We develop an analysis that identifies the characteristics of an optimal system of shared tax collection and intergovernmental transfers. Mathematical optimization is used to find the level of taxes and intergovernmental transfers. Formulas for the optimal level of taxes and transfers to subnational governments are characterized. We suggest reforms to intergovernmental transfers to include the costs of tax inefficiency, some tax equalization transfer rules, and the marginal social benefits of local public spending. Future research could include local public spending with regional externalities, migration, and consider a dynamic model. This article proposes an original theoretical model of optimal tax coordination and transfers. The optimal level of taxes and transfers are identified. This paper proposes reforms to the participation formula for subnational governments. ; Un análisis de la participación óptima en los ingresos fiscales de MéxicoSe desarrolla un análisis que identifica las características de un sistema óptimo de recaudación tributaria compartida y transferencias intergubernamentales. Se utiliza la técnica de optimización para encontrar el nivel de impuestos y transferencias intergubernamentales. Se caracterizan fórmulas para el nivel óptimo de impuestos y transferencias a gobiernos subnacionales. Reformar las participaciones al incluir los costos de ineficiencia de los impuestos, algunas normas de transferencias de ecualización fiscal, y los beneficios sociales marginales del gasto público local. Para futuras investigaciones se podrían incluir el gasto público local con externalidades regionales, la migración, y considerar un modelo dinámico. Este artículo propone un modelo teórico original de coordinación de impuestos y transferencias óptimas. Se identifican el nivel óptimo de impuestos y transferencias. Este trabajo propone reformas a la fórmula de participaciones a gobiernos subnacionales.
Wastewater and pollution management issues are usual negative externalities in the pursuit of economic development. This is true in the Philippines where industrial and domestic refuse often end up in tributaries and major water ways, sometimes even contaminating ground water due to improper septage and sewerage design. The passage of the Clean Water Act (Republic Act No. 9275), and the subsequent launching of the National Sewerage and Septage Management Plan (NSSMP) were expected to facilitate the accomplishment of water sectoral targets. While acknowledged to be an integral component of the country's development agenda, wastewater management's requirements for large scale investments and resources were often overlooked and underfunded, adding to target shortfalls. The sector also remained plagued with institutional fragmentation and disjointed efforts in the absence of an overarching framework and master plan. In view of these challenges, the study echoes the call to rationalize the sector's institutional governance, and development direction. Improved septage coverage and standardization guidelines are viable short run intervention, while the national government orchestrates and the local government units muster interest in investing on sewerage facilities.
As cities across the world embrace the benefits of rapid transit technology and invest in the expansion of existing infrastructure or plan for the introduction of new lines, the differences in both benefits and externalities that bus rapid transit (BRT) and rail rapid transit (RRT) bring remain unclear. This study aimed to address that gap and understand whether there was a distinction in impacts on the residential migration of households in different income and residential tenure groups as the result of BRT and RRT projects. This was achieved by exploring the effects of both modes in the same metropolitan region—metro Vancouver. This study used three BRT and three RRT lines that were in service for all or part of the 20 years spanning 1996 through 2016 to assess the rates of in-movement of households by income in Census Tracts (CTs) within 800 meters (½-mile) of a given rapid line. Our analysis suggested that areas adjacent to the Expo-Millennium RRT Corridor saw fewer in-movers between the 2001 Census and the 2016 Census than the areas without rapid transit infrastructure, while the same was true for the CTs affected by BRT lines and that had a larger than average share of new housing while holding everything else (e.g., housing supply) constant. While we did not find evidence to state that the presence of rapid transit infrastructure disproportionately affected any one of the income groups, our analysis suggested that there were more affluent renters moving in along the RRT and BRT lines. At the same time, the share of low-income renters that moved into areas close to rapid transit lines remained relatively stable. This research added a unique perspective to the debate cities and transport agencies have been experiencing with respect to decisions around the investment into different transport technologies and contributed to the argument for the need to carefully plan and provide rapid transit infrastructure together with affordable and diverse housing options.
Poor rural and urban households in developing countries face substantial risks, which they handle with risk-management and risk-coping strategies, including self-insurance through savings and informal insurance mechanisms. Despite these mechanisms, however, vulnerability to poverty linked to risk remains high. This article reviews the literature on poor households use of risk-management and risk-coping strategies. It identifies the constraints on their effectiveness and discusses policy options. It shows that risk and lumpiness limit the opportunities to use assets as insurance, that entry constraints limit the usefulness of income diversification, and that informal risk-sharing provides only limited protection, leaving some of the poor exposed to very severe negative shocks. Public safety nets are likely to be beneficial, but their impact is sometimes limited, and they may have negative externalities on households that are not covered. Collecting more information on households vulnerability to poverty through both quantitative and qualitative methods can help inform policy.
Comparative research has shown that, even at the level of the largest firms, corporate ownership structure tends to be highly concentrated, with dispersed ownership structures characterizing only the Anglo/American context. What explains these national boundaries between dispersed and concentrated ownership structures? Earlier in this decade, several authors (most notably, Mark Roe) proposed "political" theories of corporate finance under which dispersed ownership was viewed as largely the result (in the U.S.) of regulatory constraints imposed on the development of financial intermediaries. Under this view, a deep-rooted American political ideology disfavored concentrated financial power, with the alleged result that the Berle/Means model of the firm (with its characteristic "separation of ownership and control") became dominant in the U.S. (but not elsewhere). More recently, economists working on the privatization of transitional economies have focused on the difficulties in establishing viable securities markets. Based on survey data, they have concluded that common law regimes vastly outperform civil law regimes in fostering the development of equity markets. Even if this research is still at a preliminary stage, this data suggests an alternative "legal" hypothesis for the observed dichotomy between concentrated and dispersed ownership: namely, only those legal systems that provide significant protections for minority shareholders can sustain active equity markets. This "legal" hypothesis is the mirror image of the earlier noted "political" theory of corporate finance: under the "legal" hypothesis, dispersed ownership evidences not the overregulation of institutional investors, but the law?s success in encouraging investors to accept the status of minority owners. Similarly, financial intermediaries fail to grow to the scale observed in Japan and Germany, because individuals do not need to rely upon them as collective investment vehicles. These two contrasting theories yield very different predictions about the likelihood that globalization will produce significant convergence in corporate governance. Emphasizing the inertial impact of path dependency, proponents of the former political theory have focused on the barriers to formal convergence and been skeptical of the prospects for legislative change. Proponents of the "legal" hypothesis have yet advanced no logical corollary to their arguments, but this article examines an alternative and more likely route to significance convergence in corporate governance: namely, functional convergence attained, first, through the migration of foreign issuers to the U.S. securities markets and, second, through international harmonization of securities regulation and disclosure standards. Empirically, the migration of foreign issuers to the U.S. markets has accelerated in this decade, and this article examines several hypotheses for this trend, including (i) the possibility that a U.S. listing is a bonding mechanism by which issuers assure minority shareholders that they will not be exploited; (2) the existence of network externalities associated with securities exchange that attract issuers even in the face of high regulatory costs; and (3) the possibility that the "strong" position of management in the Berle/Means corporate structure protects minority shareholders from the danger that the subsequent formation of a control block will permit a new controlling shareholder to expropriate value from them. Finally, this article argues that convergence in corporate governance will occur not at the level of corporate laws, but at the level of securities regulation. In particular, it emphasizes the critical, but often overlooked, role for securities regulation in reducing agency costs. In this regard, developments in the United States may foreshadow future international corporate convergence, as, it is argued, the predominance of federal securities law has largely overshadowed variations in state corporate laws and rendered unimportant the competition among American states for corporate charters. Similarly, on the international level, securities harmonization may trivialize path dependent variations in national law.
This study estimates the impact of Kenya's post-election violence on individual risk preferences. Because the crisis interrupted a longitudinal survey of more than five thousand Kenyan youth, this timing creates plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to civil conflict by the time of the survey. The study measures individual risk preferences using hypothetical lottery choice questions, which are validated by showing that they predict migration and entrepreneurship in the cross-section. The results indicate that the post-election violence sharply increased individual risk aversion. Immediately after the crisis, the fraction of subjects who are classified as either risk neutral or risk loving dropped by roughly 26 percent. The findings remain robust to an IV estimation strategy that exploits random assignment of respondents to waves of surveying.
La presente investigación se desarrolló en la Región Altiplano Oeste Potosino (AOP), en el Estado de San Luis Potosí, México. El objetivo fue generar una propuesta integral para el desarrollo del sector rural de esta región. Para tal efecto se consideraron cuatro capítulos que comprenden la visión integral, holística y sistémica que rodea al desarrollo rural con enfoque territorial. El diagnóstico de la región permitió identificar las cadenas productivas prioritarias y la estructura de la actividad agropecuaria según sus habitantes. La tipología del sistema agrícola corroboró la importancia de los cultivos de: chile verde (Capsicum annuum), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris), maíz (Zea mays), cebolla (Allium cepa) y el ganado bovino y ovino como las principales cadenas productivas y medios de vida del productor. El fenómeno de la pluriactividad como reflejo de la baja productividad de las actividades agropecuarias, requiere una política rural con fines de competitividad sectorial y de mejoraras de la política agrícola para el desarrollo rural. El AOP tiene como polo dominante en términos poblacionales y económicos la localidad de Salinas de Hidalgo, su ubicación estratégica le permite actuar como plataforma para las transacciones de productos agropecuarios y su flujo hacia mercados extraterritoriales. Se encontró que los sistemas productivos presentan diferencias a partir de las características locales, en tanto las áreas económico funcionales de la región, consideradas como una externalidad, ofrecen mecanismos para la difusión de innovaciones que permiten la gobernanza local. Es por ello que vincular la geografía económica con la agrícola, facilita que las estrategias se extiendan al plano local. El enfoque de zonas áridas permite comprender la variedad de formas de producción que se presentan, en consecuencia, se requiere un cambio de paradigma para impulsar nuevas estrategias en estas zonas. El conjunto de conocimientos derivados de la investigación reconoce la diversidad de actores, de formas de producción y la multifuncionalidad de los medios de vida de los productores del AOP, por ello, se propone la integración productiva basada en un enfoque de cadena de valor territorial, para impulsar el desarrollo del sector agropecuario de la región a partir de las externalidades del área geográfica y la competitividad territorial. La principal limitante para esta propuesta, es la inexistencia de agroindustrias y los desplazamientos negativos en el sector primario, que aunado a las características agroclimáticas hostiles, el intermediarismo, la pluriactividad, la migración y bajos niveles de capital social y humano, no permiten que las cadenas productivas evolucionen en cadenas de valor. ; The research was carried out in the Altiplano Oeste Potosino Region (AOP), in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The objective was to generate a proposal for the development of the rural sector of this region. Four chapters were considered in order to have a complete, holistic and systemic vision of the rural development of a region considering a territorial based approach. The diagnosis of the region allowed to identify the productive chains and the economic structure of the activity regarding their inhabitants. The study corroborates the relevance of green chili (Capsicum annuum), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), corn (Zea mays), onions (Allium cepa), cattle and sheep as the principal productive chains and means of life of the farmers. Multi-activity is a reflection of the low productivity of the agricultural activities and reflects the need for a rural policy towards the competitiveness and improvements of the agricultural politics for the rural development. The AOP has as economic pole the locality of Salinas de Hidalgo, its strategic location allows it to act as a platform for the transactions of agricultural products. Productive systems present differences from the basis of local characteristics, while, the economic areas of the region considered as externalities offer mechanisms for the diffusion of innovations allowing for local governance. For this reason, linking economic geography with agriculture, facilitates the strategies to spread locally. The approach of arid zones allows us to understand the variety of forms of production that can be present on them, in consequence, a change of paradigms is needed in order to develop new strategies for these zones. The knowledge derived from this investigation recognizes the diversity of actors, of forms of production and the multifunctionality of the means of life of the producers at the AOP. For this reason, an approach based on the productive integration in a local value chain is proposed in order to increase externalities and the competitiveness of the region. The main limitation this proposal, is the non-existence of the industry and the negative displacements towards the primary sector, along with hostile agroclimatic characteristics , many middlemen, multi-activity, migration and low levels of social and human capital.
Most cities in South Asia have developed as unconnected centers of growth with unplanned urbanization. Limited fiscal resources and lack of collaborative planning expose their municipal bodies to great challenges. City governments must battle urban sprawl and increasing congestion while ensuring quality public services and maintaining their fiscal health. In contrast, urban clusters—that is, a core city surrounded by other cities—benefit from agglomeration effects, network externalities, and economies of scale, giving them a competitive edge over stand-alone cities. Clusters are seen as potential drivers of economic growth as they harness the economic potential of neighboring cities and towns upstream, and support the growth of domestic and regional corridors downstream. They could be financial centers like Tokyo, Shanghai, and Mumbai; technology hubs like Singapore and Bengaluru; or primate cities like Dhaka and Jakarta. Regardless of the form they take, clusters have influenced the location of industries, allocation of national resources, development of transportation networks, and international trade dynamics. For South Asia to become a leading economic power, development of its cities as prospective centers of growth and dynamism holds great promise. Economically successful clusters are expected to house advanced technology companies and research centers, provide high-quality education facilities, and offer a wide variety of jobs and good living conditions. We identify Mumbai, Delhi, and Dhaka as mature cities in the region; and Pune, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Colombo, and Kathmandu as emerging cities that display the potential for growth and transition into clusters. To succeed, these cities must avoid lock-in to inefficient urban sprawls; exploit the economic capacity of cities, towns, and villages developing around them; and ensure quality public services to citizens. Based on an examination of the status of development of these cities and assessment of key challenges they face, we develop a list of strategic options for urban cluster development.
Miltei kaikkien ekonometristen tutkimusten tavoite on hyödyntää yhden tai useamman selittävän muuttujan vaihtelua sen selvittämiseksi, mikä on niiden vaikutus tai yhteys johonkin lopputulemamuuttujaan. Selittävät muuttujat saattavat vaihdella poikkileikkausyksiköiden, ajanhetkien tai paneeliaineiston tapauksessa molempien välillä. Mikä tahansa havaintoyksiköiden välinen vaihtelu sekä selittävissä muuttujissa että lopputulemamuuttujassa mahdollistaa yksinkertaisten tilastollisten yhteyksien estimoinnin. Koska nykyaikana ekonometrikot haluavat yleensä tehdä kausaalivaikutuksia koskevia johtopäätöksiä, pelkät yksinkertaiset yhteydet muuttujien välillä ovat yhä harvemmin ekonometrisen tutkimuksen päätuloksia. Tämä väitöskirja koostuu johdantoluvusta ja neljästä julkistaloutta ja työn taloustiedettä koskevasta empiirisestä esseestä. Jokaisessa esseessä tavoitteena on estimoida kausaalivaikutuksia hyödyntäen alueiden välistä vaihtelua kiinnostuksen kohteena olevissa selittävissä muuttujissa. Johdannossa keskustellaan alueaineistojen käytöstä kausaalivaikutusten identifioinnissa. Ensin luodaan katsaus tapauksiin, joissa alueaineistojen käyttö on hyödyllistä tai jopa välttämätöntä kausaalivaikutusten estimoimiseksi. Seuraavaksi keskustellaan kausaalivaikutusten estimointiin liittyvistä kysymyksistä tapauksissa, joissa hyödynnetään alueaineistoja. Kun alueaineistoja käytetään tutkimuksessa, on olemassa useita mahdollisia ekonometrisia lähestymistapoja, ja oikean lähestymistavan valinta on olennaista. Menetelmiin liittyy joitakin toistaiseksi ratkaisemattomia ongelmia. Erityisesti kirjallisuus, joka koskee kausaalivaikutusten estimointia ulkoisvaikutusten, tai vertaisvaikutusten, läsnä ollessa, on verraten nuorta ja sen tulee kehittyä ennen kuin joidenkin tutkimuskysymysten tutkimista varten on käytettävissä tyydyttäviä menetelmiä. Johdannossa oleva keskustelu on luonteeltaan edellä kuvattua yleisempää, koska suurin osa johtopäätöksistä voidaan yleistää koskemaan mitä tahansa tapausta, johon liittyy ryhmätason aineistoja. Empiirisissä esseissä sovelletaan johdannossa esiteltyjä menetelmiä neljään julkistalouden ja työn taloustieteen tutkimuskysymykseen. Kahdessa esseessä tutkitaan politiikkojen vaikutuksia ja kahdessa muussa esseessä tutkitaan sellaisten tekijöiden kausaalivaikutuksia, jotka ovat markkinalopputulemia. Ensimmäisessä esseessä tutkitaan esitäytetyn veroilmoituksen vaikutuksia verovähennysten hakemiseen. Tuloksena on, että esitäytetty veroilmoitus vähentää vähennyksiä hakeneiden määrää neljänneksellä. Toisessa esseessä tutkitaan omistusasumisen vaikutuksia työmarkkinoihin. Päätulos on, että vaikka, kuten aiemmissakin tutkimuksissa on havaittu, omistusasujat kokevat työttömyyttä muita harvemmin, omistusasumisen lisääntyminen johtaa työttömyyden lisääntymiseen aluetasolla. Kolmannessa esseessä estimoidaan julkisten terveydenhuoltomenojen vaikutusta subjektiiviseen hyvinvointiin. Tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että korkeammat terveydenhuoltomenot lisäävät kansalaisten elämään tyytyväisyyttä. Viimeisessä esseessä estimoidaan alueiden työmarkkinaolosuhteiden vaikutusta alueiden väliseen muuttoliikkeeseen. Tulokset osoittavat, että työttömien työllistymisellä ja työttömäksi joutumisella on merkittäviä vaikutuksia muuttoliikkeeseen. Työllistymisellä muista työmarkkinatiloista ja työsuhteiden katkeamisilla, jotka eivät johda työttömyyteen, on pienempiä, joskin tilastollisesti merkitseviä vaikutuksia. Työllisyyden rakennemuutoksilla ei havaita olevan vaikutusta muuttoliikkeeseen. ; The aim of almost any econometric study is to utilise the variation in one or more explanatory variables to identify their effects on, or associations with, some outcome variable. Explanatory variables may vary across cross-sectional units, over time or both in the case of panel data. Any variation across units of observation in both explanatory variables and the outcome variable allows the researcher to estimate simple statistical associations. Since today's econometricians are usually interested in causal inference, simple associations between variables are more and more seldom the key output of an econometric study. This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four empirical essays in public and labour economics. In each of the essays, the aim is to estimate causal effects using variation in the explanatory variables of interest across regions. In the Introduction, issues related to the use of regional data in identifying causal effects is discussed. The Introduction provides a review of cases in which it is beneficial, and sometimes imperative, to use regional data to estimate causal effects. Next, the issues related to estimation of causal effects in different cases involving regional data are discussed. There are various econometric approaches that can be taken when studying regional data, and the choice of an appropriate approach is crucial. There are some problems yet to be solved related to methods. Especially the literature on how to estimate causal effects in the presence of externalities, or peer effects, is still relatively young and still needs to evolve before satisfying methods are available to study some research questions. The discussion in the Introduction is more general in nature, because most of the conclusions extend to any case of group-level data. The empirical essays apply methods reviewed in the Introduction to four research questions in public and labour economics. Two of the essays examine impacts of public policies and the other two essays examine causal effects of factors that are market outcomes rather than policy instruments. In the first essay, the effects of a pre-filled tax return on deduction claims are studied. It is found that receiving a pre-filled income tax return leads to a reduction of over one-fourth in the number of individuals claiming for deductions. In the second essay, the effects of home-ownership on the labour market are examined. The main finding is that while home-owners are less likely to experience unemployment, as documented by many earlier studies, an increase in the rate of home-ownership causes regional unemployment to rise. In the third essay, the effects of public health care spending on subjective well-being are estimated. It is shown that high expenditures in health care have a positive effect on citizens' life satisfaction. In the last essay, the effects of regional labour market conditions on interregional migration are estimated. The results indicate that hires from unemployment and job separations leading to unemployment have sizeable effects on migration. The effects of hires from and separations to other labour market states, while statistically significant, appear smaller. Changes in the structure of employment were not found to affect migration.
Part one of the report provides an overview of the economy. It has one chapter (chapter one), which provides an overview of the country's growth and macroeconomic performance and challenges and analyzes and emphasizes the limited dynamism of a rent- and hydrocarbon-cursed economy. Part II describes cross-cutting issues that constrain policy implementation, regardless of the sectors where they occur. In chapter two, the report draws on material outlined in the rest of the report to argue that the policy problems that undermine the country's development can be linked directly to political distortions introduced by the fragmentation among the population and the elites. While the informal elite networks are able to block reform and aggressively continue to seek rents that might otherwise be recycled into development, the population is unable to exert its rights and hold the elites accountable. Chapter three analyzes the major impediments in the business environment. Through the analysis of the de jure legal and regulatory business environment as well as the enforcement of business regulations, the chapter identifies key legal and institutional changes that can help reduce the opportunities for rent seeking that favor well-connected businesses. Chapter four discusses the opportunities to maximize the benefits of the country's human capital by enhancing the quality of worker skills, increasing women's labor force participation, and facilitating the migration of Yemenis to work in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. To achieve this goal, the Republic of Yemen needs to enhance the quality of the education system, especially technical education and vocational training (TEVT), and respond to the existing demand for skilled workers. Chapter five explores the constraints to realizing the potential of agriculture. It argues that a key constraint on the sector is the capture of land and water by multiple elites motivated by short-term rent extraction, which prevents the efficient management of these assets and therefore undermines any possibility of sustainable development. The chapter also discusses other constraints and weaknesses affecting the sector and proposes legal and institutional changes that could help increase transparency in the management of the sector. Chapter six analyzes the prospects for growth in the oil and gas sector and discusses key governance reforms that would help reduce rent seeking in the sector.
This paper combines theory with data from different domains to provide an empirical analysis of the scale and variability of social capital as wealth. The analysis is used to argue, given what has been learned from the literature on social capital, that the welfare returns to investing in trust could be substantial. Using data from 132 nations covered by the Gallup World Poll, the paper presents a range of estimates of the wealth-equivalent values of social trust. Such values are usually not included in national or global accounts of income and wealth. In the light of the estimated importance of social trust as a component of wealth and well-being, the paper concludes with some policy options for how social trust might be better built and sustained.
A community of individuals heterogeneous in terms of revenue occupies a territory subdivided into zones characterized by unequal levels of amenities. Starting from the concept of land rent a la Ricardo, we propose a model determining the bid rents in the diff erent zones as well as the distribution of the population among these. We then study the impact of a shock a ffecting negatively the amenities in one zone on the rents of the other zones via a process of "voting with the feet" a la Tiebout. Starting from this analysis, we propose a taxation of land rent that allows for a compensation of the residents whose neighborhood is directly a ffected by the amenity shock by the other members of the community. Such is system may prevent NIMBY attitudes. Moreover, as far as rent is observable, the mechanism has the advantage of having no preference revelation problem. ; Une communauté e d'individus h ét érog ene en terme de revenus occupe un territoire divis e en zones caract eris ées par des niveaux d'am enit es di fferents. Partant du concept de rente a la Ricardo, nous proposons un mod èle determinant les rentes o ffertes dans les diff erentes zones et la r épartition de la population entre celles-ci. On étudie ensuite l'impact d'un choc a ffectant n egativement les am enit es d'une zone sur les rentes des autres zone via un processus de "vote par les pieds" à la mani ère de Tiebout. Partant de cette analyse, nous proposons un syst eme de taxation de la rente qui permet une compensation fi nanci ere des r esidents directement aff ect es dans leur voisinage par les individus non touch es. Ce syst eme est susceptible d'att enuer les attitudes du type \NIMBY". De plus, dans la mesure o u la rente est observable, le m ecanisme pr esente l'avantage de ne poser aucun probl eme de r ev elation des pr ef erences.
A community of individuals heterogeneous in terms of revenue occupies a territory subdivided into zones characterized by unequal levels of amenities. Starting from the concept of land rent a la Ricardo, we propose a model determining the bid rents in the diff erent zones as well as the distribution of the population among these. We then study the impact of a shock a ffecting negatively the amenities in one zone on the rents of the other zones via a process of "voting with the feet" a la Tiebout. Starting from this analysis, we propose a taxation of land rent that allows for a compensation of the residents whose neighborhood is directly a ffected by the amenity shock by the other members of the community. Such is system may prevent NIMBY attitudes. Moreover, as far as rent is observable, the mechanism has the advantage of having no preference revelation problem. ; Une communauté e d'individus h ét érog ene en terme de revenus occupe un territoire divis e en zones caract eris ées par des niveaux d'am enit es di fferents. Partant du concept de rente a la Ricardo, nous proposons un mod èle determinant les rentes o ffertes dans les diff erentes zones et la r épartition de la population entre celles-ci. On étudie ensuite l'impact d'un choc a ffectant n egativement les am enit es d'une zone sur les rentes des autres zone via un processus de "vote par les pieds" à la mani ère de Tiebout. Partant de cette analyse, nous proposons un syst eme de taxation de la rente qui permet une compensation fi nanci ere des r esidents directement aff ect es dans leur voisinage par les individus non touch es. Ce syst eme est susceptible d'att enuer les attitudes du type \NIMBY". De plus, dans la mesure o u la rente est observable, le m ecanisme pr esente l'avantage de ne poser aucun probl eme de r ev elation des pr ef erences.
A community of individuals heterogeneous in terms of revenue occupies a territory subdivided into zones characterized by unequal levels of amenities. Starting from the concept of land rent a la Ricardo, we propose a model determining the bid rents in the diff erent zones as well as the distribution of the population among these. We then study the impact of a shock a ffecting negatively the amenities in one zone on the rents of the other zones via a process of "voting with the feet" a la Tiebout. Starting from this analysis, we propose a taxation of land rent that allows for a compensation of the residents whose neighborhood is directly a ffected by the amenity shock by the other members of the community. Such is system may prevent NIMBY attitudes. Moreover, as far as rent is observable, the mechanism has the advantage of having no preference revelation problem. ; Une communauté e d'individus h ét érog ene en terme de revenus occupe un territoire divis e en zones caract eris ées par des niveaux d'am enit es di fferents. Partant du concept de rente a la Ricardo, nous proposons un mod èle determinant les rentes o ffertes dans les diff erentes zones et la r épartition de la population entre celles-ci. On étudie ensuite l'impact d'un choc a ffectant n egativement les am enit es d'une zone sur les rentes des autres zone via un processus de "vote par les pieds" à la mani ère de Tiebout. Partant de cette analyse, nous proposons un syst eme de taxation de la rente qui permet une compensation fi nanci ere des r esidents directement aff ect es dans leur voisinage par les individus non touch es. Ce syst eme est susceptible d'att enuer les attitudes du type \NIMBY". De plus, dans la mesure o u la rente est observable, le m ecanisme pr esente l'avantage de ne poser aucun probl eme de r ev elation des pr ef erences.
