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From the introduction: The last two years mark a turning point in public perception of human-induced climate change as a problem of global importance. The widespread acceptance that 'most of the observed increase in globally-averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas [GHG] concentrations' has increased political pressure on governments to reduce GHG emissions. At the same time, rising oil prices have made the reduction of dependence on energy imports and diversification of the energy mix strategic imperatives for many countries around the world. While governments worldwide are confronted with this dual challenge, it is of special relevance to China. On the one hand, China has recently become the world's largest emitter of CO2, accounting for 24% of global annual CO2 emissions. China is therefore one of the most important players to effectively mitigate global warming and pressure from governments around the world on China to join emission reductions efforts is mounting. On the other hand, energy demand is growing exponentially and China is increasingly relying on energy imports to satisfy energy needs. Worried that growing dependency on energy imports may be accompanied by foreign-policy and economic pressures that might threaten national security as well as social and political stability, China has implemented a number of policies to address this issue ranging from policies to save energy and reduce energy intensity, to the diversification of oil supply sources and routes, the support of equity oil overseas acquisitions and the build up of strategic oil reserves to the diversification of the energy portfolio. In line with the objective to diversify the composition of the energy mix, China's leadership is increasingly realizing the need to reduce emissions and support renewable energy development. At a recently held Politburo study session, President Hu Jintao exclaimed: 'Our task is tough, and our time is limited. Party organisations and governments at all levels must give priority to emission reduction and bring the idea deep into people's hearts". To address the issue of energy security, the Chinese government has adapted a two-pronged approach. While measures to promote energy savings and efficiency curb the increase in energy demand, the support of renewable and nuclear energy reduces dependency on energy imports and contributes to the broadening of the foundation of energy supply. This study focuses on China's renewable energy policy and the development of wind energy in China in particular. Commitment by the highest levels of government and a host of favourable policies have triggered a boom in renewable energy in China, especially in the wind power sector. A major step in the development of renewable energy in China has been the Renewable Energy Law that came into effect in January 2006. In addition, the government has set ambitious targets for energy intensity reduction, and share of renewable energy of primary energy consumption. China is on the way to become the world leader in renewable energies. In 2007, investment in renewable energies in China amounted to approximately US$ 12 billion, second only to Germany. In terms of installed renewable energy capacity, China leads the world with 151 GW of installed capacity, largely due to the widespread utilization of hydropower for electricity generation. According to a report by the United Nations Environmental Programme, China is the world's leading manufacturer of solar cells, with an estimated annual production capacity of 3.000 MW. China's wind power market was the third biggest worldwide in 2007 and growth rates continue to exceed expectations. In 2009, China is expected to take the lead as the largest manufacturer of wind turbines. Hydro power represents the most important source of renewable energy in China and plays an important part in the power generation portfolio, most notably since the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. Hydro capacity is expected to double to 290 GW until 2020, but concerns about the social and environmental impact of large-scale hydro power are becoming stronger. Although China is the world's leading solar manufacturer, installed solar photovoltaic power capacity amounts to a mere 0.01% of total power generation capacity (80 MW, approx. 50% of which are off-grid). Solar power equipment is produced almost exclusively for export. Considering China's enormous energy demand and the pace of its growth, deployment of solar photovoltaic power is not viewed as a first-rate solution to satisfy China's energy needs, since it features high costs and low efficiencies compared to other renewables like hydro or wind power. While China does not have significant amounts of solar PV capacity, it is the biggest market for solar thermal systems for heating and hot water supply with 64,5% of global capacity, amounting to 68 GW. Biomass covers 13% of primary energy demand, mostly used in rural households for heating and cooking. In 2007, only 0,28% of power generation capacity were fuelled by biomass. The government plans to expand biomass capacity from 2 to 30 GW by 2020. Despite the impressive progress of recent years, renewable energies - excluding hydro - only contribute less than 1% to China's electricity supply and the skies above China's urban areas continue to be shrouded by smog. Since coal-fired power generation accounts for 82,9% of total electricity supply, it is no surprise that half of China's emissions are attributable to power generation. With electricity demand growing rapidly alongside the economy, dependency on coal as the major source for power generation is likely to persist. However, as the most important source of renewable energy next to hydro, and growth of installed capacity constantly accelerating, peaking at about 130% in 2007, wind power is one of – if not the – most promising option on China's path towards diversification of the energy mix. In recent years wind power has become a mainstream source of renewable energy excelling with mature technology and power generation costs almost competitive with conventional power sources, providing a viable alternative to coal as a source of electricity generation. In 2005, just before the development of wind power started to pick up pace, the China Wind Power Training and Research Project (CWPP) of the German Development Cooperation (GTZ) saw its inception, with the aim of improving the conditions for sustained development of wind power in China. Primary objective of CWPP is the support of sustained long-term wind power development in China. To attain this goal CWPP supports the improvement of technical capabilities of private and government institutions and organizations through activities in the fields of wind power training, technical support and research. The project's engagement ranges from training of technicians in charge of operation and maintenance (OM) at wind farms to the introduction and localisation of software vital to wind resource assessment. These capacity building activities are complemented by wind power information services as well as policy advice to relevant government institutions. The CWPP activities and the indicators measuring its success are based on an analysis of framework conditions in 2003/2004. However, since then the general conditions for wind power in China have changed drastically due to policy changes inducing exponential growth of the industry. While from 2000 to 2005 total installed capacity grew at an average rate of 31%, it more than doubled in the last two years. Newly installed capacity increased at an even faster rate averaging 156% annual growth from 2005 till 2007. In light of the boom in the Chinese wind power sector, it is imperative to realign project activities with actual market conditions on the basis of an up-to-date assessment of the current situation and future outlook. This analysis of the wind power sector in China in 2008 will serve as a basis for the review of current CWPP activities with the aim of developing recommendations for adaptations where deemed necessary. Content Methodology: The study is divided into seven chapters. Subsequent to the introduction, the global development of wind power, its major drivers and trends are discussed briefly serving as a backdrop to the study. The third chapter introduces CWPP and its activities along with the current status of project implementation. The fourth and fifth chapter form the main body of this study. Beginning with the current picture of energy supply and demand, the fourth chapter goes on to introduce the relevant government authorities in charge of Chinese renewable energy policy. Since the basis for wind power development is government support, a detailed examination of renewable energy policy in China is given. The policies governing the wind power sector are reviewed in order to explore the origins of the current boom of the wind power industry. The fifth chapter offers an in-depth discussion of wind power in China, including wind power potential, current status of the market and future development as well as the situation with regards to wind power equipment manufacturers and project developers. In the sixth chapter, major determinants that have the potential to negatively affect the perspectives of wind power development in China are identified and discussed. As a conclusion, chapter seven offers recommendations for the realignment of CWPP activities according to the actual needs of the market. A series of expert interviews was conducted within the scope of the study. The experts interviewed included representatives of relevant government authorities, foreign and domestic wind turbine manufacturers, component suppliers, project developers, industry associations, universities, research institutes, consultancies, CDM agencies and environmental organizations. These interviews serve as a supplement to the evaluation of secondary literature and online sources so as to guarantee the timeliness and validity of information in the study. In cooperation with the China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) and the Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA) the need for wind power-specific training and education for wind power equipment manufacturers and power generation companies was assessed through two separate surveys. In addition, two polls were conducted among wind turbine and component manufacturers at the China Wind Energy Exhibition 2008 in Shanghai and the Wind Power Asia 2008 in Beijing. These polls helped to identify the major challenges for the wind sector's future development in China and contributed to the assessment of the current situation with regard to human resources and qualification.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: 1.INTRODUCTION7 1.1BACKGROUND7 1.2CONTENT METHODOLOGY9 2.THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF WIND POWER10 2.1DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL WIND POWER MARKET10 2.2DRIVERS AND TRENDS OF WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT12 3.THE GTZ CHINA WIND POWER PROJECT17 4.ENERGY POLICY IN CHINA19 4.1ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND19 4.2RELEVANT PLAYERS IN ENERGY POLICY MAKING22 4.3RENEWABLE ENERGY AND WIND POWER POLICY25 4.3.1THE CONCESSION PROGRAMME AND ORIGINS OF WIND POWER PRICING25 4.3.2THE RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW29 4.3.3INVESTMENT CONDITIONS FINANCIAL INCENTIVES33 5.WIND POWER IN CHINA39 5.1WIND ENERGY RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL39 5.2CURRENT STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT42 5.3MARKET FORECAST45 5.4WIND TURBINE MANUFACTURERS47 5.5WIND TURBINE COMPONENT SUPPLIERS55 5.6PROJECT DEVELOPERS55 5.7PROJECT ECONOMICS56 6.POTENTIAL PITFALLS FOR WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA58 6.1POLICY59 6.2HUMAN RESOURCES60 6.3WIND FARM PERFORMANCE LACK OF TRANSPARENCY63 6.4GRID INTEGRATION64 7.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE GTZ CHINA WIND POWER PROJECT67 7.1WIND POWER EDUCATION TRAINING68 7.2RD AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITY BUILDING70 7.3INFORMATION SERVICES71 7.4FINAL REMARKS73 Bibliography72Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 6.1, Potential Pitfalls for Wind Power Development in China: Wind power in China faces a series of adverse outer influences at present. Most of these are not expected to constitute insurmountable barriers to wind power development, but will impact the pace of development nonetheless. The financial crisis on Wall Street that has spread to financial markets around the world, spurs serious worries of a global economic downturn. The renewable energy sector is hit particularly hard by a deterioration of investor confidence, since many observers assume that renewable energy development same as environmental concerns will be shelved until the economies show signs of recovery. The wind industry in China will not be exempt from negative effects of the crisis. Since raising capital will prove difficult in this situation, planned IPOs will be moved back and investments may be deferred. The fall in oil prices in fear of a recession contributes to increase the discrepancy in profitability between conventional power and renewable energy projects (decrease the relative competitiveness of renewables). The rise in coal prices and the credit squeeze further draws liquidity from the market for project development. Rising prices in raw materials drive the increase in wind turbine prices. However, wind power development in China also faces a series of challenges of intrinsic nature. The tremendous pace at which the Chinese wind power sector has been evolving entails an inherent risk of undesirable developments. Reports of wind turbines not performing as expected or even collapsing, lack of due diligence in planning of wind farms, serial production errors in turbines, the counterfeiting of components. These incidents are often portrayed as isolated, but may be representative of greater erroneous trends in the industry. Government regulation will be essential in addressing the issues at stake and preventing them from becoming fundamental barriers to future wind power development. Policy: As mentioned before, government renewable energy and wind power policy have been the single most important driver for wind power development around the world. This is also true for China. A combination of wind power development targets, mandatory market share requirements, economic incentives and protective policies have created a burgeoning wind power market and a thriving domestic industry. Nevertheless, in order to prevent a bust from following the boom, a few adjustments of the policy framework are necessary in order to provide for sustained wind power development. Restrictive government policies, particularly with regard to wind power pricing and foreign investment, pose a serious barrier to the exploitation of a diverse set of investment sources for wind power development in China. Obstructive regulations for FDI, especially with regard to debt financing and CDM project ownership, serve as deterrents for foreign investors. Modes for participation in the regulatory process are unclear, as are rights to appeal regulatory decisions. The lack of a clear pricing policy guaranteeing secure and attractive profit margins for wind power projects has kept many potential investors at bay. Limited access to proper financing and insurance further discourages private and foreign investors. The development of a competitive power sector is also impeded by the dominance of state-owned power generators, who retain strong and often opaque links to state funds, while their levels of profit, subsidies and cross-subsidisation are undisclosed. The government has largely recognized the challenge to open up the market to private and foreign investors. Movement towards further improvement of the policy framework governing wind power is visible. Recently, the government has been addressing many of the most important barriers impeding wind power development. Wind power pricing policy has been slowly moving towards a more predictable and lucrative system of fixed feed-in tariffs. Government action has been taken to alleviate deficiencies regarding reliable wind resource data and the innovation capability of the domestic industry. According to some observers, CDM regulations are expected to be loosened in favour of foreign investors. Still, a number of challenges remain to be addressed, demanding government guidance in order to facilitate sustained, long-term development of wind power in China: - Enforce efforts to provide adequate wind power education and training programmes to ease the human resource deficit. - Establish strong mandatory wind turbine certification standards and support capacity building in the field of turbine testing, in order to ensure turbine quality/reliability and in the long-run improve global competitiveness of the domestic wind industry. - Facilitate smooth grid integration of wind power by: - strengthening the national power grid and interregional transmission capacity, taking into consideration the integration of wind power in the design of grid expansion plans by establishing management regulations and technical specifications to integrate wind power into grid planning; - mapping out comprehensive wind power development plans on national and provincial level in consultation with the grid companies, taking into account construction of other power generation capacity, (interregional) transmission capacity as well as the specific requirements of wind power grid integration; - redoubling research efforts with regard to the analysis of the influence of extensive deployment of wind power on the operation and management of the power grid, intensifying studies on accurate wind power forecasting to allow for effective dispatch of power and establishing a national grid code for wind turbines to ensure maximum electricity output of wind farms. - Tweak FDI, CDM and wind power policies to allow for more diversity in investment and enhance the efficiency of the power sector by creating a fair and open market. Clarify wind power pricing policies and facilitate access to government subsidized bank loans. - Increase transparency within the wind industry and power sector, e.g. with regard to information on wind farm energy output and turbine availability, in order to facilitate competition and intra-industry learning processes, enable timely identification of challenges and build investor confidence. Information transparency is also necessary to improve energy demand and (wind power) supply forecasts and thus provide for proper dispatch of power plants.

The Indonesia economic quarterly reports on and synthesizes the past three months' key developments in Indonesia's economy. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy for the outlook for Indonesia's economic and social welfare. Indonesia's economic growth has so far remained resilient to the weakness in the global economy. Amidst a still uncertain outlook, Indonesia will need to prepare itself for the potential consequences of China's slowdown and additional falls in commodity prices, and for the possibility of renewed turbulence in financial and commodity markets. Continuing to strengthen the policy framework to deal with shocks and building economic resilience through improvements in the quality of spending and in the regulatory environment will be key to maintaining, and improving further, Indonesia's strong recent growth performance. Progress towards these goals could be tested as the 2014 election year approaches. Indonesia's economy maintained its robust pace of growth in the second quarter of 2012, expanding by 6.4 percent year-on-year, up slightly from 6.3 percent in the first quarter. Buoyant private consumption continued to lift domestic demand, and investment spending also increased strongly. Despite the rapid pace of economic activity, consumer price inflation has remained moderate to date. Headline CPI inflation fell back to 4.3 percent year-on-year in September after edging up to 4.6 percent in August, when it was pulled higher temporarily by the Idul Fitri holidays. Core inflation has remained stable, just above 4 percent. Indonesia's current account moved further into deficit in the second quarter of 2012. Structurally, the trend towards current account deficits reflects consistently strong domestic investment relative to the level of domestic savings. The slowdown in exports over 2012, alongside generally strong import demand, has seen the large goods trade balance surpluses of recent years narrow and this, coupled with consistent net outflows in the income and services sub-accounts, moved the overall current account into a deficit of 3.1 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in the second quarter of 2012.

Kenya withstood another difficult year in 2012 as policy tightening and weaker global demand slowed economic activity. With decisive fiscal and monetary policies, the government managed to restore confidence in Kenya's medium term prospects. Kenya's growth rate is still below its potential and its peers, external imbalances remain which threaten its future growth, and the pace of economic growth is not generating enough modern sector wage jobs. With the passage of the new constitution in 2010 and its implementation, stronger institutions are emerging, putting Kenya on a sound footing ready to take off. In the very short term, what remains to be done is for Kenya to deliver a credible and peaceful election in March 2013, and thereafter a smooth transfer of power. In the medium term, Kenya will need to start building a stronger foundation for growth, and undertake structural reforms to correct the external imbalances. To generate more jobs for the burgeoning educated youth population, Kenya will also need to reduce the transaction cost for firms, by reducing job-smothering corruption and the cost of doing business (particularly in transport and energy).

The Public Investment Management (PIM) efficiency review is intended to support the Government of Zimbabwe, and in particular the Ministry of Finance, in its efforts to strengthen the efficiency of the public investment system, with the goal of improving the creation, operation and maintenance of public sector capital assets that support service delivery and economic growth. The problems of public investment management are not merely financial but systemic. Budget execution deficit remains a major bottleneck. Due to large backlogs across sectors, capital budget allocation has prioritized completion and rehabilitation of on-going and stalled projects and programs. Currently, public investment projects are mainly financed by the national budget. Regulatory frameworks for public-private partnerships are in place, but sluggish recovery from the private sector has not made it a notable source of financing for capital projects. Foreign loans and grants, and humanitarian aid from donors are not channeled through the official budget. This report is intended to provide the basis for a follow-on discussion with government on possible options and approaches to addressing the identified problems, focusing on those which are the most critical to Zimbabwe's economic recovery and long term development. It is complementary to the action plan, also developed by the team for consideration by the Government of Zimbabwe, which suggests a list of reform actions over the immediate to medium-term to strengthen the regulatory framework and build capacity across central and implementing agencies. The objective of the policy note is to support the Government of Zimbabwe to strengthen the efficiency of PIM system, with an ultimate goal of contributing to improved governance, service delivery, and economic growth. The study will inform a reform and capacity strengthening action plan with the Government as well as subsequent Bank's proposed technical assistance program to strengthen the PIM.

AMÉRICA LATINA Colombia marcha contra las FARC.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16063552 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75544.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430736-colombia-se-movilizo-contra-las-farc http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323196926_700752.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/internacional/noticias/C64CD95A-07C5-4083-AE14-9E67EDC2D4A0.htm?id={C64CD95A-07C5-4083-AE14-9E67EDC2D4A0}Las FARC anuncian la liberación de seis rehenes.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430706-la-guerrilla-de-las-farc-anuncia-la-liberacion-de-seis-rehenesCristina Fernández de Kirchner anuncia su nuevo Gobierno.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323203950_763551.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/_portada/noticias/3CD6CE43-53C8-4F4B-87CF-F3E7B20C82A9.htm?id={3CD6CE43-53C8-4F4B-87CF-F3E7B20C82A9} http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/814238.htmlPolémica por posible aprobación de reforma forestal en Brasil.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/americas/brazil-amazon-deforestation/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/polmica-por-posible-aprobacin-de-reforma-forestal-en-brasil_10892001-4 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/06/9258948-brazil-senate-oks-easing-of-rules-to-limit-amazon-deforestation http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16048503Rousseff pierde a su ministro de Trabajo acusado de corrupción.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/04/world/americas/brazil-labor-minister-quits/index.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323042942_252283.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/renuncia-por-corrupcin-otro-ministro-en-brasil-van-siete-desde-enero_10884345-4Se frena el crecimiento económico en Brasil en el tercer trimestre del año.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/americas/brazils-growth-slowed-by-decline-in-consumer-spending.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/americas/brazil-economy/index.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/07/content_14226096.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16051674América latina es muy vulnerable al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430358-una-experta-dice-que-america-latina-es-muy-vulnerable-al-cambio-climaticoNace la CELAC, un nuevo bloque americano impulsado por Hugo Chávez.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1429832-nace-la-celac-un-nuevo-bloque-americano-sin-eeuu-ni-canada-impulsado-por-hugo-chavez http://www.elmundo.es/america/2011/12/02/noticias/1322861753.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1429914-concluyo-la-celac-con-una-declaracion-de-apoyo-por-malvinas http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cumbre-fundacionald-de-la-celac-en-caracas_10880004-4Correa amenaza con cárcel a medios que alienten la especulación.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/rafael-correa-y-amenazas-medios-de-comunicacin_10880544-4Humala declara el estado de excepción para controlar la protesta contra una mina.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/05/world/americas/peru-gold-mine/index.html http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/05/9222940-emergency-declared-as-peru-peasants-protest-us-firms-48-billion-gold-mine-plan http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323104860_260923.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-crisis-minera-hace-que-aliados-de-izquierda-se-alejen-del-presidente-ollanta-humala_10891945-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16026619"El Universal" de México analiza: "El ciclo vicioso de la miseria en Nicaragua".Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75541.htmlEn México estalla escándalo de corrupción en el PRI.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-russia-election-protest-20111206,0,4837064.story http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/en-mxico-estalla-escndalo-de-corrupcin-en-el-pri_10877864-4Agentes de la DEA lavaron dinero para investigar a carteles mexicanos.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45539772/ns/us_news-the_new_york_times/#.Tt81r3KwA90 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/agentes-de-la-dea-lavaron-dinero-para-investigar-carteles-mexicanos_10882884-4El PRI ve en riesgo la colaboración antidrogas con Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323163523_092313.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/04/world/americas/mexico-president-speech/index.htmlNaciones Unidas condena matanza de activista mexicano.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/americas/mexico-un-activist-shot/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8Ex dictador panameño será extraditado en cuestión de semanas.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45513522/ns/world_news-europe/#.Tt81sXKwA90La líder de la Federación de Estudiantes perdió la presidencia de la comunidad estudiantil chilena.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/814403.html ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁ Hillary Clinton solicita que se defiendan los derechos de los homosexuales.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-clinton-gay-rights-20111207,0,4018429.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16062937 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/united-states-to-use-aid-to-promote-gay-rights-abroad.html?_r=1&hpIrrumpe Gingrich y agita la campaña de los republicanos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/newt-gingrich-ampla-ventaja-en-interna-republicana-para-presidenciales-en-ee-uu_10899724-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430192-irrumpe-gingrich-y-agita-la-campana-de-los-republicanosObama llama a combatir la injusticia social en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/us/politics/obama-strikes-populist-chord-with-speech-in-heartland.html?_r=1&hp http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323201662_289674.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16061185Candidatos republicanos realizan recomendaciones a Obama sobre política exterior.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/us/politics/obama-foreign-policy-a-republican-target.html?ref=worldUna vez culminada la guerra,esperan estrechas relaciones entre Estados Unidos y Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghan-us-20111129,0,402465.storyCitigroup despediría a 4500 empleados en el mundo.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16062770Estados Unidos y Corea del Sur renuevan diálogo sobre tecnología nuclear.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/asia/us-and-south-korea-renew-talks-on-nuclear-technology.html?ref=worldLos indultos de Bush favorecieron a ciudadanos blancos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323110518_609913.htmlSegún Biden, Estados Unidos estaría dispuesto a ayudar a Grecia.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/05/content_14216190.htmEUROPAFrancia y Alemania piden un "nuevo tratado" de la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/05/9223466-germany-france-call-for-new-eu-treaty-amid-debt-crisis http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430306-reunion-sarkozy-merkel-eurohttp://money.cnn.com/2011/12/05/news/international/sarkozy_merkel_fiscal_pact/index.htm?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/europe/angela-merkel-nears-a-remaking-of-euro-zone.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/merkel-refuerza-idea-de-cambio-de-tratados-de-ue_10877885-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-eu-merkel-sarkozy-20111206,0,2123733.storyLos líderes de la Unión Europea retrucan a la calificadora Standard & Poor's y crece la incertidumbre.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430573-francia-retruco-a-sp-tras-la-severa-advertencia-y-crece-la-incertidumbre http://money.cnn.com/2011/12/05/news/international/standard_poors_warns_eurozone_downgrades/index.htm?hpt=wo_c2 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323071518_447488.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/business/global/germany-calls-sp-threat-a-spur-to-action.html?ref=worldLa Unión Europea recorta ayuda a 19 países.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430834-la-union-europea-recorta-ayuda-a-19-paisesVan Rompuy y Barroso proponen un plan para un pacto fiscal en la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323188260_361053.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/business/global/more-stimulus-expected-from-ecb-but-will-it-be-enough.html?ref=worldEurozona vive una profunda crisis.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16062378 http://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2011/12/euro-zone-crisisEuropa, ante la que sería su peor crisis desde la II Guerra Mundial.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/la-ue-de-pie-al-borde-del-abismo_10881444-4Partido de Putin gana legislativas rusas pero pierde mayoría absoluta.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430173-senal-para-putin-gano-pero-perdio-respaldo http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/partido-de-putin-gana-legislativas-rusas_10883384-4Rusia: la oposición llama a manifestarse y Gorbachov pide anular las elecciones.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/06/9255664-moscow-election-official-i-helped-rig-russia-vote http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/_portada/noticias/0DEBB761-E2A7 4589-B649-CABAA5080948.htm?id={0DEBB761-E2A7-4589-B649-CABAA5080948} http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/12/07/plus-de-560-opposants-interpelles-lors-d-une-manifestation-a-moscou_1614100_3214.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430466-miles-de-rusos-protestan-contra-el-fraude-electoral http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/europe/russia-election/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323187620_465914.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/europe/jailing-opposition-leaders-russia-moves-to-quell-election-protests.html?ref=worldDiversos medios analizan la existencia de una "primavera rusa".Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/internacional/noticias/DC0B8CAE-1221-4F02-A31E-A43314868007.htm?id={DC0B8CAE-1221-4F02-A31E-A43314868007} http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/06/9245670-russias-arab-spring-clashes-break-out-in-2-citiesGobierno italiano aprueba plan de ajuste de 30.000 millones de euros.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/12/italys-budget http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/el-gobierno-italiano-aprueba-plan-de-ajuste-de-30000-millones-de-euros_10886365-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323105722_770969.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430337-monti-advirtio-que-sin-el-drastico-plan-de-ajuste-se-derrumba-italia http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/07/content_14226779.htmFundador de WikiLeaks podrá recurrir su extradición a Suecia.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/crise-financiere/article/2011/12/06/la-recession-pourrait-aussi-frapper-la-robuste-allemagne_1613866_1581613.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/fundador-de-wikileaks-podr-recurrir-su-extradicin-a-suecia_10886864-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/05/world/europe/uk-wikileaks-assange/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323084563_808838.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-wikileaks-assange-appeal-20111206,0,2448957.storyLa coalición opositora de centro-izquierda vence en los comicios de Croacia. Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323102943_382975.htmlGrecia: en medio de protestas aprobaron el presupuesto exigido por la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/06/9257028-greek-parliament-approves-austerity-budget http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430894-grecia-en-medio-de-protestas-aprobaron-el-presupuesto-exigido-por-la-ue http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/06/9251561-anarchists-hurl-firebombs-outside-greek-parliamentLa ONU condena a Grecia por impedir el acceso de Macedonia a la OTAN.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323084418_677316.htmlTras 541 días sin gobierno Bélgica pone fin a crisis política.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/europe/belgium-government/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/internacional/noticias/6FAFF347-F89F-43B6-88B7-F8616B72AD54.htm?id={6FAFF347-F89F-43B6-88B7-F8616B72AD54} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323108162_304659.htmlEn Irlanda la austeridad deja heridas que no sanan.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430724-en-irlanda-la-austeridad-deja-heridas-que-no-sanan Rajoy y Zapatero se reúnen y respaldan reforma de la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/internacional/noticias/0C5947DB-AEC0-4A18-9681-0966142A8EFD.htm?id={0C5947DB-AEC0-4A18-9681-0966142A8EFD} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/primeras-declaraciones-de-rajoy-luego-de-elecciones_10878604-4Desactivaron bomba de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Alemania.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/04/world/europe/germany-city-evacuation/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ms-bombas-para-desactivar-en-alemania_10886444-4Los socialistas franceses no admiten el control del presupuesto.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323191536_479686.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ms-de-un-tercio-de-los-franceses-quiere-retornar-al-franco_10891444-4ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEAlarma en Japón por la detección de radiactividad en leche para bebes.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/asia/japan-tsunami-nasa/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430583-alarma-en-japon-por-la-deteccion-de-radiactividad-en-leche-para-bebes http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/07/content_14222804.htmhttp://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/06/9252051-radiactive-cesium-found-in-baby-milk-in-japan http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/detectan-trazas-de-radiacion-en-leche-en-polvo-para-bebes-en-japon_10899604-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/asia/cesium-found-in-japanese-baby-formula.html?ref=world Consecuencias de la fuga nuclear sigue teniendo efectos en Japón.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/05/world/asia/japan-radioactive-water-leak/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45574867/ns/technology_and_science-science/#.Tt81xXKwA90 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/asia/japans-huge-nuclear-cleanup-makes-returning-home-a-goal.html?ref=worldMatanza en Kabul: 55 muertos.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/12/06/au-moins-34-morts-dans-deux-attentats-en-afghanistan_1613738_3216.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/_portada/noticias/7DBCCFE9-2FE2-4E9E-A0B4-947EB1E47444.htm?id={7DBCCFE9-2FE2-4E9E-A0B4-947EB1E47444} http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430725-matanza-en-kabul-55-muertos http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323102943_382975.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/814397.htmlLa violencia sectaria contra chiíes irrumpe en Afganistán durante una fiesta religiosa.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323158035_192190.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/asia/suicide-bombers-attack-shiite-worshipers-in-afghanistan.html?ref=worldAfganistán reclamará a Pakistán por ataque a chiíes.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataques-contra-chiies-en-afganistan_10893644-4Karzai cancela viaje a Gran Bretaña tras ataques.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/asia/afghanistan-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_c1Los aliados seguirán ayudando a Afganistán tras la salida de la OTAN.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/05/actualidad/1323072541_218184.htmlCondenan a australiano a 500 latigazos por blasfemia en Arabia Saudí.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/condenan-australiano-a-500-latigazos-por-blasfemia-en-arabia-saud_10900344-4Liga Árabe aplaza ultimátum a Siria. Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/813597.html http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/07/violences-en-syrie-bachar-al-assad-essaie-de-se-dedouaner_1614098_3218.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/la-liga-rabe-mantendr-sanciones-econmicas-impuestas-a-siria_10892925-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1429705-en-siria-se-deshace-la-ilusion-de-una-economia-moderna http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/06/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2El régimen sirio mata a 50 personas en la ciudad de Homs.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-homs-20111207,0,5480974.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/06/actualidad/1323165552_122290.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/07/internacional/internacional/noticias/4D103964-C3FD-4C7E-B41D-109A8D0E85EE.htm?id={4D103964-C3FD-4C7E-B41D-109A8D0E85EE} http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/middleeast/large-scale-killings-reported-in-restive-syria-city.html?ref=worldEmbajadores de Estados Unidos y Francia vuelven a Siria pese a inseguridad.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/embajadores-de-estados-unidos-y-francia-vuelven-a-siria-pese-a-inseguridad_10899946-4El líder de Hezbollah reapareció en público por primera vez desde 2008.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/middleeast/hassan-nasrallah-hezbollah-leader-showcases-defiance-in-rare-appearance.html?ref=world http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1430576-el-lider-de-hezbolah-reaparecio-en-publico-por-primera-vez-desde-2008Diplomáticos iraníes expulsados del Reino Unido llegaron a Teherán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/diplomticos-iranes-expulsados-del-reino-unido-llegaron-a-tehern_10878484-4China enfrenta serios problemas de contaminación.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-air-pollution-20111207,0,7870107.story http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-china-economy-20111206,0,861127.story http://behindthewall.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/06/9244068-china-begins-to-admit-fog-is-really-smog http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/12/06/des-millions-d-internautes-chinois-se-rebiffent-contre-la-pollution_1613733_3216.htmlEl presidente Al Zardari abandona Pakistán por su estado de salud.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/07/9265682-silent-coup-rumors-swirl-as-zardari-leaves-pakistan http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16065452 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/asia/pakistan-president-travels-to-dubai-for-medical-tests.html?_r=1&ref=worldEl emir de Kuwait disuelve Parlamento.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/06/l-emir-du-koweit-dissout-le-parlement_1614038_3218.htmlEx ministro del exterior iraquí será ejecutado.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/05/world/meast/iraq-aziz-execution/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Problemas económicos de Europa tienen importantes repercusiones en Asia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/business/global/economic-troubles-in-europe-and-us-start-to-affect-asia.html?ref=worldÁFRICAToma posesión nuevo gobierno egipcio: los islamistas logran el 65% en las elecciones .Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-elections-revolutionaries-20111205,0,2989228.story http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/814382.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/04/world/meast/egypt-elections/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/04/actualidad/1322998135_461537.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/06/content_14221051.htm El éxito de los islamistas en Egipto, Túnez y Marruecos inquieta a Occidente.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/03/actualidad/1322943006_671451.htmlContinúan las matanzas en África tras el negocio de los diamantes.Para más información: http://rockcenter.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/05/9213056-digging-for-gold-children-work-in-harsh-conditions-paid-with-bags-of-dirt http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/05/9224711-anti-blood-diamonds-group-called-ineffective-outdated http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-blood-diamonds-20111205,0,3984013.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/05/world/africa/south-africa-blood-diamonds/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 Miedo impregna Congo antes de los resultados electorales.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45541863/ns/world_news-africa/#.Tt81qHKwA90Kenia integrará la AMISOM (The African Union Mission in Somalia).Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/07/content_14226066.htmOTRAS NOTICIASConferencia de las Naciones Unidas en Durbansobre el Cambio Climático.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15941820 http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2011/11/un-durban-climate-conference-wrangles-funds-for-poor-countries.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-climate-change-20111204,0,7204452.storyVolatilidad en los mercados ante la creciente incertidumbre.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425675-volatilidad-en-los-mercados-ante-la-creciente-incertidumbre#comentar "El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21541076

Authors' introductionAlthough Latinas/os have a long history in the United States and represent a growing percentage of the population, they remain largely invisible or stereotyped in popular images and discourses. Ahistoric, fragmented, and individual‐level perspectives often frame Latina/o migration, education, and activism and thus negatively influence public perceptions and policy. Fortunately, over the past 30 years, scholars in disciplines such as sociology, history, Chicana/o–Latina/o Studies, and Latin American Studies have done much to remedy these gaps and misperceptions. However, for a broad and inclusive approach to understanding the structures influencing Latina/o lives and communities, we believe that more work is needed to connect these scholarly developments which are often separated by academic divisions. Thus, we recommend the following materials that together offer a multidisciplinary and multifaceted framework that highlights the significance of global capitalism and white supremacy on Latina/o immigration, education, and activism. Key to this framework is a movement away from individual‐level arguments and assimilationist perspectives to an emphasis on US imperialism, economic exploitation, and schooling within capitalism. By broadening the frameworks for analysis and linking together the factors shaping Latina/o migration, education, and activism, we emphasize the systems of power and inequality that influence the lives of marginalized communities, without losing sight of the legacy of resistance in Latin America and the United States.Suggested textsTomas Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994).Using primary and secondary sources, this book traces the distinct racialized experiences of Native Americans, Mexican Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans in late‐19th century California. Almaguer focuses on the material and ideological basis of group placement and delivers one of the few theoretical works on the factors shaping the multiracial hierarchy that characterizes the history of California.Antonia Darder, Reinventing Paulo Freire: A Pedagogy of Love (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002).This engaging book roots contemporary schooling to global capitalism and racism. In it, Darder draws on the legacy of renowned Brazilian educator Paulo Freire to offer powerful reflections and examples from today's teachers who are practicing liberatory education in the struggle for social and economic justice.Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (Philadelphia, PA: Balch Institute Press, 1990).This foundational book is devoted to the history of Chicana/o education and traces the roots of inequality in education from the early 1900s to Mendez v. Westminster, the landmark desegregation case in 1947. Gonzalez uses historical documents and dissertations to detail the historical relationships between capitalism, sociological theories, and school practices in reproducing a classed, raced, and gendered labor market. He placed particular attention on Americanization Programs, segregated schooling, vocational education, and the political economy. The book ends with an analysis of the role of parents, community, and various organizations in the eventual elimination of de jure segregation for Mexican American students in schools.Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2001).Employing a hemispheric approach, journalist Juan Gonzalez analyzes the close connection between US imperial expansion and Latino/a migration. As part of the harvest of empire, Gonzalez examines migration from various countries, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, focusing on the macro‐structural factors that have led to migration.'History and Critical Pedagogies: Transforming Consciousness, Classrooms, and Communities', Radical History Review, 102 (Fall 2008).This special journal issue explores how scholars and activists have used critical pedagogies to challenge unequal power relations in classrooms and communities. A number of articles provide concrete reflections and strategies such as drama‐based pedagogies, service‐learning, and community‐based projects. Interviews with scholars and activists demonstrate how praxis has the power to transform society and popular education employs an asset‐based approach to education.Pierrette Hondagneu‐Sotelo, Doméstica: Central Americans Cleaning and Caring in the Shadow of Affluence (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001).This qualitative study focuses on the lives and experiences of domestic workers and the people who employ them. After beginning with an important overview of the historical, economic, and political context shaping Central American migration and the service industry, Hondagneu‐Sotelo provides an in‐depth and nuanced analysis of domestic work and employee‐employer relationships. She ends the book with crucial strategies for improving the occupation and examples of labor organizing among Los Angeles‐area domestic workers.Enrique C. Ochoa and Gilda L. Ochoa, eds., Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2005).This collection of articles examines diverse Latina/o communities in the greater Los Angeles regions and their formations and activism in the context of global capitalism. The first section examines how migration is connected to macro factors including US foreign policy and capitalist restructuring. The second section explores community and identity (re)formation. The final section examines multiple forms of activism, with articles on the struggle for Chicana/o Studies at UCLA, Justice for Janitors, and labor and community alliances with day laborers.Suggested videos El Norte (1983)This now‐classic feature length film by Gregory Nava traces the harrowing experiences of a young brother and sister as they migrate from Guatemala to the United States. Along with capturing their trying experiences crossing multiple borders, the film also details the struggles they encounter as they try to adjust to the hardships of life in the United States, including their distinct gendered experiences. We recommend combining this film with a discussion of the increased border deaths accompanying the growing criminalization of immigrants and the militarization of the Guatemala–Mexico and the Mexico–United States borders. Fear and Learning at Hoover Elementary (1997)In this documentary, Director Laura Angelica Simon details the contemporary impact of anti‐immigration policies and debates on students and teachers at a Los Angeles elementary school. The documentary was made during the 1990s when California was in the midst of an economic recession and citizens were voting on Proposition 187, an initiative that sought to deny social services to undocumented immigrants. It is a powerful teaching tool that includes students' voices and experiences; however, we suggest combining the video with some historical background on US military, economic, and political involvement in Latin America. Viewers might also be encouraged to deconstruct some of the director's images, interview questions, and racially loaded language. Made in L.A. (Hecho in Los Angeles) (2007)This documentary follows the lives of three inspiring Latina garment workers originally from Mexico and El Salvador and their participation in the 3‐year struggle for labor rights. In the process of organizing through the Garment Worker Center for basic labor protections from the trendy clothing retailer Forever 21, the women become increasingly empowered – resulting in one who separates from her husband and another who becomes an organizer. Woven throughout their narratives are the historical struggle of garment workers, the role of nation‐states in dividing families, and the power of coalition building. Salt of the Earth (1954)This feature‐length move is based on an actual labor struggle of the era. It examines the intersections of class, race/ethnicity, and gender as a primarily Mexicana/o community goes on strike and struggles with historic patriarchy to unify against the large mining company that dominates their lives. The movie deals with the legacy of US conquest of the Southwest and capitalist expansion in the region, while showing how communities have struggled to challenge inequalities. Salt of the Earth was made by artists shunned during the McCarthy era and the movie was not played widely in the United States. Much of the cast were not professional actors but were workers and union activists involved in the strike. Taking Back the Schools (1996)This documentary focuses on the 1968 Chicana/o School Blowouts where over 10,000 East Los Angeles students walked out of their high schools demanding bilingual‐bicultural education, more Mexican American teachers, relevant curriculum, accurate textbooks, and the end of curriculum tracking and prejudiced teachers who steered Mexican Americans into vocational classes. It uses original footage from the walkouts and contemporary interviews with the student organizers. It also highlights the precursors to the walkouts such as a history of Spanish language repression and de jure and de facto segregation in schools. Voces inocentes/Innocent Voices (2005)Set in 1980s El Salvador, the movie follows the life of a young boy during the Civil War. It deals with the impacts of war and US intervention on youth.Suggested websites David Bacon, 'Uprooted and Criminalized: The Impact of Free Market on Migrants,'Backgrounder The Oakland Institute (Autumn 2008) http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/pdfs/backgrounder_uprooted.pdf Renowned journalist and activist David Bacon provides a lively analysis of the link between free trade policies and migration. Drawing on his years of activism and journalism, Bacon underscores the human toll of free trade and migration while laying bare the system that undergirds it. Several powerful photographs complement the report. In Motion Magazine‐Education Rights Section http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/er.html In Motion Magazine is a multicultural progressive on‐line magazine dealing with democracy. Harvard education professor Pedro Noguera co‐edits the Education Rights section to provide 'a forum for activists, educators, parents and students who are searching for alternative ideas to the challenges confronting education today.' Mexican Labor News and Analysis (MLNA) http://www.ueinternational.org/Mexico_info/mlna.php MLNA publishes the latest news on labor and social justice issues in Mexico. It emphasizes labor and working class struggles and does an excellent job of tracking strikes, demonstrations, and demands for social justice. MLNA is published in conjunction with the Authentic Labor Front in Mexico and the United Electrical Workers in the United States. ICED (I Can End Deportation) http://www.icedgame.com This an educational game deals with combating deportation. It focuses on several New York City youth and their struggles. Players must answer a series of questions on immigration and avoid ICE agents. Background lesson material is provided and is aligned with the New York State Standards. Rethinking Schools http://www.rethinkingschools.org/ Rethinking Schools is a monthly publication committed to educational equality and the vision of the public school as foundational in a democratic society. Articles are published by teachers, activists, parents, and students on a wide range of issues affecting schools. In addition to the monthly magazine, it publishes a broad range of progressive educational materials dealing with educating working class students of color.Sample syllabusMost general courses should include materials on Latinas/os especially given the historical presence and the contemporary growth of the population. For example, the following sections, topics, and reading could be incorporated into any of the following courses: Introduction to Sociology, Sociology of (Im)Migration, Sociology of Education, Race and Ethnicity, Social Movements, and Chicanas/os‐Latinas/os in the United States.Section 1: Chicana/o‐Latina/o Identities in the U.S.Topics: Latina/o Heterogeneity; Pan‐ethnicity; Identity Formation; Multiple Identities; Racial FormationReadings:Aurora Levins Morales, 'Child of the Americas,' in Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, ed. Paula Rothenberg (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press 2001), 660–661.Pat Mora, 'Legal Alien' in Making Face, Making Soul, Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color, ed. Gloria Anzaldúa (San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Foundation, 1990), p. 376.Martha E. Gimenez, 'Latino/Hispanic – Who Needs a Name?' in Latinos and Education: A Critical Reader, eds. Antonia Darder, Rodolofo D. Torres, and Henry Gutiérrez (New York, NY: Routledge, 1997), 225–238.Gilda L. Ochoa, ' "This is Who I Am": Negotiating Racial/Ethnic Constructions' in Becoming Neighbors in a Mexican American Community: Power, Conflict, and Solidarity (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2004), 70–97.Anulkah Thomas, 'Black Face, Latin Looks: Racial‐Ethnic Identity among Afro‐Latinos in the Los Angeles Region' in Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2005), 197–221.Bernadete Beserra, 'Negotiating Latinidade in Los Angeles: The Case of Brazilian Immigrants' in Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2005), 178–196.Cherrie Moraga, 'La Güera' in Loving in the War Years (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1983), 50–59.Nicholas De Genova and Ana Y. Ramos‐Zayas, Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship (New York, NY: Routledge, 2003).Section 2: Theorizing and (De)Constructing Popular Conceptions of Latinas/os and Latin AmericaTopics: White Supremacy; Manifest Destiny; The Social Construction of Race; Dominant Conceptions of Immigration; Linking Migration, Education, and ActivismReadings:Tomás Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994).Clara E. Rodríguez, Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2000).Leo R. Chavez, Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001).Gilda L. Ochoa and Enrique C. Ochoa, 'Framing Latina/o Immigration, Education, and Activism', Sociology Compass. 1/2 (2007), 701–719.Section 3: US Imperialism and Capitalist Expansion in Latin AmericaReadings:Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, Mexican Immigrants (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2003).Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, and Science and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA: UC Press, 2002).Robert G. Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2001).Greg Grandin, Empire's Workshop: Latin America, The United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York, NY: Metropolitan Books, 2006).Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The U.S. in Central America (New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1993).Héctor Tober, Tattooed Soldier (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2000).Judith Adler Hellman, Mexican Lives (New York, NY: The New Press, 1995).David Bacon, Illegal People: How Globalization Creates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2007).Video: Voces inocentes/Innocent Voices (2005)Section 4: Politics, Economics, and Latin American Migration to the U.S.Topics: The 'Revolving Door Strategy;' Economic Restructuring; Transnational Ties; Gender and Migration; Undocumented MigrationReadings:Saskia Sassen, Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998).Maria Cristina García, Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006).Jonathan Fox and Gaspar Rivera‐Salgado. Indigenous Mexican Migrants in the United States (San Diego, CA: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, 2004).Joseph Nevins, Dying to Live: A Story of U.S. Immigration in an Age of Global Apartheid (San Francisco, CA: City Lights Publishers, 2008).Robert Courtney Smith, Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006).Cecilia Menjívar, Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).Pierrette Hondagneu‐Sotelo, Doméstica: Central Americans Cleaning and Caring in the Shadow of Affluence (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001).Leon Fink, The Maya of Morgantown: Work and Community in the New South (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).Gloria González‐Lopez, Erotic Journeys: Mexican Immigrants and their Sex Lives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005).Video: El Norte (1983)Section 5: Latinas/os and Education: Schools as Reproducers of InequalityTopics: Americanization Programs; De Jure and De Facto Segregation; Curriculum Tracking; Education and Globalization; Raced and Gendered Experiences; Undocumented YouthReadings:Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (Philadelphia, PA: Balch Institute Press, 1990).Antonia Darder, Reinventing Paulo Freire: A Pedagogy of Love (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002).Michael W. Apple, Educating the 'Right' Way: Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality (New York, NY: Routledge Falmer, 2001).Gilda G. Ochoa, Learning from Latino Teachers (San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, 2007).Angela Valenzuela, Subtractive Schooling: U.S.‐Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999).Nancy Lopez, Hopeful Girls, Troubled Boys: Race and Gender Disparity in Urban Education (New York, NY: Routledge, 2003).Gabriela Madera, Angelo A. Mathay, Armin M. Najafi, et al. Underground Undergrads: UCLA Undocumented Immigrant Students Speak Out (Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education, 2008).Videos:The Lemon Grove Incident (1986)Mendez v. Westminster (2004)Taking Back the Schools (1996)Fear and Learning at Hoover Elementary (1997)Section 6: Latina/o Resistance and ActivismTopics: Responses to U.S. Imperialism; union and grassroots activism; school integration; cross‐border organizingWillia V. Flores and Rina Benmayor, Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1997).Mary Pardo, Mexican American Women Activists: Identity and Resistance in Two Los Angeles Communities (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1998).Ruth Milkman, L.A. Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the Labor Movement (New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006).Milagros Peña, Latina Activists Across Borders: Women's Grassroots Organizing in Mexico and Texas (Duke University Press, 2007).Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., Brown, Not White: School Integration and the Chicano Movement in Houston (College Station, TX: Texas A.M. Press, 2001).Kara Zugman, 'Autonomy in a Poetic Voice: Zapatistas and Politics Organizing in Los Angeles', Latino Studies. 3 (2005): 325–46.Videos:Salt of the Earth (1954)Bread and Roses (2000)Made in L.A. (2007)Focus questionsWhat are the dominant images of Latina/o migration, education, and activism? From where do these images emerge? Why do they exist? Who benefits from them? How have they changed over time? What are their impacts? How are these images being challenged?What connections can be made between Latina/o migration, education, and activism? What theoretical frameworks can be used to understand each one individually and the three of them collectively? What are the relationships between Latina/o migration, education, and activism?Discuss the value of adopting a historical, economic, and political framework of Latina/o migration, education, and activism. Assess the value of applying a similar framework to other contemporary topics.Compare and contrast the similarities and differences that exist among Latinas/os in the United States.How does centering the history and experiences of Latinas/os enhance your understanding of race/ethnicity, class, and gender?Looking toward the future, what do you think will be the state of Latina/o migration, education, and activism in the next ten years? What led you to these hypotheses? What do you need to know to address this question? What do you hope will be the state of Latina/o migration, education, and activism in the next 10 years? Why? How does your desire compare with the desires conveyed in the videos or readings? What might account for these shared or different hopes?Note
* Correspondence address: Pomona College. Email: glo04747@pomona.edu

This Fifth Edition of the Uganda Economic Update presents evidence that if the urbanization process is well managed, it has the potential to stimulate economic growth and to provide productive jobs for a greater proportion of Uganda's young and rapidly expanding population. In many countries across the world, the growth of cities has stimulated the establishment and expansion of productive businesses by reducing the distance between suppliers and customers. The growth of cities has also facilitated provision of social services and infrastructure through economies of scale. These positive effects from urbanization are already visible in Uganda since the poverty rate is seven percentage points lower in urban areas than in rural areas. Most of the recent job creation is found in cities, and social indicators are also better in urban areas, especially in education and health.

Russia's economy experienced two shocks in 2014. On top of the structural crisis that began in 2012, Russia had to deal with cyclical and idiosyncratic challenges to the economy. One of the new shocks illustrates Russia s integration into the world economy through its natural resource exports, and thus its dependence on the global commodity cycle: oil prices more than halved between July and December 2014, giving Russia a terms-of-trade shock. The ruble lost 46 percent of its value against the US dollar, which worsened already eroded business and consumer confidence. The monetary tightening in response made credit expensive, further dampening domestic demand. The other, more idiosyncratic, shock was related to the geopolitical tensions that began in March 2014 and led to economic sanctions. The tensions not only heightened perceptions that Russian investments had become riskier, they also dramatically increased the costs of external borrowing for Russian banks and firms. Spreads on Russian credit default swaps peaked in December at 578 basis points, compared to 159 a year ago. Together with the financial sanctions imposed on Russia in late July, which have restricted the access of Russia s largest state-connected banks and firms to Western international finance markets, this all but extinguished investment. The current World Bank baseline outlook, however, sees the national poverty rate increasing from 10.8 percent in 2013 to 14.2 percent in 2015 and 2016. Poverty is expected to increase because real disposable income and consumption will decline. This would be the first significant increase in poverty rates since the 1998-1999 crises. Russia weathered the 2008- 2009 crisis well as disposable incomes continued to grow slightly. Given the current limited fiscal space, additional support for the poor and vulnerable is likely to be less generous than it was during the 2008-2009 crisis. Although people at the bottom of the income distribution are the most vulnerable, there will be less opportunity for an increase in shared prosperity in 2015-2016, and there is a worrisome possibility that recent achievements might be reversed.

This Fifth Edition of the Uganda Economic Update presents evidence that if the urbanization process is well managed, it has the potential to stimulate economic growth and to provide productive jobs for a greater proportion of Uganda s young and rapidly expanding population. In many countries across the world, the growth of cities has stimulated the establishment and expansion of productive businesses by reducing the distance between suppliers and customers. The growth of cities has also facilitated provision of social services and infrastructure through economies of scale. These positive effects from urbanization are already visible in Uganda since the poverty rate is seven percentage points lower in urban areas than in rural areas. Most of the recent job creation is found in cities, and social indicators are also better in urban areas, especially in education and health. This report conveys the following key messages: (1) over the past 12 years, the number of people living in Uganda s urban areas has been increasing by an average of 300,000 people per year, (2) during the past few decades, similarly rapid rates of urbanization have been recorded in many emerging countries, (3) as is the case in many other developing countries, the prospects of good jobs, higher incomes and better living conditions in the cities continue to attract Ugandans from rural areas, (4) currently, the opportunity presents itself for Uganda to leverage urbanization to benefit a large proportion of the population, and (5) through the implementation of smart policies, Uganda can ensure that its cities are both competitive and livable.

The purpose of the paper is to present a more granular view of such projects through the in-depth focus on a limited number of case studies, with a view to understanding what factors in the design of such lending have helped achieve objectives of expanded access, and what forms of interventions may have been less successful. It examines the nature of Bank lending vehicles, the partnering borrower institutions, the country environments in which its loans were extended, as well as broader elements of good practice that make for loan success. It examines the beneficiaries targeted and results achieved. It aims to draws lessons that suggest what factors could lead to success or failure in Bank operations focused on financial access. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: section two briefly describes the set of the Bank s projects selected for detailed review. Sections three to six contain the core findings of the review. Section 3 focuses on alternative forms of borrower institutions that have served as vehicles for Bank projects, particularly, public sector banks, apex bank structures that include the private sector, rural banks, nonbanks, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and microfinance institutions, in terms of the degree to which the Bank has been able to successfully partner with such institutions to expand financial access. It also looks at alternative forms of Bank loan design, policy-based loans, investment loans and lines of credit, Learning and Innovation Loans (LILs), matching grants, technical assistance and combinations thereof, and reviews evidence on the role of loan structure (including partnerships with other donors/lenders) and project success. Section four considers the effect of the broader business environment, in terms of financial regulation. Section five reviews elements of good practice that have contributed to success in lending that could be applicable to loans with any objective, and examines their application in the present context. Section six tries to construct a bottom line, reviewing available evidence on outcomes and impact; especially in terms of the ultimate beneficiaries reached. Section seven, the final section, summarizes the main messages emerging from the review and concludes with observations about ways forward.

For many years, microfinance has been the poster child of governments, policymakers, and international organizations with the goal of lifting millions of people out of poverty. The notion that microfinance can pursue and achieve the intertwined goals of development and financial profitability without friction predominated. This dual opportunity, combined with a huge untapped market for financial services at the bottom of the pyramid attracted large amounts of funding from international capital markets, triggering unprecedented levels of growth. Until the global financial crisis, the sustainability of the resulting market growth had not been significantly questioned. As the crisis unfolded during the end of 2007, there seemed to be consensus among microfinance practitioners, analysts, and other industry experts that this crisis will be different. The microfinance industry braced itself for anticipated liquidity crunches, increase in costs of funds, and foreign exchange, as well as a sharp rise in portfolio arrears. This paper will: review recent publications that have drawn conclusions on the effects of the global financial crisis based on empirical data research; draw the conclusion that proper governance and risk management systems are essential and can have avoided many of the problems specific microfinance institutions (MFIs) faced during the financial crisis; and highlight Basel framework sections relevant to MFIs and demonstrate how these can be applied to strengthen MFIs.

Section one provides an economic update and assesses the challenges and near-term prospects facing the South African economy. In particular, it looks at the implications for South Africa of the resurgence of uncertainty in global financial markets, the surge in capital flows to safe-haven assets, the continuing Euro zone crisis, and signs of slowdown in some of the large emerging market economies. Section two focuses on inequality of opportunity in South Africa. For the first time, using innovative techniques, this section presents an analysis of the interlinked inequality of opportunities for children and for access to employment. Every society has a degree of inequality of outcomes that reflects differences in innate human capabilities, effort, education, experience, and skills. But a recognized goal for public policy is to ensure at least the equality of opportunity for every individual in a country. Many countries have used this new approach to develop targeted policies to promote such equality of opportunity and to monitor and evaluate the success of public programs.

The paper is based on a scenario workshop held on January 20, 2009, where leading financial and private sector development experts from IFC, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank discussed the unfolding crisis. This paper is a product of the staff of the Financial and Private Sector Development Vice Presidency of the World Bank Group. The scenarios described in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The scenarios described serve as the basis of a planning exercise and are not to be interpreted as forecasts or projections on the part of the World Bank Group or the authors of this paper. The purpose of this paper is to sketch scenarios taking into account the information currently at hand. In this way, scenarios can provide decision makers with alternative views of the future. Decision makers can test their strategies against the different ways in which the future might play out. Scenarios provide a framework for debate, leading to better policy making and strategies. They are especially useful in situations where major global changes are under way but there is huge uncertainty over what may happen. Staffs of the World Bank Group are providing these scenarios to help governments and organizations prepare for an uncertain future. Being well prepared and open to thinking about different outcomes is much better than continually being behind the curve and having to chase events.

The economy continues to recover with most sectors rebounding strongly from the sharp drop in output late 2008 and early 2009. Preliminary estimates suggest that real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 6.1 percent year-on-year in 2010, following an outturn of minus 1.3 percent in 2009. However, winter arrived in Mongolia with the agriculture sector still feeling the impact from last year's dzud. The sector has now experienced double-digit contractions for the third quarter in a row. The exchange rate against the US dollar has been slowly appreciating back to the pre-crisis level. In December 2010, the average monthly exchange rate against the US$ appreciated by 3.0 percent, compared to the previous month, or 15 percent compared to December 2009. The latest survey conducted in informal labor markets in December 2010 revealed a reduction in number of casual workers by about 40 percent compared to September due to the seasonal closure of construction labor markets, and reduced outdoor sales activities due to cold weather. Mongolia has made significant progress in improving budget transparency, but there is still considerable room for improvement. Finally, although Mongolia's laws are easily accessible online and court processes are generally impartial and transparent, the predictability of court decisions is limited and the courts, enforcement and registration agencies are often perceived as corrupt by the public.

The Philippines quarterly update provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past three months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on the Philippines. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy for the outlook for the Philippines. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in the Philippines. Though the revised gross domestic product (GDP) growth estimates show small deviation from the old base year and methodology, the revision has resulted in a nominal GDP which is 6 percent larger and hence, lower fiscal statistics as a percentage of GDP (e.g., lower tax effort, but improved debt ratio), but also important sectoral growth changes. Investment is now noticeably higher due to improved coverage and transfer of items previously booked under consumption (e.g., military goods) the investment-to-GDP ratio in 2010 is now 20.5 percent instead of 15.6 percent. The demand side growth continues to post a remarkable uptick in investment. Investment grew by 37 percent year-on-year and contributed 6.8 percentage points to GDP growth, mostly driven by durable equipment and private construction. Private construction grew by 22 percent, albeit at a slower pace than the preceding three quarters, and compensated for the contraction in public construction which shrank by 37.3 percent due to continued fiscal tightening and a high base effect. Investment in durable equipment grew 17 percent with the building up of inventory in industrial machineries and road vehicles.