Sociolinguistics: The Study of Speakers' Choices
Cover -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Preface to the second edition -- 1 Introduction: notions of language -- Outline of the chapter -- Natural language and social language -- Language, the inborn -- Language, the historical -- Migration and diversity -- Desires and norms -- Complementary approaches -- Choice -- Cooperation and choice -- Conclusion -- Questions for discussion -- Notes -- Part I Micro-choices -- 2 Standard and dialect: social stratification as a factor of linguistic choice -- Outline of the chapter -- A samurai speaks his mind -- A Western science -- Dialect variation -- Social stratification -- A simplest model and its limitations -- Accommodation -- Conclusion -- Questions for discussion -- Notes -- Useful online resources -- Further reading -- 3 Gendered speech: sex as a factor of linguistic choice -- Outline of the chapter -- (In)equality, difference, domination -- Difference -- Dominance -- Gender and phonetic variation -- Social networks -- Gender across cultures -- Linguistic ideology -- Language reform -- Conclusion -- Questions for discussion -- Notes -- Useful online resources -- Further reading -- 4 Communicating across generations: age as a factor of linguistic choice -- Outline of the chapter -- Time depth -- Age cohorts -- Infancy -- Adolescence -- Adulthood -- Old age -- Elderly speakers and declining languages -- Beliefs and attitudes -- Conclusion -- Questions for discussion -- Notes -- Useful online resources -- Further reading -- 5 Choice and change -- Outline of the chapter -- As time goes by -- Apparent time and real time -- Standardization -- Who drives change? -- Conclusion -- Questions for discussion -- Notes -- Useful online resources -- Further reading -- 6 Politeness: cultural dimensions of linguistic choice -- Outline of the chapter -- Basic concepts -- Common sense and theory.