Digital Authoritarianism and its Religious Legitimization: The Cases of Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and India

This book explores how digital authoritarianism operates in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and how religion can be used to legitimize digital authoritarianism within democracies. In doing so, it explains how digital authoritarianism operates at various technological levels including sub-network level, proxy level, and user level, and elaborates on how governments seek to control cyberspace and social media. In each of these states, governments, in an effort to prolong - or even make permanent - their rule, seek to eliminate freedom of expression on the internet, punish dissidents, and spread pro-state propaganda. At the same time, they instrumentalize religion to justify and legitimize digital authoritarianism. Governments in these five countries, to varying degrees and at times using different methods, censor the internet, but also use digital technology to generate public support for their policies, key political figures, and at times their worldview or ideology. They also, and again to varying degrees, use digital technology to demonize religious and ethnic minorities, opposition parties, and political dissidents. An understanding of these aspects would help scholars and the public understand both the technical and social aspects of digital authoritarianism in these five countries. Ihsan Yilmaz is Research Professor and Chair at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. He is also a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at Oxford University's Regent College and the European Center for Populism Studies, Brussels. Previously, he worked at the Universities of Oxford and London and has a strong track record of leading multi-site international research projects funded by the Australian Research Council, Victorian and Australian Governments, and Gerda Henkel Foundation. He has been working on authoritarianism, digital authoritarianism, populism, religion and politics with special emphasis on Turkey, Indonesia and Pakistan, and Muslim diasporas in the West.

This book explores how digital authoritarianism operates in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and how religion can be used to legitimize digital authoritarianism within democracies. In doing so, it explains how digital authoritarianism operates at various technological levels including sub-network level, proxy level, and user level, and elaborates on how governments seek to control cyberspace and social media. In each of these states, governments, in an effort to prolong - or even make permanent - their rule, seek to eliminate freedom of expression on the internet, punish dissidents, and spread pro-state propaganda. At the same time, they instrumentalize religion to justify and legitimize digital authoritarianism. Governments in these five countries, to varying degrees and at times using different methods, censor the internet, but also use digital technology to generate public support for their policies, key political figures, and at times their worldview or ideology. They also, and again to varying degrees, use digital technology to demonize religious and ethnic minorities, opposition parties, and political dissidents. An understanding of these aspects would help scholars and the public understand both the technical and social aspects of digital authoritarianism in these five countries. Ihsan Yilmaz is Research Professor and Chair at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. He is also a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at Oxford University's Regent College and the European Center for Populism Studies, Brussels. Previously, he worked at the Universities of Oxford and London and has a strong track record of leading multi-site international research projects funded by the Australian Research Council, Victorian and Australian Governments, and Gerda Henkel Foundation. He has been working on authoritarianism, digital authoritarianism, populism, religion and politics with special emphasis on Turkey, Indonesia and Pakistan, and Muslim diasporas in the West

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Tables -- 1 Digital Authoritarianism and Religion in Democratic Polities of the Global South -- Introduction -- Key Questions -- Significance of the Book -- Chapter Descriptions -- References -- 2 Digital Authoritarianism and Religious Populism in Turkey -- Introduction -- AKP's Authoritarianism -- Erdoğanism and Religious Populism -- The Power of the Digital Space and AKP's Fears -- Full Network Level Governance -- Sub-Network or Website Level Governance -- Proxy or Corporation Level Governance -- Network-Node or Individual Level Governance -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Digital Authoritarianism and Religion in Indonesia -- Introduction -- Religion and Authoritarianism in Indonesia's Post-Suharto Era -- Internet Governance Institutions -- Full Network Level Governance -- Sub-network or Website Level Governance -- Proxy or Corporation Level Governance -- Network-Node or Individual Level Governance -- Complexities of Digital Authoritarianism, Religion, and Democratization -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Digital Authoritarianism and Religion in Malaysia -- Introduction -- Religious Institutionalization and Islamization of Society -- Internet Governance Institutions -- Full Network Level Governance -- Sub-network or Website Level Governance -- Proxy or Corporation Level Governance -- Network-Node or Individual Level Governance -- Digital Authoritarianism and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Digital Governance and Religious Populism in Pakistan -- Introduction -- History of Pakistan's Path to a Religious Populist Authoritarianism -- Digital Authoritarianism and the Governance Architecture -- Full Network Level Governance -- Sub-Network or Website Level Governance -- Proxy or Corporation Level Governance.