Suchergebnisse

L'évolution de la population française projetée par l'INSEE nous indique de fortes modifications à moyen et à long terme concernant le nombre de personnes âgées dans notre société. Au niveau national, en 2030 la proportion des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus progressera quelque soient les hypothèses retenues sur l'évolution de la fécondité, des migrations ou de l'espérance de vie : à cette date, environ 25 % de la population aura 65 ans et plus contre 18 % en 2013. À l'horizon 2070 nous compterons deux fois plus de personnes de 75 ans et plus comparé avec cette même période (INSEE). Que fait donc le Département des Bouches-du-Rhône face à ces projections ? En tient-il compte dans ses politiques publiques ? Les lois relatives à l'accessibilité des Personnes à mobilité réduite PMR et à l'Adaptation de la société au vieillissement de la population ASV, encouragent fortement l'idée de « vivre chez soi » le plus longtemps possible. Elles encadrent également l'aide et les services à la personne dont les seniors et les personnes dépendantes pourraient avoir besoin. L'adaptation du logement est un élément fondamental pour le maintien de l'autonomie des seniors, car sans elle, la dépendance, les accidents domestiques et l'isolement peuvent s'accentuer.Des problématiques surgissent, au moment où nous constatons que rester « chez soi » dans un logement non adapté au vieillissement ne représente pas un cadre rassurant ni valorisant pour y demeurer dans les meilleures conditions. Ainsi, nos seniors restent dans des logements conçus pour des personnes jeunes qui ne sont pas adaptés ni aux changements physiques qui surgissent avec l'âge ni à la prise en compte d'un éventuel handicap. Cette situation est vécue par les occupants de logements du parc privé ainsi que par ceux résidant dans l'habitat social.Le vieillissement de la population aura une incidence directe sur l'évolution des besoins à satisfaire car l'offre des équipements liés à la santé, des services d'aide à la personne, des logements adaptés disponibles sur le marché, de l'offre en transports en commun et l'assurance de leur autonomie, deviendront par pression au centre des priorités des élus et des politiques d'aménagement du territoire. Nous souhaitons donc mettre en lumière l'absence de stratégies et d'actions liées à l'adaptation des logements au vieillissement de la population âgée, notamment celle appartenant aux classes moyennes. Des actions spécifiques et destinées à la prévention, à l'accompagnement technique et social des seniors de classe moyenne doivent voir le jour. Les seniors appartenant à ce groupe socioéconomique représentent 50 % de leur population. L'ensemble du mémoire traite notamment des seniors de classe moyenne appartenant au Régime général (hors régimes spéciaux et agricole) car 80 % de la population en France est inscrite à ce régime.Notre principal objectif est de permettre à la population de seniors des Bouches-du-Rhône, de bénéficier de conditions d'habitat sécurisantes et adaptées à leurs besoins à un moindre coût grâce à l'application d'une économie circulaire ciblée pour les seniors.

This paper is the result of research on Indonesian migration that focuses on the diaspora of the exile community in the Netherlands. The purpose to discuss this issue is to tell about the existence of an Indonesian community that has been exiled from the country for decades and became stateless or lost citizenship, because its passport was revoked by the Indonesian government. They are the generation who have been forced to move to several countries and choose to seek asylum in various Western European countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The history of their existence abroad as a result of the event of G30S/1965. They were abroad when the G30S occurred in the country. Their departure abroad was in the leftist (socialist) countries of the mid-1960s not because of political affairs but for various interests, but in fact it was related to the occurrence of the G30S/1965. In 1989 with the fall of communism and the end of the cold war after the collapse of the superpower of the Soviet Union, most of them have registered themselves as asylum seekers to several countries in Western Europe, including to the Netherlands. As a Dutch citizen, their descendants get education and work in the Netherlands. Their descendants feel that the Dutch or Europeans are his identity but the exiles keep their nationalism for Indonesia. We call that with long-distance nationalism.Keywords: Dutch, diaspora, exile community, asylum, citizenshipABSTRAKTulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian tentang migrasi orang Indonesia yang fokus pada diaspora komunitas eksil di Belanda. Tujuan untuk membahas masalah ini adalah untuk menceritakan tentang keberadaan komunitas Indonesia yang sejak puluhan tahun terbuang dari tanah air dan menjadi stateless atau kehilangan kewarganegaraan, sebab pasportnya dicabut oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Mereka merupakan anak bangsa dari satu generasi yang terpaksa pindah ke beberapa negara dan memilih mencari suaka ke berbagai negara Eropa Barat pascaruntuhnya Uni Soviet. Sejarah keberadaan mereka di luar negeri sebagai akibat dari peristiwa G30S tahun 1965. Mereka sedang berada di luar negeri ketika terjadi peristiwa G30S di dalam negeri. Kepergian mereka ke luar negeri yaitu di negara-negara beraliran kiri (sosialis) di pertengahan tahun 60-an bukan karena hanya karena urusan politik, tetapi untuk berbagai kepentingan, namun pada kenyataannya disangkutpautkan dengan terjadinya peristiwa G30S tahun 1965 tersebut. Pada tahun 1989 dengan kejatuhan komunisme dan berakhirnya perang dingin setelah keruntuhan negara adi kuasa Uni Soviet sebagian besar mereka telah mendaftarkan diri menjadi pencari suaka ke beberapa negara di Eropa Barat, termasuk ke Belanda. Sebagai warga negara Belanda, anak keturunannya mendapatkan pendidikan dan bekerja di Belanda. Anak-anak keturunannya merasa Belanda atau Eropa adalah identitasnya akan tetapi orang eksil tetap menjaga nasionalisme mereka buat tanah airnya yaitu Indonesia. Kami menyebutnya dengan nasionalisme jarak jauh. Kata Kunci: Belanda, diaspora, komunitas eksil, suaka, kewarganegaraan

RESUMENLa Región Huetar Norte, ubicada al norte de Costa Rica, con una extensión de 718851hectáreas (719 km2) y compuesta por los cantones Upala, Los Chiles, Guatuso, San Carlosy Zarcero; se dedica a la ganadería, agricultura y cultivos permanentes (caña de azúcar,piña, yuca y cítricos), ha tenido cambios notorios en el uso del suelo: cantones poblados(parte sur), cantones con agricultura, ganadería y migración (parte norte) y cantones turísticos (de aventura, rural y agrario).Realizar una recopilación de los procesos de registros en fincas agropecuarias en la Región Huetar Norte, para el análisis de la información recolectada y las variables tomadasen cuenta para el registro de la finca gropecuaria.La investigación es de tipo descriptivo-explicativo, ya que detalla la situación del registrode fincas agropecuarias en la región Huetar Norte. Se desarrollaron tres actividades i)identificación de instituciones y organismos que registran información, ii) búsqueda deinformación, instrumentos y variables utilizados para el registro y iii) bibliografía sobrelos procesos de registro.Cinco instancias participan en el registro de información en fincas agropecuarias: i) censosagropecuarios, ii) instituciones gubernamentales, iii) Centro Agrícola Cantonal, iv) ColegiosTécnicos y Profesionales y v) organizaciones regionales. Cada instancia posee un objetivoespecífico, sin embargo, no siempre esa información es conocida por los agricultores.Los registros de información son instrumentos para la toma de decisiones en diversossectores, su utilidad se ve reflejada en datos que se emplean para conformar políticalocal, regional y nacional.Palabras clave: Finca agropecuaria, registro, región uetar Norte, geografía, SIG. ABSTRACTThe Región Huetar Norte, located to the north of Costa Rica, with an extension of 718851hectares (719 km2) and composed by the cantons Upala, Los Chiles, Guatuso, San Carlosand Zarcero; Is dedicated to cattle raising, agriculture and permanent crops (sugar cane,pineapple, yucca and citrus). It has had notable changes in land use: populated cantons(southern part), cantons with agriculture, cattle raising and migration (northern part)and tourist cantons (adventure, rural and agrarian).To carry out a compilation of the processes of records in agricultural farms in the RegiónHuetar Norte, for the analysis of the information collected and the variables consideredfor the registration of the agricultural property.The research is descriptive-explanatory, as it details the situation of the register of agricultural farms in the Región Huetar Norte. Three activities were carried out: i) identification ofinstitutions and organizations that register information; ii) search for information; instruments and variables used for registration; and iii) bibliography on registration processes.Five instances are involved in the registration of information on agricultural holdings: (i)agricultural censuses, (ii) government institutions, (iii) Cantonal Agricultural Center, (iv)technical and professional colleges, and (v) regional organizations. Each instance has aspecific objective; however, this information is not always known by farmers.Information records are instruments for decision-making in various sectors, their usefulness is reflected in data used to shape local, regional and national politics. Keywords: Agricultural farm, Registry, Región Huetar Norte, Geography, GIS.

Children make up half of the world's refugees, yet limited research documents the views of youth about their own migratory circumstances and recommendations. This dissertation contributes new knowledge of migrant youths' views by analyzing selected secondary data from United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) interviews conducted with unaccompanied children from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico in the custody of the U.S. federal government for entering the United States without the proper documents. In light of prior research focused on unaccompanied children's protection issues outside of the home, the first section of this banded dissertation analyzes interviews with unaccompanied children who disclosed child maltreatment in the home or family setting. Examination of this dataset finds that females reported higher rates of maltreatment overall, a higher incidence of multiple abuse experiences, and nearly exclusively reported experiencing sexual abuse and domestic violence, as compared to their male counterparts. Girls were more likely to disclose maltreatment as a reason for migrating, while boys were more likely to disclose abuse as a form of suffering or harm, suggesting the need for varied methods of inquiring about maltreatment, as well as acknowledgement that maltreatment revelations depend upon the interviewer's skills and not merely upon whether abuse occurred. The second section analyzes the responses of Central American and Mexican migrant children to one interview question regarding how to help youth like themselves, and identifies several implied "no-win" situations as potential reasons for the migration decisions of unaccompanied children. Furthermore, the children's responses highlight the interconnected nature of economics, security, and education as migratory factors. Children demonstrated use of political speech, primarily through negative references regarding their home country's government, president, and the police, with particular emphasis on police corruption and ineffectiveness. Their recommendations have implications for interdisciplinary and coordinated international development responses to migratory causes, and for providing youth with meaningful opportunities to contribute their views and suggestions. The third section concludes by using reflection on the research experience to examine various decision points before and during the research process. A "thesis>antithesis>synthesis" formula is employed to aid future researchers in predicting and resolving the research tensions discussed, and to protect the dignity of research participants, particularly when working with a vulnerable and hard-to-access population. Unaccompanied migrant children have many lessons to teach us about the gender and age-based risks they face, their recommendations for helping themselves and others like them, and research methods with young people. These lessons may not come in the manner, timeframe, or sense of logic that adults expect they should, and children may indeed view the world differently from adults. Even in this, children are trying to teach us something, if we are willing to listen.

L'évolution de la population française projetée par l'INSEE nous indique de fortes modifications à moyen et à long terme concernant le nombre de personnes âgées dans notre société. Au niveau national, en 2030 la proportion des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus progressera quelque soient les hypothèses retenues sur l'évolution de la fécondité, des migrations ou de l'espérance de vie : à cette date, environ 25 % de la population aura 65 ans et plus contre 18 % en 2013. À l'horizon 2070 nous compterons deux fois plus de personnes de 75 ans et plus comparé avec cette même période (INSEE). Que fait donc le Département des Bouches-du-Rhône face à ces projections ? En tient-il compte dans ses politiques publiques ? Les lois relatives à l'accessibilité des Personnes à mobilité réduite PMR et à l'Adaptation de la société au vieillissement de la population ASV, encouragent fortement l'idée de « vivre chez soi » le plus longtemps possible. Elles encadrent également l'aide et les services à la personne dont les seniors et les personnes dépendantes pourraient avoir besoin. L'adaptation du logement est un élément fondamental pour le maintien de l'autonomie des seniors, car sans elle, la dépendance, les accidents domestiques et l'isolement peuvent s'accentuer.Des problématiques surgissent, au moment où nous constatons que rester « chez soi » dans un logement non adapté au vieillissement ne représente pas un cadre rassurant ni valorisant pour y demeurer dans les meilleures conditions. Ainsi, nos seniors restent dans des logements conçus pour des personnes jeunes qui ne sont pas adaptés ni aux changements physiques qui surgissent avec l'âge ni à la prise en compte d'un éventuel handicap. Cette situation est vécue par les occupants de logements du parc privé ainsi que par ceux résidant dans l'habitat social.Le vieillissement de la population aura une incidence directe sur l'évolution des besoins à satisfaire car l'offre des équipements liés à la santé, des services d'aide à la personne, des logements adaptés disponibles sur le marché, de l'offre en transports en commun et l'assurance de leur autonomie, deviendront par pression au centre des priorités des élus et des politiques d'aménagement du territoire. Nous souhaitons donc mettre en lumière l'absence de stratégies et d'actions liées à l'adaptation des logements au vieillissement de la population âgée, notamment celle appartenant aux classes moyennes. Des actions spécifiques et destinées à la prévention, à l'accompagnement technique et social des seniors de classe moyenne doivent voir le jour. Les seniors appartenant à ce groupe socioéconomique représentent 50 % de leur population. L'ensemble du mémoire traite notamment des seniors de classe moyenne appartenant au Régime général (hors régimes spéciaux et agricole) car 80 % de la population en France est inscrite à ce régime.Notre principal objectif est de permettre à la population de seniors des Bouches-du-Rhône, de bénéficier de conditions d'habitat sécurisantes et adaptées à leurs besoins à un moindre coût grâce à l'application d'une économie circulaire ciblée pour les seniors.

La conformación del Área Metropolitana de Montevideo se debe a un proceso espontáneo en el que la atracción de la ciudad capital y su puerto conforman una fuerte centralidad. En torno a ella, las migraciones internas de la población y los procesos de uso y ocupación del suelo van configurando vínculos e interrelacionando la ciudad y el territorio circundante. Los mecanismos de regulación o planificación de este proceso, cuando existieron, han variado. Las decisiones de la corona española para la fundación de la ciudad de Montevideo y la primera delimitación de su territorio, los modelos de referencia con el que se fundan los primeros centros poblados, las sucesivas normas en las que se van transfiriendo potestades del estado central a los gobiernos departamentales otorgándoles mayor autonomía sobre sus ámbitos territoriales, la evolución en los modelos de ocupación que acompañan los avances en los medios de comunicación y transporte, el cambio de uso en los territorios productivos y la instalación de logística, van configurando nuevas geometrías sobre el territorio heredado de anteriores etapas. Este artículo presenta la estructuración histórica de Montevideo y su área metropolitana, profundizando en las transformaciones territoriales y en los desafíos que se plantean, desde la perspectiva de los instrumentos de planificación implementados, para su ordenamiento territorial. ; The metropolitan area of Montevideo has been setting up in a process we can define as "spontaneous", in which the attraction of the capital city and its port make a strong centrality for the country. Surrounding to it, the internal migration of population as well as the processes of land use and occupation configure links and a interrelationship between the city and the surrounding territory. The regulations and planning mechanisms are not always present in the process and they have different variations on time. In brief, from the first Spanish crown decide to found the city and the first delimitation of its territory, until the current days many different ideas and models were developed. For instance: the model of the first towns and rural centers, or the decentralized model in which the state transfer powers and administrative responsibilities to local governments – giving them more autonomy over their territorial areas. In addition, to this the changes in the models of use of the land that transform as well the infrastructures and transportation. Last but not least, new models of production and economic use of land that create logistic areas for facilitate them. If we connect all this issues, we have new geographies in the inherited territory that we can define now as a real metropolitan area. This article presents the historical setting of Montevideo and its metropolitan area, focusing on the Planning discipline and its tools to deal with the growing challenges that it presents until nowadays. ; Peer Reviewed

Drought is one of the most damaging natural hazards. Various studies rank it first among all natural hazards by seriousness of impacts such as the loss of life and livelihoods, economic losses and the adverse social and ecosystem effects. In many instances, drought can be a major factor in local conflicts, as well as internal and international migration – these negative effects of drought often persist long after the precipitation returns to normal levels. The causes of droughts are essentially natural, but climate change increases the drought severity, frequency, duration, and spatial extent. The impacts of droughts are also strongly exacerbated by anthropological activities, such as deforestation, overgrazing, soil degradation, and water mismanagement. In turn, the consequences of these activities are also exacerbated by drought, which creates a vicious cycle of ecological degradation and human misery. A reactive approach to droughts is still prevalent in many countries, even though emergency funding is costly, less effective and does not address the long-term causes of vulnerability and lack of sustainability. There is an urgent need to move forward with a paradigm shift from "crisis" to "risk" management, adopting a proactive approach based on the principles of risk reduction and prevention. There is a whole set of effective measures that need to be implemented to increase resilience to drought and minimise its effects. Monitoring and early warning systems along with assessments of the hot spots of vulnerable populations and regions, as well as investments in risk-mitigating measures are the first line of defence. These actions need to become an integral part of national drought policies. Moreover, the full cyclical phenomenon of droughts should be at the core of the drought management plans to take full advantage of the drought preparedness measures. All "drought-relevant" sectors including agriculture, food security, the environment, meteorology, water, energy and tourism have to be included in the drought policy development process and preparedness plans. Integrated proactive drought policies should encapsulate the following aspects: · A strong and comprehensive institution is essential to enhance information-sharing, coordination, cooperation and knowledge-management among various levels of governments, sectors and society. · Drought risk management must be incorporated into both long-term development measures and humanitarian responses. · A combination of top-down (overall drought policy, institutional set-up, funding, modern knowledge) approaches supported by bottom-up (traditional knowledge, local production, livelihoods and decision systems) measures is needed to guarantee the maximum efficiency of implemented measures. · Drought early warning needs to be followed by early action based on reliability, transparency and trust. · Flexibility of funding (contingency planning) must become an integral part of development budget planning. · Drought policy implementation requires capacity-building at the local level to ensure effective inter­action between concerned parties. By implementing these approaches, we can use drought as a "connector" that strengthens collaboration among many sectors, levels and actors.

The dominant paradigm in place nowadays is in conflict with the natural environment and such paradigm makes part of an approach that is blinded by its mechanism, individualism, and reductionism, and has a highly quantitative and anthropocentric perspective of nature. More than two centuries ago, Thomas Robert Malthus already called our attention in this regard, in his "Essay on the principle of population", expressing concerns for a geometric population growth but an arithmetic growth of resources. It is true that the perspective for a changing paradigm is relatively more recent, becoming more powerful with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development, which includes a totally different view from the conventional concept, allowing a more biocentric, interconnected, holistic, cooperative approach, and changing the mechanic-based quantitative value to the qualitative value. However, long before the emergence of this concept, the industrial society was faced with a phenomenon resulting from the industrial revolution, the migration to urban areas, and the social, economic, political, environmental, and cultural changes it implies. As a result, the Chicago School of Sociology developed a line of studies called "Human Ecology", which in short consists of seeking a qualitative methodology for the study of human beings in their natural habitat aligned with their social-urban relations, by establishing a parallel between social and natural systems, as a way of understanding the processes taking place in cities. ; El paradigma dominante observado hoy en día se encuentra en proceso de colisión con el entorno natural, dicho paradigma se encuentra inmerso en un enfoque obnubilado por su mecanicismo, su individualismo, su reduccionismo y con una mirada muy cuantitativa y antropocéntrica de la naturaleza. Ya Thomas Robert Malthus nos había dado un campanazo hace más de dos siglos en su obra "Ensayo sobre el principio de la población" cuando dejó la preocupación sobre un crecimiento geométrico de la población mientras uno aritmético de los recursos, si bien es cierto que una perspectiva de paradigma cambiante es relativamente mucho más reciente, ya que toma gran fuerza con la aparición del concepto de desarrollo sostenible, con una visión totalmente distinta al convencional ya que permite un enfoque biocéntrico, interconectado, holístico y de cooperación, deja de lado ese mecanicismo y el valor cuantitativo por el valor cualitativo. No obstante, tiempo atrás a la aparición del concepto, la sociedad industrializada se enfrentaba a un fenómeno que ha sido tendencia derivada de la revolución industrial, los procesos migratorios a las ciudades y todos los cambios de orden social, económico, político, ambiental y cultural que trae consigo; en la Escuela de Chicago de Sociología aparece una rama denominada "Ecología Humana" que, en pocas palabras, propende por un diseño metodológico cualitativo, el estudio del hombre en su hábitat natural que se escala a relaciones urbano-sociales al establecer el paralelo entre sistemas sociales y naturales, una forma de comprender los procesos llevados a cabo en una ciudad.

Происходящие реформаторские изменения в политической, социально-экономической и духовно-нравственной сферах Российской Федерации существенно изменили сознание российских граждан, в том числе и молодых пограничников. Характерное для сегодняшних дней снижение воспитательного потенциала российской культуры, искусства, образования способствует падению уровня нравственности, морали, этики, патриотизма молодежи, что настоятельно требует поиска новых педагогических моделей воспитания патриотов. Актуальность темы обусловлено наличием сложных и противоречивых социальных процессов, к которым относятся терроризм, миграция населения, обострение межличностных отношений, утрата духовных ориентиров и др. В создавшейся обстановке патриотическая идея вновь стала востребована как гарант социальной стабильности, как консолидирующая сила российского социума, способная эффективно содействовать развитию экономической мощи России, укреплению её обороноспособности, сохранению независимости и территориальной целостности. Актуальность темы обусловлена и ростом значения патриотизма как основы функционирования и результативной деятельности пограничных формирований Российской Федерации. Реализация пограничной политики Российской Федерации в современных условиях требует от личного состава Федеральной пограничной службы РФ готовности и способности воинов отстаивать жизненно важные интересы России, что предполагает сочетание компетентности, глубоких профессиональных знаний, навыков и умений с любовью и преданностью своему Отечеству. Формирование и развитие таких высоких патриотических качеств личности возможно только путем организации и проведения соответствующего воспитания. В статье авторами на основе анализа работ отечественных ученых раскрывается сущность аксиологического подхода, показана его роль в воспитании патриотизма у воинов пограничников ; The events of the reformist changes in the political, socio-economic and spiritually-moral spheres of the Russian Federation substantially changed the minds of Russian citizens, including young guards. Characteristic for the reduction of the educational potential of Russian culture, art, education contributes to the falling standards of morality, ethics, patriotism of youth, it is imperative that the search for new pedagogical models of education patriots. The urgency is due to the presence of complex and contradictory social processes, which include terrorism, migration, worsening of interpersonal relationships, loss of spiritual guidance etc. In the present situation the Patriotic idea has once again become popular as the guarantor of social stability as a consolidating force in Russian society, able to contribute effectively to the development of the economic power of Russia, strengthening its defense capability, the preservation of the independence and territorial integrity. Implementation of border policy of the Russian Federation in modern conditions requires from the personnel of the Federal border service of the Russian Federation the its willingness and ability of soldiers to defend the vital interests of Russia, which involves a combination of competence, deep professional knowledge, skills and abilities with love and pre-given to his country. The formation and development of such high Patriotic qualities of the personality is possible only through the organization and conduct of the appropriate education. The authors, based on analysis of works of domestic scientists, reveals the essence of axiological approach, showing its role in the education of patriotism among warriors guards

Процесс евразийской интеграции на постсоветском пространстве приобретает эффективный институт локальной интеграции, в роли которого выступают приграничные агломерации. Трансграничные города обладают широким диапазоном интеграционных сфер, в частности, они не ограничиваются исключительно экономической отраслью, как это происходит в ЕАЭС, а выстраивают формы сотрудничества в социальной политике, демографических и миграционных процессах, вопросах экологии и логистики, транспортного сообщения. Они имеют возможность выступить в качестве точек роста региона и страны либо со временем обрести статус международного города, обладающего значимым политическим и экономическим влиянием в рамках макрорегионального пространства, как, например, Сингапур или Шанхай в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе. В данном вопросе нам видится возможность применения опыта Европейского союза в плане реализации региональной и местной политики. Благодаря широким полномочиям приграничных образований региональные и муниципальные сообщества выступают субъектами, влияющими на наднациональные процессы, ввиду чего возникает потребность в создании представительного органа Комитета регионов ЕАЭС, в числе участников которого могут оказаться как регионы, так и агломерации. Благодаря сравнительному анализу мы рассматриваем наиболее перспективные приграничные агломерации ЕАЭС, в частности Донецко-Макеевскую агломерацию, агломерацию «Большой Сочи», инициативу «Алматы-Бишкек», Владивостокскую агломерацию. В ЕАЭС на сегодняшний день не институционализирована форма приграничного агломеративного сотрудничества. На наш взгляд, это недостаток современных наднациональных интеграционных процессов на постсоветском пространстве, предпосылки к решению которых и будут представлены в статье. ; The process of Eurasian integration in the post-Soviet space has become an effective institution for local integration, which are the border of the agglomeration. Cross-border cities offer a wide range of integration areas, in particular, they are not only the economic sector, as is happening in the EAEC, and build forms of cooperation in social policy, demographic and migration processes, environmental issues and logistics, transportation. They have the opportunity to act as points of growth in the region and the country, or over time acquire the status of international city with a significant political and economic influence in the framework of macro-regional spaces, such as Singapore or Shanghai in the Asia-Pacific region. In this issue we see the possibility of using the experience of the European Union in the implementation plan regional and local policies. Thanks to the wide powers of the border formations of the regional and municipal communities are subjects of influencing supranational processes. In mind that there is a need to create a representative body the Committee of the regions EEU, the number of participants who can be both the regions and the Metropolitan area. Through comparative analysis, we consider the most promising cross-border agglomeration of the EEU, in particular, Donetsk-Makiivka agglomeration, agglomeration of the Big Sochi, the initiative "Almaty-Bishkek", the Vladivostok agglomeration. The EEU to date, no institutionalized form of cross-border cooperation agglomerative. In our opinion, is the lack of a modern supranational integration processes in the former Soviet Union, the preconditions for the solution of which will be presented in the article.

Aid allocation is typically country-based, i.e. focusing first on how to distribute Official Development Assistance (ODA) across countries. Donors consider the needs of developing countries as well as their own interests before deciding which country should receive how much assistance. Subsequently, donor and partner governments choose the thematic areas or sectors of cooperation, such as health, education, the environment, or food security. As an alternative approach, thematic allocation has gained increasing relevance. This form of allocation earmarks funds for specific issues prior to the selection of partner countries. The special initiatives of Germany's Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the United States (US) presidential initiatives for health and food security are prominent examples. The process of aid allocation is crucial for the effective use of scarce public funds. Global changes raise the question to what extent funds should continue to be allocated in a primarily country-based manner or whether a thematic approach is more useful. Historically, development cooperation has evolved as a policy to support poor countries. However, these countries now vary greatly in their development (fragile states, graduated countries, etc.). The North-South logic underlying the term "develop¬ing country" is inconsistent with the universal 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are organised thematically. Many challenges require cross-border solutions (e.g. climate, health, migration). Thematic allocation aligns development cooperation with international challenges. Experience thus far shows both benefits and risks. Thematic allocation can mobilise funding for key issues, bundle resources and raise the visibility of aid. It enables cross-border cooperation, offers room for innovations and is more flexible. Yet, a number of initiatives bypass local capacities and the institutions of partner countries more frequently than country-based allocation does. In other cases, uncoordinated parallel structures arise, which do not take sufficient account of ongoing activities. Thematic allocation is likely to become more important as part of the global effort to achieve the 2030 Agenda. Donors should therefore systematically examine to what extent they want to use thematic allocation in the future. A rigorous assessment can help to better utilise benefits and minimise risks. The key challenge is to make effective use of the more flexible cooperation framework offered by thematic allo¬cation. To this end, donors should sharpen their thematic profiles and select issues according to their comparative advantages. Donors also require adequate organisational structures to be able to coordinate all relevant actors in a given issue area, both internally (e.g. through whole-of-government approaches) and externally working together with a broad range of partners. Ultimately, donors should further strengthen the role of partner countries in thematic programmes and initiatives to ensure that a shift of perspective from countries to themes does not come at the expense of country ownership.

The current stage of market transformation of Ukraine's economy involves primarily the development of such elements of the economic system, which, on the one hand, can provide favorable conditions for economic activities, and on the other are the instruments of influence on the overall competitiveness of the state.Most advanced industrial enterprises and organizations of Ukraine realized the need for innovation policy, however, the uncertainty in the structural transformation of the economy and other factors, due to national mentality, prevent the accession of Ukrainian businessmen in the world innovation processes.Under the innovative active enterprise refers to an enterprise engaged in innovation activities. To stimulate innovative activities in the industrial sector are necessary: motivation of employees to innovate, reducing the migration of scientists; legislative changes in the field of innovation regarding the benefits and incentives (reduced taxes on businesses that are developing; improving the depreciation policy); expand the sources of funding; close cooperation with foreign enterprises, exchange of experience; the revitalization of technoparks through public support; extension practices in the provision of innovative enterprises medium-term loans with a lower interest rate. ; Современный этап рыночной трансформации экономики Украины предусматривает, прежде всего, развитие таких элементов экономической системы, которые, с одной стороны, способны обеспечивать благоприятные условия для осуществления хозяйственной деятельности, а с другой – служат инструментами влияния на общую конкурентоспособность государства.Большинство передовых промышленных предприятий и организаций Украины осознали необходимость проведения инновационной политики, однако неопределенность в структурной перестройке экономики и другие факторы, обусловленные национальным менталитетом, препятствуют присоединению украинских бизнесменов в мировых инновационных процессов.Под инновационно активным предприятием понимается предприятие, занимающееся инновационной деятельностью. Для стимулирования инновационной деятельности в промышленной отрасли необходимы: мотивация работников к инновационной деятельности, уменьшение миграции ученых; законодательные изменения в сфере инновационной деятельности относительно льгот и стимулов (снижение налогов с предприятий, которые развиваются; совершенствование амортизационной политики); расширение источников финансирования; тесное сотрудничество с иностранными предприятиями, обмен опытом; активизация деятельности технопарков путем государственной поддержки; расширение практики предоставления инновационным предприятиям среднесрочных кредитов со снижением процентной ставки. ; Сучасний етап ринкової трансформації економіки України передбачає, насамперед, розбудову таких елементів економічної системи, які, з одного боку, здатні забезпечувати сприятливі умови для здійснення господарської діяльності, а з іншого – слугують інструментами впливу на загальну конкурентоспроможність держави.Більшість передових промислових підприємств і організацій України усвідомили необхідність проведення інноваційної політики, проте невизначеність в структурній перебудові економіки і інші чинники, обумовлені національним менталітетом, перешкоджають приєднанню українських бізнесменів до світових інноваційних процесів.Під інноваційно активним підприємством розуміють підприємство, що займалось інноваційною діяльністю. Для стимулювання інноваційної діяльності у промисловій галузі необхідні: мотивація працівників до інноваційної діяльності, зменшення міграції вчених; законодавчі зміни у галузі інноваційної діяльності щодо пільг і стимулів (зниження податків до підприємств, які розвиваються; удосконалення амортизаційної політики); розширення джерел фінансування; тісна співпраця з іноземними підприємствами, обмін досвідом; активізація діяльності технопарків шляхом державної підтримки; розширення практики надання інноваційним підприємствам середньострокових кредитів із зниженням процентної ставки.

The categorization of populations as black is an emerging policy tool in democracies concerned with multiculturalism and social cohesion. Under the paradigm of the fight against discriminations, policies have been designed in order to mitigate inequalities pervasive in race relations, thereby raising the question of how the Blacks, who have been constructed as a subordinate category in social representations and practices, may be specifically targeted by public action. France and Colombia here display very contrastive landscapes: while Colombia has adopted a multicultural constitution in the 1990s and publicly acknowledges ethnic minorities, France still very much operates within a Republican color-blind framework and uses territorial or socio-economic angles to target ethnic minorities. However, both countries offer a surprisingly similar situation vis-à-vis the positioning of the Blacks at the center of political discourses on cultural diversity and its issues, even though the difficulty to provide a univocal definition of Blackness relates to specific historical patterns of colonization and migration in each country. Both France and Colombia also tend to frame policies targeting the Blacks in terms of citizenship, often claiming to facilitate the inclusion of otherwise excluded groups in the demos. ; La denominación "población negra" puede verse como una herramienta de los discursos políticos emergente en las democracias que se ocupan de la multiculturalidad y la cohesión social. Bajo el paradigma de la lucha contra las discriminaciones, se han ido diseñando políticas públicas con el fin de mitigar las profundas desigualdades fundadas en causas raciales, elevando así la cuestión de cómo los Negros, que han sido históricamente vistos y tratados como una categoría subordinada en las representaciones y prácticas sociales, pueden ser objeto de estas políticas públicas por parte del Estado. Francia y Colombia muestran paisajes muy contrastados con respecto a este tema: mientras que Colombia se ha adopto una constitución multicultural en la década de 1990 y se reconoce públicamente las minorías étnicas, en Francia sigue operando un discurso republicano que se muestra ciego a la idea de incluir el color de la piel como un elemento de análisis social (daltonismo republicano) y utiliza ángulos territoriales o socioeconómicos para abordar el tema de las minorías étnicas. No obstante lo anterior, ambos países ofrecen una situación sorprendentemente similar con respecto al posicionamiento de los negros en el centro de los discursos políticos sobre la diversidad cultural y sus problemas. Así, pese a la dificultad de ofrecer una definición unívoca de lo que significa "ser Negro", en los dos países, esta cuestión se relaciona con los patrones históricos específicos de la colonización y la migración en cada país. Tanto Francia como Colombia tienden a enmarcar las políticas dirigidas a las poblaciones negras en términos de ciudadanía, buscando como objetivo primero la inclusión de los grupos excluidos de del demos.

İnsanlığın varlığından günümüze kadar birçok sorun ve problem yaratıldı ve bunların çok büyük bir kısmının temelinde insanoğlunun hatası yatmaktadır. Terörizm bu sorunlardan biridir ve belki de en önemlisidir. İnsanları göç etmeye zorlayan ve devletleri değişik politikalar yaratmaya iten bir güçtür. Terörizmle mücadele de sınır güvenliği çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ülkeler sınırlarını güvenli hale getirerek terörizmden ve onun yarattığı tehlikelerden korunduklarını düşünürler. Bunun için birçok fiziki güvenlik yöntemlerine başvururlar sınır duvarı, tel örgü, hendek ve insansız hava araçları gibi. Fakat bu tip tedbirler terörizmi önlemez sadece etkilerini kısa bir süreliğine azaltır. Bununla beraber insan hakları ihlallerine de sebebiyet verilir. Fiziki sınır güvenlik tedbirleri kaçakçılık ve yasa dışı geçişleri önlemek adına fayda sağlar. Terörizmle mücadele etmek için sınır güvenliği gerekli ve bu sınır güvenliği devlet tarafından sadece fiziki tedbirler ile değil aynı zamanda doğal yollar ile almak gereklidir. Yani sınır komşuları ile iyi ilişkiler kurarak terörizmin ülke içine sızmasına mâni olmak ve sınır bölgelerinde yaşayan insanları terörizme karşı cephe almalarını sağlayarak. Türkiye Fırat Kalkanı Harekâtı ile sınır bölgesinde böyle bir tedbir alma yoluna gitmiştir. Terör unsurları (YPG, PKK, IŞID) ile sınır hattı arasında güvenli bölge oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. Oluşturulan bu güvenli bölgelere Türkiye'ye dost olan gruplar yerleştirilerek terör örgütlerinin ülke içine sızması engellenmiş olacaktır. Entegre fiziki sınır güvenlik yöntemleri ve doğru politikalar ile terörizmle mücadele daha etkili olacaktır. Sınır güvenliği konusu farklı boyutlarda tartışılmaya başlanacaktır ; A lot of problems were created by people since the existence of humanity and majority of them depend on the failure of mankind. Terrorism is one of these problems and maybe it is the most important. Terrorism is a kind of power which force people to move and change of goverments' policy.Border security has a crucial place about counter terrorism. Countries think that they are avoiding from terrrorism and its dangers by making safe their borders. Because of that, they use many methods such as border wall, wire mesh, ditch and unmanned aerial vehicle. These type protection methods can't obviate, only it reduces effects for a short time. Physical protection methods can be useful to prevent illegal migration and smuggling. Counter terrorism depend on border security and not only physical measure but also natural methods should be used by goverments. İn other words each goverment had better create good relations with their border countries thus they are able to prevent terrorism action on the way to homeland. Also people who live in the border region, should be organised against terror foundations. By starting Fırat Kalkanı Harekatı, Turkey goverment took this type precaution on the border line. Turkey would like to create safe zone between terror organizations (PKK, IŞIS, YPG,) and border line. Harmless groups will be inserted in to the safe zone so terror organizations can't enter Turkey. In briefly, integrated border security methods and true political relations are able to apply more effective counter-terrorism. Border security issue will be discussed on different dimensions.

In traditionellen afrikanischen Dörfern werden die meisten Lebensgrundlagen selbst hergestellt. Marktwirtschaft und die Verfügbarkeit neuer industrieller Produkte ersetzen besonders in Ghana zunehmend traditionelle lokale Produktionskreisläufe. Ein verstärkter überregionaler Austausch fördert den Wunsch in die Stadt zu ziehen oder das eigene Land zu verlassen. Das führt zu einer räumlichen Entfremdung, der Frage nach der eigenen Identität und einem Leben in informellen Siedlungen mit infrastrukturellen Missständen. Auf ökologischer Ebene beeinträchtigt Entwaldung lokale Ökosystemen. Diese Arbeit analysiert Freiraumtypen des alltäglichen Lebens in Guabuliga, Nordghana, und die Beziehung des Dorfes zum naturräumlichen Umfeld. Eine Literaturanalyse, landschaftsarchitektonische Freiraumanalysen, sowie offene Interviews und teilnehmende Beobachtungen untersuchen lokale Prozesse mit räumlichen Auswirkungen. Daraus werden räumliche Impulse erarbeitet, partizipativ realisiert und evaluiert. Freiräume werden vor Ort primär durch alltägliche Praktiken von der Bevölkerung selbst geschaffen. Das Fördern bestimmter Praktiken ermöglicht eine Abstimmung selbstorganisierter Prozesse. Vegetationsbestimmte Freiräume, die Ansprüche einer zeitgemäßen Lebensweise erfüllen, leisten einen Beitrag dafür, attraktive Dörfer zu schaffen, die jene Vorteile besitzen, die derzeit nur mit Städten verbunden werden. Der Versuch Bäume als neue Statussymbole des Dorfwachstums einzuführen ist eine Maßnahme gegen Entwaldung, fördert lokale Ökosysteme, räumliche Beziehungszusammenhänge und stärkt die lokale Versorgung. In einem Event werden mit der Bevölkerung 150 Bäume als ,Greenbelt' gepflanzt. Das Projekt fordert auf Verantwortung für das eigene naturräumliche Umfeld selbst zu übernehmen. In Evaluierungen wird erkennbar, dass die Ermächtigung von Teilen der Bevölkerung zu lokalen Wiederaufforstungsexpertinnen bzw. -experten innerhalb einer demokratischen Dorfplattform dafür nötig ist, das Spannungsfeld zwischen Expertise und Selbstorganisation zu überbrücken. ; The local environment covers the majority of needs in everyday life of traditional villages on the African continent. In Ghana especially, import-export-economy is replacing small local production circuits. The increase of supra-regional exchange - induced by globalisation and the availability of new industrial products - promotes migration: the wish to move to the city or to leave the country. This leads to alienation of space, the question of cultural identity, as well as dense informal urban settlements with a lack of sufficient infrastructure. At the same time, occurring deforestation affects local ecosystems. This work analyses types of open spaces of everyday life in Guabuliga, Northern Ghana and their relation to the natural environment. A research of literature, spatial site analyses, as well as open interviews and participatory observations investigate local processes with spatial effects. On this basis, spatial impulses are worked out and realised, as well as evaluated in a participatory way. The local production of space follows everyday practice. Expertise is able to mediate between self-organised processes by supporting distinctive practices. The establishment of vegetated open spaces that provide requirements for a contemporary life, represents a measure to create attractive villages that fulfil those advantages that are expected from a life in a city. The introduction of big trees as status symbols of village-growth protects against deforestation, supports local ecosystems, spatial relationships, as well as local supply and income. This is tested in the project 'Greenbelt Guabuliga'. 150 trees are planted together, with all local families being socially involved in a tree-planting event, as well as the following maintenance. This project encourages local inhabitants to assume responsibility for their own environment. Evaluations show that the foundation of a democratic team of local inhabitants as reforestation experts is necessary in order to bridge the area of tension between self-organisation and expertise. ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Dissertation, 2016 ; OeBB ; (VLID)1930869