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Abstract
CHAPTER 1. STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BHUTAN -- Abstract -- Overview of Bhutan.-Ecological Zones & Climatic Features -- Land Use in Bhutan -- Source: FRMD/DOFPS. Conservation Efforts & Protected Area Systems -- Conservation Laws and Policies. Assessment of Non-Protected Areas -- Sustainable Forest Management Plans in Non-protected Area. Scientific Forest Management -- Community Forest Empowerment. Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFP) Management. Plantation and Reforestation Programs. Keystone species and Conservation Areas. Foot Notes -- Annexure 1..1 Classification and Characteristics of Vegetation Zones in Bhutan (Grierson & Long, 1983, see 19) -- Annexure 1.2 Description of Classification of Land Cover Class and Sub-Class in Bhutan (See 20) -- CHAPTER 2 -- DRIVERS AND PRESSURE ON THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BHUTAN. Abstract -- Land Use.-Hydropower projects -- Farm Roads -- Mining and Mineral Development -- Land use for Agriculture -- Waste Management -- CHAPTER 3 -- NON-VIOLENT TECHNIQUES FOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT RESOLUTION -- Abstract -- Contextual Framework within the ACPB -- Methodology -- Global context of HWC -- Conflict Management Strategies.-Retaliatory Actions and Violent Approaches -- Lethal Control – Counterproductive 96 -- From Conflict to Co-existence -- Safe and Non-Violent Approach -- Table 3.1 Important Elements of HWC (WWF-Bhutan, 2016; See Foot Note 78) -- Human Wildlife Conflict Policy -- Implementing Agencies for HWC. Immune-contraception for population control -- Translocation of Problem Animals -- Alternative Livelihoods -- Land-Use Planning and Landscape Management -- Mitigation Measures -- Compensation -- Performance payments -- Ecotourism and Revenue Sharing -- Community Education -- Understanding the Conflict Profile -- Reporting.-Information compilation, management and use -- Response - measures taken to alleviate a specific or ongoing HWC incident -- Monitoring and Evaluation - measuring the performance of HWC management -- Human Wildlife Conflict Situation in Bhutan -- Underlying Forces of Human Wild-life Conflicts in Bhutan -- Human Wildlife Conflict Situation in Bhutan -- Preventive Measures -- Mitigation Approach in Bhutan -- Strategic Outcomes -- Table 3.5 Strategic Intents contributing to the Safe System (WWF-Bhutan, 2016; See Foot Note 246) -- Effective Monitoring and Evaluation -- Conclusion and Recommendation -- Non-violent and Safe Approach -- Institutional Arrangement -- Human Wildlife Conflict Policy & Legislation -- Coping Techniques and Mechanisms -- Hotspot Mapping -- Physiological Sterilization of wildlife -- Table 3.6 Immunocontraceptive vaccines used in different animals -- Innovative Research Fund for farmers -- Economic Responses to HWC -- Alternative livelihoods -- Regional Transboundary Conservation -- Foot Notes -- Annexure 3.1 Indicators of the Strategic Outcomes of People, Wildlife, Assets and Habitat -- CHAPTER 4 -- ANIMAL RIGHTS AND PROTECTION.-Abstract -- Buddhist Perspectives & Conservation Biology -- Bhutanese Buddhism and the Segue To Contemporary Animal Protection Policies -- National Law & Buddhist Ethics -- State Monastic Body -- Non-governmental Organizations (NGO) -- Tshethar (Life Saving) Practices -- Animal Health and Rescue Centers -- Farming Systems and Livestock Population -- Meat Consumption in Bhutan -- Discussion and Recommendations on Animal Protection and Animal Rights -- Animal Protection Policy of Bhutan -- Population control of Livestock Animals -- Institutionalization and Implementation Arrangement -- Monitoring & Implementation -- Dog Population Control -- GNH Index for Animal Kingdom -- References (1-125) -- Annexure 4.1 God's Country: The New Zealand Factor, by Michael Charles Tobias and Jane Gray Morrison, Dancing Star Foundation, 2010 -- CHAPTER 5. GAP ANALYSIS OF THREATENED, RARE AND UNDER-REPRESENTED SPECIES IN BHUTAN -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Impacts of Extinction of Species -- Taxonomic Classification – Seven Kingdoms Model -- Objectives -- Methodology -- Assessment of Under-Represented Species in Kingdoms -- Under-Represented Species in Classification of Groups -- Records of Species Groups under Animalia Kingdom -- Vertebrates.-Invertebrates -- Species Groups under Plantae Kingdom -- Tracheophytes -- Chromista Kingdom.-Fungi Kingdom -- Protista Kingdom -- Eubacteria Kingdom -- Archaebacteria Kingdom.-Assessment of Threatened Species -- Conservation Status of Fish in Bhutan -- Threatened Endemic Plants in Bhutan -- Under-Representation of Medicinal Plants -- Documentation of Agro-Biodiversity -- Community Participation and Citizen Science -- Discussion and Recommendations -- Foot Notes -- Annexure 5.1 List of Threatened Species of Plants (IUCN Status-2019) -- Annexure 5.2 List of Threatened Species of Mammals in Bhutan (IUCN Status-2019) -- Annexure 5.3 List of Threatened Species of Birds in Bhutan (IUCN) – 2019 NBC.-Annexure 5.4 List of Threatened Fish Species -- Annexure 5.5: List of Threatened Amphibian and Reptile Species -- Annexure 5.6 Monotypic Species of Seed Plants under each Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species (Source Flora of Bhutan, Volume 1, 2 & 3) -- CHAPTER 6 -- CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF THREATENED AND UNDER-REPRESENTED MAMMALIAN SPECIES -- Landscape Conservation Approach -- Mammalian species -- Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) Conservation -- Recommendations for Conservation Strategies.-Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) Conservation -- Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) -- Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster) and Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster) Conservation -- Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Musk Deer -- Dhole (Cuon alpinus) Conservation Strategy -- Recommendations for Dhole Conservation Strategy -- Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei) Conservation Strategy.-Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Golden Langur -- Conservation of Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala) -- Conservation of Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus) -- Conservation of Hog Deer (Axis Porcinus) -- Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) Conservation -- Discussion on Conservation of Bats -- Foot Notes (1-131) -- CHAPTER 7. CONSERVATION OF THREATENED AND UNDER-REPRESENTED SPECIES OF PLANTS -- Introduction.-Endemic Plant Species -- Monotypic Plant Species -- Discussion on Threatened Orchids -- Critically Endangered flowering plants -- Endangered Flowering Plants -- Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Plant Species -- Conservation of Bryophytes -- Ecological significance of Bryophytes -- Economic Uses of Bryophytes -- Medicinal Use of Bryophytes -- Bryophytes as Pollution indicators -- Bryophytes in Science and Education -- Threats to Bryophytes -- Lesser Known Timber Species in Bhutan -- Foot Notes -- Annexure 7.1 Most commonly used timber species (Source: FRMD/DoFPS) -- Annexure 7.2 High value timber with less utilization (Source: FRMD/DoFPS) -- CHAPTER 8. CONSERVATION OF THREATENED BIRDS, REPTILES, FISHES AND PARASITES -- Birds Conservation -- Conservation of White Bellied Heron (Ardea insignis) -- Conservation of Vultures -- Discussion on Conservation of White Winged Duck -- Conservation Strategy of Baer's Pochard -- Conservation Strategy of Eagles.-Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Threatened Birds -- Conservation of Turtles.-Importance of Turtle Conservation -- Conservation Strategies -- Conservation of Threatened Fish Species -- CHAPTER 9 -- CONSERVATION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND UNDER-REPRESENTED MICROBES -- Abstract -- Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources -- Agro-Biodiversity Gene Banks -- Preservation under Permafrost Conditions -- Microbial Conservation Strategies -- FOOT NOTES.
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Executive Summary -- Biodiversity Terms -- Definition of Land Cover Classification -- List of Consultations for the ACPB -- Technical Expert Working Group for the ACPB Project -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: State of Environment in Bhutan -- Overview of Bhutan -- Ecological Zones and Climatic Features -- Land Use in Bhutan -- Conservation Efforts and Protected Area Systems -- Conservation Laws and Policies -- Assessment of Non-protected Area -- Sustainable Forest Management Plans in Non-protected Area -- Scientific Forest Management -- Community Forest Empowerment -- Non-wood Forest Product (NWFP) Management -- Plantation and Reforestation Programs -- Keystone Species and Conservation Areas -- Annexures -- Annexure 1.1: Classification and characteristics of vegetation zones in Bhutan (Grierson & -- Long, 1983, see 19) -- Annexure 1.2: Description of Classification of Land Cover Class and Sub-Class in Bhutan (See 20) -- References -- Chapter 2: Drivers and Pressure on the State of Environment in Bhutan -- Background -- Illegal Activities -- Land Use -- Hydropower Projects -- Farm Roads -- Mining and Mineral Development -- Land Use for Agriculture -- Chemical Pesticides and Fertilizer -- Waste Management -- Fuel Wood Consumption -- Timber Production -- Forest Fires -- Livestock Grazing -- Air Pollution and Fossil Fuels -- Demographic and Poverty Factors -- Invasive Alien Plant Species -- Climate Change in Bhutan -- Annexure 2.1: List of Invasive Species in Bhutan -- References -- Chapter 3: Non-Violent Techniques for Human-Wildlife Conflict Resolution -- Contextual Framework Within the ACPB -- Methodology -- Global Context of HWC -- Conflict Management Strategies -- Retaliatory Actions and Violent Approaches.
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