A versatile photoelectron spectrometer for pressures up to 30 mbar

Abstract

High-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy is a rapidly developing technique with applications in a wide range of fields ranging from fundamental surface science and catalysis to energy materials, environmental science, and biology. At present the majority of the high-pressure photoelectron spectrometers are situated at synchrotron end stations, but recently a small number of laboratory-based setups have also emerged. In this paper we discuss the design and performance of a new laboratory based high pressure photoelectron spectrometer equipped with an Al Ka X-ray anode and a hemispherical electron energy analyzer combined with a differentially pumped electrostatic lens. The instrument is demonstrated to be capable of measuring core level spectra at pressures up to 30 mbar. Moreover, valence band spectra of a silver sample as well as a carbon-coated surface (graphene) recorded under a 2 mbar nitrogen atmosphere are presented, demonstrating the versatility of this laboratory-based spectrometer. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA); Swedish Research Council [621-2010-4799]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Royal Society [UF100105]; EPSRC; EPSRC [EP/K004913/1, EP/J021199/1]