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Mathematics plays a vital role in academics as well as in the everyday lives of individuals. Moreover, it is considered the most complicated and tough academic subject among students due to its complexity. Whereas, in terms of teaching and assessment strategies, mathematical conceptualization is also one of the most challenging aspects among teachers. In the classroom, mostly pedagogical and traditional assessment practices develop students' negative attitudes towards mathematics. Similarly, assessment in mathematics is an integral part of teaching and learning, but it is usually viewed as a problematic part of the instructional task. There is considerable evidence that teachers' beliefs about mathematics assessment impact their teaching of mathematics. This study aims to identify the perceived approaches to assessment in the mathematics classroom and analyze the effective domains of assessment in the mathematics classroom by pre-service teachers in Khairpur. Therefore, to explore this perspective, this study has been conducted with pre-service teachers to analyze their perceptions regarding assessment practices for mathematics. The qualitative research methods employed in this study and the qualitative data collected through a structured interview protocol. The sample of study comprises five pre-service teachers from district Sukkur, Sindh. In an effort to address the research questions, thematic analysis has been used. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicated that the different perceptions of pre-service teachers about assessment in mathematics range from traditional to constructive, which highlights the importance of teaching approaches that focus on formative assessment in the math classroom along with summative assessment in a constructive way. It is recommended that formative assessment be used during the teaching and learning process of mathematics because formative assessment is more effective than summative assessment.Moreover, the study suggests that teachers should adopt some effective strategies for assessment of mathematics.

Contents: Part 1. Introduction and historical overview – Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman: Introduction (3-4); Howard Schuman: Context effects: state of the past/ state of the art (5-20). Part II. Question-order effects in surveys – Fritz Strack: "Order effects" in survey research: activation and information functions of preceding questions (23-34); Roger Tourangeau: Context effects on responses to attitude questions: attitudes as memory structures (35-48); Jack M. Feldman: Constructive processes as a source of context effects in survey research: explorations in self-generated validity (49-62); Barbara A. Bickart: Question-order effects and brand evaluations: the moderating role of consumer knowledge (63-80); Leonard L. Martin, Thomas F. Harlow: Basking and brooding: the motivating effects of filter questions in surveys (81-96); Dancker D.L. Daamen, Steven E. de Bie: Serial context effects in survey interviews (97-114); John Tarnai, Don A. Dillman: Questionnaire context as a source of response differences in mail and telephone surveys (115-130); Jaak B. Billiet, Lina Waterplas, Geert Loosveldt: Context effects as substantive data in social surveys (131-148); George F. Bishop: Qualitative analysis of question-order and context effects: the use of think-aloud responses (149-162); Tom W. Smith: Thoughts on the nature of context effects (163-184). Part III. Response-order effects in surveys - Norbert Schwarz, Hans J. Hippler, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann: A cognitive model of response-order effects in survey measurement (187-202); Jon A. Krosnick: The impact of cognitive sophistication and attitude importance on response-order and question-order effects (203-218). Part IV. Order effects in psychological testing - Eric S. Knowles, Michelle C. Coker, Deborah A. Cook, Steven R. Diercks, Mary E. Irwin, Edward J. Lundeen, John W. Neville, Mark E. Sibicky: Order effects within personality measures (221-236); Gerald R. Salancik, Julianne F. Brand: Context influences on the meaning of work (237-248); Abigail T. Panter, Jeffrey S. Tanaka, Tracy R. Wellens: The psychometrics of order effects (249-264). Part V. Social judgment – Galen V. Bodenhausen: Information-processing functions of generic knowledge structures and their role in context effects in social judgment (267-278); Linda M. Maxey, Anthony J. Sanford: Context effects and the communicative functions of quantifiers: implications for their use in attitude research (279-296); Thomas M. Ostrom, Andrew L. Betz, John J. Skowronski: Cognitive representation of bipolar survey items (297-311). Part VI. Summary - Norman M. Bradburn: What have we learned? (315-323).

- In Western societies family and work, the two focal subsystems governing individual and social groups' daily life, are undergoing substantial and may be final adjustments. Family dimension is changing in its hierarchical structure, in kinship and ties, in emotional, reproductive and economic organisation and setting up new styles coexisting with traditional standard and gradually corroding its role and constitution. Work, on the other hand, is increasingly connoted by flexibility, mobility and precariousness and it appears as a strongly (may be irreversible) changing element of the social system; several are the social "aggregates" on which these adjustments are active: (self)confidence, planning skills, individual time allocation, emotional and familiar life organisation. The theory of social capital, considered as the knowledge in reciprocity held by an individual and used, together with intellectual and cultural heritage, in social mutual relations, is recently raising in social sciences. The purpose of the survey is to analyse the reciprocal interconnections and the refractive upshots of the process involving these three elements and the set up network.

Both the Hong Kong and Beijing governments intend to secure the functions of social welfare in enhancing the attractiveness of their economies to private capital by strengthening social stability and reducing the negative effects of social welfare on the private market. This article examines the difficulties they face in carrying out these two tasks at the same time with the focus on the health finance reforms in Hong Kong and urban China. Three questions are discussed: What are the causes of these reforms? What are their key features? What are the difficulties faced by the Hong Kong and Beijing governments in launching them?

Part of Eminescu's political thought still needs to be elucidated. In this paper, I offer to strongly qualify the (received) opposition between his theory of "the natural State" and the concept of "the social contract", which he rejects. While Eminescu does not subscribe to the contract's democratic and liberal premises, the notion of "a social pact" -if not the word itself- is definitely one he resorts to when expounding his theory of the "social compensation". He puts it together by combining the most recent theoretical developments in economy (Malthus…) with philosophical theories taken from the works of Spinoza, Locke, Rousseau, and last but not least, Schopenhauer. A comparative reading of the texts shows that Eminescu borrows whole passages from the German philosopher, whose influence on Eminescu's political philosophy should be strongly reassessed. The metaphysics of "the will to live" provided him with the foundation for his own original version of the social pact which he developed within the evolutionary framework of Junimea, after Maiorescu encouraged him to move in this direction.

Since the time when Talcott Parsons pursued the project of one overarching 'general theory of society', the landscape of social theory has vastly changed, and the pluralism and multidimensionality increased tremendously. Today, with so many different approaches in and to social theory, and multiple ways of defining and describing their relationship to and relevance for the social sciences, there has been a growing danger of diversity and pluralism tipping into fragmentation, making the prospect of social scientists and sociologists being able to communicate with the expectation of reaching some kind of understanding, ever less likely. This volume presents alternative trajectories for how to take steps toward achieving a theoretically informed understanding of the present analytical and practical challenges (in terms of social, sociological, and critical theory), and looks beyond pluralism and fragmentation to the kind of roles social theorists may be playing in the future. These essays revisit the issue of common agenda (or lack thereof) in social theory and provide critical overviews by specialists working in social theory, sociological theory, and critical theory.

Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Notes on Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Overview and Structure of the Book -- Introduction -- Structure of the Book -- References -- Part I Research and Theoretical Perspectives -- Chapter 2 Child Abuse and Neglect: Prevalence and Incidence -- Introduction -- Conceptual and Methodological Challenges -- Who is Missing from the Prevalence Research? -- Cases Known to Services -- Community Prevalence Surveys -- Implications for Practice -- References -- Chapter 3 Child Abuse and Neglect: Ecological Perspectives -- Child Abuse and Neglect: Ecological Perspectives -- Historical Single-Factor Approaches -- Developmental Theories -- The Multi-Factor (Ecological) Model -- Risk and Protective Factors -- Ecological Approaches to Prevention -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 4 Fatal Child Maltreatment -- Incidence of Fatal Child Maltreatment -- The Nature of Fatal Child Maltreatment -- Risk Factors for Fatal Child Maltreatment -- Learning from Child Maltreatment Fatalities -- Preventing Child Maltreatment Fatalities -- References -- Chapter 5 Psychological, Economic and Physical Health Consequences of Child Maltreatment -- Psychological Health -- Economic Health -- Physical Health -- Maltreatment Research in Perspective -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 The Neurobiology and Genetics of Childhood Maltreatment -- The Impact of Maltreatment on Brain Development -- Structural Differences -- Functional Differences -- References -- Chapter 7 Intimate Partner Violence and Child Maltreatment -- Co-occurrence -- Effects on the Child -- Risk Factors -- Implications for Research, Practice and Policy -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II Children's Services and Public Health Approaches to Prevention