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Abstract
Two basic processes--industrialization and the emergence of the nation-state--have marked the evolution of many modern societies, particularly in Western Europe. Industrialization broadened the class structure of societies. With the new classes came demands for political power and influence, demands that were vigorously resisted by the ruling monarchies and landowning aristocracies. And with these demands came upheaval and, eventually, new forms of democratic social and political organization. In Portugal's transition from absolutist monarchy to pluralist democracy can be found an example of these transformative processes at work. Yet the experience of this nation has been largely neglected in discussions of Western European politics. With Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy, Walter C. Opello, Jr., brings the transformation of Portugal into sharp focus and, in doing so, offers interesting insights into the problems of forming a democratic regime. This profile traces Portugal's transition to democracy within the broader context of its historical development as a nation-state, documenting the effects of absolutism, imperialism, centralization, class and regional cleavages, and late industrialization on the Portuguese people, their polity, economy, and society. Exploring the themes that have shaped the development of Portugal's democratic structures, Professor Opello also assesses the future viability of these structures in light of the country's nondemocratic legacies.
Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Topography and Climate -- North -- Center -- South -- Atlantic Islands -- References -- 3 Portuguese Society -- People -- Social Cleavages -- Religion -- Education -- The Arts -- References -- 4 From Castilian Province to Portuguese Republic -- The Birth of Portugal -- Invasion by Castile -- Voyages of Discovery -- Iberian Union -- Absolutism -- Constitutional Monarchy -- The First Republic -- References -- 5 Corporatists and Monarchists Versus Republicans -- Military Dictatorship -- Salazar -- The Constitution of 1933 -- The New State -- Opposition to the New State -- References -- 6 Downfall of the New State -- Caetano -- The Colonial Wars -- The Armed Forces Movement -- Spínola -- The Shift to the Left -- The Group of Nine -- References -- 7 Consolidation of Democracy -- The Constitution of 1976 -- A Freely Elected Government -- The Democratic Alliance -- Constitutional Revisions -- The Central Bloc -- A Civilian President -- Prospects for Stability -- References -- 8 The Economy -- Economic Life Under Salazar -- The Economic Effects of April 25, 1974 -- Economic Integration with Europe -- References -- 9 Portugal and the Wider World -- Decolonization -- Relations with Selected Countries -- References -- 10 Whither Portugal? -- References -- List of Acronyms -- About the Book and Author -- Index.
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