Suchergebnisse

A wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in Europe or through risk of introduction. Prominent among these is West Nile virus (WNV), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple outbreaks associated with human and equine mortality. Endemic outbreaks of West Nile fever have been reported in Italy, Greece, France, Romania, Hungary, Russia and Spain, with further spread expected. Most outbreaks in Western Europe have been due to infection with WNV Lineage 1. In Eastern Europe WNV Lineage 2 has been responsible for human and bird mortality, particularly in Greece, which has experienced extensive outbreaks over three consecutive years. Italy has experienced co-circulation with both virus lineages. The ability to manage this threat in a cost-effective way is dependent on early detection. Targeted surveillance for pathogens within mosquito populations offers the ability to detect viruses prior to their emergence in livestock, equine species or human populations. In addition, it can establish a baseline of mosquito-borne virus activity and allow monitoring of change to this over time. Early detection offers the opportunity to raise disease awareness, initiate vector control and preventative vaccination, now available for horses, and encourage personal protection against mosquito bites. This would have major benefits through financial savings and reduction in equid morbidity/mortality. However, effective surveillance that predicts virus outbreaks is challenged by a range of factors including limited resources, variation in mosquito capture rates (too few or too many), difficulties in mosquito identification, often reliant on specialist entomologists, and the sensitive, rapid detection of viruses in mosquito pools. Surveillance for WNV and other arboviruses within mosquito populations varies between European countries in the extent and focus of the surveillance. This study reviews the current status of WNV in mosquito populations across Europe and how this is informing our understanding of virus epidemiology. Key findings such as detection of virus, presence of vector species and invasive mosquito species are summarized, and some of the difficulties encountered when applying a cost-effective surveillance programme are highlighted. ; Data from Italy were provided by the National and Regional Surveillance Programs supported by the Ministry of Health and the Regional authorities of Veneto, Fruili Venezia Giulia, Emilia and Lombardia. IPZ highly acknowledges the financial contribution of the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office (grant 1.12.17 and National Centre for Vector Ecology). Acknowledgements to the Federal Office for the Environment for financing the mosquito collection activity and the Federal Office for Civil Protection for financing the molecular analysis. Surveillance in Greece was funded by contributions from the Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and the Development Agency of Thessaloniki S.A. Spanish surveillance for West Nile virus and mosquitoes has been funded by Projects from the European Union (EDEN, Eurowestnile and EDENext), Spanish Ministry of Health (EVITAR), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (CGL2009-11445 and CGL2012-30759) and Junta de Andalucía (P07-RNM-02511 and P11-RNM-7038). Nicholas Johnson is funded by Defra grant SE4112 (Development of reseach tools to support arthropod-borne virus investigation). Anthony J. Wilson is funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BBS/B/00603).

[Background]: Since their domestication 10,500 years ago, goat populations with distinctive genetic backgrounds have adapted to a broad variety of environments and breeding conditions. The VarGoats project is an international 1000-genome resequencing program designed to understand the consequences of domestication and breeding on the genetic diversity of domestic goats and to elucidate how speciation and hybridization have modeled the genomes of a set of species representative of the genus Capra. ; [Findings]: A dataset comprising 652 sequenced goats and 507 public goat sequences, including 35 animals representing eight wild species, has been collected worldwide. We identified 74,274,427 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 13,607,850 insertion-deletions (InDels) by aligning these sequences to the latest version of the goat reference genome (ARS1). A Neighbor-joining tree based on Reynolds genetic distances showed that goats from Africa, Asia and Europe tend to group into independent clusters. Because goat breeds from Oceania and Caribbean (Creole) all derive from imported animals, they are distributed along the tree according to their ancestral geographic origin. ; [Conclusions]: We report on an unprecedented international effort to characterize the genome-wide diversity of domestic goats. This large range of sequenced individuals represents a unique opportunity to ascertain how the demographic and selection processes associated with post-domestication history have shaped the diversity of this species. Data generated for the project will also be extremely useful to identify deleterious mutations and polymorphisms with causal effects on complex traits, and thus will contribute to new knowledge that could be used in genomic prediction and genome-wide association studies. ; We are grateful to France Génomique "Call for high impact projects" (ANR‐10‐INBS‐09‐08) for selecting our project and providing us the resources to sequence 400 goats. We would like to mention that APIS-GENE funded some WGS sequences through ACTIVEGOAT & CAPRISNP projects. We thank the Occitanie region and the Animal Genetics Division of the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE-GA) for financing the PhD of ET. We thank the Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation for financing LD. We thank André Eggen (Illumina) for providing chips to genotype 192 animals. We thank the Animal Genetics Division of the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE-GA) for funding VarGoats2 grant, which allowed DNA extraction and genotyping of 384 animals and CRB-Anim, Grant Agreement ANR-11-INBS-0003, (https://crb-anim.fr/) for funding French local breeds sampling. We thank the Italian Goat and Sheep Breeders Association (AssoNaPa) for supporting in sampling. Whole-genome sequencing libraries for the African goats were prepared and sequenced by Edinburgh Genomics and funded via Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council research grant (BBS/OS/GC/000012F) 'Reference genome and population sequencing of African goats' awarded to The Roslin Institute. USDA-ARS with funding from USAID funded the collection of samples from Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. EC and MS were partially supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and with UK aid from the UK Government's Department for International Development (Grant Agreement OPP1127286) under the auspices of the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), established jointly by the University of Edinburgh, SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), and the International Livestock Research Institute. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation nor the UK Government. ; Peer reviewed

Questions. Compensatory dynamics are described as one of the main mechanisms that increase community stability, e.g., where decreases of some species on a year‐to‐year basis are offset by an increase in others. Deviations from perfect synchrony between species (asynchrony) have therefore been advocated as an important mechanism underlying biodiversity effects on stability. However, it is unclear to what extent existing measures of synchrony actually capture the signal of year‐to‐year species fluctuations in the presence of long‐term directional trends in both species abundance and composition (species directional trends hereafter). Such directional trends may lead to a misinterpretation of indices commonly used to reflect year‐to‐year synchrony. Methods. An approach based on three‐term local quadrat variance (T3) which assesses population variability in a three‐year moving window, was used to overcome species directional trend effects. This "detrending" approach was applied to common indices of synchrony across a worldwide collection of 77 temporal plant community datasets comprising almost 7,800 individual plots sampled for at least six years. Plots included were either maintained under constant "control" conditions over time or were subjected to different management or disturbance treatments. Results. Accounting for directional trends increased the detection of year‐to‐year synchronous patterns in all synchrony indices considered. Specifically, synchrony values increased significantly in ~40% of the datasets with the T3 detrending approach while in ~10% synchrony decreased. For the 38 studies with both control and manipulated conditions, the increase in synchrony values was stronger for longer time series, particularly following experimental manipulation. Conclusions. Species' long‐term directional trends can affect synchrony and stability measures potentially masking the ecological mechanism causing year‐to‐year fluctuations. As such, previous studies on community stability might have overemphasised the role of compensatory dynamics in real‐world ecosystems, and particularly in manipulative conditions, when not considering the possible overriding effects of long‐term directional trends. ; We thank multiple entities for the financial support necessary to obtain the different databases: the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant numbers DEB‐8114302, DEB‐8811884, DEB‐9411972, DEB‐0080382, DEB‐0620652, DEB‐1234162, DEB‐9707477, DEB‐0316402, DEB‐08‐16453, and DEB‐12‐56034, DEB‐0618210, the Nutrient Network (http://www.nutnet.org) experiment from the National Science Foundation Research Coordination Network (NSF‐DEB‐1042132), the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank, the Spanish MINECO (Project CGL2014‐53789‐R), the Madrid Regional Government (Projects REMEDINAL‐3 and REMEDINAL‐TE), the European Research Council Synergy grant 610028 (IMBALANCE‐P), the Institute on the Environment (DG‐0001‐13), the SOERE‐ACBB financed through French National Agency for Research (ANAEE‐F, ANR‐11‐INBS‐0001), the Estonian Research Council (IUT 20‐28, IUT 20‐29), Czech Science Foundation (GAČR 17‐05506S and 19‐28491X), the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange), the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) for a grant to the NABU Hamburg (management experiment Calamagrostis epigejos), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the framework of the project BIOTA Southern Africa (promotion numbers 01LC0024, 01LC0024A and 01LC0624A2), Task 159 of SASSCAL (promotion number 01LG1201) and the Scottish Government's Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services division. Acknowledgement Data owned by NERC© Database Right/Copyright NERC. Further support was provided by the Jornada Basin Long‐Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve and the University of Minnesota. We also thank the Lawes Agricultural Trust and Rothamsted Research for data from the e‐RA database. The Rothamsted Long‐term Experiments National Capability (LTE‐NCG) is supported by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Grant BBS/E/C/000J0300) and the Lawes Agricultural Trust. ; Peer reviewed

Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible or communicable diseases, are caused by pathogens or parasites that spread in communities by direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials, through droplets and aerosols, or via vectors such as insects. Such diseases cause 17% of all human deaths and their management and control places an immense burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Traditional approaches for the prevention and control of infectious diseases include vaccination programmes, hygiene measures and drugs that suppress the pathogen, treat the disease symptoms or attenuate aggressive reactions of the host immune system. The provision of vaccines and biologic drugs such as antibodies is hampered by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, particularly in developing countries where infectious diseases are prevalent and poorly controlled. Molecular farming, which uses plants for protein expression, is a promising strategy to address the drawbacks of current manufacturing platforms. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address healthcare demands for the most prevalent and important epidemic and pandemic diseases, focussing on recent outbreaks of high-mortality coronavirus infections and diseases that disproportionately affect the developing world. ; The authors would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (project AGL2017-85377-R), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (projects RTI2018-097613-B-I00 and PGC2018-097655-B-I00), the EU Horizon 2020 project Pharma-Factory (774078) and the Gener- alitat de Catalunya (Grups Consolidats 2017-SGR828), Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR), Departa- ment d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (PAND EMIES 2020). Project LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007660 (Microbiologia Molecular, Estrutural e Celular funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020 –Programa Operacional Compet- itividade e Internacionalizacß~ao (POCI) and by the FCT (Portugal) through the R&D Unit, UIDB/04551/2020 (GREEN-IT –Biore- sources for Sustainability). UKIERI and the Hotung Foundation for sustained support of the Bharathiar University / St. George's Univ. of London collaboration and the Molecular Immunology Unit at St. George's Univ of London. The Max Planck Society, the EU Horizon 2020 project Newcotiana, 760331-2) and a grant from the European Research Council (ERC-ADG-2014; grant agree- ment 669982) to RB. KMOC, RMT and STH acknowledge support from the InnCoCells project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 101000373. PSS, KAM, RF, and SN are partially supported by a CRAFT award (COVID-19 Research Accelerator Funding Track) by the University of California Davis. KAM and SN were partially supported by NASA Space Technology Research (award number NNX17AJ31G) and by the Translational Research Institute through NASA (grant number NNX16AO69A). EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Corporation), INCT BioSyn (National Institute of Science and Technology in Synthetic Biology), CNPq, CAPES, Brazilian Ministry of Health, FAPDF and Universidade Cat olica de Bras ılia (UCB), Bras ılia, Brazil. BBSRC Grant BB/L020955/1, the JIC Strategic Programme Grant 'Molecules from Nature –Enhanced Research Capacity' (BBS/E/ J/000PR9794), the John Innes Foundation and the Department of Health and Social Care using UK Aid funding managed by the BBSRC. The Austrian Science Fund FWF (project W1224). TTW Veni Grant 16740 from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. Research in the Daniell laboratory was supported by NIH grants R01 GM 63879, R01 107904, R01 HL 109442, R01 133191 and grants from Bayer, Novo Nordisk and Shire/Takeda. The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Healthand Human Services, through the Science Moving TowArds Research Trans- lation and Therapy (SMARTT) program contracts # HHSN268201600014C, HHSN268201600011C supported IND enabling regulatory, toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of California, Davis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) or the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the employing institutions or the UK Department of Health and Social Care.

The fight against infectious diseases often focuses on epidemics and pandemics, which demand urgent resources and command attention from the health authorities and media. However, the vast majority of deaths caused by infectious diseases occur in endemic zones, particularly in developing countries, placing a disproportionate burden on underfunded health systems and often requiring international interventions. The provision of vaccines and other biologics is hampered not only by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, but also by challenges caused by distribution and storage, particularly in regions without a complete cold chain. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address the challenges of endemic and re-emerging diseases, focusing on edible plants for the development of oral drugs. Key recent developments in this field include successful clinical trials based on orally delivered dried leaves of Artemisia annua against malarial parasite strains resistant to artemisinin combination therapy, the ability to produce clinical-grade protein drugs in leaves to treat infectious diseases and the long-term storage of protein drugs in dried leaves at ambient temperatures. Recent FDA approval of the first orally delivered protein drug encapsulated in plant cells to treat peanut allergy has opened the door for the development of affordable oral drugs that can be manufactured and distributed in remote areas without cold storage infrastructure and that eliminate the need for expensive purification steps and sterile delivery by injection. ; The authors would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (project AGL2017-85377-R), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (projects RTI2018-097613-B-I00 and PGC2018-097655-B-I00), the EU Horizon 2020 project Pharma-Factory (774078) and the Gener- alitat de Catalunya (Grups Consolidats2017-SGR828); Ag encia de Gesti o d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR), Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (PAND EMIES 2020); Project LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007660 (Microbiologia Molecular, Estrutural e Celular funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020)—Programa Operacional Compet- itividade e Internacionalizacß~ao (POCI) and by the FCT (Portugal) through the R&D Unit, UIDB/04551/2020 (GREEN-IT—Biore- sources for Sustainability); UKIERI and the Hotung Foundation for sustained support of the Bharathiar University / St. George's Univ. of London collaboration and the Molecular Immunology Unit at St. George's Univ. of London. The Max Planck Society, the EU Horizon 2020 project Newcotiana (760331-2) and a grant from the European Research Council (ERC-ADG-2014; grant agreement 669982) to RB. KMOC, RMT and STH acknowledge support from the InnCoCells project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 101000373. PSS, KAM, RF and SN are partially supported by a CRAFT award (COVID-19 Research Accelerator Funding Track) by the University of California Davis. KAM and SN were partially supported by NASA Space Technology Research (award number NNX17AJ31G) and by the Translational Research Institute through NASA (grant number NNX16AO69A); EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Corporation), INCT BioSyn (National Institute of Science and Technology in Synthetic Biology), CNPq, CAPES, Brazilian Ministry of Health, FAPDFnd Universidade Cat olica de Bras ılia (UCB), Bras ılia, Brazil; BBSRC Grant BB/L020955/1, the JIC Strategic Programme Grant 'Molecules from Nature –Enhanced Research Capacity' (BBS/E/ J/000PR9794), the John Innes Foundation and the Department of Health and Social Care using UK Aid funding managed by the BBSRC; and The Austrian Science Fund FWF (project W1224). TTW Veni Grant 16740 from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. Research in the Daniell laboratory was supported by NIH grants R01 GM 63879, R01 107904, R01 HL 109442, R01 133191 and grants from Bayer, Novo Nordisk and Shire/Takeda. The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, through the Science Moving TowArds Research Trans- lation and Therapy (SMARTT) programme contracts # HHSN268201600014C, HHSN268201600011C supported IND enabling regulatory, toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of California, Davis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) or the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the employing institutions or the UK Department of Health and Social Care

This paper attempts to conceptualize the institution as a determinant of economic activity of societies and to define the sources of institutional change in modern economy. The analysis of institutions and their role in the economic activity, on the level of particular entities and markets or in the macroeconomic scale, seems to be the most productive area of research in the 21st century. A cohesive institutional system is a prerequisite of economic change in less-developed countries and a determinant of sustainable development in other economies. Institutions are believed to be the cause of economic failure of many countries. Thus, to create a favourable environment for economic progress, it is necessary to adopt adequate, country-specific formal instruments. Despite the intensity of research, the essence of the institution and the character of its change still remain a matter of dispute. The diversity of institutions and their impact make them difficult to measure. There are no perfect indicators of institution status or quality. The lack of fully adequate indicators of the quality of institutions and institutional environment makes it difficult to verify empirically the research on the influence of institutions on the dynamics of economy and its particular elements. ; gruszew@uwb.edu.pl ; University of Bialystok ; Aoki M., Endogenizing institutions and institutional changes, "Journal of Institutional Economics" 2007, Vol. 3, Iss. 1 ; Bal-Woźniak T., Innowacyjność w ujęciu podmiotowym. Uwarunkowania instytucjonalne, PWE, Warszawa 2012 ; Berk G., Galvan D., How people experience and change institutions: a field guide to creative syncretism, "Theory and Society" 2009, Vol. 38, Iss. 6 ; Beyond Institutions, IDPM, University of Manchester, 2010; http://www.ippg.org.uk/8933_Beyond%20Institutions.final%20(1).pdf [accessed: 12.12.2018] ; Brzeziński M., Gorynia M., Hockuba Z., Ekonomia a inne nauki społeczne na początku XXI w. Między imperializmem a kooperacją, "Ekonomista" 2008, nr 2 ; Buchanan J., Heesang Chai D., Deakin S., Empirical analysis of legal institutions and institutional change: multiple-methods approaches and their application to corporate governance research, "Journal of Institutional Economics", 2014, Vol.10, Iss.1 ; Gruszewska E., Instytucje a proces tworzenia kapitału w Polsce, UwB, Białystok 2013 ; Gruszewska E., Transformacja instytucji nieformalnych w Polsce, "Gospodarka Narodowa" 2012, nr 3 ; Hodgson G.M., From Pleasure Machines to Moral Communities: An Evolutionary Economics without Homo Economicus, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London 2012 ; Hodgson G.M., On fuzzy frontiers and fragmented foundations: Some reflections on the original and new institutional economics, "Journal of Institutional Economics" 2014, Vol. 10, Iss. 4 ; Hodgson G.M., The Approach of Institutional Economics, "Journal of Economic Literature", 1998, Vol. 36, Iss. 1 ; Hodgson G.M., What are Institutions?, "Journal of Economic Issues" 2006, Vol. 90, No. 1 ; Kirdina S., Prospects of Liberalization for S&T Policies in Russia: Institutional Analysis, "Sociology of Science and Technology" 2010, Vol. 1, No. 2 ; Kirdina S.G., Fundamental Difference in the Transformation Process between Russia and East European Countries, "Berliner Osteuropa Info" 2001, h. 16 ; Kołodko G.W., Wędrujący świat, Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 2009 ; Lubell M., Mewhirter J.M.,Berardo R., Scholz J.T., Transaction Costs and the Perceived Effectiveness of Complex Institutional Systems, "Public Administration Review" 2017, Vol. 77, Iss. 5 ; Miłaszewicz D., Jakość instytucji a wzrost gospodarczy, Studia i Prace Wydziału Nauk Ekonomicznych i Zarządzania nr 19, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin 2011 ; North D.C., Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, Cambridge Univ. 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The Agbiotech Bulletin Volume 3, Issue 6, June, 1995 Code Number: NL95024 Sizes of Files: Text: 50K No associated graphics Minding the Store: Regulating Agbiotech Agriculture and food regulators are often the 'man in the middle' castigated by interest groups for being too lenient and harangued by industry for being too slow and demanding. But over the years of minding the store, the regulatory system has definitely 'produced the goods'. News PGS International Announces Canadian Canola Approvals Plant Genetic Systems (PGS) International has announced that its new hybrid canola varieties have received environmental and feed safety clearance from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. This approval follows last year's clearance of the variety by Health Canada. Novel Beef-Breeding Strategy Explored at Brandon Biotech Developments at Guelph Artificial 'seeds' are being developed for the $500 million dollar herb industry in North America by University of Guelph researchers. New Ethanol Facilities Opening A 50 million litre per year ethanol plant will be built in Cornwall, Ontario by Seaway Valley Farmers Energy Co-op. Canada To Aid Rwandan Research Reconstruction Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) has launched a two-year, $500,000 project to assist the national reconstruction of Rwanda in the wake of civil war. Fast Plants Developed A Brassica rapa variety developed by interbreeding the 'fastest' species of Brassica accessions in the USDA's National Germplasm System flowers in 14 days and completes seed production in 35 days. Delay on rbST Ends on Canada Day The one year voluntary delay on the sale of rbST in Canada ends on July 1 of this year, however, sale of the recombinant cattle hormone will not commence unless the product has been given official Notice of Compliance by Health Canada by that date. Biotech Institute Launched in Singapore The newly-established Institute of Molecular Agrobiology (IMA) in Singapore is intended as a focal point for world-class research at the genetic and molecular levels. Events Public Expectation and the Corporate Sector Biotech Commercialization in Developing Countries. American Plant Physiologists Annual Meeting Engineering Plants for Commercial Products AgBiotech International Conference (ABIC) in Saskatoon 4TH International Conference on Plant Genetic Resources Trends The Research University in the 21st Century Fundamental changes in the nature of world society, such as the end of the cold war, are redirecting the course of universities, according to Paul Schimmel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alliances Canada-Latin American Initiative on Biotech Take Some Canola and Call Me in the Morning Tech Transfer AgCanada Expanding TechTransfer Activities New Environment for Research Support Agricultural research today is subject to a new set of ground rules. More Business Savvy Needed The stronger market orientation of agricultural research today necessitates that scientists develop more business savvy, says Yassa. 'Scientists must learn to function in a market-driven economy. They have to understand current business principles and problems.' Plant Transformation by Gene Transfer into Pollen British Technology Group (BTG) USA is entertaining discussions with regard to the licensing of a technology that allows for the production of transformed plants from seeds that have been produced by pollination using transformed pollen. Finance Saskatchewan Backs R&D Initiatives Saskatchewan's economic development strategy is placing renewed emphasis on R&D initiatives, including biotechnology. Western Economic Development Initiatives A number of initiatives of interest to the biotech sector have emerged from the new approach to economic development in the West announced by Western Development (WD) Minister Lloyd Axworthy in response to the recent federal budget. Royal Facilitates Exporter's Collection Process An easy-to-use service provided by the Royal Bank helps Canadian exporters prepare direct collection orders. Foreign Affairs Launches Electronic Trade Service The Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade has initiated a BBS project. New Contracting Process at CIDA The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) has established a new process aimed at allowing more Canadians an opportunity to apply for contracts involving international development activities. Issues Issues Around Patents Assessed People, Plants and Patents is a new book on the impact of intellectual property on trade, plant biodiversity and rural society. Attitudes Consultation on Biotechnology Proposed A major process of public consultation on biotechnology has been proposed by a stakeholders group convened by the federal government's interdepartmental working group on biotechnology. Industry Needs Strategy to Boost Acceptance of Biotech Canadians are generally unaware of biotechnology, according to Rick Walter of the Canadian Institute of Biotechnology. Legal Notes Plant Protection Regulations Amended Amendments being proposed for regulations under the federal Plant Protection Act would affect the import and export of biologicals, seeds, plants, grain and pests, among other products. Brown Bag Sales Clarified by US Court A recent US Supreme Court decision (Asgrow vs. Winterboer) will be of interest to plant breeders. European Patent Developments The European Parliament voted in March against a directive which would have allowed the patenting of genetically-altered organisms, according to a report in SeedTrade News. Resources Biotech Educational Materials Available Canadian Ed Centres in Asia Nearly 100,000 foreign students the majority from Asia choose to study in Canada each year. They contribute $3 billion to the Canadian economy and help to generate some 19,000 jobs within Canada. Report of the rBST Task Force The Review of the Potential Impact of Recombinant Bovine Somatatropin in Canada has been completed and is available for review. Biotech & Plant Cultures Reviewed Biotechnological Applications of Plant Cultures is a new publication which presents the most updated reviews on current techniques in plant cultures. Getting Ready to Go Global The Management Development Initiative (MDI) is part of Getting Ready to Go Global, a campaign to improve the competitiveness of Canadian food and beverage processors in domestic and export markets. Evaluating Traditional Environmental Knowledge The book Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge is a product of an unusual workshop held in the Northwest Territories. People Watch Copyright 1995 Agbiotech Bulletins

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik Islamic corporate governance terhadap kinerja bank syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Dengan menggunakan regresi data panel 28 bank syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia periode 2013-2019, penelitian ini menemukan adanya pengaruh Islamic corporate governance (ICG) secara simultan terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Hasil estimasi dengan dan tanpa variabel kontrol menunjukkan hanya variabel tingkat pendidikan Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS) yang konsisten memiliki pengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Dengan menambahkan variabel kontrol, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel gender diversity dan frekuensi rapat DPS masing-masing berpengaruh positif dan negatif terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan wawasan bagi regulator untuk dapat meningkatkan kinerja bank syariah melalui praktik ICG. Kata Kunci: Bank syariah, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Indonesia, Islamic corporate governance, Kinerja bank, Malaysia. ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the impact of Islamic corporate governance characteristics on the performance of Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia. By using panel data regression of 28 Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia for the 2013-2019 period, this study found the simultaneous influence of Islamic corporate governance (ICG) characteristics on the performance of Islamic banks. The results with and without control variables show that only the Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) education level consistently has a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic banks. By adding the control variable, the results show that the gender diversity variable and the frequency of SSB meetings have a positive and negative effect on the performance of Islamic banks, respectively. 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Historically, the global society has viewed females as naturally weak, powerless and dependent on males. False medical myths such as development of masculine and unfeminine bodies, harmful effects on the menstrual cycle and prejudice about women who participate in sport activities have been spread which have discouraged active participation of females in different parts of the world, especially in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries1. In this paper, a Scenario Analysis methodology recommended by Spaniol and Rowland2 was used; a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes from the society. The UAE Vision 2021 was developed to make the nation among the best countries in the world by the Golden Jubilee of the union. This vision was utilised to provide references to the analysis and application of the methods CATWOE, PESTLE and SWOT; also used to complement the scenario description. The discussion revolved around the overall engagement of women representing the Muslim community in the sports sector with a heavy focus on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) sporting scene. In addition, the outlook of the UAE government on women in sports and the various strategies and reforms adopted by the local government to promote women participation in sports was discussed. The conclusion reflects on the possibilities of a behavioural change in the contemporary local society which could lead to more opportunities for women in sports even after the imposition of barriers. References 1 Myths surrounding gender and sports [Internet]. Kentucky: Northern Kentucky University [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.nku.edu/~lipping/PHE125/ Myths%20Surrounding%20Gender%20and%20S ports.doc. 2 Rowland NJ, Spaniol MJ, Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack's response. 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Available from https://stillmed.olympic.org/ Documents/Olympic_Agenda_2020/Olympic_Agenda_2020-20-20_Recommendations-ENG.pdf. 71 Lauper C. Cyndi Lauper - Girls just want to have fun (Official Video) [Internet]. YouTube; 2009 Oct 25 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIb6AZdTr-A. ; La sociedad global ha visto a las mujeres como naturalmente débiles, impotentes y dependientes de los hombres durante muchos años. Históricamente, falsos mitos médicos, tales como el desarrollo de cuerpos masculinos y no femeninos, efectos nocivos sobre el ciclo menstrual y el perjuicio del embarazo de mujeres que participan en actividades deportivas, se esparcieron y desalentaron la participación del género femenino en todas partes del mundo y de manera muy impactante, en los países del Golfo1. En este artículo, se utilizó la metodología de Análisis de Escenario recomendada por Spaniol y Rowland2, que se define como el análisis del proceso en un escenario futuro considerando otros posibles resultados de la sociedad en el presente. La Visión 2021 de los Emiratos Ãrabes Unidos (EAU) fue desarrollada para convertir a la nación entre los mejores países del mundo por el Jubileo de Oro desde su origen. Esta visión fue utilizada para desarrollar análisis con los métodos PESTLE, SWOT y CATWOE para complementar la descripción del escenario. La discusión giró en torno al compromiso general de mujeres representando a la comunidad musulmana en el sector deportivo, con gran foco en la escena deportiva de los EAU. Además, se discutieron las perspectivas del gobierno de los Emiratos Ãrabes Unidos sobre las mujeres en los deportes y las diferentes estrategias y reformas adoptadas por el gobierno local para promover la participación de las mujeres en el deporte. Como conclusión, es posible encontrar un cambio de comportamiento en la sociedad contemporánea local que refleja en más oportunidades futuras para las mujeres en el deporte, aunque existen muchas barreras y preconceptos. Referencias 1 Myths surrounding gender and sports [Internet]. Kentucky: Northern Kentucky University [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.nku.edu/~lipping/PHE125/ Myths%20Surrounding%20Gender%20and%20S ports.doc. 2 Rowland NJ, Spaniol MJ, Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack's response. Futures & Foresight Science. 2019; 1(2): 1-3. 3 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Statistic [Internet]. International Olympic Committee; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/women-in-sport/background/statistics. 4 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Promotion of women in sport through time [Internet]. International Olympic Committee (IOC); 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. 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Available from https://dubaifitnesschallenge.com/download-dubai-fitness-app. 50 National Media Council (NMC). UAE Annual Book 2016 [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: National Media Council (NMC) [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from http://nmc.gov.ae/en-us/E- Participation/Lists/Publications/Attachments/1/E-Printing%20English%20Inside.pdf. 51 Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs. Women in the United Arab Emirates: A portrait of progress [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.uae- embassy.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_the_UAE_Eng.pdf. 52 International Conference of Sports For Women 2017 (ICSW) [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ladies Sports Academy; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://fbma.ae/en/events/events-list/international-conference-of-sports-for-women-2017- icsw/. 53 Gomes A. Empowering women through sports [Internet]. Gulf News; 2018 Aug 10 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://gulfnews.com/sport/uae- sport/empowering-women-through-sports-1.2264261. 54 Sports [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Government.ae; 2018 Nov 11 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.government.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies- initiatives-and-awards/awards/Sports. 55 Rizvi A. Rio 2016: History of Emirati female participation at the Olympic Games [Internet]. The National; 2016 July 31 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/sport/rio-2016-history-of-emirati-female-participation-at-the- olympic-games-1.166001. 56 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Ahmed almaktoum claims UAE's first Olymoic medal [Internet]. International Olympic Committee (IOC); 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.olympic.org/videos/ahmed-almaktoum-claims-uae-s-first-olympic-medal. 57 Kumar A. 2016 Olympics: Toma feels proud on winning medal for UAE [Internet]. 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Available from https://whatson.ae/dubai/2016/09/sheikh-mohammed- welcomes-home-uae-paralympic-athletes/. 61 Community Engagement [Internet]. Special Olympics World Games Abu Dhabi 2019; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.abudhabi2019.org/beyond-sports/community-engagement. 62 SO United Arab Emirates [Internet]. Special Olympics World Games Abu Dhabi 2019; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.abudhabi2019.org/delegation/so-united-arab-emirates#. 63 Lau E. Watch: UAE coach Houriya Al Taheri on raising the profile of women's football in the Gulf region [Internet]. The National; 2019 Jun 9 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/watch-uae-coach-houriya-al- taheri-on-raising-the-profile-of-women-s-football-in-the-gulf-region-1.872234. 64 Andrews F. Watch: UAE figure skater Zahra Lari on changing history on the ice [Internet]. The National; 2019 May 15 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/watch-uae-figure-skater-zahra-lari-on-changing- history-on-the-ice-1.861837. 65 FBMA development program. United Arab Emirates: Ladies Sports Academy; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://fbma.ae/en/programs/fbma- development-program/. 66 Al Nowais S. Emirati women make great strides in sports participation [Internet]. The National; 2017 Nov 6 [cited 2019 Jun 20. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/emirati-women-make-great-strides-in-sports- participation-1.673540. 67 FBMA group fitness certification [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Ladies Sports Academy; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.fbma.ae/education/certified-programs/fbma-group-fitness-certification/. 68 Dajani H. Rugby too 'rough' and girls should instead study cooking, says UAE council member [Internet]. The National; 2018 Nov 20 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/education/rugby-too-rough-and-girls- should-instead-study-cooking-says-uae-council-member-1.793919. @_dawrena [Internet]. United Arab Emirates: Instagram; 2018 Dec 17 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.instagram.com/p/BrejAUwn0rF/?igshid=1lbvl1uwbqv7wa. 70 International Olympic Committee (IOC). Olympic Agenda 2020 [Internet]. International Olympic Committee; 2014 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://stillmed.olympic.org/ Documents/Olympic_Agenda_2020/Olympic_Agenda_2020-20-20_Recommendations-ENG.pdf. 71 Lauper C. Cyndi Lauper - Girls just want to have fun (Official Video) [Internet]. YouTube; 2009 Oct 25 [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIb6AZdTr-A. ; A sociedade global enxergou as mulheres como naturalmente fracas, impotentes e dependentes dos homens durante muitos anos. Historicamente, falsos mitos médicos, tais como o desenvolvimento de corpos masculinos e não femininos, efeitos nocivos sobre o ciclo menstrual e o prejuízo da gravidez de mulheres que participam de atividades esportivas, se espalharam e desencorajaram a participação ativa do gênero feminino em todas as partes do mundo e de maneira bem impactante, nos países do Golfo1. Neste artigo, utilizou-se a metodologia de Análise de Cenário recomendada por Spaniol e Rowland2, que se define como a análise do processo em um cenário futuro considerando outros possíveis resultados da sociedade no presente. A Visão 2021 dos Emirados Ãrabes Unidos (EAU) foi desenvolvida para converter a nação entre os melhores países do mundo em seu Jubileu de Ouro. Esta visão foi utilizada para realizar as análises com os métodos PESTLE, SWOT e CATWOE para complementar a descrição do cenário. A discussão girou em torno do engajamento geral de mulheres representando a comunidade muçulmana no setor esportivo, com grande foco na cena esportiva dos EAU. Além disso, foram discutidas as perspectivas do governo dos Emirados Ãrabes Unidos sobre as mulheres nos esportes e as diferentes estratégias e reformas adotadas pelas autoridades locais para promover a participação das mulheres no esporte. Como conclusão, é possível encontrar uma mudança de comportamento na sociedade contemporânea local que reflete em mais oportunidades no futuro para as mulheres no esporte, ainda que existam muitas barreiras e pré-conceitos. Referências 1 Myths surrounding gender and sports [Internet]. Kentucky: Northern Kentucky University [cited 2019 Jun 20]. Available from https://www.nku.edu/~lipping/PHE125/ Myths%20Surrounding%20Gender%20and%20S ports.doc. 2 Rowland NJ, Spaniol MJ, Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack's response. 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This new flagship report for the eTransform Africa Project, produced by the World Bank and the African Development Bank, with the support of the African Union, identifies best practice in the use of Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in key sectors of the African economy. Under the theme transformation-ready, the growing contribution of ICTs to agriculture, climate change adaptation, education, financial services, government services, and health is explored. In addition, the report highlights the role of ICTs in enhancing African regional trade and integration as well as the need to build a competitive ICT industry to boost innovation, job creation, and the export potential of African companies.