Suchergebnisse

FHS (Framingham Heart Study) is funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH) contract N01-HC-25195 and HHSN268201500001I and administered by Boston University. The laboratory work for this investigation was funded by the Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, and an NIH Director's Challenge Award (Dr Levy, Principal Investigator). The analytic component of this project was funded by the Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, and the Center for Information Technology, NIH, Bethesda, MD. This study used the computational resources of the Biowulf system at the NIH, Bethesda, MD (https://hpc.nih.gov/). Dr Mendelson is partly supported by the Tommy Kaplan Fund, Boston Children's Hospital. Dr Liang is partially supported by NIH grant P30 DK46200. Dr Ingelsson is supported by Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) Foundation, Swedish Research Council (VR; grant no. 2012-1397), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197) NIH grants 1R01DK106236-01A1 and 1R01HL135313-01. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in PIVUS was funded by the Uppsala University Hospital (ALF-medel) and was performed by the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala. The facility is part of the National Genomics Infrastructure Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory. The SNP&SEQ Platform is also supported by the VR and the KAW Foundation. Phenotype collection in the LBC1921 (Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921) study was supported by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), The Royal Society and The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government. Phenotype collection in the LBC1936 (Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1936) study was supported by Age UK (The Disconnected Mind project). Methylation typing was supported by the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE; Pilot Fund award), Age UK, The Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund, The University of Edinburgh, and The University of Queensland. Drs Marioni, Starr, and Deary are members of the University of Edinburgh CCACE. CCACE is supported by funding from the BBSRC, the Medical Research Council and the University of Edinburgh as part of the cross-council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing initiative (MR/K026992/1). Research reported in this publication was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grant 1010374 and an NHMRC Fellowship to Dr McRae (1083656). The GOLDN (Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network) study was supported by NIH National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute grant R01 HL104135-01. The MuTHER study was funded by the Wellcome Trust; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013). The study as part of TwinsUK also receives support from the Medical Research Council, European Union, National Institute for Health Research-funded BioResource, Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London. Dr Spector is a holder of an European Research Council Advanced Principal Investigator award.

Las peticiones, que pueden definirse como demandas hacia instituciones gubernamentales concretas firmadas por los ciudadanos, han desarrollado en Internet nuevas posibilidades en relación al feedback con las Administraciones, la comodidad y flexibilidad o el ahorro económico, entre otros (Juris, 2005). En países esencialmente anglosajones se han desarrollado plataformas que canalicen esta forma de participación, como es el caso del Parlamento Escocés, el Bundestag Alemán, o los municipios noruegos (Lindner & Riehm, 2011). Sin embargo, en España este tipo de iniciativas se han gestionado a través de alternativas privadas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es explorar la relación entre una de estas webs, Change.org, a fin de definir su funcionamiento y confrontar los rasgos formales de cada uno de los modelos. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, realizamos un análisis de contenido cualitativo del sitio web de Change.org, y así analizar el procedimiento para crear y firmar peticiones, los foros de discusión, la estructura de la página principal y las posibilidades del usuario para contactar con los miembros de la página. Los datos del trabajo de campo muestran resultados diversos sobre Change respecto a las plataformas públicas de e-petitions. Así, la web de peticiones destaca por su diseño simple y la aportación de instrucciones y guías de uso que facilitan la participación sencilla y rápida por parte de los usuarios. Sin embargo, los escasos espacios de deliberación y las posibilidades de contacto con el equipo y usuarios de Change.org alejan a la página de un modelo público de recogida de firmas online. ; Petitions can be defined as specific demands on government institutions signed by citizens. On the Internet, this kind of participation has developed new possibilities in relation with the administration feedback, accessibility and flexibility or cost savings, for example (Juris, 2005). In essentially Anglo- Saxon countries, political powers have developed platforms to manage this form of participation, such as the Scottish Parliament, the Bundestag, or Norwegian municipalities (Lindner & Riehm, 2011). However, in Spain these initiatives have had to be channeled through private alternatives. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between Change.org, which is one of these sites, to define its operation and confront the formal features of each of the models. To achieve these goals, we performed a qualitative content analysis of the website of Change.org. We analyze the process of creating and signing petitions, the discussion forums, the structure of the home page and the user possibilities to contact the members of the page. The results of the field work show different results on Change regarding public platforms of e-petitions. Thus, this tool for petitions noted for its simple design and its instructions and user guides that facilitate quick and easy participation by users. However, limited spaces of deliberation and scanty possibilities of contact with Change.org team and users distance the page to a public model of online petitions.

The work was funded under Scottish Government grant MMSS/001/11 and contract CR/2014/04, and supported by National Capability funding from NERC to SMRU (grant no. SMRU1001). Seal at-sea usage maps, location data for individual seals, locations and source levels for vessels, and SPLs from monitoring data used for acoustic validations are available from the Pure repository, https://doi.org/10.17630/89ac9345-240a-41bb-8f53-b3f14bb114c0. ; 1. Vessels can have acute and chronic impacts on marine species. The rate of increase in commercial shipping is accelerating, and there is a need to quantify and potentially manage the risk of these impacts. 2. Usage maps characterising densities of grey and harbour seals and ships around the British Isles were used to produce risk maps of seal co-occurrence with shipping traffic. Acoustic exposure to individual harbour seals was modelled in a study area using contemporaneous movement data from 28 animals fitted with UHF global positioning satellite telemetry tags and automatic identification system data from all ships during 2014 and 2015. Data from four acoustic recorders were used to validate sound exposure predictions. 3. Across the British Isles, rates of co-occurrence were highest within 50 km of the coast, close to seal haul-outs. Areas identified with high risk of exposure included 11 Special Areas of Conservation (SAC; from a possible 25). Risk to harbour seal populations was highest, affecting half of all SACs associated with the species. 4. Predicted cumulative sound exposure level, cSELs(Mpw), over all seals was 176·8 dB re 1 μPa2 s (95% CI 163·3–190·4), ranging from 170·2 dB re 1μPa2 s (95% CI 168·4–171·9) to 189·3 dB re 1 μPa2 s (95% CI 172·6–206·0) for individuals. This represented an increase in 28·3 dB re 1 μPa2 s over measured ambient noise. For 20 of 28 animals in the study, 95% CI for cSELs(Mpw) had upper bounds above levels known to induce temporary threshold shift. Predictions of broadband received sound pressure levels were underestimated on average by 0·7 dB re 1 μPa (±3·3). 5. Synthesis and applications. We present a framework to allow shipping noise, an important marine anthropogenic stressor, to be explicitly incorporated into spatial planning. Potentially sensitive areas are identified through quantifying risk to marine species of exposure to shipping traffic, and individual noise exposure is predicted with associated uncertainty in an area with varying rates of co-occurrence. The detailed approach taken here facilitates spatial planning with regard to underwater noise within areas protected through the Habitats Directive, and could be used to provide evidence for further designations. This framework may have utility in assessing whether underwater noise levels are at Good Environmental Status under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

OBJECTIVES: Describe (1) time-segment specific changes in physical activity (PA) into adolescence, (2) differences in change in PA between specific time-segments (weekdays-weekends, in-school-out-of-school, out-of-school-weekends, lesson-time-lunch-time), and (3) associations of change in time-segment specific with overall PA. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study (4-year follow-up). METHODS: Children from the SPEEDY study (n=769, 42% boys) had PA measured by accelerometer for at least three days at ages 10.2±0.3, 11.2±0.3 and 14.3±0.3years. Changes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (ΔMVPA, minutes ≥2000counts/minute [cpm]) and total PA (ΔTPA, average cpm) during weekdays, weekends, in-school, out-of-school, lesson-times and lunch-times, were tested using three level (age, individual, school) mixed-effects linear regression. Differences in ΔMVPA/ΔTPA between time-segments were tested using time-segment×age interaction terms. Associations of four-year time-segment specific ΔMVPA/ΔTPA with four-year overall ΔMVPA/ΔTPA were tested using two level (time-segment specific ΔMVPA/ΔTPA, school) mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS: MVPA and TPA declined in all time-segments, except lesson-time MVPA. Annual ΔMVPA and, for boys only, ΔTPA was greater on weekends than weekdays (beta±SE for interaction term: boys, -3.53±0.83min, -29.64±7.64cpm; girls, -2.20±0.64min) and out-of-school (boys, -4.36±0.79min, -19.36±8.46cpm; girls, -2.44±0.63min). ΔMVPA and ΔTPA during lunch-time was greater than during lesson-time (boys, -0.96±0.20min, -36.43±6.55cpm; girls, -0.90±0.13min, -38.72±4.40cpm). ΔTPA was greater out-of-school than in-school (boys, -19.89±6.71cpm; girls, -18.46±6.51cpm). For all time-segments, four-year ΔMVPA/ΔTPA was positively associated with four-year overall ΔMVPA/ΔTPA (all p<0.042), except for girl's in-school and lunch-time TPA. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions focused on PA maintenance could target all time-segments, but weekends and out-of-school may be particularly advantageous due to the relatively large declines observed. ; The SPEEDY study is funded by the National Prevention Research Initiative (http://www.npri.org.uk), consisting of the following Funding Partners: British Heart Foundation; Cancer Research UK; Department of Health; Diabetes UK; Economic and Social Research Council; Medical Research Council; Health and Social Care Research and Development Office for the Northern Ireland; Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health Directorates; Welsh Assembly Government and World Cancer Research Fund. This work was also supported by the Medical Research Council [Unit Programme numbers MC_UU_12015/7 and MC_UU_12015/4] and the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. ; This is the final version. It is is available from Elsevier at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.10.003

BACKGROUND: Dementia is very common in Down syndrome (trisomy 21) adults. Statins may slow brain amyloid β (Aβ, coded on chromosome 21) deposition and, therefore, delay Alzheimer disease onset. One prospective cohort study with Down syndrome adults found participants on statins had reduced risk of incident dementia, but there are no randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on this issue. Evidence is sparse on the best instruments to detect longitudinal cognitive decline in older Down syndrome adults. METHODS: TOP-COG was a feasibility/pilot, double-blind RCT of 12 months simvastatin 40 mg versus placebo for the primary prevention of dementia in Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome adults aged 50 years or older. Group allocation was stratified by age, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele status, and cholesterol level. Recruitment was from multiple general community sources over 12 months. Adults with dementia, or simvastatin contraindications, were excluded. Main outcomes were recruitment and retention rates. Cognitive decline was measured with a battery of tests; secondary measures were adaptive behaviour skills, general health, and quality of life. Assessments were conducted pre randomisation and at 12 months post randomisation. Blood Aβ40/Aβ42 levels were investigated as a putative biomarker. Results were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. A qualitative sub-study was conducted and analysed using the Framework Approach to determine recruitment motivators/barriers, and participation experience. RESULTS: We identified 181 (78 %) of the likely eligible Down syndrome population, and recruited 21 (11.6 %), from an area with a general population size of 3,135,974. Recruitment was highly labour-intensive. Thirteen (62 %) participants completed the full year. Results favoured the simvastatin group. The most appropriate cognitive instrument (regarding ease of completion and detecting change over time) was the Memory for Objects test from the Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities battery. Cognitive testing appeared more sensitive than proxy-rated adaptive behaviour, quality of life, or general health scores. Aβ40 levels changed less for the simvastatin group (not statistically significant). People mostly declined to participate because of not wanting to take medication, and not knowing if they would receive simvastatin or placebo. Participants reported enjoying taking part. CONCLUSION: A full-scale RCT is feasible. It will need 37 % UK population coverage to recruit the required 160 participants. Information/education about the importance of RCT participation is needed for this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN67338640 . ; This study was funded by the Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health Department (reference: CZH/4/626). JS is funded by the NHS Lothian R&D Directorate. The study was supported by Down Syndrome Scotland, and we thank them, and all members of the Trial Steering Committee and Data Management and Ethics Committee. ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from BioMed Central via https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1370-9

Background Sedentary behaviours (SB) are highly prevalent in young people and may be adversely associated with physical and mental health. Understanding of the modifiable determinants of SB is necessary to inform the design of behaviour change interventions but much of the existing research is cross-sectional and focussed upon screen-based behaviours. Purpose To examine the social, psychological and environmental determinants of change in children's objectively measured sedentary time from age 11 to 14 years. Methods Data are from the second (2008) and third (2011) waves of assessment in the Sport, Physical Activity, and Eating Behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young People (SPEEDY) study, conducted in the county of Norfolk, United Kingdom. Longitudinal data on accelerometer assessed sedentary time were available for 316 (53.5% female, 11.2±0.3 years at baseline) and 264 children after-school and at the weekend respectively. Information on 14 candidate determinants, including school travel mode and electronic media ownership, was self-reported. Change in the proportion of registered time spent sedentary was used as the outcome variable in cross-classified linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and baseline sedentary time. Simple and multiple models were run and interactions with sex explored. Results Daily sedentary time increased by 30-40 minutes after-school and at the weekend from baseline to follow-up. Participants who travelled to school by cycle exhibited smaller increases in after-school sedentary time (beta; 95%CI for change in % time spent sedentary: -3.3;-6.7,-0.07). No significant determinants of change in weekend sedentary time were identified. Conclusions Time spent sedentary increased during the three-year duration of follow-up but few of the variables examined were significantly associated with changes in sedentary time. Children's mode of school travel may influence changes in their sedentary time over this period and should be examined further, alongside broader efforts to identify modifiable determinants of SB during childhood. ; The work was supported by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UK Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence (RES-590-28-0002). Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. The SPEEDY study was funded by the Medical Research Council (Unit Programme number MC_UU_12015/7, MC_UU_12015/3, MC_UU_12015/4) and the National Prevention Research Initiative, consisting of the following funding partners: British Heart Foundation; Cancer Research United Kingdom; Department of Health; Diabetes United Kingdom; Economic and Social Research Council; Medical Research Council; Health and Social Care Research and Development Office for Northern Ireland; Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health Directorates; Welsh Assembly Government; and World Cancer Research Fund.

Несмотря на отсутствие общего содержания понятия социального капитала, с 1990-х годов оно стало широко использоваться в социологических, экономических и политологических исследованиях. Концепции социального капитала генетически связаны с учением шотландского экономиста ХVIII в. Адама Смита и представляют собой альтернативу ему в качестве теории неэкономических социальных ресурсов. Возникает необходимость сформулировать на этой основе общее понятие социального капитала, охватывающее современные дискуссии, что станет исходным пунктом для его дальнейшего междисциплинарного обобщения на базе социологического подхода. Сравнение концепций социального капитала, сформулированных в ХХ в. П. Бурдье, Р. Патнэмом и Дж. С. Коулманом, обнаруживает наряду с различиями, обусловленными разными познавательными интересами исследователей, общность в том, что этот социальный ресурс происходит из доверия между участниками отношений и их нормативного закрепления. Это позволяет предложить обобщенное понятие социального капитала как такого баланса личных и общественных интересов, который возникает и растет на индивидуальном, групповом и общественном уровне в результате взаимодействия участников контактов и их коллективных действий. Дальнейшие теоретические исследования социального капитала должны учесть вклад институциональных структур, выявить негативные, дисфункциональные качества этого ресурса, вступить в дискуссию с предложением других понятий, таких как «социально-коммуникативные активы», и идеями, содержащимися, например, в теории дискурса Ю. Хабермаса. Библиогр. 21 назв. Табл. 1. ; Since the 1990´s the concept of `social capital´ has become widely used in sociological, economic and political fields of research; however, a common understanding of social capital is missing. The concept of social capital as a theory of non-economic social resources reflects an alternative approach to the economic theory developed by the well-known eighteenth century Scottish economist Adam Smith. There is a need to formulate a general understanding of the concept of social capital, covering contemporary debates as a starting point for its further generalisation on the basis of interdisciplinary sociological approach. A comparison of the concepts of social capital developed in the twentieth century by P. Bourdieu, P. Putnam and J. Coleman reveals on the one hand, differences in the understanding of the social capital related to researcher´s interest. However on the other hand, a commonality exists as social capital acts as a resource for building up and consolidating trustful relationships. The analysis allows us to draw a general understanding of social capital as the balance of personal and public interests which arises and grows individually, within groups and societal clusters as a result of interaction among participants of social networks and their collective action. A fruitful way for further study of social capital may embrace the impact of the institutional structures, identify the negative, dysfunctional qualities of the resource of social capital. In doing so, alternative understandings such as «social and communication assets», and ideas contained, for example, in the theory of discourse by J. Habermas, could enrich the theoretical discussion about social capital. Refs 21. Table 1.

This article explores the role that Porfirio Díaz played in Freemasonry and his relationship with such an institution, analyzing one of the stories that proves that Díaz benefited from his Masonic affiliation before he was president of Mexico. This story tells how Díaz managed to smuggle himselfinto Mexico with the help of a brother Mason in 1876, after his brief exile in New Orleans aboard the steamship, "City of Havana". At first, it was widely believed that such a story was simply a legend, part of the folklore that surrounds Freemasonry. However, two witnesses, both Masons, who were in the same boat with Díaz, confirm the veracity of the tale that even William Deslow, the historian of American Freemasonry,, cataloged as a, "not verified" incident.In addition, it studies how Díaz promoted the unification of the Scottish Rite lodges in an institution called The Symbolic Grand Diet. The primary reason why Díaz promoted such unification, as stated in this article, was to carry out his plan of national reconciliation. Díaz knew he had to gain control of Freemasonry to avoid future confrontations and trouble. He didn't want anybody to interfere with his governmental policy of order and progress. Therefore, the dictator always made sure that neither masonry nor any other institution that had substantial influence in society were out of his control. ; En este artículo se explora el papel que jugó Porfirio Díaz dentro de la masonería y su relación con dicha institución. Se analiza una de las historias que comprueban que Díaz logró ciertos beneficios gracias a su afiliación masónica desde antes que fuera presidente de México. Esta historia narra la manera en que Díaz logró entrar de contrabando a México con la ayuda de un hermano masón en 1876, después de su breve exilio en Nuevo Orleans a bordo del buque de vapor, "City of Havana". En un principio se pensaba que ésta era simplemente una leyenda más del folklore que envuelve a la masonería. Sin embargo, dos testimonios, ambos de masones que iban en el mismo barco ratifican la historia que incluso el mismo historiador de la masonería norteamericana, William Deslow, catalogaba como un incidente, "no verificado."Asimismo, se describe cómo Díaz promovió la unificación de las logias del rito escocés en una institución que se llamó La Gran Dieta Simbólica. La razón principal por la cual Díaz promovió tal unificación, como se afirma en este artículo, fue para llevar a cabo su plan de pacificación nacional. Díaz sabía que tenía que obtener el control de la masonería para evitar que ésta le causara problemas para lograr el orden y progreso que caracterizó a su gobierno. Por tal motivo, el dictador siempre vigiló que ni la masonería, ni cualquier otra institución que hubiera podido tener cierta influencia en la sociedad estuvieran fuera de su control.

A Travel Plan is a travel demand management tool which has the potential to alter the means of travel to or from any destination or origin of movement to modes of transport other than the private car. A Travel Plan typically comprises of a package of measures which interact to achieve such modal shift. Travel Plans or their equivalents have been used successfully in various parts of the world to manage travel demand. Ultimately however, the success or failure of a Travel Plan meeting its intended objectives hinges on an appropriate mechanism, usually legal, to ensure that the measures within the plan are observed and properly implemented. Although both are constituent parts of the UK, England and Scotland operate under separate legal and governance systems. In the international context of Travel Planning, this results in the unique and novel situation of two countries of virtually identical demographics but with potentially different implementation systems. This paper investigates the differences between the two approaches adopted, making reference to best practice examples from local authorities in both countries. Firstly, the legal position of Travel Plans is investigated through a comparison of the relevant English and Scottish legislation. Particular reference is made to the ability of such legislation to facilitate 'soft' measures and secure a long term agreement with owners or occupiers. Both of these aspects are critical to the successful enforcement of Travel Plans. Evidence from previous research suggests that central government policy can be used as an incentive to ensure that local authorities promote and monitor Travel Plan activity associated with development. However, given the legal complexities of land use planning and the limited resources of local authorities, clear and direct national government guidance is also considered an important factor. In recognition of these facts, the paper goes on to compare and contrast the approaches to policy and guidance adopted by the two countries. Through a combination of desktop and interview surveys, the practical application of the legal, policy and guidance aspects of travel planning in the two countries is reviewed. Using a review of local authority approaches in England and Scotland, conclusions are drawn with regard to the relevant strengths and weaknesses of approaches adopted in each country. Previous research suggests that the implementation of single-use development Travel Plans is now widely observable across the UK, albeit with varying degrees of long-term success. However, implementation of Travel Plans across wide area, mixed use development carries with it additional challenges, both in legal and practical terms. Specific reference is made to how local authorities are able to address these issues. The paper concludes with a discussion of these findings and makes a number of suggestions on how the processes may be improved to facilitate better application, monitoring and enforcement of Travel Plans across the UK and internationally. First published online:09 May 2014

OBJECTIVE: To explore symptom appraisal and help-seeking decisions among patients recently diagnosed with melanomas, and to compare experiences of people with 'thinner' (2 mm) melanomas, as thickness at diagnosis is an important prognostic feature. METHODS: In-depth interviews with patients within 10 weeks of melanoma diagnosis explored the factors impacting on their pathways to diagnosis. Framework analysis, underpinned by the Model of Pathways to Treatment, was used to explore the data with particular focus on patients' beliefs and experiences, disease factors, and healthcare professional (HCP) influences. RESULTS: 63 patients were interviewed (29-93 years, 31 women, 30 thicker melanomas). All described their skin changes using rich lay vocabulary. Many included unassuming features such as 'just a little spot' as well as common features of changes in size, colour and shape. There appeared to be subtly different patterns of symptoms: descriptions of vertical growth, bleeding, oozing and itch were features of thicker melanomas irrespective of pathological type. Appraisal was influenced by explanations such as normal life changes, prior beliefs and whether skin changes matched known melanoma descriptions. Most decisions to seek help were triggered by common factors such as advice from family and friends. 11 patients reported previous reassurance about their skin changes by a HCP, with little guidance on monitoring change or when it would be appropriate to re-consult. CONCLUSIONS: Patients diagnosed with both thinner and thicker melanomas often did not initially recognise or interpret their skin changes as warning signs or prompts to seek timely medical attention. The findings provide guidance for melanoma awareness campaigns on more appropriate images, helpful descriptive language and the need to stress the often apparently innocuous nature of potentially serious skin changes. The importance of appropriate advice, monitoring and safety-netting procedures by HCPs for people presenting with skin changes is also highlighted. ; Thanks to our funding organisation the National Awareness and Early Diagnosis Initiative (NAEDI), and to their funding partners: Cancer Research UK; Department of Health, England; Economic and Social Research Council; Health and Social Care Research and Development Division; Public Health Agency, Northern Ireland, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research, Wales and the Scottish Government. All researchers were independent of the funding body and the study sponsors and funder had no role in study design; data collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or decision to submit the article for publication. FW was supported by an NIHR Clinical Lectureship followed by a NIHR Clinician Scientist award at the time of this study. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health. ; This is the final published version. It's also available from BMJ Open at http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/7/e005566.abstract.

A Travel Plan is a travel demand management tool which has the potential to alter the means of travel to or from any destination or origin of movement to modes of transport other than the private car. A Travel Plan typically comprises of a package of measures which interact to achieve such modal shift. Travel Plans or their equivalents have been used successfully in various parts of the world to manage travel demand. Ultimately however, the success or failure of a Travel Plan meeting its intended objectives hinges on an appropriate mechanism, usually legal, to ensure that the measures within the plan are observed and properly implemented. Although both are constituent parts of the UK, England and Scotland operate under separate legal and governance systems. In the international context of Travel Planning, this results in the unique and novel situation of two countries of virtually identical demographics but with potentially different implementation systems. This paper investigates the differences between the two approaches adopted, making reference to best practice examples from local authorities in both countries. Firstly, the legal position of Travel Plans is investigated through a comparison of the relevant English and Scottish legislation. Particular reference is made to the ability of such legislation to facilitate 'soft' measures and secure a long term agreement with owners or occupiers. Both of these aspects are critical to the successful enforcement of Travel Plans. Evidence from previous research suggests that central government policy can be used as an incentive to ensure that local authorities promote and monitor Travel Plan activity associated with development. However, given the legal complexities of land use planning and the limited resources of local authorities, clear and direct national government guidance is also considered an important factor. In recognition of these facts, the paper goes on to compare and contrast the approaches to policy and guidance adopted by the two countries. Through a combination of desktop and interview surveys, the practical application of the legal, policy and guidance aspects of travel planning in the two countries is reviewed. Using a review of local authority approaches in England and Scotland, conclusions are drawn with regard to the relevant strengths and weaknesses of approaches adopted in each country. Previous research suggests that the implementation of single-use development Travel Plans is now widely observable across the UK, albeit with varying degrees of long-term success. However, implementation of Travel Plans across wide area, mixed use development carries with it additional challenges, both in legal and practical terms. Specific reference is made to how local authorities are able to address these issues. The paper concludes with a discussion of these findings and makes a number of suggestions on how the processes may be improved to facilitate better application, monitoring and enforcement of Travel Plans across the UK and internationally. First published online:09 May 2014

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism is a common, potentially avoidable cause of death and morbidity in patients in hospital, including those with stroke. In surgical patients, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), but no reliable evidence exists about its effectiveness in patients who have had a stroke. We assessed the effectiveness of IPC to reduce the risk of DVT in patients who have had a stroke. METHODS: The CLOTS 3 trial is a multicentre parallel group randomised trial assessing IPC in immobile patients (ie, who cannot walk to the toilet without the help of another person) with acute stroke. We enrolled patients from day 0 to day 3 of admission and allocated them via a central randomisation system (ratio 1:1) to receive either IPC or no IPC. A technician who was masked to treatment allocation did a compression duplex ultrasound (CDU) of both legs at 7-10 days and, wherever practical, at 25-30 days after enrolment. Caregivers and patients were not masked to treatment assignment. Patients were followed up for 6 months to determine survival and later symptomatic venous thromboembolism. The primary outcome was a DVT in the proximal veins detected on a screening CDU or any symptomatic DVT in the proximal veins, confirmed on imaging, within 30 days of randomisation. Patients were analysed according to their treatment allocation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN93529999. FINDINGS: Between Dec 8, 2008, and Sept 6, 2012, 2876 patients were enrolled in 94 centres in the UK. The included patients were broadly representative of immobile stroke patients admitted to hospital and had a median age of 76 years (IQR 67-84). The primary outcome occurred in 122 (8·5%) of 1438 patients allocated IPC and 174 (12·1%) of 1438 patients allocated no IPC; an absolute reduction in risk of 3·6% (95% CI 1·4-5·8). Excluding the 323 patients who died before any primary outcome and 41 without any screening CDU, the adjusted OR for the comparison of 122 of 1267 patients vs 174 of 1245 patients was 0·65 (95% CI 0·51-0·84; p=0·001). Deaths in the treatment period occurred in 156 (11%) patients allocated IPC and 189 (13%) patients allocated no IPC died within the 30 days of treatment period (p=0·057); skin breaks on the legs were reported in 44 (3%) patients allocated IPC and in 20 (1%) patients allocated no IPC (p=0·002); falls with injury were reported in 33 (2%) patients in the IPC group and in 24 (2%) patients in the no-IPC group (p=0·221). INTERPRETATION: IPC is an effective method of reducing the risk of DVT and possibly improving survival in a wide variety of patients who are immobile after stroke. FUNDING: National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme, UK; Chief Scientist Office of Scottish Government; Covidien (MA, USA).

LETTERS --The Gift of Mercy Polly Aird, vii --Candor and Completeness Joseph Geisner, vii --Greatest Issue Ever Bryan Buchanan viii Cautionary Tale Michael Harold Paulos viii "Free Exchange of Information" Noel A. Carmack, ix ARTICLES --"One Soul Shall Not Be Lost": The War in Heaven in Mormon Thought Boyd Jay Petersen, 1 --The Danielson Plow Company and the Redemption of Zion R. Jean Addams, 51 --Transgression in the Latter-day Saint Community: The Cases of Albert Carrington, Richard R. Lyman, and Joseph F. Smith. Part 3: Joseph F. Smith Gary James Bergera, 98 --The Word of Wisdom in Its First Decade Paul Y. Hoskisson, 131 REVIEWS --Benjamin C. Pykles, Excavating Nauvoo: The Mormons and the Rise of Historical Archaeology in America Glen M. Leonard, 201 --Polly Aird, Mormon Convert, Mormon Defector: A Scottish Immigrant in the American West, 1848–1861 C. Bríd Nicholson, 208 --Matthew Roper, comp.; Sandra A. Thorne, ed., 19th Century Publications about the Book of Mormon (1829–1844) Mark Ashurst-McGee, 212 --Sherman L. Fleek, History May Be Searched in Vain: A Military History of the Mormon Battalion Robert M. Hogge, 214 --Alexander L. Baugh and Susan Easton Black, eds., Banner of the Gospel: Wilford Woodruff Blair Dee Hodges 217 Thomas M. Spencer, ed., The Missouri Mormon Experience Joseph Geisner, 222 --Richard E. Turley Jr. and Steven C. Harper, eds., Preserving the History of the Latter-day Saints Matthew Bowman, 232 --Raymond Kuehne, Mormons as Citizens of a Communist State: A Documentary History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in East Germany, 1945–1990 Alan Keele, 235 --Heidi S. Swinton, To the Rescue: The Biography of Thomas S. Monson Gary James Bergera, 239 --Edward Leo Lyman, ed., Candid Insights of a Mormon Apostle: The Diaries of Abraham H. Cannon, 1889–1895 Kenneth L. Cannon II, 247 --David F. Holland, Sacred Borders: Continuing Revelation and Canonical Restraint in Early America Benjamin E. Park, 259 BOOK NOTICES --Andrew H. Hedges and Richard Neitzel Holzapfel, Through the Lens: The Original 1907 Church History Photographs of George Edward Anderson, 264 Dan A. Lisonbee and Janet L. Lisonbee, Far West, Missouri: It Shall Be Called Most Holy, 265 Melissa G. Moore and M. Bridget Cook, Shattered Silence: The Untold Story of a Serial Killer's Daughter, 266 John Yves Bizimana, Escape from Rwanda, 268 Marlene Bateman Sullivan, Brigham's Boys, 269 Lori E. Woodland, Beloved Emma: The Life Story of Emma Smith, 270 David J. Howlett, Barbara B. Walden, and John C. Hamer, Community of Christ: An Illustrated History, 271 E. Dale LeBaron, Benjamin F. Johnson: Friend to the Prophets, 273 Richard E. Bennett, School of the Prophet: Joseph Smith Learns the First Principles, 1820–1830, 274 Garold D. Barney, Mormons, Indians, and the Ghost Dance Religion of 1890, 275

Since the last three decades of the past century, the contributions of poststructuralism, postmodernism, postcolonialism, feminism, as well as those of cultural studies and the new studies in translation, have brought into question and radically transformed such concepts as nation, culture and identity, long considered monolithic and universal, thus giving rise to multiculturalism and the affirmation of specific identities—national, sexual, ethnic, regional—based on the notions of otherness and difference. Likewise, the phenomenon of globalization, in spite of its hegemonic effects, has drastically transformed the old metropolitan/colony, center/periphery, north/south dichotomies. As a result of these transformations, the colonized, marginal or minority groups set out to construct an identity or cultural representation of their own which had been silenced or distorted by the dominant culture. Such is the case of Ireland and Scotland, nations which for centuries have been subject, in different modalities, to English domination. The struggles for autonomy or independence, as well as their attempts at constructing AnuarioLetrasModernas vol 17_3as FINAL.indd 203 16/10/2013 17:14:28 204 ? En busca de la diversidad: la poesía de Irlanda y Escocia en el siglo xx a political and cultural identity distinct from the English, have been constant throughout their history, particularly from the end of the xix century to the present. In this article I intend to examine the poetic work of some Irish and Scottish poets, both men and women, born in the last century, who reflect these concerns in their writing. ; Desde los años setentas del siglo pasado, las aportaciones del postestructuralismo, el posmodernismo, el poscolonialismo, el feminismo, así como de los estudios culturales y los nuevos estudios de traducción, han contribuido a cuestionar y a cambiar conceptos que se creían monolíticos y universales, tales como nación, cultura e identidad, dando lugar al multiculturalismo y a la afirmación de identidades específicas —nacionales, sexuales, étnicas, regionales— a partir de las nociones de otredad y diferencia. Asimismo, el fenómeno de la globalización, a pesar de su carácter hegemónico, transformó drásticamente las antiguas dicotomías como metrópoli/colonia, centro/periferia, norte/sur. Como resultado de estas transformaciones, los grupos colonizados, marginales o minoritarios se propusieron construir una identidad o representación cultural propia que había sido silenciada o distorsionada por la cultura dominante. Es el caso de Irlanda y Escocia, naciones que, con modalidades diferentes, han sufrido durante siglos la dominación inglesa. Las luchas por su autonomía o su independencia, así como sus intentos por construir una identidad política y cultural distinta a la inglesa, han sido una constante a lo largo de su historia, particularmente desde fines del siglo xix a la fecha. En este artículo me propongo examinar la creación poética de algunos poetas irlandeses y escoceses, hombres y mujeres, nacidos en el siglo pasado, que reflejan estas preocupaciones en su práctica de escritura.

1998 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; This thesis gives a historical account of the ethical idea of kindness to animals that is part of the animal husbandry ethic as found in British and American culture. It deals in particular with the philosophy of Thomas Jefferson as the "author", along with Adam Smith, of the American agrarian dream, with special emphasis on the influence of the Christian utilitarian ethic of Francis Hutcheson, a leader of the Scottish Enlightenment in mid-eighteenth century, whose idea of the moral sense influenced both of these men. The modern idea of kindness to animals, or refraining from cruelty to animals, as part of good husbandry, comes from the social humanitarian movement in Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The idea is transformed from the ethic which states that we ought not be cruel to animals because it might in turn lead to cruel treatment of humans into a new ethic which claims we ought to be kind to animals because they are sensitive creatures with a value of their own beyond that of human use. That transformation of the ethic occurs in part as a result of the rise of natural science which gives us a new conception of the anatomical similarities of animals to humans. The discussion about what animals are is highlighted by Descartes' theory of the beast machine in Europe in general and I look at the controversy in detail in England and France especially as the organized church struggles to integrate the new empirical science and the old religion of Christianity. I make the claim that the humanitarian movement which produced the movement for reform in Britain was fueled by the ethical idea of the moral sense which first came to the public's attention through the popular writings of the Earl of Shaftesbury. These ethical ideas of the moral sense were refined and made palatable to ordinary Christians by the work of Francis Hutcheson and other natural theologians of the eighteenth century and written about extensively in the latter part of that century and the early part of the nineteenth in Britain. I survey some relatively unknown (in current scholarship) propagandistic literature of the animal welfare movement in Britain in order to support the claim that it was through a revival of Old Testament texts regarding the kind treatment of animals that the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and others were able to bring about legislative change in England regarding the treatment of domestic animals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I also survey some current theological writings on the subject of Christian duty to animals in order to compare the basic ethical assumptions of both centuries' interpretations of the Biblical texts, and suggest that modern problems in animal welfare might still be addressed by these same Biblically based ethical formulas, enlightened by scientific knowledge about animals.