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The detection of network motifs has recently become an important part of network analysis across all disciplines. In this work, we detected and analyzed network motifs from undirected and directed networks of several different disciplines, including biological network, social network, ecological network, as well as other networks such as airlines, power grid, and co-purchase of political books networks. Our analysis revealed that undirected networks are similar at the basic three and four nodes, while the analysis of directed networks revealed the distinction between networks of different disciplines. The study showed that larger motifs contained the three-node motif as a subgraph. Topological analysis revealed that similar networks have similar small motifs, but as the motif size increases, differences arise. Pearson correlation coefficient showed strong positive relationship between some undirected networks but inverse relationship between some directed networks. The study suggests that the three-node motif is a building block of larger motifs. It also suggests that undirected networks share similar low-level structures. Moreover, similar networks share similar small motifs, but larger motifs define the unique structure of individuals. Pearson correlation coefficient suggests that protein structure networks, dolphin social network, and co-authorships in network science belong to a superfamily. In addition, yeast protein–protein interaction network, primary school contact network, Zachary's karate club network, and co-purchase of political books network can be classified into a superfamily.

WOS: 000461225600005 ; Adam Smith is known as the most important theorist of the market economy and the founder of modern economics. However, there is a literature around Smith's thoughts which are not compatible with each other. In this literature, Smith is brought into an object of ideological debate depending on the preferences of the political economists. Amartya Sen's thought about Smith is remarkable. According to Sen, the thought of Smith is misinterpreted in contemporary economic theory. This misinterpretation continues today through several themes such as rationality of human behavior, market economy and the role of state in the economy. The claims in Smith's writing is not based on self-interest, but is addressed to sympathy and general rules of behavior. The role of state in regulating market is presented in Smith's analysis. According to Sen, how to establish a tolerant society and the tips of how to take place the idea of justice are also available in Smith's thoughts. Sen's reading of Smith has two connotations: one of them is discipliner and the other one is politics. The discipliner connotation which is developed based on Smith is Sen's reading and enhancement requests of economics discipline outside a narrow framework. The political connotation is implicit criticism of economic liberalism. In this study, the ideational influence of Adam Smith on Amartya Sen is examined. The effect gives an opportunity to understand the thriving commercial community and philosophical base of economics discipline.

"Through comparative analysis this book examines and explains the official rhetoric of agency reform across consensus and adversarial political cultures. It traces the trajectory of talk about agency reform in The Netherlands, Sweden and Australia and identifies the national styles of speaking that mediated the agency idea"--

Cultural Studies is a young discipline. It appeared in academic structures in the 70s of the last century, that is when the study of culture has long been divided between older and more distinguished disciplines. Cultural studies had to somehow define in relation to existing cultural sciences. Cultural studies deconstructed opposition canonical and non-canonical art practice. Se Dealing with art outside the canon had and still has political dimension, as it draws attention to subcultures in which it sees the cultural expression of marginalized groups. We have no longer translated the English name "cultural studies" as "science of culture" or "knowledge of culture". We do not examine culture in its numerous manifestations, high or low, but the cultural nature of various phenomena, for example gender. Three generations of researchers can be indicated in the not too long, nearly half century of Polish cultural studies. Cultural studies already has a certain academic tradition and it is still difficult for us to decide whether it is more of a new scientific discipline or new area of research?

Social sciences have now contributed to a better understanding of society and different cultural spaces that make up the world basing themselves on disciplines such as anthropology, sociology and history. These disciplines are involved in the development of a cognitive environment which allows us to define and delimit Orientalism perceived here as an approach. The purpose of this writing is to compare the organization and ways of Orientalism in two distinct cultural environments (Anglo-Saxon and Arabic) through the analysis of interactions and different structures which preceded its identification. If from the 40s to the 60s showed the emergence of Orientalism as a tool for policy analysis, institutionalization of the scientific community with the establishment of departments of research, growth of foundations roles in funding and policy definition of Area Studies equally sored. This leads us to question the real contribution of Areas Studies in the understanding of the Orient.

AbstractThe paper attempts to place the emergence of cognitive science (CS) as an interdisciplinary research program in historical context. A broad overview of the institutional and intellectual situations during the early postwar period is presented, focusing primarily on psychology and artificial intelligence (AI). From an institutional perspective, the paper shows that although computers and computer science were closely linked with weapons research during World War II, the postwar creation of cognitive science had no military connection, but was largely enabled by small grants from private foundations, though the RAND Corporation was involved to a limited extent. From an epistemic perspective, the paper shows: (1) that neobehaviourist learning theory was not replaced by, but flourished parallel to cognition-oriented psychology in the 1950s, because they were located in different sub-disciplines; (2) that the key theoretical inputs into CS were developed separately at first, and each group remained affiliated with the discipline or complex of disciplines from which it came. A certain tension remained at the core of the project between the machine dreams of the emerging AI community and the idea of autonomous mental processes central to cognitive psychology.

AbstractThis manuscript presents a systematic review of "sustainable human resource management" (HRM), highlighting its major themes and the evolution and tendencies observed in this field. It contributes to the development of this relatively new topic, offering a critical evaluation and identifying the highest impact research strands. The Web of Science database returned 111 documents spanning the period 1997–2018, and a conceptual science mapping analysis based on co‐word bibliographic networks was developed, using SciMAT as an analytical tool. The motor themes (well developed and important for the structure of the discipline) in the field of sustainable HRM are environmental management, socially responsible HRM, and turnover. Employee engagement is a specialised theme (well developed but less important for the structure of the research field), human resource practices is a basic or transversal theme (important for the discipline but not developed), and sustainable leadership and environmental performance are emerging themes (both weakly developed and marginal to the field).

This study is part of the project Regulating Arctic Shipping: Political, legal, technological and environmental challenges (A-LEX). Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.027 ; Shipping activities are expected to increase in the Arctic Seas. Today, the majority of vessels are using marine diesel oil (MDO) as propulsion fuel. However, there is a general lack of knowledge of how cold-water marine species respond to acute exposures to MDO. Arctic red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus) were exposed to mechanically dispersed MDO in a flow-through exposure system for one week followed by three weeks of recovery. Observations of increased movements in exposed crabs were interpreted as avoidance behaviour. Further, glutathione peroxidase activity increased in high exposed crab, the catalase activity showed an insignificant increase with exposure, while no differences between groups were observed for lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. After three weeks of recovery in clean seawater, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in the crabs were significantly reduced, with no specific biomarker responses in exposed groups compared to the control. The results suggest that effects from instantaneous MDO spill only will have short-term effects on the red king crab

Fears of physical devastation were shared by millions of men during the First World War. Some men attempted to avoid the risks of combat by ,shirking' or malingering: others accepted to play their allotted role and, in consequence, tens of thousands were severely mutilated. This article examines masculinity as experienced by these two groups of men during the First World War. Their anxieties did not vanish with the armistice, either: in the twenty-five years leading to the Second World War, the physical and psychological scars left by the conflict of 1914- 1918 were a continual ache for combatants and their families. Similarly, the crisis of masculinity inspired by the massive mobilisation of military resources did not end with the war: the knowledges and disciplines forged in the context of war were applied to civilians in the interwar period. Military interference in British society and the economy disturbed the aesthetics of the male body, fundamentally affecting not only the shape and texture of the male body but also the values ascribed to the body and the disciplines applied to masculinity. ; Fears of physical devastation were shared by millions of men during the First World War. Some men attempted to avoid the risks of combat by ,shirking' or malingering: others accepted to play their allotted role and, in consequence, tens of thousands were severely mutilated. This article examines masculinity as experienced by these two groups of men during the First World War. Their anxieties did not vanish with the armistice, either: in the twenty-five years leading to the Second World War, the physical and psychological scars left by the conflict of 1914- 1918 were a continual ache for combatants and their families. Similarly, the crisis of masculinity inspired by the massive mobilisation of military resources did not end with the war: the knowledges and disciplines forged in the context of war were applied to civilians in the interwar period. Military interference in British society and the economy disturbed the aesthetics of the male body, fundamentally affecting not only the shape and texture of the male body but also the values ascribed to the body and the disciplines applied to masculinity.

AbstractThis note sketches the life and career of Hirofumi Uzawa. It covers his contributions to economic theory and his contributions to social and political discourse in Japan during his lifetime. It seeks to bring to the attention of the wider discipline the range of his contributions and their political impact.

"This book presents, in twenty international papers, the origins and development, and some of the main characteristics and diversities, of the academic discipline of medieval - and later - archaeology in a number of countries in northern Europe. Denmark is the main focus, together with the four other Scandinavian countries, the Faroes and Greenland. The book also provides an insight into some of the discipline's major achievements and fascinating discoveries in these parts of the world, as well as into some of the current research agendas, with their new perspectives, including developments towards the inclusion of the archaeology of more recent periods. The book is based on the proceedings of a conference held to celebrate 40 years of medieval archaeology as a university discipline in Denmark - one of the first countries to have a chair of medieval archaeology, established at Aarhus University, in 1971

Provides a significant examination of the Bioethics from Japan by considering Japanese views from various aspects, such as life and death, dignity, family and care. The authors believe that in establishing their own approach to Bioethics each country will increase the practicality of this discipline

ABSTRACTThis contribution is concerned with examining the appropriate methods for measuring corporatism in actual research designs. After a review of the main theoretical approaches to this question. a series of measures are derived from the paradigm of Winkler (1977) encompassing unity. order, nationalism and success and, more specifically the operating principles of co‐operation. discipline. collectivity and mobilization. Research data from a study of managers in the United Kingdom are then presented and, on the basis of factor analysis, the original categories are reformulated in terms of control over markets. labour. international economic relationships and capital. and the operating principles of prices and incomes control. discipline, neo‐mercantilism and control of investment strategy and economic resource location. More generally, too, in this area of study. a very close relationship between theoretical perspective and the selection of particular research methods is identified.

L'exercice d'auto-réflexion disciplinaire qui est l'objet de ce volume se place dans la suite d'une série de bilans qui, dans les années 1980 et surtout à partir des années 1990, ponctuent périodiquement les études sur le Moyen Âge . En tenant compte de ce socle considérable, ce recueil se présente sous la forme de bilans par discipline - histoire, histoire de l'art, archéologie, littérature - et par pays - Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Espagne, Portugal, France, centrés, sans exclusive, sur les trois dernières décennies. Il juxtapose ainsi une série de cas particuliers dont la portée réside aussi dans les leçons qu'on peut en tirer à un niveau plus élevé de généralisation. Au delà de tout l'intérêt qu'on trouve à préciser les situations spécifiques à l'une ou à l'autre de ces disciplines ou à l'un ou à l'autre de ces pays, il importe de distinguer les configurations qui sous-tendent l'ensemble. On peut ainsi dégager deux problèmes connexes, et qui sont à situer en correspondance avec le double partage discipline/pays. D'une part, la question de la délimitation des champs disciplinaires, leur institutionnalisation, leur professionnalisation, leur spécialisation et leur articulation avec d'autres champs ; et d'autre part, le cadre politique et social général dans lequel peut être inséré le développement de ces disciplines. En s'agissant du Moyen Âge, ce " passé " très sensible par les manières dont il est perçu, manipulé, reconstruit, instrumentalisé, il n'est pas étonnant qu'il se trouve souvent comme un enjeu important, de mise en valeur ou de rejet, dans les vicissitudes politiques et identitaires qui ont marqué les différents pays, du XXe siècle à nos jours. Le contexte politique est, en effet, un élément récurrent dans plusieurs articles réunis ici, ce qui n'est pas sans rapport avec la dureté des régimes qui s'y sont succédé et qui ont marqué la trajectoire intellectuelle, professionnelle et personnelle de nombreux médiévistes. Le moment actuel de mise au pas vers un " marché de la connaissance " n'est pas non ...