Suchergebnisse

Este documento pretende contribuir al debate y esclarecimiento sobre el Desarrollo Sustentable. No hay sector en el mundo que no hable del Desarrollo Sustentable, pero muy pocos entienden lo que realmente propone éste. De esto se aprovechan en forma reiterada los países capitalistas y sus representantes en los diferentes sectores. Los neoliberales también hablan de Desarrollo Sostenible; pero, ¿son consecuentes con sus principios económicos?, ¿la visión antropocéntrica propone realmente el Desarrollo Sostenible? ¿En gobiernos que están bajo el mandato del FMI y BM se podrán implementar políticas que encaminen al Desarrollo Sostenible? Estas son algunas de las preguntas que vamos a esclarecer en el documento. La crisis ambiental no es un problema reciente. Esto viene aconteciendo desde muchos años atrás. Si en los años setenta la crisis ambiental llevó a proclamar el freno al crecimiento antes de alcanzar el colapso ecológico, en los años noventa la dialéctica de la cuestión ambiental ha producido su negación: hoy el discurso neoliberal afirma la desaparición de la contradicción entre ambiente y crecimiento. Los mecanismos de mercado se convierten en el medio más certero y eficaz para internalizar las condiciones ecológicas y los valores ambientales al proceso de crecimiento económico. En la perspectiva neoliberal, los problemas ecológicos no surgen como resultado de la acumulación de capital, ni por fallas del mercado, sino por no haber asignado derechos de propiedad y precios a los bienes comunes. Una vez establecido lo anterior, las clarividentes leyes del mercado se encargarían de ajustar los desequilibrios ecológicos y las diferencias sociales: la equidad y la sustentabilidad. El discurso dominante busca promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, negando las condiciones ecológicas y termodinámicas que establecen límites a la apropiación y transformación capitalista de la naturaleza. La naturaleza está siendo incorporada así al capital mediante una doble operación: por una parte se intenta internalizar los costos ambientales del progreso; junto con ello, se instrumenta una operación simbólica, un «cálculo de significación» que recodifica al hombre, la cultura y la naturaleza como formas aparentes de una misma esencia: el capital. Así, los procesos ecológicos y simbólicos son reconvertidos en capital natural, humano y cultural, para ser asimilados al proceso de reproducción y expansión del orden económico, reestructurando las condiciones de la producción mediante una gestión económicamente racional del ambiente. De esta manera, la retórica del crecimiento sostenible ha reconvertido el sentido crítico del concepto de ambiente en un discurso voluntarista, proclamando que las políticas neoliberales habrán de conducirnos hacia los objetivos del equilibrio ecológico y la justicia social por la vía más eficaz: el crecimiento económico guiado por el libre mercado. Este discurso promete alcanzar su propósito, sin una fundamentación sobre la capacidad del mercado para dar su justo valor a la naturaleza, para internalizar las externalidades ambientales y disolver las desigualdades sociales; para revertir las leyes de la entropía y actualizar las preferencias de las generaciones futuras. ; This document aims to contribute to the debate and clarification on sustainable development, there is no sector in the world that does not speak of the importance of this topic, but very few understand what it really proposes. Capitalist countries and their representatives in different sectors repeatedly take advantage of this. Neoliberals also speak of sustainable development; But, are they consistent with its economic principles? Does the anthropocentric vision really propose sustainable development? In governments that are under the mandate of the IMF and WB, will policies that aim at sustainable development be implemented? These are some of the questions that we are going to clarify in the document. The environmental crisis is not a recent problem. This has been going on for many years. If in the 1970s the environmental crisis led to proclaiming the brake on growth before reaching ecological collapse, in the 1990s the dialectic of the environmental question has produced its negation: today the neoliberal discourse affirms the disappearance of the contradiction between environment and increase. Market mechanisms become the most accurate and effective way to internalize ecological conditions and environmental values in the process of economic growth. In the neoliberal perspective, ecological problems do not arise as a result of capital accumulation, nor due to market failures, but because of not having assigned property rights and prices to common goods. Once this was established, the clairvoyant laws of the market would be in charge of adjusting ecological imbalances and social differences: equity and sustainability. The dominant discourse seeks to promote sustained economic growth, denying the ecological and thermodynamic conditions that set limits to the capitalist appropriation and transformation of nature. Nature is thus being incorporated into capital through a double operation: on the one hand, an attempt is made to internalize the environmental costs of progress; Along with this, a symbolic operation is implemented, a "calculation of significance" that recodes man, culture and nature as apparent forms of the same essence: capital. Thus, the ecological and symbolic processes are converted into natural, human and cultural capital, to be assimilated to the process of reproduction and expansion of the economic order, restructuring the conditions of production through economically rational management of the environment. In this way, the rhetoric of sustainable growth has turned the critical sense of the concept of environment into a voluntarist discourse, proclaiming that neoliberal policies must lead us towards the objectives of ecological balance and social justice by the most effective means: economic growth. guided by the free market. This discourse promises to achieve its purpose, without a foundation on the market's capacity to give its fair value to nature, to internalize environmental externalities and dissolve social inequalities; to reverse the laws of entropy and update the preferences of future generations.

Dernière version avant correction des épreuves ; In mainstream economics, markets' prices are supposed to summarize all the information about demand preferences, supply quality, and the future of the state of affairs. Hence markets are efficient valorisation processes of goods: prices provide agents with the best information to coordinate each others in markets. Despite this theoretical efficiency, markets' prices are rather considered by enterprises as an economic constraint from which they want to be independent. Enterprises are valorisation processes "against" markets dynamics. The capacity to settle the value of goods, people (in the external and internal labour market) and enterprises themselves (in the financial market) is a crucial power (Eymard-Duvernay, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to empirically characterize the ways enterprises give value to their products, their manpower and themselves. The study is based on data collected in the French survey REPONSE (Relations professionnelles et négociations d'entreprises, 2004/2005) where 2 930 employers were asked about their commercial strategy, their HR policies, and their major shareholders. A multiple correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering method have been used to construct a typology of five enterprise patterns. Then, the study presents evidence on the relationships between the five patterns and social indicators. It's the capacity to cooperate and the capacity to learn which are at stake. ; Le présent travail propose une approche statistique et conventionnaliste renouvelée des " modèles d'entreprise ". Au sein de chaque établissement, les agents se coordonnent en donnant (explicitement ou implicitement, ponctuellement ou de manière continue) des valeurs aux biens et aux personnes. Par conséquent, si on réussit à établir une typologie des manières de valoriser les produits, les salariés et l'entreprise elle-même, ce sont des " modèles d'entreprise " (Eymard-Duvernay, 1987, 1989) qui vont émerger, c'est-à-dire des espaces de coordination avec trois marchés, fondés sur différentes conventions d'évaluation. L'enquête REPONSE donne la possibilité de rassembler des informations, jusqu'alors traitées de manière éparse, sur les manières de fixer ou d'augmenter la valeur des biens et des personnes. Par exemple, pour repérer les logiques de valorisation des produits à l'œuvre, on retient des variables qui précisent la logique de fixation du prix, le rôle de ce dernier dans la stratégie concurrentielle (en comparaison avec la qualité, l'innovation et la renommée), l'importance de la rentabilité comme objectif commercial ou l'existence d'une démarche " qualité totale ". Pour la valorisation du travail, l'enquête fournit des informations sur l'évaluation qui se fait au moment de l'embauche mais aussi au sein du marché du travail interne (logiques de revalorisation et d'individualisation salariales, de politiques d'évaluation et d'incitations). Enfin concernant l'évaluation de l'entreprise elle-même, exception faite de la cotation, les variables retenus n'attrapent pas directement des logiques de valorisation, elles recensent les acteurs ayant le pouvoir d'évaluer l'entreprise : les actionnaires. Au total 29 variables ont été introduites dans l'analyse. Une classification ascendante hiérarchique réalisée sur les 15 premiers axes factoriels d'une analyse des correspondances multiples (reproduisant près de 50% de l'inertie initiale) amène à retenir une partition des établissements en 5 classes. Ainsi l'étude confirme-t-elle que l'on peut dégager une typologie plausible et raisonnable. Les établissements se distribuent autour de 5 " modèles d'entreprise " : " non marchande " ou " réglementée ", " prix et primes ", " qualité et coûts ", " marchande innovante, incitative et participative " et " investissement étranger innovant non participatif ".

Nicholas Anthony


The Cato Institute's mission is to originate, disseminate, and advance solutions based on the principles of individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and peace. Within the Center for Monetary and Financial Alternatives, we narrow that scope to the realm of monetary and financial policy. And while our work often involves digging into the weeds to assess the merits of specific pieces of legislation, it's always important to step back and ask what the subject of our work means for liberty. Today, that subject is financial privacy.
So, what does financial privacy mean for liberty?
An Insight into Your Life
Privacy is foundational for protecting freedom. Abuses to human rights and efforts to control people often depend on governments knowing the intimate details of a person's life. It's for this reason that financial privacy is so important. Financial activity can reveal details about a person's relationships, profession, religion, political leanings, locations, and more. In fact, although the data conversation has often centered largely around social media concerns, financial information can be far more revealing.
Consider the average post on Facebook or Twitter. People will often try to present their "best life" on social media and that might mean filtering photos, embellishing stories, or outright making up an entirely new persona. In economics, we can refer to these actions as "stated preferences." In contrast, financial activity can offer insight into someone's "revealed preferences" because, by their nature, financial transactions involve explicit costs. Put bluntly, financial transactions require people to put their money where their mouth is. Someone could post online that they are abroad "on a luxurious vacation," but their purchases would reveal they are actually at home. Likewise, someone could post about their "humble life in a small town," but their pay stubs would reveal they are actually a millionaire.
The list of examples goes on, but financial activity reveals many areas of a person's life so it's more likely to reveal who someone truly is—even if the person doesn't want those details known by others.
Over the last 50 years, the volume of personal financial data has increased significantly as payments have increasingly become electronic. Consider the use of credit cards. Less than 20 percent of families had a credit card issued by a bank in 1970, but now the average person has around 3 credit cards. With this rise in access has also come a rise in use: credit cards alone were used for 28 percent of payments in 2021. Looking at the broader landscape, over 70 percent of payments in 2021 were electronic. Whether it's when using a credit card on a shopping trip or a mobile app to pay friends, people now leave a digital trail with the payments they make nearly everywhere they go.
The Potential for Abuse
Unfortunately, you do not need to look far to see how governments around the world use financial data and the financial system to control people. And it is clear that where privacy acts as a limit on government power, a lack of privacy can lead to an abuse of that power. Let's consider just a couple of examples from recent years.
In China, many people used cash to purchase train tickets during the 2019 freedom protests. Although the Chinese economy has largely adopted digital payments more than other countries, protestors turned to cash in this instance out of fear of what a train ticket on their bank statement might mean for them in the future. For all the convenience tapping a card might offer, people feared repercussions from being permanently linked directly to the protests. These fears were not unfounded. The Hong Kong police said that a card is "like a GPS system because it can locate where and when the holder uses it." Many of those that supported the protests were later targeted and had their finances frozen.
In Canada, protests erupted over the COVID-19 lockdowns in 2022. However, those protests were brought to a halt when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau invoked the Emergencies Act to freeze the bank accounts of those involved in the protests without acquiring a court order. In just one week, more than 200 bank accounts were frozen in an effort to crack down on the protests. At the time, Ottawa's police chief, Steve Bell, said, "If you are involved in this protest, we will actively look to identify you and follow up with financial sanctions and criminal charges. This investigation will go on for months to come."
So in both autocratic and relatively free countries, it's not difficult to see how financial surveillance can quickly translate to financial control. With that said, the United States is supposed to be different. What was written in the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution should protect financial privacy and limit government power. However, financial privacy has been slowly disappearing for over 50 years under the Bank Secrecy Act and third‐​party doctrine. Although Americans have been caught off guard when cases of financial surveillance occur, it should not be a surprise given the erosion of financial privacy that has occurred over time. And to make matters worse, it seems some policymakers are eager to continue this trend with the introduction of a central bank digital currency, or CBDC.
Conclusion
So, what does financial privacy mean for liberty? From where you travel to what you donate to, financial activity can paint a detailed picture of a person's life. Having financial privacy means being able to have control over who gets to see that picture and what purposes it may be used for. Privacy is not about having something to hide but rather privacy is about having control over your life. It is for that reason that financial privacy is foundational for protecting freedom.
To read more about financial privacy in the United States and the need for reform, read my latest policy analysis: The Right to Financial Privacy.

We spend most of our lives in buildings. These were built mostly before the oil shocks of 1974 and 1979 and offer both poor energy performances and improvable comfort conditions (thermal, acoustic, natural lighting). In France, with 32 million units and an annual turnover of less than 1% of the existing building stock, the energy renovation of housing becomes a necessity. This, as much for political ends (energy dependence), economic reasons (revival of construction jobs, real-estate valorisation), social reasons (wellbeing of occupants), as environmental reasons (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions). This thesis aims to provide knowledge and a methodology to contribute to the decision support for prescribing efficient energy renovation scenarios of houses built during the 1945-1974 period. Three issues are highlighted in this research work: 1) the integration of an holistic approach of renovation process (systemic and multi-criteria) to avoid not foreseen collateral effects due to bad choices; 2) help formalize the preferences of decision-takers (homeowners) in a format interpretable by multi-criteria analysis tools; 3) integration of uncertainties related to the characterization of existing buildings in the process of scenarios generation and decision support. Through a systemic description of buildings and a multi-criteria performance assessment of formerly identified renovation actions, we propose an innovative methodology, consisted of 6 modular and interchangeable technical sub-models, which aims to automate the generation, assessment, optimization and performance-based ranking of renovation scenarios. The heart of the methodology is based on the formalization of renovation knowledge from construction specialists in two of our six sub-models. The first one is an influence matrix that we use to translate most common renovation goals (equivalent to the wishes expressed by homeowners) into a profile of relative weights and a profile of targeted-levels of performance on indicators modelled. The second one is a probabilistic inference tool (using the technology of bayesian networks) to both optimize assemblies of renovation actions (programming by successive constraints) and achieve multi-criteria evaluation of these assemblies (by the use of aggregation functions of local performances). A sixth and final sub-model uses the ELECTRE outranking methods to sort and classify, by preference order, renovation scenarios previously generated. At last, our methodology provides the ability to let users test their own energy renovation scenarios in order to analyze their multi-criteria performances and compatibility with the characteristics of the existing capitalized during the technical diagnosis of their building. The methodology proposed is intended to be educational and transposable into a functional computer system prototype. A first version was developed and used to apply our decision process to a real case of individual house to renovate. First results obtained are consistent and allow validating the approach. However, keep in mind that like any model using expert knowledge, robustness and validity limit of its scope of application depend on the quality of knowledge work capitalized. ; Nous passons la majeure partie de notre vie dans des bâtiments. Ces derniers ont été construits, pour la plupart, avant les chocs pétroliers de 1974 et 1979, et offrent une performance énergétique médiocre ainsi que des conditions de confort (thermique, acoustique, éclairement naturel) largement améliorables. En France, avec 32 millions de logements et un taux de renouvellement annuel du parc existant inférieur à 1 %, la rénovation énergétique des logements devient une nécessité. Cela, autant pour des raisons politiques (indépendances énergétiques), économiques (relance des emplois de la construction, valorisation du patrimoine), sociales (bien-être des occupants, lutte contre la précarité), qu'environnementales (diminutions des émissions des gaz à effet de serre). Ce travail de thèse vise à proposer des connaissances ainsi qu'une méthodologie afin de contribuer à l'aide à la décision pour la prescription de scénarios d'amélioration énergétique efficaces des maisons individuelles construites durant la période 1945-1974. Trois problématiques sont mises en avant dans cette recherche. 1) l'intégration de l'approche globale (systémique et multicritère) de la rénovation afin d'éviter des contre-performances collatérales dues à des mauvais choix ; 2) l'aide à la formalisation des préférences des propriétaires-occupants (notre maîtrise d'ouvrage) dans un format interprétable par des outils d'analyses multicritères ; 3) l'intégration des incertitudes liées à la caractérisation des bâtiments existants dans le processus d'élaboration des scénarios et d'aide à la décision. À travers une description systémique des bâtiments et une évaluation multicritères des performances des actions d'amélioration retenues, nous proposons une méthodologie innovante, constituée de 6 sous-modèles techniques modulables et interchangeables, qui vise à automatiser le processus de construction, d'évaluation et de hiérarchisation performantielle de scénarios de rénovation. Le cœur de notre méthodologie est basé sur la formalisation de l'expertise métier des spécialistes du bâtiment dans deux de nos 6 sous-modèles. Le premier est une matrice d'influence permettant de passer des enjeux de rénovation les plus courants (équivalent aux préférences exprimées par la maîtrise d'ouvrage) en profil de poids relatifs et profil de niveaux-cibles de performance sur les indicateurs modélisés. Le second, est un outil d'inférence probabiliste (utilisant la technologie des réseaux bayésiens) permettant à la fois d'optimiser les assemblages d'actions d'amélioration (programmation par contraintes successives) et de réaliser une évaluation multicritère de ces assemblages (par l'usage de fonctions d'agrégation de performances locales). Un sixième et dernier sous-modèle utilise les méthodes de surclassement ELECTRE pour trier et classer les alternatives de rénovation préalablement générées par ordre de préférence. Notre méthodologie offre enfin la possibilité de laisser l'utilisateur tester ses propres scénarios d'amélioration énergétique afin d'analyser leurs performances multicritères et leur compatibilité avec les caractéristiques de l'existant capitalisées lors du diagnostic technique d'une opération. La méthodologie développée se veut pédagogique et transposable dans un prototype d'outil informatique fonctionnel. Une première version a été développée et utilisée pour appliquer notre processus d'aide à la décision à un cas réel de maison individuelle à rénover. Les premiers résultats obtenus sont cohérents et permettent de valider la démarche. Néanmoins, il faut garder à l'esprit que comme tout modèle utilisant des connaissances expertes, sa robustesse et la limite de validité de son périmètre d'application dépendent de la qualité du savoir métier capitalisé.

We spend most of our lives in buildings. These were built mostly before the oil shocks of 1974 and 1979 and offer both poor energy performances and improvable comfort conditions (thermal, acoustic, natural lighting). In France, with 32 million units and an annual turnover of less than 1% of the existing building stock, the energy renovation of housing becomes a necessity. This, as much for political ends (energy dependence), economic reasons (revival of construction jobs, real-estate valorisation), social reasons (wellbeing of occupants), as environmental reasons (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions). This thesis aims to provide knowledge and a methodology to contribute to the decision support for prescribing efficient energy renovation scenarios of houses built during the 1945-1974 period. Three issues are highlighted in this research work: 1) the integration of an holistic approach of renovation process (systemic and multi-criteria) to avoid not foreseen collateral effects due to bad choices; 2) help formalize the preferences of decision-takers (homeowners) in a format interpretable by multi-criteria analysis tools; 3) integration of uncertainties related to the characterization of existing buildings in the process of scenarios generation and decision support. Through a systemic description of buildings and a multi-criteria performance assessment of formerly identified renovation actions, we propose an innovative methodology, consisted of 6 modular and interchangeable technical sub-models, which aims to automate the generation, assessment, optimization and performance-based ranking of renovation scenarios. The heart of the methodology is based on the formalization of renovation knowledge from construction specialists in two of our six sub-models. The first one is an influence matrix that we use to translate most common renovation goals (equivalent to the wishes expressed by homeowners) into a profile of relative weights and a profile of targeted-levels of performance on indicators modelled. The second one is a probabilistic inference tool (using the technology of bayesian networks) to both optimize assemblies of renovation actions (programming by successive constraints) and achieve multi-criteria evaluation of these assemblies (by the use of aggregation functions of local performances). A sixth and final sub-model uses the ELECTRE outranking methods to sort and classify, by preference order, renovation scenarios previously generated. At last, our methodology provides the ability to let users test their own energy renovation scenarios in order to analyze their multi-criteria performances and compatibility with the characteristics of the existing capitalized during the technical diagnosis of their building. The methodology proposed is intended to be educational and transposable into a functional computer system prototype. A first version was developed and used to apply our decision process to a real case of individual house to renovate. First results obtained are consistent and allow validating the approach. However, keep in mind that like any model using expert knowledge, robustness and validity limit of its scope of application depend on the quality of knowledge work capitalized. ; Nous passons la majeure partie de notre vie dans des bâtiments. Ces derniers ont été construits, pour la plupart, avant les chocs pétroliers de 1974 et 1979, et offrent une performance énergétique médiocre ainsi que des conditions de confort (thermique, acoustique, éclairement naturel) largement améliorables. En France, avec 32 millions de logements et un taux de renouvellement annuel du parc existant inférieur à 1 %, la rénovation énergétique des logements devient une nécessité. Cela, autant pour des raisons politiques (indépendances énergétiques), économiques (relance des emplois de la construction, valorisation du patrimoine), sociales (bien-être des occupants, lutte contre la précarité), qu'environnementales (diminutions des émissions des gaz à effet de serre). Ce travail de thèse vise à proposer des connaissances ainsi qu'une méthodologie afin de contribuer à l'aide à la décision pour la prescription de scénarios d'amélioration énergétique efficaces des maisons individuelles construites durant la période 1945-1974. Trois problématiques sont mises en avant dans cette recherche. 1) l'intégration de l'approche globale (systémique et multicritère) de la rénovation afin d'éviter des contre-performances collatérales dues à des mauvais choix ; 2) l'aide à la formalisation des préférences des propriétaires-occupants (notre maîtrise d'ouvrage) dans un format interprétable par des outils d'analyses multicritères ; 3) l'intégration des incertitudes liées à la caractérisation des bâtiments existants dans le processus d'élaboration des scénarios et d'aide à la décision. À travers une description systémique des bâtiments et une évaluation multicritères des performances des actions d'amélioration retenues, nous proposons une méthodologie innovante, constituée de 6 sous-modèles techniques modulables et interchangeables, qui vise à automatiser le processus de construction, d'évaluation et de hiérarchisation performantielle de scénarios de rénovation. Le cœur de notre méthodologie est basé sur la formalisation de l'expertise métier des spécialistes du bâtiment dans deux de nos 6 sous-modèles. Le premier est une matrice d'influence permettant de passer des enjeux de rénovation les plus courants (équivalent aux préférences exprimées par la maîtrise d'ouvrage) en profil de poids relatifs et profil de niveaux-cibles de performance sur les indicateurs modélisés. Le second, est un outil d'inférence probabiliste (utilisant la technologie des réseaux bayésiens) permettant à la fois d'optimiser les assemblages d'actions d'amélioration (programmation par contraintes successives) et de réaliser une évaluation multicritère de ces assemblages (par l'usage de fonctions d'agrégation de performances locales). Un sixième et dernier sous-modèle utilise les méthodes de surclassement ELECTRE pour trier et classer les alternatives de rénovation préalablement générées par ordre de préférence. Notre méthodologie offre enfin la possibilité de laisser l'utilisateur tester ses propres scénarios d'amélioration énergétique afin d'analyser leurs performances multicritères et leur compatibilité avec les caractéristiques de l'existant capitalisées lors du diagnostic technique d'une opération. La méthodologie développée se veut pédagogique et transposable dans un prototype d'outil informatique fonctionnel. Une première version a été développée et utilisée pour appliquer notre processus d'aide à la décision à un cas réel de maison individuelle à rénover. Les premiers résultats obtenus sont cohérents et permettent de valider la démarche. Néanmoins, il faut garder à l'esprit que comme tout modèle utilisant des connaissances expertes, sa robustesse et la limite de validité de son périmètre d'application dépendent de la qualité du savoir métier capitalisé.

We spend most of our lives in buildings. These were built mostly before the oil shocks of 1974 and 1979 and offer both poor energy performances and improvable comfort conditions (thermal, acoustic, natural lighting). In France, with 32 million units and an annual turnover of less than 1% of the existing building stock, the energy renovation of housing becomes a necessity. This, as much for political ends (energy dependence), economic reasons (revival of construction jobs, real-estate valorisation), social reasons (wellbeing of occupants), as environmental reasons (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions). This thesis aims to provide knowledge and a methodology to contribute to the decision support for prescribing efficient energy renovation scenarios of houses built during the 1945-1974 period. Three issues are highlighted in this research work: 1) the integration of an holistic approach of renovation process (systemic and multi-criteria) to avoid not foreseen collateral effects due to bad choices; 2) help formalize the preferences of decision-takers (homeowners) in a format interpretable by multi-criteria analysis tools; 3) integration of uncertainties related to the characterization of existing buildings in the process of scenarios generation and decision support. Through a systemic description of buildings and a multi-criteria performance assessment of formerly identified renovation actions, we propose an innovative methodology, consisted of 6 modular and interchangeable technical sub-models, which aims to automate the generation, assessment, optimization and performance-based ranking of renovation scenarios. The heart of the methodology is based on the formalization of renovation knowledge from construction specialists in two of our six sub-models. The first one is an influence matrix that we use to translate most common renovation goals (equivalent to the wishes expressed by homeowners) into a profile of relative weights and a profile of targeted-levels of performance on indicators modelled. The second one is a probabilistic inference tool (using the technology of bayesian networks) to both optimize assemblies of renovation actions (programming by successive constraints) and achieve multi-criteria evaluation of these assemblies (by the use of aggregation functions of local performances). A sixth and final sub-model uses the ELECTRE outranking methods to sort and classify, by preference order, renovation scenarios previously generated. At last, our methodology provides the ability to let users test their own energy renovation scenarios in order to analyze their multi-criteria performances and compatibility with the characteristics of the existing capitalized during the technical diagnosis of their building. The methodology proposed is intended to be educational and transposable into a functional computer system prototype. A first version was developed and used to apply our decision process to a real case of individual house to renovate. First results obtained are consistent and allow validating the approach. However, keep in mind that like any model using expert knowledge, robustness and validity limit of its scope of application depend on the quality of knowledge work capitalized. ; Nous passons la majeure partie de notre vie dans des bâtiments. Ces derniers ont été construits, pour la plupart, avant les chocs pétroliers de 1974 et 1979, et offrent une performance énergétique médiocre ainsi que des conditions de confort (thermique, acoustique, éclairement naturel) largement améliorables. En France, avec 32 millions de logements et un taux de renouvellement annuel du parc existant inférieur à 1 %, la rénovation énergétique des logements devient une nécessité. Cela, autant pour des raisons politiques (indépendances énergétiques), économiques (relance des emplois de la construction, valorisation du patrimoine), sociales (bien-être des occupants, lutte contre la précarité), qu'environnementales (diminutions des émissions des gaz à effet de serre). Ce travail de thèse vise à proposer des connaissances ainsi qu'une méthodologie afin de contribuer à l'aide à la décision pour la prescription de scénarios d'amélioration énergétique efficaces des maisons individuelles construites durant la période 1945-1974. Trois problématiques sont mises en avant dans cette recherche. 1) l'intégration de l'approche globale (systémique et multicritère) de la rénovation afin d'éviter des contre-performances collatérales dues à des mauvais choix ; 2) l'aide à la formalisation des préférences des propriétaires-occupants (notre maîtrise d'ouvrage) dans un format interprétable par des outils d'analyses multicritères ; 3) l'intégration des incertitudes liées à la caractérisation des bâtiments existants dans le processus d'élaboration des scénarios et d'aide à la décision. À travers une description systémique des bâtiments et une évaluation multicritères des performances des actions d'amélioration retenues, nous proposons une méthodologie innovante, constituée de 6 sous-modèles techniques modulables et interchangeables, qui vise à automatiser le processus de construction, d'évaluation et de hiérarchisation performantielle de scénarios de rénovation. Le cœur de notre méthodologie est basé sur la formalisation de l'expertise métier des spécialistes du bâtiment dans deux de nos 6 sous-modèles. Le premier est une matrice d'influence permettant de passer des enjeux de rénovation les plus courants (équivalent aux préférences exprimées par la maîtrise d'ouvrage) en profil de poids relatifs et profil de niveaux-cibles de performance sur les indicateurs modélisés. Le second, est un outil d'inférence probabiliste (utilisant la technologie des réseaux bayésiens) permettant à la fois d'optimiser les assemblages d'actions d'amélioration (programmation par contraintes successives) et de réaliser une évaluation multicritère de ces assemblages (par l'usage de fonctions d'agrégation de performances locales). Un sixième et dernier sous-modèle utilise les méthodes de surclassement ELECTRE pour trier et classer les alternatives de rénovation préalablement générées par ordre de préférence. Notre méthodologie offre enfin la possibilité de laisser l'utilisateur tester ses propres scénarios d'amélioration énergétique afin d'analyser leurs performances multicritères et leur compatibilité avec les caractéristiques de l'existant capitalisées lors du diagnostic technique d'une opération. La méthodologie développée se veut pédagogique et transposable dans un prototype d'outil informatique fonctionnel. Une première version a été développée et utilisée pour appliquer notre processus d'aide à la décision à un cas réel de maison individuelle à rénover. Les premiers résultats obtenus sont cohérents et permettent de valider la démarche. Néanmoins, il faut garder à l'esprit que comme tout modèle utilisant des connaissances expertes, sa robustesse et la limite de validité de son périmètre d'application dépendent de la qualité du savoir métier capitalisé.

The main problem of disabled persons living in the Central Administrative District of Moscow is the problem of survival As the findings of a survey have shown, almost nine in ten (87 per cent) disabled respondents need economic relief on the part of the State. In disabled persons' opinion, the main source of support for them is due to the government. At the same time, more than a third of respondents think that assistance to disabled persons and care of them are due as well to philanthropic foundations. There are extremely few good estimates of the quality of performance of organisations to which disabled persons had to apply. While surveying disabled persons, there was found a tremendous need for the establishment of special facilities to serve the handicapped in the Central Administrative District of Moscow. 96 per cent stressed the necessity of establishing shops with socially low prices. 66 per cent of respondents think it is important to introduce specialised taxis. 85 per cent of persons with disadvantages of the locomotor system spoke for constructional improvements of lifts and wheelchairs. A fourth of respondents (26 per cent) need specialised travel agencies. Establishment of cafes and clubs for disabled persons is considered necessary by approximately a third of invalids (31 per cent). More than half of respondents (53 per cent) think it necessary that public transport should be especially equipped for the convenience of invalids. Most disabled persons (54 per cent) prefer to live among healthy people. In the respondents' opinion, it is better for invalids to study, receive medical treatment, and spend leisure time at general-purpose establishments. These preferences are even stronger concerning places of residence. 87 per cent of invalids think that it is the best choice to live in usual flats, side by side with healthy people, and not in specialised asylums. The survey has shown that the circle of communication between invalids and people without physical disadvantages is very narrow. More than one in four invalids (27 per cent) have no friends or close acquaintances. 38 per cent never leave their homes and those who do it mainly go for a walk around the house or visit shops and drugstores. Walking or riding at longer distances are quite seldom for most invalids, especially those not working. Relations within families with disabled persons are more difficult than those in families where there are no invalids. Only about a third of invalids having families (29 per cent) are on good terms with other family members. It is important to note the low level of using the services of rehabilitation centres, although they are wanted. In conclusion, speaking about the present state of social support to disabled persons in the Central Administrative District o£ Moscow, it is possible to note that respondents themselves estimate the dynamics of attitude toward them rather negatively than positively. ; The main problem of disabled persons living in the Central Administrative District of Moscow is the problem of survival As the findings of a survey have shown, almost nine in ten (87 per cent) disabled respondents need economic relief on the part of the State. In disabled persons' opinion, the main source of support for them is due to the government. At the same time, more than a third of respondents think that assistance to disabled persons and care of them are due as well to philanthropic foundations. There are extremely few good estimates of the quality of performance of organisations to which disabled persons had to apply. While surveying disabled persons, there was found a tremendous need for the establishment of special facilities to serve the handicapped in the Central Administrative District of Moscow. 96 per cent stressed the necessity of establishing shops with socially low prices. 66 per cent of respondents think it is important to introduce specialised taxis. 85 per cent of persons with disadvantages of the locomotor system spoke for constructional improvements of lifts and wheelchairs. A fourth of respondents (26 per cent) need specialised travel agencies. Establishment of cafes and clubs for disabled persons is considered necessary by approximately a third of invalids (31 per cent). More than half of respondents (53 per cent) think it necessary that public transport should be especially equipped for the convenience of invalids. Most disabled persons (54 per cent) prefer to live among healthy people. In the respondents' opinion, it is better for invalids to study, receive medical treatment, and spend leisure time at general-purpose establishments. These preferences are even stronger concerning places of residence. 87 per cent of invalids think that it is the best choice to live in usual flats, side by side with healthy people, and not in specialised asylums. The survey has shown that the circle of communication between invalids and people without physical disadvantages is very narrow. More than one in four invalids (27 per cent) have no friends or close acquaintances. 38 per cent never leave their homes and those who do it mainly go for a walk around the house or visit shops and drugstores. Walking or riding at longer distances are quite seldom for most invalids, especially those not working. Relations within families with disabled persons are more difficult than those in families where there are no invalids. Only about a third of invalids having families (29 per cent) are on good terms with other family members. It is important to note the low level of using the services of rehabilitation centres, although they are wanted. In conclusion, speaking about the present state of social support to disabled persons in the Central Administrative District o£ Moscow, it is possible to note that respondents themselves estimate the dynamics of attitude toward them rather negatively than positively.

Ova doktorska disertacija bavi se glasovanjem, najočitijim oblikom političke participacije građana u modernom demokratskom poretku. Većina istraživanja biračkog ponašanja usmjerena je na proučavanje uzroka glasovanja te na procese oblikovanja stranačkih preferencija (Šiber, 1998b). Međutim, glasovanju možemo pristupiti kao političkoj odluci, a u tom slučaju se javlja pitanje kako tu odluku evaluirati. Potencijalni kriterij za evaluaciju možemo naći u konceptu točnog glasovanja (Lau i Redlawsk, 1997). Ukoliko građanin glasuje za onu stranku kojoj bi dao glas i kada bi bio suočen sa svim relevantnim političkim informacijama, možemo reći da je on točno glasovao. Koristeći kriterij točnog glasovanja možemo evaluirati građansko odlučivanje, ali i kvalitetu demokracije. Ovaj rad ima dva cilja. Kao prvo, zbog niza konceptualnih i operacionalnih nedostataka, on nudi rekonstrukciju koncepta točnog glasovanja. Kroz detaljno povezivanje spoznaja o biračkom ponašanju i pretpostavki modela predstavničke demokracije, uvodi se nova definicija točnog glasovanja, kao onog koji je dan stranci koja je u najvećoj mjeri bliska glasačevim preferencijama. Uz to, problematizira se korisnost ovog koncepta te njegov utjecaj na empirijska istraživanja građanskih kompetencija i na evaluaciju demokratskog poretka. Drugi cilj ovog rada je empirijski – provjeriti koje individualne i situacijske karakteristike doprinose točnom glasovanju. Očekivalo se kako će točnije glasovati sudionici s boljom političkom ekspertizom (visoka politička sofisticiranost i informiranost, visoka motivacija za politiku, više obrazovanje i niža dob), ali i oni koji donose odluke u jednostavnijem okruženju (niže kognitivno opterećenje i lakša politička pitanja). U tu svrhu provedeno je eksperimentalno istraživanje na 210 sudionika koji su sudjelovali u izmišljenoj političkoj kampanji. Tijekom kampanje su prikupljali podatke o strankama i na kraju su glasovali za jednu od njih. Rezultati su pokazali kako točnije glasuju sudionici s višom razinom političke informiranosti, zatim sudionici koji su koristili kompleksnije strategije odlučivanja i sudionici koji su suočeni s nižom razinom kognitivnog opterećenja. Neočekivano, dobiven je i efekt spola – žene točnije glasuju od muškaraca. U radu su ponuđena objašnjenja za nepotvrđene hipoteze i neočekivane rezultate, kao i potencijalna primjena dobivenih rezultata u javnom životu. ; Elections are the main characteristic of modern democracies; as of September 2016., 82 national elections took place this year and almost 650 million people voted. Adult citizens experience elections and participate in voting roughly once every four years. Ever since the empirical research in political science focused on voting behaviour the main focus of inquiry was the understanding of antecedents of vote choice as well as the long-term shaping of political preferences (Šiber, 1998). The vote itself can be conceptualized in many ways, such as a statement of group membership (e.g. Berelson, Lazarsfeld & McPhee, 1954), identification with the party (Campbell et al., 1964), as a choice between parties etc. If we approach the vote from a decision-making perspective, a question comes to mind – can we say what is the quality of that choice? In other words, can we evaluate the process and the outcome of the voting decision? This are rather hard questions which is not adequately addressed by researchers, both theoretically and empirically. In order to answer them, Lau and Redlawsk (1997) put forward the concept of correct voting – a vote that is the same as the one that would be given if a voter had all the relevant information. This doctoral thesis is concerned with that concept. It had two broad goals. First, a critique of the concept was put forward, as well as a conceptual reconstruction of correct voting. The new approach to the concept is more clear and better connected to both citizens' competences and democratic theory. The second goal was to study empirically the antecedents of correct voting. For this goal a laboratory experiment was conducted in which participants (N=210) participated in a mock electoral campaign at the end of which they had to vote. Participants differed in various socio-demographic and political characteristics and within the experiment cognitive load and type of political questions in the campaign were manipulated. Results showed that those participants that had better political knowledge, were exposed to lower cognitive load and used complex strategies of decision. Also, an unexpected result was found – women voted more correctly than men. In order to think about the criteria for evaluating the process of voting, one must first understand the relationship between voters and election within democracy. This requires that one chooses a model of democracy. There is an array of these models, and each one focuses on different aspects of the political regime. For the concept of correct voting the most adequate model is that of representative democracy. In this model, democracy is though about as a political system in which the citizens are sovereign, and a smaller group of representatives execute citizens' will. Representatives are chosen via regular competitive elections, and citizens should choose hose representatives that represent their interest in the best way. Other than choosing a model of democracy, we must choose a theoretical approach for political behaviour. We can identify five approaches (those based on personality, sociological model, socio-psychological model, economic-rational model and cognitive model), and within this research a cognitive approach is taken for studying political behaviour and decision-making. This model focuses on cognitive processes, such as evaluation of political candidates, mental strategies, biases, memory etc. The main idea of the cognitive approach is that all thinking is constrained by both biological aspects of the brain as well as the situational pressures (such as the amount of information). As a consequence, citizens will be prone to using mental shortcuts to simplify the political environment. Lau and Redlawsk's (1997) concept of correct voting could be used as a norm of political decision-making. It focuses on cognitive processes and offers an ideal outcome of political thinking which at the same time has implications for the functioning of representative democracy. If citizens choose their representatives correctly than democracy should function better than if that is not the case. However, there are several issues with this concept - there are two distinct conceptualizations and operationalisations of correct voting; authors focus more on the level of information than on the cognitive processes; their norm has within itself several descriptive aspects etc. This thesis puts forward a definition of correct voting – a correct vote is the one which is given to a representative whose political preferences are in the highest concordance with the voter's. Keeping the cognitive approach in mind, several individual and situational characteristics are identified as having a probable impact on the probability for voting correctly. It is expected that citizens who are more politically sophisticated, informed and motivated, as well as those who are better educated and younger should vote more correctly. Considering situational characteristics, higher cognitive load should lower the probability of voting correctly. Also the content, or type of political information, should have an impact on that probability. Political issues can be divided into easy/symbolic/moral and hard/instrumental/public policy. As the percentage of easy issues within a campaign increases so should the probability of casting a correct vote. In order to test these hypotheses an experiment was conducted in which participants participated in a mock election. They collected information about four parties and in the end voted for one of these. Last part of the thesis offers a discussion about the results, their political implications as well as guidelines for future research.

Not Available ; Owing to several changes, such as shifts in food consumption away from staples towards high-value food products, growing stresses on natural resources, and climate change, Indian agriculture is becoming increasingly knowledge-intensive. Farmers need different types of information— ranging from weather forecasts and advisories, inputs, agronomic practices, pest management, markets and prices. The demand for information has amplified as farmers are tasked with not only enhancing agricultural productivity and conserving natural resources but also other requirements, such as complying with market preferences for diverse, safe and quality food. Adjusting to these changes requires a variety of information, the access to which can differentiate farm households, in terms of returns from farming. While the role of information is becoming increasingly important in improving efficiency of agricultural production, there have been limited efforts towards a rigorous impact assessment of the access to and use of this vital input on the outcomes of farming. In this paper, using data from a nationally representative survey, conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) of the Government of India, we examine farm households' access to and use of information, and its effects on farm income. Approximately 40% of the farm households in India have access to information on fertilizer application, crop varieties, pest management, marketing, etc. However, only 75% of those who access information, use it in their farming decisions. The distribution of users of information by its source indicates that the government information sources including public extension workers, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (agriculture science centres), farm demonstrations, farmers' trainings and study tours organized by the government agencies, comprise a source of information for only 14% of the farm households. Farmers meet most of their information needs from other sources, including mass media, private sources and social networks. The social networks (progressive farmers, primary cooperative societies and village fairs) are utilized by 29% of the farm households, with progressive farmers being a prominent source. About 23% of the farm households depend on private sources, mainly on input dealers, for their information needs. Mass media sources, such as radio, television and newspaper are utilized by one-third of the farm households. A number of socio-economic characteristics differentiate users of information from its non-users. The users of information have relatively xii larger landholdings, higher endowment of labour and greater access to institutional credit. They are also more educated and better informed about the government policies. Further, the information use also differs by farm size and social status. About 41% of the large farmers (>4ha) use information compared to 20% of the sub-marginal farmers (<0.5ha). In rural areas, caste is an important indicator of social status, with scheduled caste and scheduled tribe being at the bottom of caste hierarchy. About 35% of the upper caste households use information as against 23% and 20% of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households, respectively. Further, smaller farmers and those at the bottom of social hierarchy (scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) use fewer information sources. Also, they are more dependent on informal information sources, i.e., social networks and private sources. Larger farmers and those from upper castes use information from multiple sources, relatively more from mass media. These indicate toward a potential bias in access to information, which probably could be due to differences in observable (farm size, caste, age, education, etc.) and unobservable (skill, attitude towards risk, etc.) characteristics of the farm households that may simultaneously influence returns from farming. The analysis of net income from cultivation by farm size and number of information sources used indicates that users of information (except sub-marginal farmers) realize significantly higher income per unit of land, and it increases with intensity of information use, i.e., number of sources used. After controlling for the potential selection biases, the study finds that users of information realize 12% more income than the non-users. The impact is bigger in diversified cropping systems (cash crops along with foodgrains). The income effect of information sources also differs; the formal information sources, though their outreach is smaller, have a larger impact on farm income—almost twice of that of the informal sources possibly due to qualitative differences in information content and its delivery systems. These findings are crucial for informed policy decisions regarding development of information delivery system. The agricultural extension policy should aim at developing information dissemination systems that are cost-effective, efficient in delivery and motivate farmers for a greater uptake of information on modern technologies and other practices irrespective of farm size and social status. Indian agriculture is diversifying towards higher-value crops; suggesting a need for developing information systems that cater to the needs of farmers growing these crops. Indeed, several government programs in India have relied on channels, such as radio, to implement large-scale agricultural programs without any scale or social bias. Our results suggest that returns on investment in extension services are quite attractive, and certainly there is a scope for improving outreach of such information sources for spread of agricultural technologies and practices in a heterogeneous rural society. xiii Investment on agricultural research and development has considerable potential for enhancing farm productivity and poverty reduction. A 12% higher net income for information users translates into an additional Rs 1140 per hectare of cropped area (at 2002-03 prices). This is much higher than the expenditure on public extension services (Rs 29 per hectare), and also on the research and education (Rs 157/ha). This indicates that investment in public extension services has not kept pace with the rising demand for information by the farmers, and implies that under-investment in public extension may limit realization of the potential gains in agricultural productivity from spending more on agricultural research. Mobiles, internets and inter-linked arrangements, such as contract farming and producer organizations are emerging as alternatives to traditional extension systems, and these are claimed to be more efficient in information dissemination. The need is to collect and collate the contextand location-specific right information and disseminate it in right time and in a right form through such cost-effective channels. There is also a need to create awareness among farmers about the benefits of using information, to provide bundled services (technological, financial and non-financial), and to create effective linkages of service providers with research organizations, public extension systems, and market places. ; Not Available

La ciudad de Tui, situada al suroeste de la provincia de Pontevedra, fue el contexto escogido para realizar esta Disertación, centrada en el comercio y el urbanismo de dicha ciudad. Esta, destaca por su centro histórico‐artístico, el cual viene padeciendo un deterioro importante a nivel arquitectónico y urbano en los últimos años, tras las diversas transformaciones sociales, económicas y políticas, que permitieron el desenvolvimiento de la ciudad con nuevas necesidades. El objeto de estudio de este trabajo es el espacio urbano de Tui, identificado mediante una lectura diacrónica de la situación del comercio. Los objetivos se centraron en determinar el impacto del abandono del centro histórico, mediante las dinámicas urbanas, focalizándose principalmente en las actividades comerciales, para poder definir, posteriormente, indicadores prospectivos para la regeneración del centro histórico, con base en el urbanismo comercial. Estos indicadores, servirán de base para en un futuro poder mejorar la situación en la que se encuentra la ciudad. La metodología de esta Disertación se basó fundamentalmente en tres fases. En la primera, se realizó una contextualización política, social y principalmente económica de Tui, de modo a poder profundizar un mayor conocimiento de la ciudad en la que se va a realizar el trabajo. Seguidamente se efectuó una revisión del estado de arte, con respecto al urbanismo comercial para poder asentar el posterior análisis de la ciudad mediante la convergencia y la interrelación de los datos anteriores. Para este cometido fue necesario utilizar el análisis documental, datos socioeconómicos, la encuesta o la observación directa. Además de la superposición de elementos gráficos para poder plasmar una lectura crítica e interpretativa del espacio urbano de Tui. De este modo, se han podido observar las grandes transformaciones en la estructura comercial y urbana de la ciudad debido a los cambios experimentados por la sociedad en las últimas décadas. Asimismo, se han estudiado los diferentes desplazamientos y hábitos de los tudenses, así como sus preferencias o necesidades para poder profundizar más en el estudio de la ciudad de manera más directa. Por último, tras el análisis y la convergencia de datos, se han podido establecer las condiciones finales sobre el estado actual de la ciudad y como este podría ser mejorado para que la estructura comercial, actualmente en decadencia por la situación que se está viviendo, pueda mejorarse y ayudar a que el centro histórico recupere su vitalidad. ; Abstract: The city of Tui, situated southwest of the province of Pontevedra, was the context chosen for this dissertation focused on the trade and the urbanism of the city. The city, noted for its historical and artistic centre, has been suffering a significant deterioration on architectural and urban levels in recent years, following the various social, economic and political transformations, which allowed the development of the city with new needs. The purpose of this paper is to study the space urban of Tui, identified by a diachronic reading of the trade situation. The objectives were to determine the impact of the abandonment of the historic centre by urban dynamics, focusing mainly on commercial activities, to subsequently define prospective indicators for regeneration of the historic centre, based on the commercial development. These indicators form the basis for a future the situation in which the city lies will be improved. The methodology of this dissertation was based mainly on three stages. In the first one, a political, social and economic contextualization of Tui is presented, in order to be able to dig a deeper knowledge of the city where all the work will be performed. Then a review of the state of the art was created with respect to the commercial development. It was made to settle the subsequent analysis of the city through convergence and interrelation of the above data. For this purpose it was necessary to use the document analysis, socioeconomic data, survey or direct observation. Moreover, it was used the overlapping of graphic elements to capture a critical and interpretive reading of urban space in Tui. Thus, it was possible to observe the major changes in the commercial and urban structure of the city due to those experienced by society in recent decade changes. Also, we have studied the different movements and habits tudenses and their preferences or needs to go deeper into the study of the city more directly. Finally, after the analysis and data convergence, it has been able to establish the final terms of the current state of the city and how it could be improved so that the trade structure, currently in decline for the situation we are living, can be improved and help the historic centre to regain its vitality.

Das Dissertationsprojekt untersucht den figurativen Bauschmuck von Bahnhöfen in Westeuropa und Nordamerika über den gesamten Zeitpunkt des "Eisenbahnzeitalters". Die Frage war, welche Themen für die Dekoration des neuen Bautyps als angemessen empfunden wurden und wie sie ikonographisch umgesetzt wurden. Da das Phänomen "Eisenbahn" die gesamte westliche (industrialisierte) Welt umfasste, galt es durch Vergleich sowohl diachron die Entwicklung von Themen und Darstellungsformen zu untersuchen als auch synchron die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf andere nationale und kulturelle Umfelder zu überprüfen. Sowohl die Architekten und Ingenieure des 19. Jahrhunderts, als auch deren private oder staatliche Auftraggeber waren sich der repräsentativen Anforderungen ihrer Bahnhofsbauten bewusst. Dies zeigt sich neben dem Stil der Architektur vor allem in der festen und ephemeren Ausstattung – Bauskulptur, farbige Fenster, Mosaiken oder Wandgemälde spiegelten das soziale, kulturelle und politische Selbstverständnis des industrialisierten Bürgertums, das den Bahnhof zu seinem Repräsentationsbau machte. Die Dissertation bemüht sich um ein differenziertes Bild der sozial-, kultur- und technikgeschichtlichen Einflüsse auf das Dekor des Bautyps "Bahnhofs" im Laufe seiner Entwicklung. Dabei war die Gegenüberstellung der unterschiedlichen Programme der meist staatlichen Bahnhofsgebäude Kontinentaleuropas und der Ausstattungen der privat betriebenen Eisenbahngesellschaften Nordamerikas besonders aufschlussreich. Neben den klassischen Analysemethoden aus Kunst- und Architekturgeschichte nutzt die Arbeit Ansätze, Methoden und Theorien aus so unterschiedlichen Fachbereichen wie Technikgeschichte, Mobilitätsgeschichte, Tourismusgeschichte, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Sozialgeschichte, Kulturgeschichte, Kulturwissenschaft, Religionswissenschaft, Rhetorik oder Soziologie. Die fünf Kapitel der Arbeit sind den wichtigsten Themen der Bahnhofsausstattung gewidmet: Wirtschaft, Technik, Infrastruktur, Tourismus und Politik, hier vor allem die Entwicklung der Nationalstaaten. Jedes der Kapitel führt Beispiele aus verschiedenen Regionen und Epochen als Beleg für die jeweilige Ausgangsthese an. Zugleich zeigen vertiefte Analysen von ein oder mehreren Austattungsprogrammen auf, wie die jeweiligen lokalspezifischen Umstände bei ähnlichen thematischen Aussagen zu sehr unterschiedlichen Ausformungen führten. So zeigt sich die in Kapitel 1 konstatierte Verwurzelung der Ausstattungsprogramme in der Kultur und dem Wertesystem des Industriebürgertums auch in der Darstellung der Industriearbeiterschaft (Kapitel 2) oder der weiblichen Bildungsreisenden (Kapitel 4). Diese Werte spiegeln sich auch in der Bevorzugung traditionell-allegorischer und der weitgehenden Ablehnung avantgardistischer Kunstformen für die Bahnhofsausstattung. Kapitel 2 beschäftigt sich mit der Eisenbahntechnologie als Motor der Industrialisierung, die in den Bahnhöfen, in der Selbstdarstellung der Akteure und ausgehend von der Fortschrittsgläubigkeit des 19. Jahrhunderts, selbstverständlich als durchgehend positiv vermittelt wird. Zugleich wird von der wirtschaftlichen und wissenschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit – z. B. neuen technischen Standards – auf eine zukünftig zunehmend politische Zusammenarbeit geschlossen. Dieses Thema – die weltweit zusammenwachsende Infrastruktur – ist das Thema von Kapitel 3, das die Selbstpositionierung der Bahnhöfe in der Stadt und der Region, sowie innerhalb des nationalen und internationalen Eisenbahnnetzes untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass hier sowohl wirtschaftliche und touristische, als auch nationalpolitische Aussagen vorkommen können. Kapitel 4 bringt Beispiele dafür, wie sich in der Darstellung von Reisenden die Entwicklung des Massentourismus widerspiegelt, wobei auch hier die Darstellungen von einem bürgerlichen Wertekanon beeinflusst sind. Kapitel 5 vergleicht anhand von drei Regionen in unterschiedlichen Phasen der Nationalstaatenbildung, wie sich auch eindeutig politische Propaganda in der Bahnhofsausstattung manifestiert. Ohne den Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit zeigt die Arbeit, wie viel wir über die technischen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und kulturellen Errungenschaften des Eisenbahnzeitalters lernen können, wenn wir uns die Zeit nehmen, die Zeitzeugen – die reich geschmückten Bahnhofsgebäude in den Zentren unserer Städte – genauer zu betrachten. ; The PhD project examines "railway age" station embellishment focusing on Western Europe and North America. The object was to determine which topics were considered appropriate for the decoration of the new building type, and which iconography emerged. Since the railway was a phenomenon common in the entire Western industrialized world, the thesis compares diachronically the development of topics and forms as well as synchronically examining if the findings were true for different national and cultural environments. Nineteenth-century architects and engineers, as well as their private and national employers were aware of the representational role of station architecture. In addition to the buildings' style, this objective was expressed by embellishment: sculpture, stained glass windows, mosaics or murals which mirrored the social, cultural and political consciousness of the industrial middle classes. The dissertation fans out the influence of social and cultural history as well as history of technology on the development of railway station embellishment. The comparison of mostly nationalized railway buildings in continental Europe with their mostly privately owned counterparts in North America was also revealing. Tools for analysis stemmed not only from history of art and architecture, but also from disciplines as diverse as history of technology, mobility, tourism, and economy, social history, cultural history, sociology, rhetorics or religious studies. The thesis consists of five chapters dealing with the most common topics in railway embellishment: economy, technology, infrastructure, tourism and politics (focusing on nation building). Each chapter cites examples from different regions and epochs to support a main hypothesis derived from more detailed analyses of one ore more decoration programs that were idiosyncratic to their respective locale. Thus, chapter 1 examines the deep roots of station embellishment in the value system of the industrial middle classes, an underlying topic repeated in depictions of industrial workers in chapter 2 or female tourists in chapter 4. Middle-class values show also in a preference for traditional allegories and the repudiation of avant-garde art in station décor. Chapter 2 examines railway technology as motor of industrialization. A strong belief in progress together with the option of economic and scientific cooperation –e.g. new technological standards - led to the hope for future political cooperation. Chapter 3 further investigates this notion of a worldwide coalescing infrastructure by examining the position of stations within their city as well as within their regional, national and international networks. Objectives proclaimed in station décor are not merely aiming at the improvement of economy or tourism but also concern nation building. Chapter 4 examines the emerging mass tourism and the influence of middle-class values in the depiction of travelers, tourists, and destinations. Chapter 5 examines the different phases of nation building and the manifestation of political campaigning in three different regions. Without making claims to be complete the dissertation shines a light on the technological, economic, social and cultural achievements of the railway age mirrored in and witnessed by the railway stations in the centers of our cities.

Ensuring food security and halting biodiversity loss are two of the most pressing global sustainability challenges. Traditionally food security and biodiversity conservation were treated as mutually exclusive goals, and as a result, discourses and approaches were developed separately around each of these goals. Recently, however, sustainability science increasingly recognizes the close interdependence of food security and biodiversity and hence, pays greater emphasis to the need for integration of the two goals. Navigating pathways to ensure the successful integration of the two goals is, therefore, an important requirement. Attempts to identify pathways toward such integration have been dominated with a biophysical-technical focus that provides technical solutions to the integration of food security and biodiversity conservation. To this end, different food production techniques, and agricultural land use strategies have been widely considered as a solution to the food security-biodiversity nexus. While much scholarly attention has been given to the biophysical-technical dimensions, the social-political dimension, including equity, governance, and empowerment received little to no attention. By focusing on the poorly investigated social-political dimension, this dissertation aimed to identify governance properties that facilitate and impede the integration of food security and biodiversity conservation through an empirical case study conducted in a multi-level governance setting of southwestern Ethiopia. To address the overarching goal of this dissertation, first I examined how the existing widely discussed food security approaches and agricultural land use framework, land sparing versus land sharing unfold in the local context of southwestern Ethiopia. The finding in this dissertation indicated that the existing global framing of food security approaches as well as frameworks around agricultural land use has limited applicability in on-the-ground realities mainly because landscapes are complex systems that consist of stakeholders with multiple and (often) conflicting interests. This was evident from the finding that, unlike the binary framing of agricultural land use as land sparing and land sharing, local land use preference was not a matter of 'either/or', but instead involved mixed features exhibiting properties of both land sparing and land sharing. Moreover, in addition to the biophysical factors embedded in the existing food security approaches and land use frameworks, stakeholders preference involved social factors such as the compatibility of land use strategy with local values and traditions, which are mainly unaccounted in the existing global frameworks. Findings in his dissertation revealed that the existing reductionist analytical framings to the issues of food security and biodiversity conservation seldom address the complexity inherent within and between food security and biodiversity conservation sectors. Second, this dissertation identified governance structural and process related challenges that influence individual as well as integrated achievements of food security and biodiversity conservation goals. The result of the study showed that the governance of food security and biodiversity conservation was characterized by a strongly hierarchical system with mainly linear vertical linkages, lacking horizontal linkages between stakeholders that would transcend administrative boundaries. This type of governance structure, where stakeholders interaction is restricted to administrative boundaries could not fit with the nature of food security and biodiversity conservation because the two goals are complex in their own involving sub-systems transcending different policy sectors and administrative boundaries. Furthermore, with regard to the governance process, three key and interdependent categories of governance process challenges namely, institutional misfit, the problem of interplay, and policy incoherence influenced the achievement of individual and integrated goals of food security and were identified. Given the interdependence of these governance challenges, coupled with the complexity inherent in the food security and biodiversity conservation, attempts to achieve the dual goals thus needs an integrative, flexible and adaptive governance system Third, to understand how food security and biodiversity conservation unfold in the future, I explored future development trajectories for southwestern Ethiopia. Iterative scenario planning process produced four plausible future scenarios that distinctly differed with regard to dominating land use strategies and crops grown, actor constellations and governance mechanisms, and outcomes for food security and biodiversity conservation. Three out of the four scenarios focused on increasing economic gains through intensive and commercial agricultural production. The agricultural intensification and commercialization may increase food availability and income gains, but negatively affect food security through neglecting other dimensions such as dietary diversity, social justice and stability of supply. It also affects biodiversity conservation by causing habitat loss, land degradation, and water pollution, biodiversity loss. In contrast, one scenario involved features that are widely considered as beneficial to food security and biodiversity conservation, such as agroecological production, diversification practices, and increased social-ecological resilience. In smallholder landscapes such as the one studied here, such a pathway that promises benefits for both food security and biodiversity conservation may need to be given greater emphasis. In order to ensure the integration of food security and biodiversity conservation, recognizing their interdependence and addressing the challenges in a way that fits with the local dynamics is essential. In addition, addressing the food security-biodiversity nexus requires a holistic analytical lens that enables proper identification of system properties that benefit food security and biodiversity conservation. Moreover, this dissertation indicated that there is a clear need to pay attention to the governance structure that accommodates the diversity of perspectives, enable participation and strong coordination across geographical boundaries, policy domains and governance levels. Finally, this dissertation revealed opportunities to integrate food security and biodiversity through the pro-active management of social-ecological interactions that produce a win-win outcome. The win-win outcome could be achieved in a system that involve properties such as diversification and modern agroecological techniques, smallholders empowerment, emphasize adaptive governance of social-ecological systems, value local knowledge, culture and traditions, and ensure smallholders participation. While such diversification and agroecological practices may lack the rapid economic development that is inherent to the conventional intensification, it essentially create a system that is more resilient to environmental and economic shocks, thereby providing a more sustainable long-term benefit. ; Die Gewährleistung von Ernährungssicherheit und die Eindämmung des Verlustes der biologischen Vielfalt sind zwei der dringendsten globalen Herausforderungen, die für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung notwendig sind. Traditionell wurden Ernährungssicherheit und der Erhalt biologischer Vielfalt als sich gegenseitig ausschließende Ziele behandelt. In letzter Zeit wird in der Nachhaltigkeitswissenschaft jedoch zunehmend die enge Wechselbeziehung zwischen Ernährungssicherheit und biologischer Vielfalt anerkannt und damit wird auch verstärkt die Notwendigkeit der Integration dieser beiden Ziele betont. Die Entwicklung von Anwendungen und Lösungsansätzen für eine erfolgreiche Integration ist dabei ein wichtiger Schritt. Viele bisherige Versuche, sowohl Ernährungssicherheit als auch biologische Vielfalt zu gewährleisten, wurden von disziplinären und reduktionistischen Ansätzen dominiert, die oft auf technische Lösungen fokussieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden besonders technische Lösungen zur Steigerung der Nahrungsmittelproduktion und Strategien zur Optimierung von Landnutzungsplanung vorgeschlagen. Während damit den biophysikalisch-technischen Aspekten sehr viel Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde, wurden die sozialen und politischen Dimensionen, wie zum Beispiel Gerechtigkeit, Governance und Empowerment, eher vernachlässigt. Diese Dissertation konzentrierte sich auf diese sozio-politische Dimension und zielte darauf ab, Steuerungsmechanismen im Sinne von Governance zu identifizieren, die die Integration von Ernährungssicherheit und den Erhalt von biologischer Vielfalt am Beispiel einer empirischen Fallstudie im Südwesten Äthiopiens ermöglichen oder behindern. Zunächst untersuchte ich dafür, wie sich bereits bestehende Ansätze zur Integration von Ernährungssicherheit und Biodiversität, wie z.B. dem 'Land sparing/Land sharing' Ansatz, im lokalen Kontext der Fallstudienregion entfalten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigten, dass die derzeit dominierenden konzeptionellen Ansätze zur Integration nur eingeschränkt anwendbar sind, da Agrarlandschaften komplexe sozial-ökologische Systeme sind und deren Akteure unterschiedliche und teilweise gegensätzliche Interessen verfolgen. Dies wurde besonders daran deutlich, dass z.B. im Gegensatz zum binären Denkmodel von land sparing/land sharing die tatsächlichen Landnutzungspräferenzen eher Mischformen aus intensiver landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung und weniger intensiver, umweltfreundlicherer Nutzung aufwiesen. Des Weiteren beinhalteten die Präferenzen zur zukünftigen Entwicklung häufig soziale Faktoren, wie z.B. die Vereinbarkeit von Landnutzungsstrategien mit lokalen Werten und Traditionen, die in den bestehenden globalen Ansätzen und Diskussionen größtenteils unberücksichtigt bleiben. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass die bestehenden reduktionistischen analytischen Rahmenbedingungen zu den Themen Ernährungssicherheit und Erhaltung der biologischen Vielfalt selten der Komplexität des Wirkungsfeldes von Ernährungssicherheit und Biodiversität in tatsächlichen Landschaften gerecht werden. Zweitens wurden durch diese Dissertation strukturelle und prozessbezogene Herausforderungen für Governance im Südwesten Äthiopiens identifiziert, die sowohl die individuellen Ziele von Ernährungssicherheit und Biodiversität, als auch deren Integration beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Steuerung von Ernährungssicherheit und biologischer Vielfalt durch ein stark hierarchisches System gekennzeichnet ist, welches hauptsächlich lineare, vertikale Verknüpfungen aufweist und keine horizontalen Verknüpfungen zwischen den Beteiligten beinhaltet, welche auch Verwaltungsgrenzen überbrücken würden. Diese Art der Governance-Struktur, bei der die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Interessengruppen auf Verwaltungsgrenzen beschränkt sind, steht der Integration von Ernährungssicherheit und dem Erhalt von Biodiversität entgegen, da die beiden Ziele für sich genommen schon komplex sind und außerdem eine größere räumliche Dynamik entfalten als die bestehende Verwaltungsgrenzen vorgeben. Im Hinblick auf den Governance-Prozess wurden drei wichtige und voneinander abhängige Herausforderungen identifiziert, nämlich institutionelle Fehlanpassungen (misfit), das Problem des Zusammenspiels (interplay) und der Policy-Inkohärenzen (incoherence). Angesichts der wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten dieser Governance-Herausforderungen und der Komplexität, die mit Ernährungssicherheit und dem Erhalt biologischer Vielfalt einhergehen, ist ein integratives, flexibles und anpassungsfähiges Governance-System erforderlich. Drittens habe ich untersucht wie sich Ernährungssicherheit und biologischen Vielfalt im Südwesten Äthiopiens in Zukunft verändern könnten. Mit Hilfe der Methode der partizipativen Szenarienplanung wurden vier plausible Zukunftsszenarien entwickelt. Die Szenarien unterschieden sich in Bezug auf Landnutzungsstrategie, Akteurskonstellation, Governance-Mechanismen, sowie der erreichten Ernährungssicherheit und biologischen Vielfalt. Drei der vier Szenarien konzentrierten sich auf die Steigerung des wirtschaftlichen Gewinns durch intensivierte und kommerzialisierte landwirtschaftliche Produktion. Die Intensivierung und Kommerzialisierung der Landwirtschaft können zwar die Verfügbarkeit von Nahrungsmitteln und die Einkommensgewinne erhöhen, sie können die Ernährungssicherheit jedoch auch beeinträchtigen, indem andere Dimensionen wie die z.B. Nahrungsmittelvielfalt, die soziale Gerechtigkeit und die Versorgungsstabilität vernachlässigt werden. Außerdem führen diese zu einem Verlust an biologische Vielfalt, da z.B. Lebensräume verloren gehen oder sich Boden- und Wasserqualität verschlechtern. Im Gegensatz dazu umfasste ein Szenario Merkmale, die allgemein als vorteilhaft für die Ernährungssicherheit und den Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt angesehen werden können. Dieses Szenario beinhaltet agroökologische Produktionsmethoden, eine Diversifizierung von Einkommensquellen und eine erhöhte sozial-ökologische Resilienz. Um die Integration von Ernährungssicherheit und den Erhalt von biologischer Vielfalt zu gewährleisten, ist es unerlässlich, deren gegenseitige Abhängigkeit zu erkennen und die Herausforderungen in einer Weise anzugehen, die den lokalen sozial-ökologischen Bedingungen entspricht. Außerdem ist ein ganzheitlicher analytischer Ansatz erforderlich, um Systemeigenschaften zu identifizieren, die sowohl der Ernährungssicherheit als auch dem Erhalt von Biodiversität zugutekommen. Durch diese Dissertation wurde deutlich, dass eine erfolgreiche Governance im Südwesten Äthiopiens unterschiedliche Perspektiven berücksichtigen und eine Beteiligung und Koordinierung über geografische Grenzen, politische Bereiche und Führungsebenen hinweg ermöglichen sollte. Durch die Entwicklung von Zukunftsszenarien zeigte diese Arbeit Möglichkeiten zur Integration von Ernährungssicherheit und biologischer Vielfalt durch ein proaktives Management sozial-ökologischer Interaktionen auf. Insbesondere würde eine Integration der beiden Ziele durch Strategien zur Diversifizierung von Einkommensquellen, moderne agrarökologische Methoden, eine Stärkung der Rechte von und der Beteiligung von Kleinbauern, einer Betonung von adaptiver Governance und die Wertschätzung lokaler Kenntnisse, Kultur und Traditionen umfassen. Obwohl ein solcher Ansatz möglicherweise keinen raschen wirtschaftlichen Erfolg bringen würde, schüfe er doch ein System, das widerstandsfähiger gegenüber Umwelt- und Wirtschaftsschocks ist und ein langfristig nachhaltigere Entwicklung ermöglicht.

A carne suína é a carne mais consumida mundialmente. No Brasil a realidade é diferente e essa proteína ocupa a terceira posição na preferência dos consumidores. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o perfil do consumidor de carne suína no município de Uberlândia-MG. Foi utilizado um questionário online, disponibilizado nas redes sociais, para avaliação das características sociodemográficas, consumo de carne e derivados suínos e do conhecimento acerca da qualidade e sanidade da carne suína. Foram obtidos 500 questionários e os dados analisados utilizando a estatística descritiva sob a forma de distribuição de frequência e o teste de Qui-quadrado. Os resultados indicaram que apesar de ser uma carne saborosa, os principais motivos para não consumir estão relacionadas às questões nutricionais e sanitárias. O corte suíno preferido foi a costela e a forma de consumo assada. A compra é feita preferencialmente em açougues. A maioria nunca viu propaganda de incentivo ao consumo dessa proteína. O consumo de carne suína foi associado a faixa etária, a escolaridade e a renda familiar mensal, onde o maior consumo ocorreu na faixa entre 30 e 49 anos, com no mínimo ensino médio completo e a renda acima de 5 mil reais, respectivamente. Dessa forma, investimentos em marketing, para a divulgação da evolução da suinocultura brasileira, com informações das qualidades nutricionais e sanitárias da carne, poderia esclarecer as dúvidas dos consumidores e desmistificar os mitos ainda existentes, para que o consumo dessa proteína possa ser aumentado.
Palavras-chave: Carne Suína. Mitos. Cisticercose. Desmistificação.
Abstract
Pork is the most consumed meat worldwide. In Brazil, the reality is different and this protein ranks third in consumer preference. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the profile of pork consumers in the city of Uberlândia-MG. An online questionnaire, available on social networks, was used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, consumption of pork meat and derivatives and knowledge about the quality and health of pork meat. 500 questionnaires were obtained and the data analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of frequency distribution and the chi-square test. The results indicated that despite being a tasty meat, the main reasons for not consuming it are related to nutritional and health issues. The preferred pork cut was the rib and the roasted form of consumption. The purchase is made preferably in butchers. Most have never seen advertisements encouraging the consumption of this protein. Pork consumption was associated with age group, schooling and monthly family income, where the highest consumption occurred in the age group between 30 and 49 years old, with at least high school education and income above 5 thousand reais, respectively. In this way, investments in marketing, for the dissemination of the evolution of Brazilian pig farming, with information on the nutritional and sanitary qualities of the meat, could clarify the doubts of consumers and demystify the myths that still exist, so that the consumption of this protein can be increased.
Keywords: Pork. Myths. Cysticercosis. Demystification

Taman Kota 2 BSD is one of the public spaces in South Tangerang City that functions as a green open space which has a land area of 69,834 m2 and provides various kinds of facilities and natural and artificial beauty to overcome environmental problems in urban areas. Taman Kota 2 BSD has been operating since 2006 which was initially developed by PT. Bumi Serpong Damai Tbk, and given to the Tangerang Regency Government which was then given to the South Tangerang City Government after becoming an autonomous region as one of the regional assets. Taman Kota 2 BSD is one of the locations that is expected to become a city tourist destination, which provides sports, recreation, education and culinary facilities. However, in reality the management of this park has not been able to meet the needs of the community and cannot carry out its role properly as a public and social facility. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential and problems contained in the park, to determine the performance of park management and to propose management strategies for Taman Kota 2 BSD. Data collection in this study was carried out by means of field surveys, interviews, distributing questionnaires and literature studies. To find out how management strategies can be applied, the authors use analysis (location, physical condition, attractiveness, best practice, visitor perceptions and preferences, management strategy). The results of the author's research are in the form of a proposed strategy for the management of Taman Kota 2 BSD in order to achieve sustainable conservation.Keywords: Management; Strategy; Urban ParkAbstrak Taman Kota 2 BSD merupakan salah satu ruang publik di Kota Tangerang Selatan yang berfungsi sebagai ruang terbuka hijau yang memiliki luas lahan sebesar 69.834 m2 dan menyediakan berbagai macam fasilitas serta keindahan alam maupun buatan untuk mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan di kawasan perkotaan. Taman Kota 2 BSD telah beroperasi sejak tahun 2006 yang dikembangkan pada awal mula oleh PT. Bumi Serpong Damai Tbk, dan diberikan kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten Tangerang yang kemudian diberikan kepada Pemerintah Kota Tangerang Selatan setelah menjadi daerah otonom sebagai salah satu aset daerah. Taman Kota 2 BSD merupakan salah satu lokasi yang diharapkan dapat menjadi destinasi wisata kota, yang menyediakan fasilitas olahraga, rekreasi, edukasi dan kuliner. Namun pada kenyataan pengelolaan taman ini belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat dan tidak dapat melaksanakan perannya dengan baik sebagai fasilitas umum dan sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui potensi dan masalah yang terdapat pada taman, mengetahui kinerja pengelolaan taman dan memberikan usulan strategi pengelolaan untuk Taman Kota 2 BSD. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara survei lapangan, wawancara, penyebaran kuesioner dan studi pustaka. Untuk mengetahui bagaimana strategi pengelolaan yang dapat diterapkan, penulis menggunakan analisis (lokasi, kondisi fisik, daya tarik, best practice, persepsi dan preferensi pengunjung, strategi pengelolaan). Hasil penelitian penulis yaitu berupa usulan strategi terhadap kegiatan pengelolaan Taman Kota 2 BSD agar tercapai konservasi berkelanjutan.

Subsistence fishing is a confusing and heterogeneous fishery construct. Even so, its connection to human protection compels us to analyze it through the lens of human rights. Using the case of Chile due to its legal peculiarities, we aim to determine the scope of the Chilean legislation on subsistence fishing, integrating international treaties on human rights, case law, and reports from United Nations agencies regarding three issues. First, we examine how the Chilean legislation relates to the right to food and the promotion of decent social conditions. Next, we explain why the prohibition of riggings and propulsion enables us to identify economically precarious users and how this prohibition is related to vulnerabilities and poverty as human rights concepts. Finally, we show how the property of indigenous peoples and the culture of fisherfolk populations could impose their inclusion and preferences in access to subsistence fishing resources. Considering the results, we hold that human rights help to clarify the understanding of it and propose partial amendments to the Chilean legislation on subsistence fishing. But, above all, they introduce protection standards that allow us to see such legislation not as a mere derivation of state privilege, but as an attempt to foster a situation of equality: an affirmative action. We conclude by presenting a conceptual approach for Chilean subsistence fishing, suggesting that it could help to unveil new objectives and rights in fishing, and even influence the understanding of natural resource allocation. ; A pesca de subsistência é um construto pesqueiro confuso e heterogêneo. Apesar disso, suas referências à proteção humana nos obrigam a analisá-la sob a ótica dos direitos humanos. Usando o caso chileno, por suas peculiaridades legais, o objetivo deste artigo ajudar a determinar o alcance de sua legislação acerca da pesca de subsistência, integrando tratados de direito internacional dos direitos humanos, jurisprudência e relatórios de agências das Nações Unidas. Primeiro, examinamos como essa legislação se articula com o conteúdo do direito à alimentação e promove condições sociais decentes. Explicamos, na sequência, por que as proibições das artes da pesca e propulsões permitem identificar usuários economicamente precários e como tais proibições se relacionam com as vulnerabilidades e a pobreza como conceitos dos direitos humanos. Por fim, mostramos como a propriedade dos povos indígenas e a cultura das populações de pescadores poderiam impor inclusão e preferências de acesso aos recursos da pesca de subsistência. Considerando os resultados, sustentamos que os direitos humanos ajudam a esclarecer e alterar parcialmente o entendimento da pesca de subsistência chilena, mas principalmente estabelecem padrões de proteção que descartam essa legislação como mera derivação do privilégio estatal e sugerem que ela é uma tentativa de acesso a uma situação de igualdade: uma ação afirmativa. Concluímos apresentando uma abordagem conceitual para a pesca de subsistência chilena, sugerindo sua utilidade para serem reconhecidos novos objetivos e direitos pesqueiros e ainda para influenciar a compreensão da alocação de recursos naturais.