Suchergebnisse

The study investigated the incidence of drug abuse among student-teachers in two Nigerian colleges of education. The study's population comprised all NCE II and III Social Studies and Early Childhood Education student-teachers in two colleges located in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data was analysed using frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Of the 400 student-teachers, 213(53.3%) were male while 187(46.8%) were female. Only 148(37%) were from Early Childhood Education while 252(63%) were from Social Studies. The student-teachers may exert negative influence on young children when they eventually take up appointment as teachers in pre-primary and primary schools. Departments of Social Studies and Early Childhood Education together with the colleges counseling centers should organize regular counseling activities and services to educate the pre-service teachers about the danger and implications that could result from their involvement in abuse of drugs.

Financial management for young entrepreneurs needs to be done because disciplined financial arrangements will be able to minimize the risk of uncertainty. Young entrepreneurs have problems with financial management behavior, that is knowledge and skills in managing finances which have an impact on financial decision-making. This study aims to see the effect of financial knowledge, financial attitudes, and personality on financial management behavior in young entrepreneurs in Malang. The approach used in this research is quantitative with an explanatory approach. This study's population is young entrepreneurs in the Brawijaya University environment. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of 150 samples. The results of this study prove that partially financial knowledge has no significant effect on Financial Management Behavior. Financial attitudes have a significant effect on Financial Management Behavior, and personality has a significant effect on Financial Management Behavior in Young Entrepreneurs in Malang City.

Cet essai explore le développement des idées réformistes de Thomas Robert Malthus. Un examen attentif de l' Essai sur le principe de population de Malthus, et plus particulièrement la discussion critique des Droits de l'homme de Thomas Paine qui y est contenue, a révélé que les idées réformistes de Malthus ont subi un changement discret mais significatif entre 1803 et 1806. Au cours de cette période, Malthus a accordé une plus grande importance à la valeur des réformes éducatives et parlementaires dans le cadre de son projet d'abolir les lois sur les pauvres, et de réduire la pauvreté des plus démunis. Ce changement doit être considéré comme le reflet de sa profonde reconnaissance de la nécessité de prendre des mesures pour empêcher le républicanisme égalitaire français de s'implanter en Grande-Bretagne en temps de révolution et de guerre. JEL Classification : A20, B12, B31

This article examines the extent to which Auckland Council candidates and elected members have reflected the diversity of the unitary city's population since the amalgamation in 2010 of eight former local authorities. The findings confirm that electoral candidates have become more ethnically and gender diverse at the local board level, but city-wide the trend away from New Zealand's traditional European, male and older local representatives has been less pronounced. Overall the research presents an optimistic picture of post-reform representation in Auckland local democracy. There has been a significant increase in representation of women and Pacific and Asian people. However, the ongoing challenges facing Māori to achieve fair and effective representation in Auckland raise questions about the efficacy of the Local Electoral Act 2001, as the Auckland Council persistently chooses to retain first-past-the-post voting for its electoral system.

The question of the Jews has been a concern, of not only the historian, since ancient times to the contemporaneity. A black page in the human history, the Holocaust is now meant to highlight an objective presentation of the facts and the political actors who endorsed or maintained such a tragedy. The interwar legislation, the political activity of some personalities at that time, including people of culture, the programs and the historical stages that formed the basis of the anti–Semitic practices are some of the topics approached in the article, meant to reflect, more than half a century later, the particularly serious events that the Jewish population in Romania experienced. The presentation of the historical events related to this sensitive subject, without pretending completeness, aims to assimilate some knowledge related to a global event, which represented a challenge to the most elementary human values.

Abstract
The communist period in Albania was a time of intense photographic production. Much more than in previous periods, photography was perceived by those in power as an indispensable tool while at the same time becoming accessible to almost the entire population. Many photographs from the time survived the end of the communist regime and can now be used to study the history and memory of that period. To be of historical value, however, the diversity of photographic genres and practices, as well as the history of the constitution of photographic archives demands consideration of the context of the production and circulation of photographs, and that is a primary objective of this article. The author shows how he conducted an ethnography of photography based on presentation of the current state of public and private collections, and how such investigation constitutes a contribution to the anthropology of communism in Albania.

The article offers the results of statistical analysis of data on the highest wages of employees in the Slovak Republic in 2020. Descriptive analysis of sample data is supplemented by generalizing the results to the population of all employees whose salary exceeds the 99th percentile of the sample, by selected methods of statistical inference, which are probability models of the highest wages and analysis of variance. The analysis focuses on assessing the significance of the impact of selected demographic and social factors on the highest salaries of employees in SR in 2020 and their differences. The investigated factors there are gender, level of education, region of residence, the label of occupation, and age category. The article also focuses on inequalities in the number of employees at different levels of the monitored factors. The obtained results of the analysis are compared with the results of similar analysis from 2010.

The core values of community health nursing practice are rooted in the social determinants of health, health equity and social justice. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, community health nurses (CHNs) witnessed first-hand the impact on individuals in situations of marginalization. This research inquiry explored how health inequities among client populations contributed to experiences of MD among CHNs in Canada during the pandemic.
A total of 245 CHNs from across Canada participated in an online survey. Participants reported that during the pandemic individuals living in situations of marginalization were disproportionately impacted. CHNs were unable to provide the necessary health promotion interventions and experienced high levels of moral distress. The negative impact of the pandemic on individuals living in situations of marginalization illuminated the intersecting social and structural inequities that drive negative health outcomes and emphasized the need to adopt an equity focus for current and future pandemic planning, response, and recovery.

AbstractItaly had a colonial empire in Africa in the areas of Libya and East Africa during the first half of the 20th century. The postage stamps issued for these areas served as instruments of propaganda for that empire. This paper uses the method of quantitative content analysis to determine which themes and ideological messages appear on the postage stamps of the Italian African colonies. The results show that, although more than half of them have an attitude of respect for the life of the indigenous population or the civilizational benefit of the colonial government, with the purpose of expressing the benevolence of its power, almost a quarter reflect attitudes of domination, especially in East Africa. Overall, an image of exoticism emerges that reinforces the idea of the Italian nation as a new empire that aimed to show itself to the world as such, especially starting in the 1930s.

Abstract
War and international humanitarian law (IHL) exist and evolve in a synergistic relationship. On the one hand, treaty and customary law norms can proactively shape warfare. But on the other, changes in the nature of warfare often determine IHL's path forward, for if IHL is to remain effective, it must remain responsive to the context in which it is to be applied. This article offers tentative reflections on how future conflict may affect the evolution of IHL's conduct of hostilities rules as applied to 'cyber capabilities'. It concludes that current and future cyber capabilities and vulnerabilities are driving the positions of States and the wider international community regarding cyber operations during armed conflict. In particular, it predicts movement in the direction of interpreting IHL rules restrictively, that is, in a manner that provides enhanced protection for the civilian population, sometimes at the expense of military advantage.

Artiklen er tænkt som en ikke-statistiktung indføring i principperne for statistisk inferens, dvs. hvordan man på baggrund af en stikprøve kan sige noget om forhold i den bagvedliggende population med en vis statistisk sikkerhed. Der fokuseres først og fremmest på de rent logiske principper, men samtidig hermed bliver den bagvedliggende teoretiske statistik forklaret så tilpas fyldestgørende, at man efter endt læsning forhåbentlig ikke sidder tilbage med en fornemmelse af at mangle noget, med mindre selvfølgelig at man er specielt interesseret i det strengt statistiske. For de fleste samfundsvidenskabelige uddannelser vurderer jeg således, at den vil have et passende statistisk niveau og under alle omstændigheder som en introduktion, der kan bygges videre på. Men artiklen er tænkt sådan, at man som læser efterfølgende skulle kunne kaste sig over litteratur om statistiske metoder som fx stikprøveteori, korrelationsanalyse og lineær regression. Introduktionen i statistisk inferens bliver eksemplificeret med sikkerhedsintervalestimering og statistisk hypotesetest for henholdsvis gennemsnit og proportioner.

This article studies Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) at the United Nations (UN). SRHR, a gender equality norm that applies human rights to sexuality and reproduction, have traditionally been supported by a network of actors led by the United States (US) and the European Union. Nevertheless, a rival network has contested SRHR since their conception in the early 1990s. We study the robustness of SRHR in five UN fora between 2009 and 2020, focusing on actor constellations, productive power and norm concordance. Between 2009 and 2016, the normative status quo was maintained, except in the Human Rights Council and the Security Council. In 2017, the US joined the network of rivals and accelerated the norm's weakening in the Security Council and the Commission on Population and Development. However, to weaken or strengthen the norm further, both networks see a need to address SRHR outside the UN.

Gun ownership is a highly consequential political behavior. It often signifies a belief about the inadequacy of state-provided security and leads to membership in a powerful political constituency. As a result, it is important to understand why people buy guns and how shifting purchasing patterns affect the composition of the broader gun-owning community. We address these topics by exploring the dynamics of the gun-buying spike that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was one of the largest in American history. We find that feelings of diffuse threat prompted many individuals to buy guns. Moreover, we show that new gun owners, even more than buyers who already owned guns, exhibit strong conspiracy and anti-system beliefs. These findings have substantial consequences for the subsequent population of gun owners and provide insight into how social disruptions can alter the nature of political groups.

Company anniversaries are excellent opportunities to renew the bond with the workforce and the wider world. They are also occasions for reflections about the company's past, unwelcome as they may be. In the 20th century, the management of the Maastricht ceramics company De Sphinx had great difficulty setting the stage for its anniversaries. With waves of redundancies etched in people's memory, the times did not seem ripe in the 1930s and 1980s for high-profile festivities. Interestingly, the initiative for celebrating the company's 125th anniversary in 1959 was not taken by the management, but by three company foremen. They felt that the Regout family could no longer disregard a celebration. In this article, I shall examine why the company management feared the resurgence of old controversies and was reluctant to celebrate anniversaries. Curiously, the population of Maastricht, often critical of De Sphinx, was also hostage to the past.

This article examines the effects of brain drain caused by the migration of knowledge workers from India to the United States of America (USA) during the pre- and post-global financial crisis periods, 2005–2007 and 2011–2013. Data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series for the year 2018 are used to compare the different population groups in the USA and to estimate the hourly wages of Indian and White workers using Mincer regression and Oaxaca decomposition. Following Khadria's (2001–2010) analytical propositions, three premium characteristics of Indian-origin workers to the USA consisting of: (1) an age-premium, (2) a wage-premium and (3) a vintage-premium are empirically examined. The findings uphold the theoretical construct and suggest that the migration of Indian knowledge workers to the USA results in brain drain to India and brain gain for the USA.