Suchergebnisse

Public space is being increasingly managed by defensive architecture, surveillance and other subtle filtering mechanisms to make it more palatable and attendant to the needs of capital. This reinforces social boundaries, making space inhospitable to those people whose presence is not welcome, and serves to 'discipline' city inhabitants into primarily consumption based modes of interacting with and in the city. However, disenfranchised urban populations still find ways to exist in and navigate these spaces. The purpose of this article is to highlight these ways by introducing the concept of 'desire lines' as a means of overcoming or re-imagining defensive space. We use Deleuze and Guattari's theory of desire as productive force, combined with De Certeau's notion of 'walking the city', to explore how individuals and social movements might practically, and in a metaphorical sense, create new collective paths, creating 'desire lines' of resistance and change within what is often an increasingly unforgiving and dominated urban environment, created by and for capital at the expense of a vibrant public realm.

Program planning and development of technical assistance must take place at the level of the recipient country. Once the resources for technical assistance available to a coun try are determined, the government itself must identify its needs and establish its priorities—whether the assistance is to come from local, international, or bilateral sources. The "country programing" procedures under which the United Nations Expanded Program for Technical Assistance is estab lished annually have helped to strengthen the program plan ning machinery of recipient countries. The single purpose, voluntary nature, and multilateral management of the United Nations program make it peculiarly acceptable as an instru ment for assisting in creating and strengthening local institu tions including ministries and other bodies responsible for planning and programing. The Expanded Program has also been successful in undertaking projects involving several recipient countries in major joint programs. While the United Nations program has an important place in technical assist ance, its financing has not kept pace with growing bilateral programs of the United States, the USSR, and other countries. It may therefore be desirable to emphasize the possible role of the United Nations program in the process of development and co-ordination of other technical assistance activities.

The republican ideology widely seized the highly symbolic meaning of the municipal architecture. As for the school, it contributed to give her the image of the State, which is democratic and equalitarian. Nevertheless, a fast report shows that on the scale of the national territory, the republican influence on the regional architecture was made with more or less of success, as we are situated near big cultural centers and active political homes. In Brittany, the anchoring of the Republic in the mentalities recovers underlying fights which condition directly the state commission: from the parochial enclosure into the republican city hall-school, it is finally on the marriage of convenience enter the civil society (the municipality) and the rustic community (the parish) which build themselves the items of the power. This thesis has for objective, not to demonstrate the relevance of republican architecture, but more widely to return on the constitution of a common base of representations of the power, the State generally, and the premises in particular. From the powerful image which itloosens, the architecture of the power asks actually the question of its identity: this work offers, from the eighteenth to the 80's, to exceed the purely structuralist approach collectively admitted for this kind of analysis, and to undertake, on the basis of a methodical observation of the springs of archives, inquiries on the ground, the crossing of architects' routes, asecond reading of semantics regional architectural ; L'idéologie républicaine s'est largement emparée de la signification hautement symbolique de l'architecture municipale. Comme pour l'école, elle a contribué à lui donner l'image de l'État, c'est-à-dire démocratique et égalitaire. Pourtant, un rapide constat montre qu'à l'échelle du territoire national, l'emprise républicaine sur l'architecture régionale s'est faiteavec plus ou moins de succès, selon que l'on se situe près des grands centres de rayonnement culturels et des foyers politiques actifs. En Bretagne, ...

The article substantiates the expediency of flexible economic planning in a market economy and democracy based on the theory of F. Oules. In the 20th century the structure of the economy, the interdependence of states and industries became so complicated that the laissez-faire principle lost its original relevance; now a large-scale application of democratic tools for forecasting, coordination and planning of economic activity is required. None of the widely known modern methods of assessing the level of democracy includes criteria related to the democracy of the economic planning and control system.

This article examines Wyndham Lewis' The Caliph's Design alongside German Expressionist architectural design during the years 1918–1920, suggesting Bruno Taut for the role of Lewis' sought-after 'single architect with brains'. By analysing the intellectual and ideological context of an architectural project with similar concerns and prejudices it is possible to see Lewis' post-war pamphlet as an exceptional phase in his writing, in which he teeters on the brink of approving political engagement for the arts and echoes some of the ideas promoted by Germany's Activist programme. These images of revolutionary utopian architecture can then be traced to Lewis' construction of the Magnetic City in The Human Age.

As internet is becoming a critical infrastructure and the amount of traffic carried on it is rapidly growing, along with the potential security threats, monitoring is becoming more and more a crucial activity to the correct operations of networks and network based services. However, the amount of data to be analyzed, the extreme variety of the analysis to be supported, along with the need to correlate data from different sources and the limitations imposed by the privacy legislation make network monitoring a difficult and challenging task. In this work we explore several research fields, all of them related to network monitoring and testing. First of all, we propose tomographic techniques, that allow to infer the internal state of the network by applying statistical analysis to measurements carried out by the end–hosts, with no cooperation from the internal nodes. We then illustrate novel algorithms and data structures for speeding up expensive packet processing tasks, such as deep packet inspection. Subsequently, we move on to architectural topics and show how general purpose processors and special purpose devices can complement each other in order to build monitoring and testing systems offering an optimal trade–off between flexibility and performance. Moreover, we also investigate on the potential that the modern commodity hardware (which is highly parallel) provides and on how this can be leveraged for the benefit of the network monitoring applications. Finally, we delve into the topic of distributed monitoring and propose novel solutions for building an overlay of monitoring probes which can efficiently correlate the observed data, thus avoiding the scalability bottleneck of an architecture based on a single collection point.

This article situates the emergence of pioneer modern architects and architecture of Singapore in the longer history of colonial and post-colonial modernities and modernization, and in relation to socio-economic forces of capitalism and socio-political influences of the modern state in both the colonial and post-colonial eras. Rather than understand modern architecture in terms of style, this article goes behind style to explore the social, economic, technological and political conditions of producing modern architecture.

This paper discusses the relationship between planning, sustainable development and the environment in Ireland. The paper firstly explores the development of planning as a Concept. It then sets out the key 'actors' in Irish environmental policy. The paper goes on to describe the planning system in Ireland with a specific emphasis on its relationship to sustainable development and the environment. Irish environmental performance is assessed. Irish environmental policy 'drivers' are then examined with a view to explaining the emphasis of Irish environmental policy. The paper demonstrates and explains the lack of influence of the planning system on key areas of environmental policy but emphasises its importance in addressing, in particular, urban and suburban environmental problems. The paper identifies the following impediments to the effective operation of tile planning system in enhancing sustainable development: lack of consistency in government policy and legislation as regards sustainable development; poor public perception of planning and the role of political system therein; limited policy instruments and the emphasis on regulation; and lack of research for evidence-based policymaking.

Architecture and the Novel under the Italian Fascist Regime discusses the relationship between the novel and architecture during the Fascist period in Italy (1922-1943). By looking at two profoundly diverse aesthetic phenomena within the context of the creation of a Fascist State art, Billiani and Pennacchietti argue that an effort of construction, or reconstruction, was the main driving force behind both projects: the advocated "revolution" of the novel form (realism) and that of architecture (rationalism). The book is divided into seven chapters, which in turn analyze the interconnections between the novel and architecture in theory and in practice. The first six chapters cover debates on State art, on the novel and on architecture, as well as their historical development and their unfolding in key journals of the period. The last chapter offers a detailed analysis of some important novels and buildings, which have in practice realized some of the key principles articulated in the theoretical disputes.

"Nach israelischem Gesetz müssen alle Einwohner des Landes Zugang zu Schutzräumen haben. Die Israelis haben diese Räume in ihren Alltag integriert und in Tanzstudios, Kneipen oder Bethäuser 'verwandelt'. Adam Reynolds fotografierte über zwei Jahre lang diese 'Weltuntergangs-Räume' und öffnet damit ein Fenster in die kollektive Denkweise dieses ständig bedrohten Landes."--