la sobrecarga de la información generada y la desconfianza en la veracidad de la información recibida. ; An emergency is an unexpected situation that requires response actions to minimize possible human and material damage. Emergency management is a set of activities for mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery of an emergency situation that involves governmental agencies, non-governmental agencies, communities of practice and volunteers, the private sector and citizens. During the four phases of emergency management, a constant communication is required between people and organizations affected and involved to coordinate response actions, inform about activities being performed, know the status of the situation and respond to help requests, among others. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) provide mechanisms to support the exchange, storage, processing and distribution of the information generated in this context. Social media provides an additional communication channel to enable active participation from citizens in emergency management. One of the most used social media platforms are social networks that allow users to share information in a textual or multimedia way with a user network, and to assess, respond or share a published content through the use of Web pages, desktop and mobile applications. In recent years, social networks have generated an increasing interest for their use by government agencies for emergency management in order to make more efficient the communication and interaction between citizens, communities and staff of government agencies involved. In general, social networks are considered as bidirectional communication channels that allow the publication and monitorization of information. However, some difficulties and shortcomings have been identified for the efficient use of social media by government agencies in this context. The main problems are: (1) limited human and technological resources to enable a continuous activity in social networks during all phases of emergency management; (2) an overload of information generated, especially during the response and recovery phases of an emergency event; and (3) distrust in the accuracy of the information, due to false content and rumors that usually appear during an emergency situation. In order to help solving these identified problems, a set of 16 specific requirements is defined for the use of social media by government agencies in emergency management. These requirements are based on the literature, particularly in 3 research studies conducted with personnel of government agencies, and a study of the activity and behavior of governmental agencies in Twitter during a real emergency event. In this thesis is presented the design and development of a technological architecture that aims to facilitate the use of social media by government agencies as a bidirectional communication channel during emergencies based on the fulfillment of the requirements identified. This architecture consists of a data model and a process language for the storage and process of information generated in social networks during emergency management. usually appear during an emergency situation. In order to help solving these identified problems, a set of 16 specific requirements is defined for the use of social media by government agencies in emergency management. These requirements are based on the literature, particularly in 3 research studies conducted with personnel of government agencies, and a study of the activity and behavior of governmental agencies in Twitter during a real emergency event. In this thesis is presented the design and development of a technological architecture that aims to facilitate the use of social media by government agencies as a bidirectional communication channel during emergencies based on the fulfillment of the requirements identified. This architecture consists of a data model and a process language for the storage and process of information generated in social networks during emergency management. viii The basis of the architecture developed is a data model interoperable between the various social networking platforms. The data model is defined using a UML class diagram that considers the overall structure of the most common social networks currently used and the structure needed to store information related to the fulfillment of the requirements of government agencies. In order to provide interoperability, a database schema is created using the XSD standard language for describing the classes, attributes, operations and relationships of all the elements in the data model. The second component of the architecture is a process language that allows the incorporation of process modules that meet the needs of government agencies in this context. The process language is defined using the BPMN notation (Business Process Modeling Notation) and describe the tasks, events, data, messages and contexts involved in meeting the requirements of government agencies. The processes included are defined as reusable components that perform a specific task or activity related to the use of social media in emergency management. To assess the performance of the architecture, an analytical evaluation is carried out that consists of two complementary studies: (1) an assessment of the fulfillment by the architecture of the requirements identified; and (2) a comparative between a set of existing syndication and aggregation tools and the architecture with respect to the fulfillment of the requirements identified. The evaluation demonstrates that the architecture provides the technological mechanisms to fulfill the identified requirements in order to help solving the main problems of the use of social media by government agencies in emergency management, in comparison to existing syndication and aggregation tools. The technological architecture designed and developed in this doctoral thesis provides a solution that facilitates the use of social media by government agencies during emergency management through the fulfillment of specific requirements identified in this context that help solving the main problems of limited human and technological resources, information overload and distrust in the information received. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología Informática ; Presidente: Jesús Hilario Canós Cerdá.- Secretario: Telmo Agustín Zarraonandía Ayo.- Vocal: Víctor Amadeo Bañuls Silvera

Ham Operators Provided Crucial Services by John Bray The waters of the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy were rising in Pikeville. By six o'clock on the even ing of Monday, April 4, they were approaching flood stage - at 2 1/2 feet per hour. It wasn't a slow spreading over the banks as in flat lands, but a raging torrent moving mobile homes and all else in its path. Hams - amateur radio operators - are communicators. Partially we do it because we like to talk, but also because we are able to provide emergency communications, both within a disaster area and from it to the outside world. So, shortly after dark early Monday evening, several hams and people who wanted to assist set up a communications net- work within the city of Pikeville. Messages had to be relayed within the city as well as from ·the city to the outside world. The threat of telephone and electricity going out had already been considered. Communications were established between the Civil Defense and Red Cross headquarters in the Court House, a location at Pikeville College, ·a mobile unit, and two units which served as relays when necessary. Involved in this initial action were Denver Matney (WA4NOG), an employee of the post office in Pikeville; me-John Bray (WB4WKP). Assistant Dean of Students at Pikeville College; Willana Call (WA4RNOL a resident of Pikeville; and Bobby Pickelsimer (WB4GEL). They were assisted by Dixie Wehrheim, a Pikeville resident who normally works with children who have special sight problems. Initially, this network was worked through a two-meter repeater in Pikeville. A repeater is a device which automatically re-transmits signals at high power and from a great height, giving much greater range to mobile units transmitting at low power. This network served as Pikeville's only link to the outside world (as far as we know) through hams in Prestonsburg whose short wave stations were still operational. This worked fine until the power went off sometime between 2 and 4 a.m. Tuesday at the repeater site (WDHR-FM). At that time, Pikeville's last connection to the outside world was severed. I managed to drive to the top of Peach Orchard Hill and transmit a message describing conditions in Pikeville during Monday night and into Tuesday morning so that other amateurs in Prestonsburg could notify Civil Defense and Red Cross personnel in Frankfort and Louisville. Tuesday through Sunday are a blur of 20-22 hour days glued to a ham radio, transmitting emergency messages for Civil Defense, Red Cross and others. One. of the first things we did was to arrange for cots, blankets, pillows, sheets, food and medical supplies to be brought to the Science Building at the college. It had immediately been turned into an emergency shelter for townspeople as well as a food center for college employees whose homes were under water. We radioed for insulin to be delivered to people at the Pikeville College shelter. We arranged to get a girl in isolated Phelps to a hospital; her life expectancy would have been three to four hours had she not been transported - she had a ruptured appendix. Another person at Phelps had a stroke and radio communications got him to a hospital; his life expectancy would have been one to three hours otherwise. On Tuesday Pikeville College arranged a place and support facilities for us to set up a medium-power, high-frequency (short wave) station using my equipment. An antenna was strung up between the Pikeville College Administration Building and a dogwood tree. Matney operated the short wave link to the outside world, while I maintained the VHF, two meter links to various emergency headquarters in Pike County. Dixie Wehrheim acted as message coordinator for the hundreds of cOmmunications coming in and going out. Denver and I didn't leave the station for over fifteen hours on Tuesday. Willana Call helped in both parts of the station, serving as a two-meter person and a big rig operator. This was after the water had risen past her house. On Wednesday, several hams were airlifted from Owensboro, Kentucky, to serve as relief operators and to set up a station at Kermit, West Virginia. Others were flown in from Central City, Kentucky, to set up an emergency communications amateur radio station at Phelps, Kentucky. As of April 12 this was still the only communication Phelps had with the rest of the world for medical emergencies and supplies. Steve Morgan (WB4NHO) and Charlie Lott (WB4ANL) came to Pikeville while Mike Galyon (WA4SFR) and Bill Robinson (WA4KPE) went to Phelps. Dick Wyatt (WA4YPI) and his son David volunteered to drive in from Falmouth, Kentucky. The group of local and other hams provided emergency communications almost around the clock from the station at Pikeville College through midnight on Sunday, April 10 (Easter Sunday), when fairly reliable telephone communications had been reestablished. As they managed to get back on the air, other area hams gave their services. Tom Osborne (WA4MNM), Herschell Tackett (K4NLY) and Cordell Damron (K4BGQ) provided links to the outside from Robinson Creek, Virgie and Little Creek. While 0llive Justice (WB4CTV), Jim Hoskins (W4MVU) and Doug Wright (WA4GCX) helped link up Pikeville with Civil Defense and Red Cross, Bruce Olin (WB4FBB) served as one of Elkhorn City's links to both Pikeville and the outside. For most of Tuesday and Wednesday Jack Reeves (WB40WE) of Melvin , Kentucky, was Pikeville's only connection to the telephone system via ham radio. Many other hams helped - Roger Boyd (WA4LIG) served as a mobile unit, Pat Gugliotta (WB4NBC) contributed his two-meter radio for use at Civil Defense headquarters, and many others that I'm just too exhausted to try to think of - worked long, hard hours to help. I apologize to anybody I've forgotten. Funny things happened, too. A national guard jeep's antenna cut our antenna in half Friday morning, leaving us off the air for five hours. I can remember being told Saturday that it wasn't Wednesday. At the end we were all approaching physical exhaustion. But it was a good feeling, too. In at least five cases we had provided the communications necessary to save lives in medical emergencies, and knew we had provided necessary emergency communications services no one else would have been able to provide. A large round of thanks should go from us and the residents of Pike County to those radio amateurs who left their homes and jobs for our week of greatest trial and came voluntarily to Pikeville and other locations in the county to help with their communications skills. Unlike military units and other professional social service workers, these people do not get paid by anyone for what they do; it is truly a labor of love. The other important labor of love that kept many people going throughout the week was borne by Pikeville College. We could never have provided emergency communications services had the college not given us food, coffee, a location and runners to deliver messages. Even when its own employees were suffering loss of personal possessions and the college was bearing up under the devastation of its own housing and academic facilities, the people of the college reached out to help others, and allowed us to help others through the assistance they provided us. The flood of 1977 is over; its ramifications will probably be heard throughout the Big Sandy Valley for another twenty years. To say I was glad to be a part of it all somehow doesn't sound quite right. But I'm thankful I could help; it made me proud to be a ham and happy to be alive. (PHOTO) Hundreds of homeless made their way up Elm Street to Pikeville College for food and shelter. Tolzman (from page 6) Tolzman's schedule changed entirely on Monday evening, April 4. As people moved furniture and pe rsonal belongings out of the path of the muddy Levisa Fork and evacuated their homes, Tolzman decided to stay on the job through the night. For those of us who are now "authentic flood victims," helplessly watching the water rise into out homes soon became frustrating . Many people with in the city proper (on the town side of the three bridges that cross the river into Pikeville) climbed the hill to the Science Building at Pikeville College. Little did we realize that the hill would be our home for days to come. Dean Tolzman and crew provided cold cuts and coffee for everyone. They also prepared ice chests, coffee pots and soda pop for the patients from Mountain Manor Nursing Home who arrived during the night. "The electricity went off in the dining room and none of the stoves or anything would operate after 1 a.m.," Tolzman remembered. "We fixed cold cuts, coffee, pop and such until 4:30 Tuesday morning. We moved to the Bear's Den at 6 o'clock. The Bear's Den still had electricity for some reason. We transported the meat slicer and supplies from the dining room to the Den. I had a grill and a french frye . We scrambled eggs on the grill served coffee, juice, milk and dry cereal from about 6 to 10:30 a.m. We also fixed eggs, oatmeal, soup and things for the old people over in the Science Building and carried them over to the people." The rest of Tuesday, Tolzman served sandwiches and pork and beans, working continuously until midnight. At that time the electricity came back on and the operation was moved back to the cafeteria. Tolzman has a total of 21 employees, including 5 students. On Monday and Tuesday all of them were stranded out of town except for Joyce Robinson. According to Tolzman she worked continuously without sleep from 6 a.m . Monday (when she came on for her regular Monday shift) until sometime Wednesday evening. Several other employees came back as soon as they could get into town. Tolzman , whose wife Sarah is head resident of Condit Hall at Pikeville College, is the father of three sons, ages five years, two years and two months. He saw snatches of his family du ring the first few days after THE FLOOD. Providing food services for the Red Cross shelter in the college's Science Building and helping provide meals for other Red Cross shelters located throughout the area was a nonstop responsibility. Tolzman had plenty of volunteer help. Many people at Pikeville College stuck wit h him for hours - Gary Thrash, assistant administrator of the mining technology program; Alma Culton, associate professor of religion ; Russell Patterson, chairman of the Music Depart- ment Phyllis Dayer, instructor of French; students Reina Trusty, Denise Burgy, Fred Frederick, Rayanna Reeves, and John Morris; and Lukie Alemayeheu, wife of economics instructor Tsehai Alemayeheu. ARA Food Services and Pikeville College can be proud of Dean Tolzman. His decisions were timely and sensitive. The tremendous human needs that had to be met. His leadership produced an unhurried, warm atmosphere of friendly service at a time when others would have been barking orders and aggravating an already confused, tense situation. The personal sacrifice of time, sleep, energy and resources made by Tolzman and his people made it possible for all of us to retreat to the calm of the cafeteria and get away from the devastation outside. Would that we could all react so sensibly and selflessly .

10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 1/6 PROFESSOR ASAO INOUE SELECTED FOR TOP TEACHINGAWARD Home | PRESS RELEASES | Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award Previous  Next  Professor Asao Inoue, an associate professor of English, has beenawarded the top teaching honor at Fresno State. William A. Covino, provost and vice president for Academic A􀃠􎁡airs, namedInoue as recipient of the 2012 Excellence in Teaching Award. The Provost's Awards announced Tuesday, May 1, also honored: Amanda Adams, assistant professor of Psychology, recipient of theFaculty Service Award Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval, professor of Modern and ClassicalLanguages, Gradvuate Teaching and Mentoring Award William Bommer, professor of Management, Research, Scholarshipand Creative Accomplishment Award Bryan Berrett, associate professor of Communicative Disorders andDeaf Studies, Technology in Education Award.       Search . SECTIONS ACADEMICS  CAMPUS &COMMUNITY  RESEARCH  ALUMNI  PRESS RELEASES  FEATURED VIDEOS  NEWS SOURCES Fresno StateMagazine  CommunityNewsletter  Fresno State  The Collegian  Bulldog Blog  ACADEMICS CAMPUS & COMMUNITY RESEARCH ALUMNI ATHLETICS FEATURED VIDEOS  ABOUT PRESS RELEASES MEDIA GUIDE ARCHIVES10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 2/6 Four faculty members received the Promising New Faculty award,recognizing exemplary achievements in teaching, research/creativeactivities and/or service among nontenured, tenure-track faculty. Thehonorees are: Juan-Carlos Gonzalez, assistant professor of Educational Researchand Administration. Elizabeth Payne, assistant professor of Theatre Arts. Jason Bush, assistant professor of Biology. Kim Youngwook, assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering. Asao Inoue , associate professor of English, receives the Excellence inTeaching Award. He has been at Fresno State since 2007. He approachesthe challenge of teaching high-level writing skills with an innovativepedagogy that emphasizes students' roles in their own education. Hefrequently asks students to evaluate and challenge traditionalinstructional environments and to examine alterna tive teaching methodsthat foster greater individual success. One important aspect of histeaching philosophy is getting students to talk about their writing inrhetorical and re􀃖􍙥exive ways. Inoue's on-campus service includes work asorganizer and facilitator for the Symposium on Remediation in Englishand as a committee member for the Improving Student Writing Initiative,Criterion As sessment Committee. His community service includes work ascurriculum designer, teacher, and program assessment coordinator forUniversity 20 (Academic Reading course), Summer Bridge Program, andthe Educational Opportunity Program. He has active memberships in theCon ference on College Composition and Communication, NationalCouncil of Teachers of English, Asian American Studies Association,Rhetoric Society of America, and Council of Writing ProgramAdministrators. In 2000, he received the Faculty Development SeminarAward. His national hon ors and awards include the Ford FoundationPredoctoral Fellowship for Minorities in 2003. Amanda Adams , assistant professor of Psychology, receives the FacultyService Award. She has been at Fresno State since 2006. Her passion forhelping families who have children with autism drives her to createopportunities for students' development, both as practitioners of appliedbehavior analysis and as researchers that disseminate new knowledge.She has worked tirelessly to develop and secure support for the CentralCalifornia Autism Center (CCAC) on campus. The center pro videsopportunities for students to learn to apply Applied Behavior Analysisprinciples, conduct research, and learn important professional skills.Adams provides important service to the local community by educatingpractitioners who treat autism, families who are a􀃠􎁥ected by autism, andpolicy makers who develop programs and provide 􀃕􍕮nancial support fortreating autism. For four years, she has worked with students to plan and Go Bulldogs  Videos  Social MediaDirectory  10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 3/6 implement Autism Awareness Field Day. She is involved in otherawareness/fundraising events, including the CCAC Gala Fundraiser andannual golf tournament. She is a member of the California Chapter of theAssociation for Applied Behav ior Analysis and received the Provost'sAward for Promising New Faculty in 2009. Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval , professor of Modern and Classical Languagesand Literatures, receives the Graduate Teaching and Mentoring Award. Hehas been at Fresno State since 2000 and has a well-established record ofexceptional graduate teaching. Jiménez-Sandoval has been a driving forcein the development of the Spanish M.A. curriculum, personally developingand teaching 􀃕􍕶ve new seminars for the program. In his teaching, hestresses the basic human emotions of love, despair, and hope. He isdescribed as a proli􀃕􍕣c thesis director and has served on the Spanish M.A.exam com mittee each semester since his arrival. Jiménez-Sandovalbelieves in students' ability to push them selves and excel. His studentshave been accepted to Ph.D. programs at UCLA, Irvine, Berkeley, Stanford,Arizona, British Columbia, and Alberta. He was the recipient of the 2003-04 Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Award. Through hisexemplary scholarship, he serves as a model of the teacher-scholar tostudents and faculty. His public lectures include the 2005 InternationalCo􀃠􎁥ee Hour presentation on the sacred role of poetry in Aztec culture,and his articles include his recent publication on the canonical Mexicancoming-of-age novel, Las batallas en el desierto William Bommer , professor of Management, receives the Research,Scholarship and Creative Ac complishments Award. He has been at FresnoState since 2008. Bommer uses his research on a regular basis in theclassroom. His research spans a number of topics in the 􀃕􍕥eld of manage -ment and applied psychology. Two primary areas of research for which heis known internationally are the areas of transformational leadership andorganizational citizenship. Widely published, his research is impressive.His work is commonly cited in college texts and is regularly assigned indoctoral-level seminars. In the past two years, he has been the principalinvestigator on three di􀃠􎀠 erent external grants. These grants have totaledmore than $600,000. His work has been used for doctoral training in the􀃕􍕥elds of management, psychology, marketing, education, andmanagement information systems. He also served as the outside experton two di􀃠􎁥erent dissertation committees in Australia. Bryan Berrett , associate professor of Communicative Disorders and DeafStudies, receives the Technology in Education Award. He has been atFresno State since 1998. In 2010, he was one of four CSU faculty to beawarded Sony's multimedia award. Berrett has demonstratedtremendous leadership in the use of technology at Fresno State,particularly in the development of online classes. He has established a10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 4/6 remarkable track record of innovative and practical uses of technol ogy.For example, over the last several years, he has been the recipient ofmultiple Digital Campus grants to convert traditional classes into onlinecourse o􀃠􎁥erings. He coordinates the sign language interpreting program,which now has approximately 30 percent of its coursework o􀃠􎁥ered online.He also has integrated the use of audio and visual multimedia into theAmerican Sign Language computer lab. Most recently, Berrett has beenthe department's leader in converting the education graduate programinto an 80 percent online 20 percent face-to-face format. Promising New Faculty Awards 2011-2012 Juan-Carlos Gonzalez , assistant professor of Educational Research andAdministration, has been at Fresno State since 2009. A skilled professorand scholar, he has fully engaged in service to the university and thecommunity. He serves on multiple editorial boards for peer-reviewedjournals and as a proposal reviewer on a national level. He has beenactive in accreditation activities, chaired the International Committee, andorganized a faculty study trip to Costa Rica. Gonzalez has mentored aMcNair Scholar and worked with the Central California Children's Instituteon research projects. He is an enthusiastic participant in the life of theKremen School and the university as a whole. In addition to his regularcourses, he has taught classes in qualitative research methods and criticalrace theory in education. He has already published four articles andpresented at 23 conferences in the United States. He has also presentedin China and in Mexico. Gonzalez has received numerous awards andhonors, including the Dandoyd Research Award for spring 2012. Elizabeth Payne , assistant professor of Theatre Arts, has been at FresnoState since 2008. A highly tal ented designer, she continues to workprofessionally in theatre in New York and in television, where she hasconsulted on the Conan O'Brien Show. She brings to Fresno State herconsiderable skills in design, teaching, mentorship, and communityoutreach. She is a demanding teacher who has transformed the existingcostume design and technology courses and created new ones, such asCostume History and Design Focus on Film. Seamlessly integrating socialand political issues into her discussion of fashion, she demonstrates tostudents why broad cultural knowledge is crucial to successful designwork. Her classes bring together academics and practical, skill-basedtraining. Payne has also been proactive in generating grants, including aFresno State Enhancing Student Information Literacy Grant, which sheintegrated into her Costume History class. In the area of mentorship, shehas had considerable impact — her door is open to all. She is the recipientof the 2012 Fresno County Board of Education Artist in Residence Grant.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 5/6 By llarson | May 1st, 2012 | Categories: PRESS RELEASES | 3 Comments SHARE THIS STORY, CHOOSE YOUR PLATFORM!     RELATED POSTS Jason Bush , assistant professor of Biology, has been at Fresno State since2006. Bush has enriched the university environment through his serviceand demonstrated excellence and leadership within the Biol ogyDepartment, the College of Science and Mathematics, and the university,with service on the Cur riculum Committee and the Graduate ScholarshipCommittee. Bush is one of the leading researchers in cancer andproteomic research. He has made 31 presentations since his arrival.Through Dr. Bush's 20 national collaborations, he has been able to extendFresno State resources to develop a broader and resource-richenvironment for his students. He has received $1.5 million in nationalgrants from 􀃕􍕶ve externally funded proposals, including NIH, AmericanCancer Society, Keep-A-Breast Foundation, Susan G. Komen for the Cure,and CSUPERB. Bush was also a co-principal investigator in the $4.5 millionRIMI grant for the development of a research facility in the Central Valley.In addition to ex ternal funding, he has augmented his research with$120,000 in internal grants. He is a consultant and grant reviewer for theSusan G. Komen for the Cure, as well as an active member of theUniversity of California, San Francisco-Fresno Research Group. Youngwook Kim , assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, has been at Fresno State since 2008, demonstrating hisdedication to high quality teaching, research and creative activities, andstudent involvement in his research. He has taught a wide repertoire ofundergraduate and graduate courses focusing primarily on highfrequency electronics. Through online methodology, he provides studentswith the opportunity to learn at their own pace. Kim's research focuses onelectromagnetics and the application of Doppler and ultra-wide bandradar systems to human detection applications, such as security,surveillance operations, and search-and-rescue missions. While at FresnoState, he has published several journal papers and six conference papers.His research totals $167,659 in external funding. Currently, Kim ispreparing a proposal on data fusion and target sensing models in wirelesssensor network environments. He is also serving as a grant developmentchair for the Untenured Faculty Organization and is a member of theProfessional Development Committee, the Honors Committee, and theResearch and Grant Review Committee within the Lyles College ofEngineering.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 6/6 SAÚL JIMÉNEZ-SANDOVALAPPOINTEDINTERIM PRESIDENTOF FRESNO STATE October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments TRANSPORTATIONINSTITUTE RELEASESPROMISINGFINDINGS OFCOVID-19 PUBLICTRANSIT STUDY October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments NURSING MUNIT CONTFREE HEALSERVICES OWEST FRES October 27th, Comments Fresno State News Hub isthe primary source ofinformation about currentevents a􀃠􎁥ecting CaliforniaState University, Fresno, itsstudents, faculty and sta􀃠􎀻;providing an archive ofnews articles, videos andphotos, as well as links tomajor resources on campusas a service to theuniversity community. CONTACT US CALIFORNIA STATEUNIVERSITY, FRESNO 5241 N. Maple Ave. Fresno, CA 93740 P: 559.278.4240 Email Us SECTIONS ACADEMICS  CAMPUS & COMMUNITY  RESEARCH  ALUMNI  PRESS RELEASES  FEATURED VIDEOS  Sign up for theCommunity Newsletter Fresno State NewsArchives Copyright 2012 - 2016 Avada | All Rights Reserved | Powered by WordPress | Theme Fusion       

Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärgiks on autoril välja selgitada, kuidas siseriikliku ja rahvusvahelise transpordiga tegelevad transpordiettevõtted ja veokijuhid peavad kinni kehtestatud tööajamäärustest ja uurida milline on seos tööajamääruste rikkumiste ja veo- või vedukautode põhjustatud liiklusõnnetuste vahel ning kas on seos tööajamääruste rikkumiste ning laonduses ja veonduses toimunud tööõnnetuste vahel. Töö kirjutamise käigus töötas autor läbi veokijuhtide tööaega reguleerivat seadusandlust, Euroopa Liidu Parlamendi ja Nõukogu määruseid, analüüsis mitmete transpordi- ja terviseteadlaste seisukohti erinevate teadusartiklite baasil ning töötas läbi teisi erialaseid kirjandusväljaandeid. Töö käigus analüüsis autor Tööinspektsiooni poolt läbi viidud uuringuid töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete avastatud rikkumiste ja tööõnnetuste osas ning Maanteeameti poolt avaldatud veo- või vedukautode poolt põhjustatud liiklusõnnetuste vahelist seost. Magistritöös võrdles autor Maanteeameti poolt tellitud ja 2004. aastal Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Arenduskeskuse poolt avaldatud "Töö- ja puhkeaja järgimise uuring Eesti maanteetranspordi ettevõtetes" uurimust ja selle tulemusi käesolevas töös veose veo eest vastutavate isikute ja veokijuhtide seas autori poolt läbi viidud küsitluse tulemustega ning tegi saadud tulemuste põhjal järeldusi. Magistritöö analüüsis uuris autor veose veo eest vastutavate isikute hinnangut veokijuhtide teadlikkusest töö- ja puhkeaja nõuetest ning veokijuhtide teadlikkust maanteetranspordis kehtivatest regulatsioonidest. Läbi viidud küsitluses osales 29 veose veo eest vastutavat isikut ja 27 veokijuhti. Küsitluses osalenud veo ja veose eest vastutavate isikute vastuste läbitöötamisel jõudis autor järeldusele, et veokijuhtide teadlikkust töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete täitmisest võib pidada heaks, ent peamiseks töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete rikkumiseks on autori seisukohalt küsitluse tulemustest lähtuvalt just ööpäevasest sõidu- ja puhkeaja nõuetest mitte kinni pidamine. Veokijuhtide poolt küsimustikule edastatud vastuseid analüüsides jõudis autor samuti järeldusele, et suurem osa veokijuhtidest on teadlikud sõidu- ja puhkeaega reguleerivatest seadusaktidest ning samuti osutus see ka autori järeldustest tulenevalt suurimaks rikkumiseks. Veokijuhid ei pea suures enamuses kinni Euroopa Parlamendi ja Nõukogu määrusega nr 561/2006 kehtestatud nädalasest sõidu- ja puhkeaegadest. Töötervishoiule tähelepanu pööramise ja töötingimuste parandamise osas küsitluste tulemusi analüüsides, jõudis autor järeldusele, et 90% vastanud ettevõtetest pööravad tähelepanu veokijuhtide töötervishoiule ning töötingimuste parandamiseks on ettevõttes rakendanud erinevaid meetmeid. Mitte üheski vastanud ettevõttes ei esine haigestumisi kutsehaigustesse. Tööõnnetusi on juhtunud vastanud ettevõtetest kuues ettevõttes. Surmaga lõppenud tööõnnetusi ei esinenud. Veokijuhtide vastuste tulemustest lähtuvalt on autor samuti seisukohal, et protsentuaalselt enam kui pooltele vastanud veokijuhtidele osutatakse töötervishoiuteenuseid ning samuti on ka veokijuhtide hinnang töötingimuste parandamise osas sama, mis ettevõtetelgi. Veokijuhtide töö- ja puhkeaja määruste eesmärk – parandada veokijuhtide töötingimusi ja võtta arvesse nende töötervishoiu küsimusi – ei ole autori arvates täielikult realiseerunud. Euroopa Parlamendi ja Nõukogu töö- ja puhkeaja määrused on paindumatud, mistõttu põhjustavad nendest tulenevad nõudmised paljudel veokijuhtidel stressi. Täpsed ettekirjutused, millal ja kui palju veokijuhid sõitma ja puhkama peavad, võivad suure tõenäosusega tekitada veokijuhtides sotsiaalset isolatsiooni. Stress omakorda võib olla teiste haiguste riskiteguriks. Töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete avastatud rikkumiste ja veo- või vedukautode põhjustatud liiklusõnnetustevahelise seose ning töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete avastatud rikkumiste ja laonduses ja veonduses toimunud tööõnnetustevahelise seose väljaselgitamiseks viis autor töös läbi korrelatsioon- ja regressioonanalüüsi. Analüüsi tulemusena on autor seisukohal, et töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete avastatud rikkumiste ja veo- või vedukautode põhjustatud liiklusõnnetuste vahel on tugev negatiivne seos. Sellest tulenevalt järeldab autor, et kui kasvab Tööinspektsiooni poolt kontroll töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete täitmise üle, vähenevad veo- või vedukautode poolt põhjustatud liiklusõnnetused. Töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete avastatud rikkumiste ja laonduses ja veonduses toimunud tööõnnetustevahelise seose näitajaid analüüsides jõudis autor tulemusele, et nende vahel on olemas negatiivne korrelatiivne seos. Saadud tulemuste põhjal on autor seisukohal, et kui kasvab Tööinspektsiooni poolt kontroll töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete täitmise üle, vähenevad laonduses ja veonduses aset leidvate tööõnnetuste arv. Võrreldes veose veo eest vastutavate isikute ja veokijuhtide seas autori poolt läbi viidud küsitluse tulemusi 2004. aastal Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Arenduskeskuse poolt läbi viidud uuringus avaldatud andmetega ja analüüsides Tööinspektsiooni poolt kontrollimisel avastatud töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete rikkumisi, veonduses ja laonduses toimunud tööõnnetusi ning Maanteeameti poolt avaldatud veo- või vedukauto poolt põhjustatud liiklusõnnetusi, leiab autor, et kontrolli töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete täitmise üle tuleks tõhustada. Tagamaks veokijuhtide töö- ja puhkeaja nõuetest kinni pidamine, tuleks kauba saatjatel, tellijatel ja vedajatel teha rohkem omavahelist koostööd. Ettevõtetes peab autori seisukohtade kohaselt pöörama rohkem tähelepanu seadusandlusega kehtestatud veokijuhtide töö- ja puhkeaja nõuetele. Auroti arvates omab see, eriti suurt tähtsust, kuna ettevõte vastutab ka väljaspool liikmesriiki veokijuhi poolt toime pandud eest. Igas ettevõttes on küll veose veo eest vastutav isik, kuid tema ei saa tihtilugu üksi hallata kogu ettevõtet, sellest tulenevalt on autor arvamusel, et nii nagu veokijuhtidel on kohustuslik läbida täiendkoolitused, tuleks seda nõuda ka veokorraldajatelt, et ka nemad oleksid paremini kursis kehtivate töö- ja puhkeaja nõuetega. Tööinspektsioon, Politsei ja Piirivalveamet ning koolitajad võiksid teha suuremat koostööd teavitamaks ja koolitamaks ettevõtteid ja veokijuhte töö- ja puhkeajaeeskirjadest tulenevate nõuete täitmiseks, samuti kontrollimiseks kasutatavate programmide tutvustamiseks ja kasutamiseks. Autor on arvamusel, et kehtivad töö- ja puhkeajamäärused tuleks üle vaadata ja sõnastada nii, et need oleksid üheselt mõistetavad nii kontrollivale ametnikule, tööandjale kui ka veokijuhile. Autor on seisukohal, et korduvate rikkumiste korral, kui neile on pööratud kontrolliva ametniku poolt korduvalt tähelepanu ning jätkuvalt esineb töö- ja puhkeaja nõuete rikkumisi, tuleks rakendada karmimaid karistusmeetmeid. Tähelepanu peaks autori arvates pöörama ka veokijuhtide töökeskkonnale ja tervisele, kuna seda valdkonda Euroopa Parlamendi ja Nõukogu määrus käesoleval hetkel täiel määral ei reguleeri ega kajasta. Põhiline rõhk on pandud eeskätt sõidu- ja puhkeaja reguleerimisele, millega püütakse vähendada õnnetusi raskeveokite ja väsinud veokijuhtidega, ent tagaplaanile on seetõttu jäänud veokijuhtide tervis ja heaolu. Tööandjad, töötervishoiuteenust osutavad asutused, Tööinspektsioon ning Maksu- ja Tolliamet peaksid tagama tihedamat koostööd, tagamaks veokijuhtide pidev tervisekontroll ja saadud tulemusi tuleks ka analüüsida, et vajadusel parendada veokijuhtide töökeskkonda. Riik võiks veokijuhtide tervise ja heaolu ning töökeskkonna parendamiseks loobuda tööandjatele kehtivatest erisoodustusmaksudest hetkel ei saa ettevõtted võimaldada oma töötajatele näiteks sportimist või muid tervist parendavaid teenuseid. ; The purpose of the hereto Master's thesis is to find out how the transportation companies and truck drivers, who are dealing with national and international transportation, follow the working time regulations. Also to find out which is the connection between violation of working time regulations and traffic accidents caused by trucks or traction units and is there a connection between violation of working time regulations and occupational accidents happened in transportation and warehousing. In order to write the Master's thesis, the author had to elaborate with the regulations concerning truck-drivers work and rest time. The author also had to analyze several point-of-views of many health scientists from several scientific articles and elaborate with other professional literature. While writing the Master's thesis, the author analyzed the researches concerning infringements of work and rest time regulations and working accidents published by the Labour Inspectorate and also the connection between the accidents caused by trucks or traction units, published by the Road Administration. The author compared the results of the Tallinn University of Technology research "The research about following the hours of service regulations in Estonian transportation companies," ordered by the Road Administration with the results of the survey carried out among truck drivers and people responsible for cargo transportation and made conclusions based on that. In the Master's thesis the author analyzed the opinion of the people responsible for cargo transportation about the truck driver's awareness of hours of service regulations, and the truck driver's awareness concerning the regulations of road transport. There where 29 people responsible for the cargo transportation and 27 truck drivers who participated in the survey. While elaborating with the answers given by the people responsible for the cargo transportation, the author came to a conclusion that the truck driver's knowledge about the hours of service regulations is good but the main violation of working and rest time is the non-compliance of the daily driving working and rest time regulations. While analyzing the answers given by the truck drivers the author also came to conclusion that although most of the truck drivers know about the regulations of the working and rest time, it is still the main violation. Most of the truck drivers do not follow the working and rest time requirements, regulated with the European Parliament and Council regulation no 561/2006. When analyzing the results of the survey about paying attention to occupational health and improving the working conditions the author concluded that 90% of the responding companies are paying attention to the occupational health of the truck drivers and have applied different methods to improve the working conditions. There have been no cases of occupational diseases in the responding companies. Six of the responding companies said that there have been cases of occupational accidents but none of them were fatal. When analyzing the truck driver's answers the author finded that more than half of the truck drivers who participated in the survey have received occupational health services and the truck driver's opinion about the improvement of working conditions matches with the companies. The purpose of the regulations of hours of service (improvement of working conditions of the truck drivers taking into account their health issues) isn't completely realized. The European Parliament and Council regulations about hours of service are inflexible and causing stress to truck drivers. It is likely that the precise rules when and for how long the truck drivers have to drive and rest, may cause social isolation. Stress, in turn, may be the risk factor for other diseases. In order to find out the connection between the violation of hours of service regulations and traffic accidents caused by trucks and traction units and the connection between the violation of hours of service regulations and the occupational accidents happened in warehousing and transportation, the author carried out a correlation and regression analyzes. As a result of the analyzes, the author came to a conclusion that the connection between violation of hours of service regulations and traffic accidents caused by truck drivers is strongly negative. Hence the author concluded that if the control by Labour Inspectorate over the compliance of hours of service regulations increases, the traffic accidents caused by the trucks or traction units will decrease. After analyzing the connection between the violations of work and rest time regulations and the occupational accidents happened in storage and transport, the author came to a conclusion that there is a negative correlational connection between them. The author came to a result that if the control by Labour Inspectorate over the compliance of hours of service regulations increases the occupational accidents in warehousing and transportation will decrease. When comparing the results of the survey carried out among truck drivers and people responsible for cargo between the results of the research carried out by the Development Center of the Tallinn University of Technology in 2004, analyzing the violations of hours of service regulations discovered by the Labour Inspectorate, analyzing the occupational accidents in storage and transport and analyzing the traffic accidents caused by trucks or traction units what are published by the Road Administration, the author came to a conclusion that control measures over the compliance of hours of service regulations should be intensified. To ensure the compliance of truck driver's hours of service regulations, bigger co-operation is needed between the cargo shippers, orders and carriers. Author thinks that companies should pay more attention to truck drivers hours of service regulations. Author thinks that this is also really important because the company is responsible for the accidents caused by the truck drivers not only inside European Union but also if they happen outside of it. Author's opinion is that stricter punishments are needed in case of repeated violations if they have been noticed by the controlling official. Author thinks that more attention should be paid to truck drivers working environment and health because this is the area that has not been fully reflected and regulated by the European Parliament and Councils regulations. Right now the main focus has put on regulating the hours of service what should decrease the accidents caused by trucks and tired truck drivers but the truck driver's health and wellbeing has been left behind.

Introduction: Tradition and Change: Many of the well established Western European pharmaceutical wholesalers are companies with strong local traditions and roots dating back for several decades and more. GEHE Pharma Handel GmbH, one of the top pharmaceutical wholesalers in Germany, was celebrating its 175th birthday in 2010. AAH Pharmaceuticals Ltd., the UK's leading distributor of pharmaceutical and healthcare products, was established in 1923, and Herba Chemosan Apotheker-AG, Austria's largest pharmaceutical service and trading company, was established in 1916 as a cooperative from pharmacists for pharmacists. But having years to add does not equal getting old, as we will see in the course of this study. The times of transformation free eras have long gone, stability is not the norm anymore and the challenges being faced today are completely different. The globalisation of markets and competition has forced and still 'is forcing firms to make dramatic improvements not only to compete and prosper but also to merely survive'. For many reasons, which will be detailed throughout this study, pharmaceutical wholesalers across Europe have been facing the need for improvements to secure sustainability and growth. In addition, 'there has been significant consolidation of pharmaceutical wholesalers in Europe … affecting not only the distribution of market share but also the strategic orientation of the surviving firms'. Healthcare in Transition: Not only within the European Union but also across the entire OECD countries, healthcare is one of the largest industries with a dominant position in terms of job creation and a dynamic force in terms of innovation. Despite significant achievements in the health status of populations, concerns prevail on how resources are used in healthcare and how to guarantee an efficient and effective use of modern medicine. The weight of healthcare expenses in relation to GDP has increased the demand to harmonise internationally different definitions and improve the cross-national comparability of data on healthcare expenses. Consequently, the OECD has developed the 'System of Health Accounts'. This manual provides a common framework and supports the international comparison of healthcare data across countries and over time. A combination of medical progress, demographic changes and shifting social expectations are the major drivers of increasing health expenditures in developed countries. Within the EU-15, spending for healthcare has a significant share in percent of GDP. In 2005, the average healthcare spending in the EU-15 was 8.3% of GDP, leading to an increased dominance of expense controls (Figure 1:Total spending on healthcare in % of GDP (2006)). The pharmaceutical market is an integrated part of the overall healthcare market and driven by innovation and milestone improvements as is the overall healthcare market. The pharmaceutical market is the major reference market for the pharmaceutical wholesale industry. The standing and weight of the pharmaceutical market is expressed in the pharmaceutical quota. The pharmaceutical quota reflects the ratio of pharmaceutical expenses in comparison to the overall expenses for healthcare (Figure 2: Pharmaceutical expenditure in % of total health expenditure (2006)). Pharmaceutical expenditure varies significantly across Europe with a record share of 31.9% of total health expenditure in Hungary. The focus on pharmaceutical spending has become of growing importance, as governments are increasingly facing budget problems in financing healthcare activities for their citizens. The prices of established medicines are generally declining over their life cycle but pharmaceutical spending is triggered by non-cyclical trends, such as increasing life expectancy in industrialised nations and the introduction of new and innovative medicines at increased costs. The global pharmaceutical market will continue to grow and drugs will still be perceived as an efficient method of treatment compared with other types of medical care (Figure 3: Life expectancy in years at birth (2008)). Total spending on healthcare in relation to GDP and life expectancy is still relatively low in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). However, the higher share of spending in pharmaceuticals can be interpreted as reduced spending on other forms of treatment and thereby increasing the importance of pharmaceuticals. Reduced average life expectancy in CEE shows that there is still a need to draw level with the rest of Europe. These trends will ultimately support the growth of pharmaceutical markets but further increase the pressure on local governments to finance additional healthcare. Research Objectives: Pharmaceutical wholesale distribution is an unknown area for the general public, and very often for other players in the healthcare market and politicians too. Little is known about this vital business-to-business link between pharmaceutical production at the beginning and dispensing of drugs at the end of the supply chain. Pharmaceutical wholesale distribution has a long-history in Europe and repeatedly proved to be the most efficient bridge between production and point of sale (PoS) or point of dispensing (PoD). Within the last years, the topic of changes in European healthcare has become of ever growing importance. The pace of change has increased exponentially in some countries. In a functioning healthcare system, pharmaceutical wholesalers are fully embedded and thus significantly affected by a changing environment. Risks and opportunities go hand in hand while governments are changing their policies in healthcare spending, pharmaceutical manufacturers are changing their mode of operating and patients and consumers are changing their ways of receiving or buying pharmaceuticals. The aim of this master thesis is to highlight the role of pharmaceutical full-line wholesalers, to give detailed analyses of an ever-changing healthcare world and map out the most relevant threats and opportunities for European full-line pharmaceutical wholesalers. Structure: This master thesis comprises of five chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to European healthcare and explains the purpose of this thesis. Chapter 2 focuses on the definition of full-line pharmaceutical wholesalers, the specific functions they hold within the pharmaceutical supply chain, and the value added they provide. Chapter 3 investigates the major trends leading to a changing healthcare environment, evaluating the effects of changing demographic compositions, governments' needs to restrict healthcare spending and the consequences on pharmaceutical wholesalers. Chapter 4 deals with opportunities of growth to sustain the success of European pharmaceutical wholesalers in the long run: strategies for liberalising markets, the creation of value added services, vertical integration and the need to grow outside Europe are on display. Chapter 5, finally, summarises the findings of the master thesis. Data Source: Data for the analysis is mainly based on European drivers of healthcare systems. Analysis on national and corporate level has been included where applicable. Global research data, with a special focus on Brazil, Russia, China and India, has been analysed for the purpose of evaluating growth strategies for pharmaceutical wholesalers outside Europe. The reviewed literature has been published by first-in-class experts in healthcare such as IMS Health, the world's leading provider of market intelligence to the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries, GIRP, the umbrella organisation of pharmaceutical full-line wholesalers in Europe, OECD, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and high-ranking consulting corporations such as Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants and The Boston Consulting Group. A diverse set of sources was used to provide a comprehensive analysis on changing healthcare markets and the threats and opportunities for pharmaceutical wholesalers.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: 1.INTRODUCTION9 1.1TRADITION AND CHANGE9 1.2HEALTHCARE IN TRANSITION10 1.3RESEARCH OBJECTIVES14 1.4STRUCTURE15 1.5DATA SOURCE15 2.PHARMACEUTICAL WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTION17 2.1PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN17 2.2FULL-LINE PHARMACEUTICAL WHOLESALERS18 2.3SHORT-LINE PHARMACEUTICAL WHOLESALERS19 2.4FUNCTIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL WHOLESALERS20 2.4.1Bridging of Distances21 2.4.2Bridging of Time22 2.4.3Quantity Function22 2.4.4Quality Function24 2.4.5Services creating Added Value26 2.4.6Coverage27 3.HEALTHCARE IN TRANSITION29 3.1CHANGINGDEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION29 3.2CHALLENGES IN HEALTHCARE FUNDING33 3.3COST-DRIVEN CHANGES34 3.3.1Generic Market Penetration34 3.3.2Price Erosion38 3.4STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN41 3.4.1Direct Deliveries42 3.4.2Public Service Obligation46 3.4.3Certified Supply Chain47 3.5TRANSFORMING HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN CEE49 3.5.1The Post-Semaskho Era49 3.5.2Informal Payments and Corruption51 4.SUSTAINABLE GROWTH55 4.1OUTSOURCING55 4.2VALUE ADDED SERVICES58 4.3VERTICAL INTEGRATION59 4.3.1Sweden Abolishes Pharmacy Monopoly60 4.3.2Legislation61 4.4COOPERATION MODELS66 4.5PHARMERGING MARKETS69 5.CONCLUSION73Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 2.1, Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: Although the pharmaceutical supply chain has different peculiarities depending on national legislations and market structures, a general supply chain organisation exists and is to a large extent valid across Europe. Figure 4 shows that the origins of the pharmaceutical supply chain are at the manufacturing level. Pre-wholesaling is a preliminary stage of wholesaling and usually covers the logistics processes that have been outsourced by manufacturers. Phoenix, one of the three large pan-European pharmaceutical trading companies, explains the growing importance of pre-wholesale activities: 'Today, there is not a single country in Europe where it is not in manufacturers' interests to outsource their entire distribution and logistics requirements, whether for drugs, medical products or veterinary pharmaceuticals, to a specialist company operating within an efficient pharmaceutical logistical system. This logistics partner takes over responsibility for distribution to all wholesalers.' In addition to basic logistical services, such as the professional storage and transportation in accordance with legislation and special requirements for handling drugs, pre-wholesalers offer tailor-made solutions to the pharmaceutical industry. Tailor-made solutions include among others the tracking of medicine deliveries, monitoring of temperature, humidity and exposure to light, and country specific packaging and labelling. 2.2, Full-line Pharmaceutical Wholesalers: Distribution of pharmaceuticals is the core business of full-line pharmaceutical wholesalers. They provide the most important link between pharmaceutical manufacturing and the point of sale (PoS) and point of dispensing (PoD). 'The activity of pharmaceutical full-line wholesaling consists of the purchase, warehousing, storage, order preparation and delivery of medicines. Pharmaceutical full-line wholesalers carry and distribute the complete assortment of products in range and depth within the framework set by the authorities and the market to meet the needs of those with whom they have normal business relations. In addition to delivering all medicines in their geographical area of activity on the same day/within less than 24 hours, pharmaceutical full-line wholesalers provide working capital and extended financing services, funding of stock and receivables of pharmacies and health care professionals'. Pharmaceutical wholesalers provide not only state-of-the-art logistics services but also a wide range of value added services to various stakeholders in healthcare. Tailor-made solutions for the pharmaceutical industry are becoming increasingly important and full-service support beyond logistics competencies has long been established for pharmacy customers. Value added services are no longer mere add-ons to the logistics services but are vital competitive assets. Wholesalers are not only creating benefits down-stream in the supply chain but also across the healthcare market including the final consumers of medicines. 2.3, Short-line Pharmaceutical Wholesalers: Another mode of wholesaling is provided by short-line wholesalers, which are the cherry pickers of pharmaceutical wholesaling. Short-liners restrain their product portfolio to a specific range of pharmaceuticals only. Consequently, they benefit significantly from a narrow financially driven product portfolio and slim cost structures. By contrast, full-line wholesalers offer the entire spectrum of medicines in order to guarantee supply and to support the health of the population. Service offers from short-line wholesalers are either minimal or not existing. National governments usually strive to achieve three targets concerning the pharmaceutical supply chain: drug safety, security of supply and quality of supply. Short-line wholesalers cannot guarantee the security of supply as they only provide a narrow range of medicines. Their focus on highly profitable products negatively affects the product portfolio of full-line wholesalers, which need the profitable products to be able to stock and distribute unprofitable medicines. Hybrid costing has been the economic baseline to guarantee the security of supply. To ensure that supply of medicines is guaranteed, several European countries have legally obliged wholesalers to provide the full range of medicines to pharmacies. France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Spain and some of the new EU member states have implemented these public service obligations.