Air Pollution Calculations: Quantifying Pollutant Formation, Transport, Transformation, Fate and Risks

Abstract

Front Cover -- Air Pollution Calculations -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is air pollution? -- 1.2 A bit of history -- 1.2.1 Black smoke -- 1.2.2 Recent history -- 1.3 The science of air pollution -- 1.4 The atmosphere -- 1.4.1 Introduction to tropospheric physics -- 1.4.2 Atmospheric pressure -- 1.4.3 Standard conditions -- 1.5 Recent trends -- 1.6 Spatial scale -- 1.6.1 Local scale -- 1.6.2 Urban scale -- 1.6.3 Regional scale -- 1.6.4 Continental scale -- 1.6.5 Global scale -- 1.7 Stressor-receptor paradigm -- 1.8 Calculation basics -- 1.8.1 Mathematics and statistics -- 1.9 Systems thinking and sustainability -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Characterizing air pollutants -- 2.1 The periodic table -- 2.1.1 Isotopes -- 2.2 Empirical calculations -- 2.3 Health characterization -- 2.4 Formation reactions -- 2.4.1 Formation kinetics -- 2.5 Reaction types -- 2.6 Pollutant formation processes: introduction to chemodynamics -- 2.7 Nonchemical concentrations -- References -- 3 Pollutant transformations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The compound -- 3.3 Air pollution kinetics -- 3.3.1 Rate order and half-life -- 3.3.2 Atmospheric kinetics -- 3.4 Energy in atmospheric transformations -- 3.4.1 Thermodynamic laws, air pollution, and ecosystems -- 3.4.2 Atmospheric photochemistry -- 3.4.3 Energy and bonds -- 3.4.4 Photoabsorption -- 3.5 Atmospheric kinetics calculations -- 3.5.1 Free radicals -- 3.6 Transformation thermodynamics -- 3.6.1 Entropy and enthalpy -- References -- 4 Environmental partitioning -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Vapor pressure -- 4.1.2 Solubility -- 4.2 Equilibrium -- 4.2.1 Solubility constant -- 4.3 What is the Ksp for cadmium fluoride? -- 4.3.1 The partition coefficient -- 4.3.2 Fugacity -- 4.4 Partitioning and transport -- 4.4.1 Volatilization.